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Purpose: The purpose of this article is to address and discuss the relationship between different school paths and self-reported young students’ behaviours and perceptions regarding violence and delinquency. Their views on prevention deserve particular attention. This is though a picture drafted in different voices, since young students’ opinions contrast with those of several other actors in the domain of juvenile delinquency. Design/Methods/Approach: This analysis is based on the YouPrev project findings in Portugal, generated by the different empirical data collection instruments employed, thus combining a quantitative and a qualitative approach. Gender differences as well as differences between urban and rural regions are highlighted whenever relevant. Findings: School failure and dropout is a structural problem in Portugal and some expert views anticipate a reversal in recent trends and a new rise of these phenomena as a result of the current crisis. The YouPrev school survey outcomes in Portugal confirm that young people with negative school integration have a higher life-time prevalence of self-reported delinquency. Among the 1,755 young students surveyed, 29.4% reported they had committed, over their life-time, at least one of the offences listed in the questionnaire. 156 of these students reported that they had committed a violent offence during the last twelve months. Among these, 46 may be described as frequent violent offenders. The concentration of risk factors among the frequent violent offenders shows that these are also victims of other forms of violence in the context where they live in. Young people share the idea that “what works” best in the prevention of juvenile delinquency is to improve their prospects to get a job and to provide them a good general education. Both in the rural and in the urban regions the relationship between young people and the family is seen as crucial either by experts or by the young boys and girls. Research Limitations / Implications: Self-reported delinquency surveys attempt to overcome insufficiencies of the official statistics – these surveys open the possibility to obtain more diverse information and to identify delinquent practices that are not registered. But one of the possible criticisms is that, in these kinds of studies, chronic and persistent delinquents are not represented. In this particular analysis, information is missing for those students who skip school and those whose parents, for different reasons, did not give consent to their participation in the survey. The conduction of expert face-to-face interviews complemented the prospective information collected by the Delphi study, compensating and enriching the relative low number of responses to the survey. Practical Implications: The outcomes promote the awareness-raising on juvenile delinquency and prevention strategies among different actors: experts, schools, and young students. These can also be used as training material for professionals, working in social services and police forces, in particular. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the body of knowledge on the practices and views within the domain of juvenile delinquency and violence. This is a research topic insufficiently explored in Portugal, at least in a comprehensive way, either in terms of subjects or territorial coverage. It also adds to existing research with crossed views, based on a multi-method approach, on the interplay between school failure and dropout and juvenile delinquency and prevention. Namen prispevka: Namen članka je obravnavati in razpravljati o razmerju med različnimi smermi šolanja in samonaznanjenim vedenjem učencev ter dojemanja mladoletniškega nasilja in prestopništva. Njihova stališča o preprečevanju zaslužijo posebno pozornost. To pomeni, da je slika sestavljena iz različnih mnenj, saj se mnenja učencev razlikujejo od mnenj drugih akterjev na področju mladoletniškega prestopništva. Metode: Analiza temelji na ugotovitvah projekta YouPrev na Portugalskem. Sestavljena je iz različnih empiričnih instrumentov za zbiranje podatkov, s čimer sta kvantitativni in kvalitativni pristop združena. Razlike med spoloma in med mestnimi ter podeželskimi regijami so poudarjene, ko je to relevantno. Ugotovitve: Šolski neuspeh in opustitev šolanja je strukturni problem na Portugalskem, pri čemer nekateri strokovnjaki pričakujejo preobrat v zadnjih trendih in nov porast omenjenih pojavov kot posledice trenutne krize. Rezultati raziskave YouPrev v šolah na Portugalskem so potrdili, da so v samonaznanitvenih primerih mladi z negativno integracijo v šoli v dotedanjem življenju storili več prestopkov kot ostali. Med 1.755 anketiranimi učenci jih je 29,4 % poročalo, da so v svojem življenju že storili vsaj eno kaznivo dejanje s seznama v vprašalniku. 156 teh učencev je poročalo, da so v zadnjih dvanajstih mesecih storili nasilno kaznivo dejanje. Med njimi jih lahko 46 opišemo kot pogoste nasilne storilce kaznivih dejanj. Koncentracija dejavnikov tveganja med pogosto nasilnimi storilci kaže, da so le-ti tudi žrtve drugih oblik nasilja v povezavi z okoljem, v katerem živijo. Mladi ljudje menijo, da sta izboljšanje njihovih možnosti za zaposlitev in zagotavljanje dobre splošne izobrazbe ukrepa, ki najbolje ‘delujeta’ pri preprečevanju mladoletniškega prestopništva. Strokovnjaki in mladi fantje ter dekleta se strinjajo v tem, da je razmerje med mladimi in družino ključni dejavnik tako v podeželskih kot mestnih regijah. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Študije samonaznanitve prestopništva poskušajo preseči pomanjkljivosti uradnih statistik – te raziskave nudijo možnost pridobivanja več različnih informacij in identifikacije praks prestopništva, ki niso registrirane. Toda ena od možnih kritik je, da v tovrstnih raziskavah kronični oz. trdovratni prestopniki niso zastopani. V pričujoči analizi manjkajo podatki o učencih, ki so opustili šolanje, in o tistih, katerih starši zaradi različnih razlogov niso dali soglasja za njihovo sodelovanje v raziskavi. S strokovnjaki izvedeni osebni intervjuji so dopolnili predvidene informacije, ki so bile zbrane v okviru študije Delphi, jih nadomestili in bogato dopolnili relativno nizko število odgovorjenih anket. Praktična uporabnost: Rezultati spodbujajo ozaveščanje o mladoletniškem prestopništvu in preventivnih strategijah med različnimi akterji: strokovnjaki, šolami in učenci. Lahko so uporabni tudi kot učno gradivo za strokovnjake, ki delajo na področju socialnih storitev, še posebej za policiste. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Ta raziskava prispeva k bazi znanja o praksah in stališčih na področju mladoletniškega prestopništva in nasilja. Na Portugalskem je to premalo raziskana tema, vsaj kar zadeva splošno razumljiv način, bodisi v smislu subjektov ali teritorialne pokritosti. Raziskava je prispevek k že obstoječim raziskavam z različnimi mnenji. Temelji na multi-metodološkem pristopu, na medsebojnem vplivu šolskega neuspeha in opustitve šolanja ter mladoletniškega prestopništva in preprečevanja.

Purpose: The paper examines the observance of procedural rights of the parties referred to Victim-Offender Mediation (VOM) in the Justice System for Children (JSC), and particularly pioneering practice associated with challenges pertaining to the multicultural character of the community. Design/Methods/Approach: Analysis is based on qualitative data collected by using in-depth interviews and document analysis. Sources of data were relevant stakeholders in the referral procedure, the Child and the Victim, as well as court/prosecutors files. In-depth interviews were carried out with 17 stakeholders to capture professional attitudes, attached meanings and experience of the respondents in relation to VOM. Document analysis as a data collection technique was applied to two prosecutor’s files and one court file which, at present, are the only cases of VOM in JSC. Findings: The main findings pertain to the indispensable recognition that meanings attributed to VOM in JSC, as well as expectations, vary extensively among respondents. In turn, this situation shapes the procedural rights of the parties in 3 VOM cases. In addition, basic principles of VOM are implemented in line with the perceived significance of procedural rights in VOM cases. Research Limitations / Implications: The findings relate only to respondents’ attitudes and views on VOM as well as data contained in court/prosecutor’s files. In-depth knowledge on the implementation of procedural rights during VOM process is missing due to the impossibility for participatory observation of the joint meetings. Originality/Value: While across Europe much research on balancing VOM principles and fair trial standards has been conducted, no research at all has been carried out in Macedonia in relation to VOM in JSC. This small scale survey is particularly valuable in filling up the existing empirical gap, and findings might be used as a basis for developing system prerequisites for VOM. Namen prispevka: Članek obravnava zaznavanje procesnih pravic strank v mediaciji med žrtvami in storilci kaznivih dejanj (Victim-Offender Mediation – VOM) v makedonskem sistemu sodstva za mladoletnike (Justice System for Children – JSC) ter novih praks in izzivov, ki se na tem področju porajajo v multikulturni skupnosti. Metode: Raziskava temelji na kvantitativnih podatkih, ki so bili pridobljeni z intervjuji in analizo dokumentov. Vir podatkov so glavni deležniki v zadevnih postopkih ter izbrano gradivo iz sodnih in tožilskih spisov. Izvedenih je bilo 17 intervjujev s ciljem pridobiti podatke oz. informacije o pogledih in izkušnjah respondentov v zvezi s postopki mediacije. Analiza dokumentov kot oblika tehnike zbiranja podatkov je bila uporabljena pri analizi dveh tožilskih in enega sodnega spisa, ki trenutno predstavljajo edine znane primere mediacije v makedonskem sistemu sodstva za mladoletnike. Ugotovitve: Glavne ugotovitve raziskave vključujejo spoznanje, da se pomeni, ki jih pripisujejo procesnim pravicam v mediaciji med žrtvami in storilci v sistemu sodstva za mladoletnike ter pričakovanja v zvezi s temi postopki, pri respondentih pomembno razlikujejo. Ta okoliščina, po drugi strani, pomembno vpliva na zaznavanje procesnih pravic strank v mediaciji, pri čemer pomen, ki se pripisuje procesnim pravicam, pomembno vpliva tudi na zaznavanje temeljnih načel mediacije. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Ugotovitve raziskave se nanašajo izključno na zaznave in stališča respondentov o mediaciji med žrtvami in storilci kaznivih dejanj ter na podatke, ki so vsebovani v sodnih in tožilskih spisih. Zaradi omejenih možnosti opazovanja z udeležbo v postopkih pričujoča raziskava ne prinaša izvirnega vpogleda v uresničevanje procesnih pravic v postopkih mediacije. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: V Evropi so bile izvedene številne raziskave o temeljnih načelih in standardih poštenega postopka mediacije med storilci in žrtvami v sistemu sodstva za mladoletnike. Prav nasprotno velja za Makedonijo, kjer tovrstnih empiričnih raziskav ne zasledimo. Pomen pričujoče raziskave je zapolniti te praznine, pri čemer bi njene ključne ugotovitve lahko služile kot podlaga za razvoj sistemskih izhodišč postopkov mediacije.

Purpose: This paper deals with specialized cybercrime units within the criminal justice system as one of the key elements of proper response to cybercrime. The author emphasizes the need for the establishment and/or improvement of such an organization with specific powers within law enforcement and prosecution authorities as well as within courts, in order to tackle problematic issues raised by computer-related crimes, especially the ones concerning investigation and prosecution of offences committed against and/or by means of computer data and systems, and carrying out computer forensics with respect to electronic evidence in general. Design/Methods/Approach: The author analyses the relevant international legal framework and various national legislation chosen as examples of good practice in order to present the justification and purpose of specialization, types of specialized law enforcement units, their organization, functions, strategic and tactical responsibilities. Findings: Investigation and prosecution of cybercrime and forensic analysis of electronic evidence require specific skills within criminal justice authorities. Therefore, it is advisable to set up or consolidate police-type and prosecution-type cybercrime units with strategic and operational responsibilities and computer forensic capabilities within cybercrime units or as separate structures. As for judiciary, dealing with computer-related crimes requires particular knowledge and skills, and where it is compatible with the legal system of the respective country, the creation of specialized courts may be considered. In addition to the existing legal mechanisms for dealing with transnational crime, the creation of an international court or tribunal that would have jurisdiction over individuals who committed the most serious cybercrimes of global concern may also be a good solution in order to prevent serious cyber attacks from going unpunished. Research Limitations / Implications: The results presented in this paper are to be seen as de lege ferenda proposals for the improvement of the existing legislation related to organization and powers of authority vested in combating cybercrime. Originality/Value: Despite the existence of a significant number of essays dealing with cybercrime, not many of them are concerned with tactical and procedural issues of investigation and prosecution of this specific kind of crimes. The results presented in this paper are de lege ferenda proposals for the improvement of the existing legislation related to organization and powers of authority vested in combating cybercrime. Accordingly, the value of this paper may be recognized in the analysis of legal solutions regarding law enforcement and prosecution response to computer-related crime, with the emphasis on specialization of authorities involved. Namen prispevka: Članek obravnava specializirane enote za kibernetsko kriminaliteto znotraj kazenskopravnega sistema kot enega izmed ključnih elementov ustreznega odzivanja na kibernetsko kriminaliteto. Avtorji poudarjajo potrebo po vzpostavitvi in/ali izboljšanju takih organizacij s posebnimi pooblastili tako v okviru organov kazenskopravnega pregona kot tudi v okviru sodišč, da bi odpravili težave, ki se pojavljajo v zvezi s kaznivimi dejanji, ki so povezani z računalniki, še posebej tistimi, ki se tičejo preiskovanja in pregona kaznivih dejanj nasproti in/ali preko računalniških podatkov in sistemov ter izvajanja računalniške forenzike v zvezi z elektronskimi dokazi na splošno. Metode: Avtorji analizirajo relevantni mednarodni pravni okvir in različne nacionalne zakonodaje, izbrane kot primer dobre prakse z namenom predstaviti utemeljitev in namen specializacije, vrste specializiranih enot za kazenski pregon, njihovih organizacij, funkcij, strateške in taktične odgovornosti. Ugotovitve: Preiskovanje in pregon kibernetske kriminalitete in forenzična analiza elektronskih dokazov zahteva specifična znanja v okviru organov kazenskega pregona. Priporočljivo je oblikovati ali konsolidirati policijske in preiskovalne enote za kibernetsko kriminaliteto s strateškimi in operacijskimi odgovornostmi ter zmožnostmi za računalniško forenziko znotraj enot za kibernetsko kriminaliteto ali kot ločene strukture. Kar se tiče sodstva, delo s kaznivimi dejanji, povezanimi z računalniki, zahteva posebno znanje in sposobnosti ter, kjer je to združljivo s pravnim sistemom posamezne države, obravnavo oblikovanja specializiranih sodišč. Kot dopolnitev obstoječih pravnih mehanizmov za obravnavo mednarodnih kaznivih dejanj in v izogib nekaznovanja resnih kibernetskih napadov bi bila dobra rešitev ustanovitev mednarodnega sodišča ali razsodišča, ki bi imelo jurisdikcijo nad posamezniki, ki so storili najhujša kibernetska kazniva dejanja globalnega pomena. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Rezultati, predstavljeni v tem članku, so predlogi de lege ferenda za izboljšave obstoječe zakonodaje, povezanih z organizacijo in močjo organov, pristojnih za boj proti kibernetski kriminaliteti. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Kljub obstoju velikega števila esejev na temo kibernetske kriminalitete jih veliko ne obravnava taktičnih in proceduralnih težav preiskovanja in pregona teh specifičnih vrst kaznivih dejanj. Rezultati, ki so predstavljeni v tem članku, so predlogi de lege ferenda za izboljšave obstoječe zakonodaje, povezanih z organizacijo in močjo organov, pristojnih za boj proti kibernetski kriminaliteti. Skladno s tem je vrednost tega članka mogoče prepoznati v analizi pravnih rešitev glede kazenskega pregona in odgovorov na kazniva dejanja, povezana z računalniki, s poudarkom na specializaciji vključenih organov.

V diplomskem delu sta predstavljena Zavod za vzgojo in izobraževanje Logatec ter problematika zavoda, s katero se pri svojem delu srečujejo zaposleni. Prav tako so predstavljene ugotovitve, kako velik problem je za prebivalce Logatca mladoletniška kriminaliteta v občini ter kakšen vpliv ima zavod za vzgojo in izobraževanje na prebivalce. V teoretičnem delu diplomske naloge so predstavljeni osnovni pojmi kriminalitete, kriminalitete mladostnikov, mladoletniškega prestopništva in strahu pred kriminaliteto. Prav tako so predstavljeni dejavniki in oblike mladoletniškega prestopništva ter ukrepi zoper mladoletne prestopnike. Na kratko so opisane tudi vzgojno-izobraževalne ustanove, namenjene mladoletnim prestopnikom. Na koncu teoretičnega dela pa je bolj podrobno predstavljen Zavod za vzgojo in izobraževanje Logatec, ki zajema zgodovino zavoda, njihovo delovanje in načine izobraževanja ter kratek opis dneva v zavodu. V empiričnem delu diplomske naloge je s pomočjo vprašalnika in pogovorov v Zavodu za vzgojo in izobraževanje Logatec predstavljena njihova problematika. Problematika zajema različna področja, tako težave znotraj kot tudi zunaj zavoda. Predstavljeni so tudi rezultati ankete, namenjene prebivalcem Logatca, s katero smo ugotavljali, kako velik problem je za občane mladoletniška kriminaliteta. Z analizo je predstavljen tudi vpliv zavoda za vzgojo in izobraževanje na prebivalce ter kako pogosto so občani v stikih z mladostniki, ki so nastanjeni v zavodu ter kakšno je njihovo mnenje o mladostnikih. The thesis is represented the Residental care facility Logatec and problems, with whom employees come up against. Regarding the presentations of the problems, as a major problem for the residents of Logatec of juvenile crime in the area of Residental care facility. The theoretical part of the thesis is presented with the basic notions of criminality, criminality of the youth, juvenile delinguency and the fear of criminality. In this part are also represented juvenile delinguencyes and measures against juvenile crime. In a short description of the so-called educational institution intended for the juvenile delinguency. At the end of the theoretical part Residental care facility Logatec, who took part in the project, had a detailed description of how they worked and present the short description of the day. In the empirical part of the thesis we are presented the results of the study of problems in Residental care facility Logatec, a survey questionnaire was used as a measurement instrument. Problems are different, outside or inside of the institution. Presented with the results of the survey intended for the residents of Logatec. We established, how big is a problem for the residents of Logatec, who live by the neighbourhood of this institution. In the analysis is include by the staff of the Residental care facility and residents of Logatec, as well as by the young people who are residents in the institution, as well as their knowledge of the youth.

Predmet raziskovanja v magistrski nalogi je pojem kriminologije, kaznovanja, kazenskih sankcij in izvršitev le-teh na podlagi domače zakonodaje ter primerjanje teh pojmov v domačem sistemu, s sistemom ZDA. Pravni sistem Slovenije, ki pripada kontinentalni pravni skupini, se na veliko področjih zelo razlikuje od anglosaškega pravnega sistema, kateremu pripada ZDA – zato je možno pričakovati tudi nekatere razlike v ureditvi kaznovanja oziroma sistema kazenskih sankcij. Raziskavo začenjam s predstavitvijo zločincev kot oseb, opisujem njihovo razmišljanje ter katere so tiste okoliščine in duševna stanja, ki lahko vodijo storilca do storitve kaznivega dejanja. Na tej točki raziskovanje vodi v razmejitev in razlikovanje med odraslimi in mladoletnimi storilci kaznivih dejanj, kar je predmet obravnavanja tretjega poglavja magistrske naloge. Tako slovenski kot ameriški pravni red imata pravila postopka proti mladoletnim storilcem posebej urejena, zato je tem posebnostim namenjen del raziskave. V četrtem poglavju je predstavljen pojem kaznovanja ter smisel in namen le-tega. Pomembno je, da primerjamo tudi potek kazenskega postopka v Sloveniji in v ZDA. Zaradi že omenjene pripadnosti obravnavanih držav različnim pravnim redom, obstajajo tudi razlike v kazenskem postopku. V nadaljevanju so tako predstavljene posebnosti kazenskega postopka obeh pravnih redov ter glavne razlike in podobnosti med njima. Ko so ti pojmi razjasnjeni, začnemo z obravnavanjem glavnega predmeta raziskovanja v magistrski nalogi, in sicer kaznovanja in kazenskih sankcij. Temu je namenjeno šesto poglavje naloge, kjer je obravnavan tudi organizacijski aspekt sistema organov izvrševanja kazenskih sankcij v Sloveniji. Na koncu je znotraj omenjenega poglavja opredeljena še klasifikacija oziroma skupine in vrste kazenskih sankcij v Sloveniji in v ZDA. Glede na različnost sistema je pričakovana tudi različna opredelitev in razvrstitev kazenskih sankcij po skupinah. The research subject in the master's thesis is the notion of criminology, punishment, criminal sanctions and executions based on domestic legislation and the comparison of these concepts in the domestic system with the US system. Slovenian legal system, which belongs to the continental legal group, differs in many areas from the Anglo-Saxon legal system to which the United States belongs - therefore it is also possible to expect some differences in the penalty system or criminal sanctions system. The research starts with introducing the concept of criminals, their way of thinking, and possible circumstances and mental states that can lead the offender to commit a crime. Next, the research leads to the delimitation and the distinction between adult and juvenile offenders, which are evaluated in the third chapter of the master's thesis. Both, the Slovenian and the American legal system have the rules of procedures against juvenile offenders specially regulated, so part of the research is devoted to these particularities. The fourth chapter presents the concept of penalty and the point and purpose of punishment. It is essential to compare the course of criminal proceedings in Slovenia and the USA. Since these countries belong to different legal systems, there also exist some differences in criminal proceedings. In the next chapter, we present the specifics of the criminal procedure of both legal systems and their main differences and similarities. Once these concepts are clarified, we put the focus on the main subject of the research - punishment and criminal sanctions. That is addressed in the sixth chapter of the master thesis, as well as the organizational aspect of the enforcement authorities system of criminal sanctions in Slovenia. The chapter ends with the classification or groups and types of criminal sanctions in Slovenia and the USA. Given the diversity of the system, a different definition and classification of criminal sanctions by groups is also expected.

Človek lahko normalno živi le, če je svoboden, medtem ko »nesvoboda« iz človeka naredi sužnja. Trgovina z ljudmi ali t. i sodobno suženjstvo v 21. stoletju počasi in zanesljivo postaja pereč problem sodobnega življenja. Ljudje se zaradi želje po hitrem zaslužku pogosto znajdejo na življenjski poti, ki je izpolnjena s strahom, trpljenjem, z grožnjami, bolečinami, s škodo, z negotovostjo itd. Trgovina z ljudmi predstavlja eno izmed najhujših kršitev človekovih pravic. Žrtvam namreč odvzame osebno integriteto in dostojanstvo ter jih spravi v brezupen položaj, iz katerega ne vidijo izhoda. Upoštevajoč geografski položaj Balkanskega polotoka, Republika Makedonija predstavlja most med Zahodom in Vzhodom. Posledično obstajata veliko povpraševanje s strani Zahoda po nezakoniti delovni sili iz Makedonije in velika ponudba nezakonitih delovnih mest na Vzhodu. Makedonija pa ima tudi pomembno mesto v procesu povezovanja na mednarodnih in lokalnih kriminalnih trgih v tem delu Evrope. V diplomski nalogi so predstavljeni trgovina z ljudmi in njene pojavne oblike, storilci, žrtve, vzroki in dejavniki, ki jo omogočajo, vključno z organiziranim kriminalom. Raziskani sta razširjenost trgovine z ljudmi in trgovine z mladoletniki v Makedoniji in sosednjih državah ter vloga mednarodnih organizacij, kot so Organizacija združenih narodov, Evropska unija, Svet Evrope, in domačih vladnih in nevladnih organizacij na področju boja proti trgovini z ljudmi in še posebej z mladoletniki. Predstavljen je vpliv različnih ratificiranih mednarodnih dokumentov in konvencij na oblikovanje zakonodaje in strategij v boju proti trgovini z ljudmi v Makedoniji. Ugotovitve kažejo, da se trgovina z ljudmi ne zmanjšuje ne gleda na to, da si mednarodna skupnost veliko prizadeva za preprečevanje tega pojava. Za napredek v boju zoper trgovino z ljudmi je potrebno še bolj poglobljeno mednarodno sodelovanje, usposabljanje in izobraževanje domačih strokovnjakov na področju preventive ter odkrivanja, preiskovanja in pregona vseh oblik trgovine z ljudmi. A human can live normally as long as he is free. The moment his freedom is taken away it makes him a slave. Nowadays modern day slavery and human trafficking have become one of the biggest problem which slowly but surely penetrates into people’s everyday life. The desire for easy money and quick earning, have made them to make risky lifetime choices, which most of the time they turn out to be poor choices. Those poor lifetime decisions are the main reason for becoming victim of the chain of the international human traffic. Human trafficking represents one of the worst violations of the human rights where from the victims are taken their personal integrity and dignity and puts them in a hopeless situation from which they are not able to see the exit. Due to its geographic position on the Balkan peninsula, Republic of Macedonia represents a bridge between the developed countries (West) and undeveloped countries (Eeast). Developed western countries, on the one hand are taking into advantage the cheap labour force of the undeveloped East to work for them, but on the other hand because of the corruption on the lowest level eastern countries are ideal for opening illegal businesses and illegal work positions. In this case Macedonia plays a major role in that region of Europe in the process of connecting those illegal business and illegal work positions to the global criminal market. In the diploma thes is I will present the different shapes of human trafficking as part of the global organised crime, its victims, perpetrators, reasons and factors for its activity. Also I will give a detailed description of the human trafficking and minor trafficking markets in Macedonia and its neighbouring countries and the role of the international organizations such as the United Nations, European Union, Council of Europe, local government and the non-governmental organizations in the fight against human trafficking, especially in the fight against the trafficking with minors. Even though a various different ratified international conventions and strategies were introduced in order to lower and stop the human trafficking in Macedonia and the neighbouring countries, the results show the opposite activity that the human trafficking is increasing. For this particular reason the international organisation together with the local governments need to put much more effort in the process of fighting the human trafficking. This process includes international cooperation to be on higher level, training and educating the local expert in the field of prevention and early detection, investigation and prosecution of all forms of human trafficking.

Ko govorimo o zaporu, se moramo vprašati, kako poteka življenje brez svobode, brez določenih pravic, spanje na trdi postelji, občutek nemoči, kako je biti vsak dan zaprt v enakem prostoru, ko ti drugi ukazujejo, kaj in kako moraš delati, ipd. Ravno zaradi tega sem se odločila, da bom v svoji diplomski nalogi pisala o zaporni kazni. Posvetila sem se mladoletniškemu zaporu in njegovi primerjavi z zaporom za odrasle. Osredotočila sem se na sodelovanje mladoletniškega zapora Celje in zapora za odrasle na Dobu. V obeh zaporih sem izvedla intervju, pri katerem sem ugotovila, da se razlike med njima kažejo tudi v praksi, predvsem pa pri obravnavanju mladoletnih storilcev kaznivih dejanj. Življenje za rešetkami je tako psihično in fizično izredno naporno, še posebej za mladoletnike. Skozi pisanje diplomske naloge sem ugotovila, da so mladoletniki manj odgovorni, da so še v razvoju, da jih moramo obravnavati vzgojno, torej s čim več prizanesljivosti. Ravnati je potrebno bolj individualizirano, z namenom pomoči, usmerjanjem in spodbujanjem. Mladoletniki so deležni drugačnega obravnavanja kot odrasli storilci, kot tudi so zanje predpisane posebne kazenske sankcije. Mladoletniku se izrekajo predvsem vzgojni ukrepi, le redko jih doleti kazen. Namen vzgojnih ukrepov je, da se prek varstva, pomoči in nadzora zagotovi vzgoja, prevzgoja in pravilni razvoj. When we talk about prison, we have to ask ourselves how it is to live a life without freedom, certain rights, sleep on a hard bed, feeling helpless, how is it to be every day closed in one and the same place and when others tell you what and how to do something, etc. This is why I have decided to write my thesis about prison sentences. I focused on a juvenile prison, its comparison with imprisonment for adults and on the cooperation of the prison. In both prisons, I conducted an interview in which I found out that differences between prison and imprisonment for adults are present also in practice, especially when dealing with juvenile offenders. Life behind the bars is both mentally and physically tiring, especially for minors. During the thesis, I came to the conclusion that minors are less responsible than adults. They are still under development, and have to be treated with education and, with as much leniency. For them, we have to use, more individualized approach, with an intention to help. We have to guide and encourage then. Minors are treated differently in comparison with adults and have specific criminal sanctions. Only juvenile correctional measures shall be imposed, while they rarely get punished. The purpose of educational measures is ensuring, education, correction and proper development through protection, assistance and supervisions.

Danes se veliko govori o nasilju med mladimi pa tudi o nasilju mlajših na starejše. Nasilje je resen problem v življenju mnogih mladih in lahko bistveno vpliva na kvaliteto življenja. Razlogi za takšno vedenje in ravnanje mladih so lahko v njihovi osebnosti, lahko pa na vedenje vplivajo dejavniki iz okolja. Nasilje je ukoreninjeno v okoliščinah in se nenehno spreminja, zato mora politika in izobraževalna praksa upoštevati, da je treba načrte za njegovo preprečevanje spreminjati in posodabljati. Mladoletne prestopnike je potrebno z dobrimi vzgojnimi in prevzgojnimi metodami usmeriti v pravilen razvoj. V diplomskem delu smo opredelili kaznivo dejanje, krivdo in kazenske sankcije, ki so osrednji pojmi kazenskega prava. Ugotavljali smo učinkovitost kazenskih sankcij in morebitno odsotnost pravnega reda (»acquis«), v okviru postopkov obravnave mladoletnih storilcev kaznivih dejanj in sankcioniranja le teh. Postopek obravnavanja mladoletnikov, ki so storilci, kaznivih dejanj smo primerjali s postopkom polnoletnih. Obravnava mladoletnikov v kazenskem postopku še vedno ohranja lastnosti, ki s poudarkom na pravicah otrok in mladoletnikov, zagotavljajo, da se upoštevajo osebni razvoj prestopnika in njegov položaj v družbi. In present times we hear a lot about violence between young people and young against elderly people. Violence is a serious problem regarding young people because it influences the quality of their lives. We can find the reason for that behaviour in their personality and in environmental factors. Violence is positioned in a daily situations which are changing constantly. For that reason the politics and educational practices have to consider to change and update plans for its prevention. Juvenile offenders are to be directed with educational and pre-educational methods for correct development. In this Diploma thesis I defined the offence of criminal trespass and Sanctions, which are central concepts of criminal law. I was observing the effectiveness of the criminal sanctions and the possible absence of the acquis ("Acquis"), within the framework of the handling of juvenile offenders and thereof penalties. The method for treating minors who are accused of the crime were compared with an adult procedure. The treatment of minors in criminal procedures is still maintaining the features of emphasis for rights of the children and juveniles to ensure the personal development and theirs status in society.

POVZETEK V diplomskem delu sem obravnavala, kakšno mora biti pravilno zasliševanje, da lahko preiskovalec dobi konkretne odgovore na svoja vprašanja. Osredotočila sem se na preiskovalne intervjuje v Italiji, še posebej na tiste, ki jih izvajajo na mladoletnikih. Glede na to, da so mladoletniki skupina, ki je bolj občutljiva na odnose in načine govora, je smiselno, da policisti ne zaslišujejo sami ampak imajo ob sebi še strokovnjaka, ki se spozna na psihologijo mladoletnikov. Razdelila sem vprašalnik o načinu zasliševanja mladoletnikov na treh policijskih postajah v Italiji, in sicer v Miljah, Tržiču (Monfalcone) in Trstu. Rezultati kažejo, da se večina policistov zaveda pomanjkanja znanja na področju zasliševanja mladoletnikov, vendar vseeno preiskovalne intervjuje opravljajo sami brez prisotnosti psihologov ali drugih strokovnjakov. Zavedati se moramo, da je pri mladoletnih osebah to še toliko težje, saj na različne načine zaznavajo, se spominjajo in reproducirajo dogodke. To lahko privede do nezanesljivih in netočnih izjav, zato motamo biti še toliko bolj pazljivi. Vedno moramo upoštevati objektivne in subjektivne okoliščine, katere lahko vplivajo na pričo ali storilca kaznivega dejanja. Intervju mora torej biti čim bolj dinamičen, da pridobimo želene in točne informacije. Napačen način zasliševanja ima lahko negativne posledice za vse vpletene. Da se postopek torej izpelje pravilno so zelo pomembni: priprava, izvajanje in razložitev, račun oz. zbiranje informacij, zaprtje in povzetek zbranih informacij ter ocena in vrednotenje vseh zbranih dokazov. Na vse zadnje pa je najpomembnejša nepogrešljivost zbiranja podatkov s spoštovanjem členov zakona o kazenskem postopku. SUMMARY – THE INVESTIGATIVE INTERVIEW WITH ADOLESCENTS IN ITALY In the thesis we discussed the correct use of methods for police interrogations that lead the investigator to get solid and valid answers. I focused on the investigation interviews in Italy, especially interviews with minors. The minors are vulnerable and sensitive with respect to the quality of relationships established with investigators and the ways of interviewing. Therefore, during the police interrogation the presence of an appropriate expert (e.g. a psychologist) is highly recommended to assure that the interview is correctly performed. Police officers at three police stations in Italy – Muggia, Monfalcone, and Trieste participated in the research presented. The results show that the majority of police officers are aware of their lack of proper skills in interrogation of minors however, they perform interrogations without a help of an expert. Criminal investigators should be aware that the perception of reality in minors is quite different than in adults. Similarly, minors memorize and recall information different than the adults do. Without considering this issue, police investigators may gather unreliable and inaccurate account about a criminal event. Therefore, caution during an interview is necessary. All circumstances, objective and subjective, that may influence a witness or a offender, must be considered during the interrogation. To obtain the most accurate information an interrogation should be dynamic and adaptable to child’s needs and abilities as possible. The wrong method of interrogation can lead to negative consequences for all the involved. An interview or interrogation should start with preparation, questioning, probing, closure and summary of the collected information, and evaluation of the information gathered -all in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Act.

Rdeča nit diplomskega dela so umori, ki so jih zagrešile mladoletne osebe. Mladoletniki so še posebej ranljiva skupina storilcev kaznivih dejanj, saj še niso povsem življenjsko dozoreli in njihova osebnost še ni popolnoma razvita. Najbolj so nas v diplomskem delu zanimali vzroki za storitev kaznivega dejanja umora s strani mladoletnih oseb, zato smo proučili več vzročnih dejavnikov. Obstaja množica teorij, ki vzroke iščejo v posamezniku samem in njegovem delovanju. Pri tem lahko gre za posameznikovo zlobno naravo, za vzroke v njegovi biološki danosti ali za psihične dejavnike. Obstajajo tudi številne teorije, ki proučujejo družbeno okolje in družbene odnose posameznika. Med tema dvema dejavnikoma ni mogoče potegniti jasne ločnice, ker sta oba sklopa dejavnikov enako pomembna in se med sabo tesno prepletata. Ugotovili smo, da pri odgovoru na vprašanje, kaj je mladoletnika pripeljalo do storitve umora, ne moremo pokazati točno na določen dejavnik, ampak gre tukaj za skupek le-teh. Poleg bioloških, psiholoških in socioloških dejavnikov smo raziskali tudi vpliv družine, šole, okolja, nasilja in medijev. Da bi bolje razumeli vpliv vseh naštetih dejavnikov, smo v drugem delu na kratko opisali nekaj primerov mladoletnih morilcev, ki v večini izhajajo iz tujine, saj je v Sloveniji tovrstne kriminalitete manj. Zanimalo nas je predvsem njihovo otroštvo, ugotovili smo namreč, da se najpogosteje vzrok za storitev najhujših kaznivih dejanj skriva ravno v disfunkcionalni družini. Mladoletni storilec je najpogosteje sam žrtev neurejenih družinskih razmer, pa tudi nasilja s strani vrstnikov, okolja v katerem živi, ali pa ga je k zločinu pripeljala osebnostna motnja ali duševna bolezen. Razloge lahko iščemo tudi v zamegljenosti uma zaradi odvisnosti od sodobnih tehnologij, ki mlade spreminja v brezčutne stroje. Main thread of final work is murders that were committed by juvenile murderers. Juvenile are especially vulnerable group of criminals which are not fully developed, which means that their personality and body are not on the grown up level. In final work we were interested in causes for committing crime from juvenile murderers so we studied several underlying factors. There are many theories that are seeking causes for crime in the individual and his activities. That can be person’s evil nature, biological or psychical factors. There are also many theories that examining the social environment and social relations of the individuals. There is impossible to draw a clear, dividing line between biological and social factors, because both are equally important and are closely intertwined. We found that there is impossible to point out specific major reason for committing murder by juveniles, many factors were combined in certain space and time. In addition to biological, psychological and sociological factor we research influence of the school, family, environment, violence and the public media. In the second part of final work we briefly described some examples of juvenile murderers to understand the impact of all these factors. Most of the cases are from abroad because in Slovenia there is not much crime of that category. We were interested primary in the childhood of the juvenile murderers we have found that most common cause of serious crime lies in a dysfunctional family. Juvenile perpetrator is most often itself a victim of unsettled family situations, as well a victim of violence by peer, the environment in which they live or they have seriously strong personality disorder or mental illness. The reasons can be also found among modern technologies that turn young people into an unfeeling and guided machines.

Ugotovili smo, da je za odklonskost večkrat kriva družba, v kateri mladoletna oseba preživi največ časa. To so lahko starši, skrbniki, sovrstniki, tolpa ali množica na splošno. Mladostniki naj bi se vedenja naučili s posnemanjem, identifikacijo z osebami, katerim želi biti podoben, izkušnjami ter s prilagajanjem okolici. Za odklonsko vedenje mladostnika so značilne osebnostne lastnosti, ki jih delimo na konstitucijske in pa psihološke. Te lastnosti pripeljejo do različnih vzrokov, za odklonsko vedenje, katerih je v naši družbi mnogo: slaba čustvena stabilnost v družini, slabo ekonomsko stanje družine, preobremenjenost mladostnika, kar vodi v stres, različne mentalne bolezni, človeški naravni instinkti in drugi. Posebej smo obrazložili vzroke, ki so značilni za obdobje adolescence, saj se ravno takrat pojavlja največ kaznivih dejanj s strani mladoletnih oseb. V obdobju od leta 2009 do 2015 se je zvrstilo skupaj 13. 543 zabeleženih kaznivih dejanj. Storjena so bila naslednja kazniva dejanja: uboj, umor, lahka telesna poškodba, huda telesna poškodba, posilstvo, spolno nasilje, spolni napad na osebo, mlajšo od 15 let, pridobivanje oseb mlajših od 15 let, za spolne namene, prikazovanje, izdelava, posest in posredovanje pornografskega gradiva, neupravičena proizvodnja in promet s prepovedanimi drogami, nedovoljenimi snovmi v športu in predhodnimi sestavinami za izdelavo prepovedanih drog, omogočanje uživanja prepovedanih drog ali nedovoljenih snovi v športu, tatvina, velika tatvina, rop, goljufija, izsiljevanje ter druga kazniva dejanja. Ugotovili smo, da je v zadnjih sedmih letih skupno število kaznivih dejanj padalo, s trendom pa smo napovedali, da naj bi leta 2016 število naraslo. We have found out that deviation is a result of the society in which a youngster spends most time. This society may be parents, guardians, peers, a gang or a crowd in general. Minors are supposed to learn how to behave on the basis of imitation, identification with persons they want to look up to, with experience and adaption to environment. A deviant behaviour of a minor is characterised by personal characteristics, which are divided in physical constitution and psychological traits. These characteristics lead to different reasons for deviant behaviour, a multitude of which may be found in our society: poor emotional stability within a family, low economic status of a family, overload of youngsters resulting in stress and various mental diseases, human natural instincts and others. We explained the reasons typical for the time of adolescence in particular, as most criminal offenses caused by minors appear in this period. Between 2009 and 2015 there were 13.543 recorded criminal offences: manslaughter, murder, minor bodily injury, grievous bodily injury, rape, sexual violence, sexual assault on person under the age of 15, recruiting persons under the age of 15 for sexual intentions, production, possession and distribution of pornography, unjustified production and unlawful drug trafficking or prohibited substances in sports, enabling consumption of illegal drugs, theft, grand theft, robbery, fraud, blackmailing and others. We found out that the number of criminal offences all together had fallen over the last seven years. However, the trend suggests an increase in of offences in 2016.

Kazenski zakonik (KZ-1) določa za obravnavanje mladoletnih storilcev kaznivih dejanj posebne določbe. Ker se mladoletniki v številnih osebnih lastnostih razlikujejo od odraslih, je potrebno za njihovo resocializacijo drugačno obravnavanje. Kazenski zakonik iz leta 1994, ki se uporablja za mladoletne storilce kaznivih dejanj, določa posebne sankcije za mladoletnike: vzgojni ukrep, mladoletniški zapor in denarno kazen. Izrecno pa določa tudi namen vzgojnih ukrepov in kazni za mladoletnike, katerega bistvo je, da se zagotovijo njihova vzgoja, prevzgoja in pravilen razvoj. Kazenske sankcije, ki so predvidene za mladoletne prestopnike, so prežete z vzgojno komponento, saj so oblikovane primerno doseganju temeljnega namena sankcioniranja mladoletnih storilcev kaznivih dejanj. Vzgoja, prezvgoja in pravilen razvoj pa so tudi temeljno vodilo pri izbiri in izvrševanju vzgojnih ukrepov in kazni za mladoletnike. Posebno obravnavanje, prilagojeno specifičnim lastnostim mladoletnikov in njihovi stopnji osebnega razvoja, omogoča ustreznejše in bolj učinkovito resocializacijo mladoletnikov in s tem zmanjševanje mladoletniškega prestopništva ter kriminalitete. The Criminal Code (KZ-1) provides specific provisions and clauses for the treatment of juvenile offenders. Since adolescents differ in many personal characteristics from adults, different treatment is necessary for their re-socialization. The Criminal Code from 1994, which applies to juvenile offenders, provides specific sanctions for minors: correctional measures, juvenile prison, and a monetary fine. It also explicitly defines the purpose of educational measures and penalties for minors, the essence of which is to ensure their education, correction or re-education, and proper development. Criminal sanctions provided for juvenile offenders, are imbued with an educational component and are designed to achieve the underlying purpose of punishing juvenile offenders. Education, re-education, and orderly development are also the guiding principles in choosing and implementing educational measures and penalties for minors. Special treatment, adapted to the specific characteristics of minors and their level of personal development, enables more relevant and effective rehabilitation of minors and thereby reduces juvenile delinquency and crime.

Diplomska naloga je osredotočena na prestopništvo mladih na glavni avtobusni postaji Novo mesto. V teoretičnem delu so predstavljene oblike in značilnosti prestopništva mladih, dejavniki tveganja, ki vplivajo na pojav prestopništva, ter preventivni in kurativni ukrepi, kako takšno vedenje preprečiti. Empirični del pa je odsev realne situacije na raziskovalnem območju. Pomembno vlogo pri širjenju strahu pred kriminaliteto imajo mediji, ki tudi v tem primeru puščajo svoj pečat. Problematika zajema srečanje in obravnavanje med subkulturami, alkoholizirano mladino, izsiljevanje in organizirane pretepe. Nestrpnost med mladimi v povezavi z zlorabo alkohola najpogosteje privede do medsebojnega nasilnega obračunavanja. Namen diplomske naloge je preučiti, ali se dijaki novomeških srednjih šol, ki so uporabniki avtobusnega prometa, na tem območju počutijo varno. Ugotovili smo, kdo je bil pobudnik, da se je kriminaliteta na tem območju zmanjšala, kakšni so bili ukrepi in koliko časa so potrebovali za uvedbo prej omenjenih ukrepov. Mestna občina Novo mesto bi se lahko hitreje odzvala na pozive Policijske uprave Novo mesto. Sodelovanje s Policijsko upravo Novo mesto je s kronologijo obravnavanih dogodkov na tem območju pripomoglo k razumevanju problema in odprlo nov pogled nad celotno situacijo. Kot podnaslov naše diplomske naloge, bi sodeč po ugotovitvah lahko navedli, da ima strah velike oči. The thesis is focused on young people’s delinquency at the bus station Novo mesto. In the theoretical part are presented shapes and characteristics of youth delinquency, risk factors influencing delinquency and preventive and curative measures, how to prevent such behavior. Empirical part is a reflection of the real situation in the research area. Important role in spreading the fear of crime has the media, which in this case leaves its mark. The issue includes gathering and confrontations of subcultures, intoxicated Youth, threats and organized fights. Intolerance among young people in relation to alcohol abuse frequently leads to violent confrontations. The purpose of the thesis was to examine whether the Novo mesto secondary school students, who are users of bus traffic in the area feel safe. We found out, who was the initiator for reducing crime, what were the measures and the amount of time needed to introduce the measures referred to above. Municipality of Novo mesto could have responded to calls from the Police Directorate of Novo mesto much faster. Cooperation with the Police Directorate of Novo mesto contributed to the understanding of the problem and opened a new view of the whole situation with a chronology of the events, discussed in this area. According to the findings, we could name the subtitle of our thesis, that the fear has big eyes.

Nasilje v družini je družben pojav, ki ga poznamo vsi. Ko slišimo zanj, je naša prva asociacija moški, ki izvaja nasilje nad svojo partnerko in otroki. Ne pomislimo pa, da so prav naši mladoletni otroci lahko storilci oziroma izvajalci nasilja, ki ga izvajajo nad svojimi starši. Zato želim v diplomski nalogi predstaviti splošen pregled nastanka in posledic nasilja v družini, ki se dogaja med staršema, nato pa poiskati vzroke, ki privedejo mladoletne otroke do tega, da pričnejo z izvajanjem nasilja nad starši. Primeri, ki jih kaže uradna statistika policije, so zaskrbljujoči ob vedenju, da so prijavljeni primeri nasilja v družini v primerjavi z dejanskim stanjem le vrh ledene gore. V diplomski nalogi bom tako predstavil statistiko policije, vse od uvedbe nove zakonodaje leta 2008 do vključno leta 2014. Najbolj zaskrbljujoč podatek je ta, da je kar 31,98 % mladoletnih storilcev kaznivega dejanja nasilja v družini povratnikov. Predstavljen je tudi celoten postopek policista, ki se odzove na interventni klic ob prijavi nasilja v družini. Opisana je standardizirana oblika dela policije pri obravnavi kaznivega dejanja nasilja v družini in sam izrek ukrepa prepovedi približevanja. Na koncu sem analiziral tri pravnomočne sodbe zoper mladoletne storilce kaznivega dejanja nasilja v družini, ki so ga izvajali nad člani svoje družine. V kratkem so predstavljena dejanja, ki so jih mladoletniki izvajali nad starši, vedenje mladoletnikov in staršev pred sodiščem in sam ukrep sodišča. V diplomski nalogi je tako predstavljena celota, ki govori o družini, vrednotah družine, vzrokih za nastanek nasilja v družini, policijski obravnavi s statističnimi podatki in analizi resničnih primerov. Domestic violence is a social phenomenon that is familiar to everyone. When we hear of it we always think of a man who is violent against his partner and children. We never think of the possibility that our under aged children could also be offenders and violent against their parents. In my diploma paper I would therefore like to present a general overview of origins and consequences of domestic violence happening between parents and then to find reasons that cause minors to become violent against their parents. Cases shown by the police statistics are alarming in knowing that the number of recorded cases is only the tip of the iceberg if compared with the actual situation. Police statistics from the introduction of new legislation in 2008 until 2014 will be presented in the diploma paper. The most alarming fact is that 31, 98% of minor domestic violence offenders are persistent offenders. The whole procedure of a policeman who reacts on an intervention call in case of domestic violence is also presented. A standardised form of police work in dealing with committed crime of domestic violence and the pronouncement of restraining order are presented. Finally three legally binding verdicts for minor domestic violence offenders are presented. Acts of these offenders against their parents, minors’ and parents’ behaviour in court, and the court measures are briefly explained. The diploma paper is an integral whole that presents a family, family values, causes of domestic violence, police procedures, statistical data, and the analysis of solved cases.

Diplomsko delo obravnava prekrške mladoletnih oseb v Republiki Sloveniji. Mladoletniki so v kazenskem pravu in tudi v pravu o prekrških posebna kategorija storilcev, saj gre praviloma za nedozorele in še ne dovolj razvite osebnosti, na katere lahko zelo hitro vplivajo zunanje okoliščine. Zato so ravnanja, ki presegajo meje dopustnega, pri mladoletnikih pogosta in zelo raznolika. Takšno neprimerno oziroma nedopustno ravnanje mladoletnika pa terja s strani okolice reakcijo, ki mora biti usmerjena predvsem k pomoči mladoletniku pri njegovem nadaljnjem osebnostnem razvoju. Mladoletnik, ki stori prekršek, se sreča z vsemi možnimi vrstami pomoči. Mladoletnikom se izrekajo vzgojni ukrepi, le izjemoma kazni. Namen kaznovanja mladoletnih prekrškarjev je predvsem vzgoja posameznika, na način, ki ga verjetno ni deležen v domačem okolju, prevzgoja bolj problematičnih mladostnikov, vse skupaj z namenom, da se jim omogoči normalen in pravilen razvoj. Namen denarne kazni pa je tudi močneje vplivati na mladoletne storilce prekrškov, da prekrškov ne bi več ponavljali, kakor tudi na druge mladoletnike, da prekrškov ne bi izvrševali. Glede na to, da pri mladoletnih storilcih prekrškov govorimo o vzgoji in prevzgoji, je nedvomno, da morajo biti ukrepi, ki se mladoletnim storilcem izrekajo v takšnih postopkih, usmerjeni na določeno osebnost, prilagojeni morajo biti mladoletniku kot posamezniku in njegovi osebnosti. Prekrški mladoletnih oseb predstavljajo majhen del vseh storjenih prekrškov v Sloveniji. Z opazovanjem tega pojava od leta 2005 do 2014 smo ugotovili, da v Sloveniji število prekrškov mladoletnih oseb močno upada. Če jih je bilo pred desetimi leti 14540, jih je bilo lani za primerjavo več kot polovico manj. Mladoletni prekrškarji so po večini moškega spola, ki prihajajo iz neurejenih družinskih razmer. The thesis deals with offences of minors in the Republic of Slovenia. Juveniles are a special category of perpetrators in criminal law and also in minor offence law, they are mainly immature and not yet sufficiently developed personalities, which can be very easily influenced by external circumstances. That`s why are their acts, which go beyond the limits of the tolerable, very often frequent and varied. Such minor should get help to his further personality development. A minor, who commits an offense, meets with all possible kinds of assistance. Minors get a lot of educational measures, very rare get they sentences. The purpose of the punishment of juvenile offenders is an education of the individual in a way, that they probably can not get in the domestic environment, rehabilitation of the more problematic adolescents, all with the aim of enabling them to normal and orderly development. The purpose of the penalty is that the juvenile offenders would no longer repeat the offences, as well as other juvenile offenses they would not commit them. The measures should be aimed to a specific personality, they have to be adapted to the minor as an individual and his personality. Fouls of minors represent a small fraction of all offenses committed in Slovenia. By observing this phenomenon from 2005 to 2014, we found that the number of offenses of minors is in sharp decline in Slovenia. There were 14540 offences ten years ago commited, but in 2014 were less than half commited. Underage offenders are mostly male, they come from dysfunctional family situations

Otroci so specifična skupina oseb, ki si zaslužijo posebno obravnavo v kazenskem sistemu, če se pojavijo kot storilci dejanj, ki imajo znake kaznivega dejanja. Ker gre za posebej ranljiva bitja, moramo biti pozorni, da jim v prvi vrsti zagotovimo varnost in spoštovanje njihovih pravic, šele nato pa jih obravnavamo z vidika storilcev dejanj, ki imajo znake kaznivega dejanja. Najprej smo definirali ključne pojme, ki se pojavljajo v kazenski zakonodaji, torej kaznivo dejanje, storilec in kazenska odgovornost. Prav tako smo preučili pravno razmejitev med otroci, mladostniki in odraslimi. Podrobneje smo si ogledali delo institucije centra za socialno delo in Varuha človekovih pravic, ter kakšna je njuna vloga pri zagotavljanju in varstvu pravic otrok, ki jih narekuje tudi Konvencija o otrokovih pravicah. Meja kazenske odgovornosti se močno razlikuje tako znotraj Evropske unije, kot tudi drugje po svetu. Nekatere države sploh nimajo pravno določene minimalne starostne meje za kazensko odgovornost, druge pa imajo to postavljeno zelo nizko. Ta je na primer na Škotskem dosežena že z 8. letom, v Angliji z 10. letom, na Irskem pa z 12. letom starosti. Ugotovili smo, da osebe, mlajše od 14. let po slovenski zakonodaji ne morejo biti kazensko odgovorne in zato posledično ne moremo govoriti o storilcih kaznivih dejanj. V teh primerih centri za socialno delo prevzamejo vlogo ključnega reševanja problema in skladno s pooblastili obravnavajo otroke, ki so storili dejanja, z znaki kaznivega dejanja. Pooblastila, opredeljena v katalogu javnih pooblastil, nalog po zakonu in storitev, ki jih izvajajo centri za socialno delo, so edina podlaga, ki opredeljuje tovrstno obravnavo otrok. Children are known to be a specific group of people, who must be treated with special consideration in the criminal justice system where they appear as perpetrators of an act that have the elements of crime. Since they are particularly vulnerable creatures, we must first at all provide them safety and respect for their rights before we treat them as perpetrators. We defined key concepts that are important in criminal law, a criminal offense, the perpetrator and criminal responsibility. We also examined the legal demarcation between children, juveniles and adults. Further we previewed the work of the institution of Social Security centre and the Ombudsman and what is their role in ensuring and protecting the children rights as they are determined by the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The limit of criminal age responsibility widely varies within the European Union and also across the world. Some countries do not even have it determined in the law and others have it established too low. In Scotland the age of criminal responsibility is 8 years old, in England 10 years and in Ireland it is 12 years old. According to Slovenian criminal law, persons under the age of 14 cannot been criminal responsible and charged with a criminal offense. In those cases the key role have the Social Security centres who, within their powers, deal with children that committed an act with elements of criminal offense. The only legal base on how to deal with those children is defined in the catalogue of public powers and duties by the law and services.

Namen prispevka: Namen prispevka je primerjava občutka sramu in krivde ob hipotetičnih situacijah pri srednješolcih, ki so leta 2011 sodelovali v raziskavi SPMAD, glede na to, ali so se v letu 2010 vedli prestopniško ali ne. Metode: Z diskriminantno analizo smo ugotavljali, ali obstajajo statistično značilne razlike med neprestopniško in prestopniško skupino dijakov. Dijake smo v skupini razdelili glede na njihovo samonaznanitev prestopniških dejanj. Z logističnimi regresijami smo poskušali ugotoviti, katere izmed spremenljivk o občutkih sramu in krivde vplivajo na določena prestopniška dejanja mladih. Ugotovitve: Med skupino srednješolcev, ki niso poročali o prestopniškem dejanju v preteklem letu, in skupino, ki je poročala o vsaj enem prestopniškem dejanju, so bile ugotovljene statistično značilne razlike v odgovorih na vprašanja glede občutkov sramu in krivde. Srednješolci, ki so storili vsaj eno prestopniško dejanje, so v povprečju poročali o manj izrazitih občutkih ob različnih prestopkih kot srednješolci, ki niso poročali o prestopniških dejanjih. Razlike v povprečjih odgovorov med skupinama so bile večje pri občutkih sramu kot pri občutkih krivde. S spremenljivkami, ki so merile občutke sramu in krivde, smo pojasnili največji delež variance pri prestopniškem dejanju tatvin v trgovinah. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave V raziskavi SPMAD je bilo število vprašanj, ki so podrobneje merili občutke sramu in krivde, omejeno. Za bolj temeljito analizo teh dveh občutkov bi bilo potrebno vsakemu prestopniškemu dejanju v vprašalniku dodati še vprašanje o občutku sramu in občutku krivde ob izvedbi tega dejanja. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Prispevek predstavlja analizo, ki v povezavi s samonaznanjenimi prestopniškimi dejanji v Sloveniji še ni bila opravljena. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to compare the feeling of shame and guilt in hypothetical situations of secondary school students that have in the year 2011 participated in the SPMAD survey, depending on whether they have carried out delinquent act in the year 2010 or not. Design/Methods/Approach: The discriminant analysis was used to determine whether there are statistically relevant differences between non-delinquent group and the group of respondents who reported at least one delinquent act. With logistic regressions we tried to show which of the variables of feeling of shame and guilt are most related to specific delinquent acts. Findings: Between the two groups of secondary school students – the non-delinquent group and the group, which has reported at least one delinquent act, there were statistically relevant differences detected in the responses to questions about feelings of shame and guilt. Secondary school students that have committed at least one delinquent act have reported more subtle feeling of shame and guilt compared to non-delinquent secondary school students. The differences between the two groups were greater with feeling of shame than with the feeling of guilt. Variables that measured the feeling of shame and guilt explained the largest amount of variance in the delinquent act of shoplifting. Research Limitations/Implications: In the SPMAD study the number of questions which measured feelings of shame and guilt was severely limited. For a more thorough analysis of these feelings, each delinquent act in the questionnaire should be accompanied by questions about the feelings of shame and guilt, connected to this specific delinquent act. Originality/Value: The paper presents the analysis that hasn’t been made yet in connection with self-reported delinquency acts in Slovenia.

Mladoletno prestopništvo je pojem, ki zajema širok spekter odklonskih dejanj zakrivljenih s strani mladoletnih oseb. Da do tovrstnega ravnanja sploh pride, vpliva več dejavnikov. Najpomembnejši so družina, šola in mediji, pa vendar se intenziteta in vrsta dejavnikov spreminja glede na specifične biološke in psihološke identitete posameznikov. Diplomska naloga je osnovana na empiričnih ugotovitvah raziskav, ki so bile opravljene po letu 1991 v Sloveniji. Pri pregledu študij o dejavnikih mladoletnega prestopništva smo ugotovili, da je najpomembnejši dejavnik družina, ki ima tudi najbolj močan vpliv na oblikovanje osebnosti in lastnosti posameznika. Gre namreč za okolje, kjer se otrok prvič socializira in privaja na družbene norme. Pri dejavnikih kot so mediji in šola smo na podlagi študij ugotovili, da ti sicer vplivajo na pojav prestopniškega vedenja pri mladih, vendar na splošno v povezavi z družinskimi razmerami (vzgoja, vzgojni prijemi, okoliščine in zahteve v sami družini). Ugotovili smo, da se prestopniško vedenje med mladoletniki največkrat pojavi v obliki uživanja legalnih drog in v obliki nasilnega vedenja. Na eni strani se kaže kot nasilno vedenje v obliki fizičnega in psihičnega ravnanja zoper druge osebe ali predmeta, na drugi strani pa kot odklonsko ravnanje (nekateri avtorji uvrščajo tovrstno ravnanje pod nasilje) zoper sebe v obliki uživanja drog ali pa v skrajnih, destruktivnih oblikah. Pregled študij kaže, da se nasilje pojavlja predvsem med vrstniki in v času šolanja. Nadalje odnos strokovnih delavcev v analiziranih študijah kaže na normaliziranje pojava in minimaliziranje pozornosti posvečene takšnemu vedenju. Z vidika družbe in predvsem z vidika mladoletnikov je precej samoumevno tudi poseganje po legalnih drogah, kot sta alkohol in tobak, saj je v vseh obravnavanih študijah večina slovenskih mladostnikov že kdaj uživala alkoholne pijače in kadila tobačne izdelke. Juvenile delinquency is a concept that covers a wide range of deviant actions that are commited by young people. The impact of several factors triggers such behavior. The most important factors are family, school and media, but the intensity and type of these factors changes according to the specifics of the biological and psychological identity of individuals. A factor that has a strong impact on the formation of personality is the family. It provides the environment in which a chlid first socializes and starts getting used to the social norms. Media, school and other factors (religion, peers) have a lower impact on the emergence of deviant actions than educational approaches in the family. Deviant actions between young people mostly appear in the form of violent actions. On one side these are violent actions against other peers and objects and on the other side violent actions against themselves, like drug abuse or other destructive forms. A widespread form of violence is bullying, which is especially problematic because of the lack of engagement to this phenomenon. Among the teens, usage of legal drugs, alcohol and tobacco is very common. All present studies show that most teens in Slovenia have already enjoyed alcohol, the use of tobacco is less, but not much.

Občasno povzročanje prestopništva v mladosti je pri mnogih pogosto in v kasnejših obdobjih življenja ne predstavlja težav. Pri nekaterih pa se prestopništvo začne že v otroštvu in se tudi nadaljuje v odraslost. Zaradi tega dejstva smo mnenja, da se lahko veliko naredi že zgodaj v razvoju in kot pravi znan pregovor je vedno »Bolje preventiva kot kurativa«. Glede trendov mladoletniškega prestopništva v prihodnosti so strokovnjaki mnenja, da v naslednjih petnajstih letih ne bo velikih sprememb. Skrbi jih temno polje kriminalitete v sodobni tehnologiji (piratstvo, hekerstvo, kraja zaupnih podatkov na internetu, grožnje in norčevanje preko interneta). Menimo, da je najpomembnejši dejavnik, ki vpliva na mladoletnikovo delinkventnost vzgoja in z njo povezana družina. Poleg tega so odgovorni tudi vrstniki, šola, mediji in nenazadnje tudi osebnostne značilnosti. Problem mladoletniškega nasilja je med drugim izpostavljen tudi v Resoluciji o nacionalnem programu preprečevanja in zatiranja kriminalitete za obdobje od leta 2012 do 2016. Zaradi svoje pomembne vloge so se osredotočili predvsem na vzgojno-izobraževalni sistem. Podlaga za obravnavo otrok in mladoletnikov je Katalog javnih pooblastil, nalog po zakonu in storitvah, ki jih izvajajo CSD. Sem spada obravnava otrok in mladoletnikov zunaj sodnega postopka, odloženi pregon, obravnava mladoletnika v predkazenskem postopku, v kazenskem postopku in postopku o prekršku. Opredeljeni so vzgojni ukrepi in namestitev mladoletnika v mladoletniški zapor. Occasionally causing delinquency in childhood is often and is not a problem in the later stages of life. For some, delinquency starts in childhood and continues also into adulthood. Because of these facts, we believe that much can be done early in development and as they say »Prevention is better than cure«. About the trends of juvenile delinquency in the future, experts think that in the next fifteen years won’t be a major changes. They are concerned about the dark field of crime in modern technology (pirating, hacking, theft of confidential data on the Internet, threats and fooling over the Internet). We think that the most important factor which affect in juvenile delinquency is upbringing and with this related family. In addition, they are also responsible their peers, school, media, and ultimately personality characteristics. The problem of youth violence is exposed in the Resolution on the National Programme of prevention and suppressing crime for a period from 2012 to 2016. Because of its important role they focused mainly on the educational system. The basis for the treatment of children and adolescents is a Catalog of public authority, tasks under the law and the services carried out by the CSD. This includes treatment of children and adolescents outside of court proceedings, deferred prosecution, deals with juvenile in pre-trial proceedings, in criminal proceedings and proceedings concerning the offense, defined are educational measures and the installation of a juvenile in a juvenile prison.

Diplomska naloga se deli na teoretični in raziskovalni del. V teoretičnem delu sta v prvi vrsti opisana tehnološki vpliv na pojav sekstinga in definicija samega pojava različnih avtorjev – seksting je pošiljanje/izmenjavanje napol golih ali golih fotografij z vrstniki preko spleta ali mobilnega telefona. Opisani so razlogi in tveganja samega dejanja ter posledice, ki jih razdelimo na pravne in družbene. Obe skupini posledic lahko zelo vplivata na naša življenja in pustita dolgotrajne posledice. Pojasnjena je tudi pravno zakonska ureditev s pravnimi primeri in zakonodajnimi odzivi raznih držav na problematiko sekstinga. V Sloveniji se razširjanje golih ali napol golih fotografij sebe ali mladoletnika obravnava kot kaznivo dejanje in se lahko kaznuje z zaporno kaznijo od 6 mesecev do 8 let. Vloga družbe ima velik vpliv na pogled in razumevanje sekstinga, zato so v teoretičnem delu opisani nasveti za starše, učitelje in tudi mlade, kako preprečiti in se spopasti s pojavom sekstinga. Naštetih je tudi pet večjih raziskav na področju sekstinga, ki prikazujejo resnično pogostost tega pojava, a razkrivajo, da je seksting iz leta v leto v upadu. Drugi, raziskovalni del diplomske naloge predstavlja raziskavo in analizo anketnega vprašalnika, katere namen je ugotoviti kakšno je razumevanje sekstinga med mladimi, v kolikšni meri ga prakticirajo in če se zavedajo dejanskih negativnih posledic samega pojava. Na podlagi rezultatov analize anketnega vprašalnika smo testirali zastavljene hipoteze diplomske naloge. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and research section. The theoretical part primarily describes the technological impact on the phenomenon of sexting and introduces the definition of this phenomenon by different authors – seksting is sending/sharing nude or semi-nude photos with peers via the Internet or a mobile phone. The thesis describes the reasons for and the risks of such behaviour as well as its consequences, which are divided into the legal and social ones. Both groups of consequences can greatly influence our lives and cause lasting repercussions. Furthermore, regularisation is explained along with legal cases and legislative responses of different countries to the issue of sexting. In Slovenia, the distribution of nude or semi-nude photos of oneself or a minor can be considered a criminal act and can be punished by 6 months to 8 years in prison. The role of the society has a huge impact on the view and understanding of sexting, therefore the theoretical part offers parents, teachers and the youth some tips on how to prevent and deal with the issue of sexting. Five major researches on sexting are listed, which show the true frequency of the phenomenon, but also reveal that sexting is in decline. The research part of the thesis presents research and analysis of the questionnaire, its intention being to determine the understanding of sexting among young people, the extent of its practice and whether the youth are aware of the negative consequences of the phenomenon. Based on the results of the analysis of our questionnaire we tested the hypotheses of the thesis.

Most med otroštvom in odraslostjo imenujemo mladostništvo. To je obdobje intenzivnega telesnega, duševnega in socialnega dozorevanja. V tem obdobju prevzamemo večino vedenjskih vzorcev in si oblikujemo življenjske navade, ki nas pogosto spremljajo vse življenje. Zaradi pospešenega pridobivanja življenjskih izkušenj in iskanja ter odkrivanja samega sebe, lahko zaradi duševne preobremenjenosti pride do odklonskih ravnanj. Ko mladostnik prestopi mejo upornika, začnemo govoriti o mladoletniškem prestopništvu. V diplomski nalogi smo obravnavali kaznovanje mladoletnih prestopnikov v Republiki Sloveniji. Kazenskopravno obravnavanje mladoletnih prestopnikov pri nas, do sprejetja posebnega zakona za obravnavanje mladoletnih prestopnikov, ureja Kazenski zakonik iz leta 1994. Ker so mladoletniki osebe, ki se osebnostno še razvijajo, so zanje predvidene posebne kazenske sankcije. Namen teh sankcij je vzgoja, prevzgoja in pravilno usmerjanje. Glede na starostno skupino v katero mladoletni prestopnik spada, se sodišče lahko odloči med izrekom vzgojnega ukrepa, kaznimi za mladoletnike ter varnostnimi ukrepi. Oprli smo se na statistične podatke zadnjih štirih let (od leta 2010 do leta 2013) delovanja državnih tožilstev, Policije, Uprave za izvrševanje kazenskih sankcij ter Statističnega urada Republike Slovenije. Ugotavljali smo, kako se giblje mladoletniška kriminaliteta, katera kazniva dejanja med mladimi prestopniki prevladujejo ter katere kazenske sankcije so največkrat izrečene. Ugotovili smo, da so bile največkrat izrečene kazenske sankcije nezavodski vzgojni ukrepi, da v prevzgojnem domu (Radeče) ni bilo upada mladoletnih prestopnikov, da med mladoletnimi prestopniki prevladujejo kazniva dejanja zoper premoženje ter da mladoletnih obsojenk zadnja štiri leta ni bilo. A bridge between youth and adulthood is called youth. This is an era of intensive physical, mental and social mature. We take most of our behavioural patterns in this period and we shape our life habits that often escort us all our life. Faster life experiences and self-search can lead to deviant actions due to mental overload. When adolescent passes the border of a rebel, we start talking about juvenile delinquency. In this degree we discussed about punishment of juvenile delinquent in Republic Slovenia. Penal treatment of juvenile delinquents in Slovenia arranges penal code from year 1994, till passing of a law for treatment of juvenile delinquents. Because juveniles are the people who still develop mentally, criminal sanctions are provided for them. The purpose of these sanctions is education, re-education and correct rectification. According to age group, to which the juvenile delinquent belongs, the court can decide between pronouncement of educational measure, juvenile punishments and security measures. We went on statistical data of the past four years (from year 2010 to year 2013) of activeness of State Attorney's Office, Police, Prison Administration of the Republic of Slovenia . We found out, how the juvenile criminality ranges, which criminal offences predominate among juvenile delinquents and which penal sanctions are said most times. Our findings are that mostly pronounced penalty was non-institutional punishment. At Correctional institution at Radeče is the same number of juvenile offenders and prevalent crimes among them are crimes against property and in the last four years there were not any female juvenile offenders.

Obdobje mladostništva je zaznamovano s hitrim in dinamičnim osebnostnim razvojem. Odraščanje je zelo težavno, zato mladi potrebujejo v tem kritičnem obdobju pomoč, da premagajo razvojne težave s čim manj pretresi in z negativnimi posledicami za nadaljnji osebnostni razvoj. Radovednost, raziskovalnost, želja po potrjevanju so lastnosti, zaradi katerih mladoletnik velikokrat pride v nasprotje z zakoni, ki ščitijo mir, varnost in imetje ljudi. Mladoletniki izvršujejo podobna kazniva dejanja kot polnoletni storilci, razlika se velikokrat pojavi v namenu in načinu izvedbe kaznivega dejanja. Temeljna značilnost položaja mladoletnikov v kazenskem pravu je, da se zanje namesto kazni uporabljajo večinoma vzgojni ukrepi. Z njimi se poskuša mladoletniku pomagati, ga vzgojiti in usmeriti na neko pravo pot, tako da postopoma sprejema svoje družbene vloge. V prvem delu diplomske naloge so z analizo pisnih virov, študijem domače in tuje literature opisane glavne pojavne oblike in preiskovanje mladoletniške kriminalitete. Opisane so tudi razlike kazenskega postopka mladoletnika od rednega. V drugem delu z usmerjenim intervjujem tožilke, kriminalista, socialne delavke in vodje oddelka v prevzgojnem domu Radeče, dobimo vpogled v prakso preiskovanja in dokazovanja te vrste kriminalitete, ter medsebojnega sodelovanja institucij, ki se ukvarjajo z mladoletnimi storilci. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da so osumljenci večinoma fantje. Najpogostejša kazniva dejanja mladoletnikov so premoženjski delikti, pogosto pa je tudi mladoletniško nasilje in preprodaja drog. Značilnost mladoletnih storilcev je, da na kraju kaznivega dejanja povzročajo nepotrebno škodo in večinoma delujejo v skupinah. Način storitve kaznivega dejanja ni tako premišljen kot pri odraslih storilcih, je bolj enostaven. Ugotovitve raziskave kažejo tudi, da institucije, ki se ukvarjajo z mladoletnimi storilci kaznivih dejanj, med seboj dobro sodelujejo, kar pripomore k učinkovitemu obravnavanju mladoletnika, ki potrebuje drugačen pristop za razumevanje resnosti nastale situacije. Pomembno je, da osebe, ki so z mladoletnikom skozi postopek, čim bolj spoznajo njegov svet in mu tako nudijo boljšo pomoč Adolescence is a period marked by rapid and dynamic personal development. Adolescence is very difficult, so during this critical period young people need help with overcoming developmental problems with minimum trauma and without negative consequences for the next period of personal development. Curiosity, investigation and the desire for approval, are all properties which often occur in conflict with the laws that protect the peace and security of people and property. Minors commit similar offences as adult offenders. The differences often appear in the purpose and the method in which the offence is carried out. The main response to the situation of minors in criminal law is to use educational measures instead of punishment. Educational measures try to help minors to develop and focus on the right path, so that gradually they accept their role in society. In the first part of the diploma paper, we analysed written sources, studied domestic and foreign literature and described the main forms of juvenile crime and investigation. We also described the differences between the process of criminal proceedings of minors and adults. In the second part of the diploma paper, we interviewed the District State Prosecutor, criminal investigators, social workers and heads of department in the correctional home Radeče. They gave us an insight into the practice of investigation and proving of this type of crime, and showed us how the institutions co-operate in dealing with juvenile offenders. The results of the research show that the suspects are mostly boys. The most common offences committed by minors are property trespassing, youth violence and selling drugs. The characteristic of juvenile offenders is that they cause unnecessary damage at the crime scene and they mostly work in groups. The way the offence is carried out is not given as much thought as in adult offenders, it is more straightforward. The survey findings also show that co-operation between institutions dealing with juvenile offenders is good. This contributes to the effective treatment of minors, who require a different approach to help them to understand the severity of the situation. It is very important that people who work with minors throughout the process learn as much as possible about the world of youths - and through this, they are able to offer better help

Magistrsko delo vsebuje prikaze nekaterih metod dela z otroki in mlajšimi mladoletniki. V želji po čim boljšem delu na tem področju in optimizaciji metod, smo omenil običajne pa tudi morda nekoliko manj običajne metode dela. Prikazane so osnove razvojne psihologije, osnove aserativne in nesugestivne komunikacije, rezultati raziskav ter neverbalni znaki, ki lahko opozarjajo na otroku škodljivo dogajanje. Bežno smo se dotaknili zakonodaje ter nekaj vrstic namenili tudi željam otrok. Prikazali smo tudi položaj, v kakršnem se otroci znajdejo kot priče. Nismo si zastavili cilja prikazati celoten postopek (bodisi policije ali tožilstva) pridobivanja informacij, temveč le metode, ki so manj uporabljene, poznane oz. se iz katerih drugih razlogov preprosto ne izvajajo. Prav tako smo želeli opozoriti na nekaj pogostih napak. Gre torej za nadgradnjo klasičnih preiskovalnih tehnik. A nikakor ne gre pričakovati, da smo odkrili nekaj novega, revolucionarnega in preprostega. Prikazujemo le metode, ki zahtevajo ogromno znanja in trdega dela, poudarjajo pa tudi pomen izkušenj. Hkrati ne dopuščajo prostora za stereotipe, predsodke, »rutino« in podobne »tihe sovražnike« uspešnega policijskega dela. Preiskovanje kaznivih dejanj ni nikoli enostavno. Otroci predstavljajo dejavnik, ki preiskavo lahko še oteži. A težava ni v otrocih, njihove sposobnosti lahko, ob pravilnem postopanju, celo presežejo sposobnosti običajne priče. Vprašanje ni, kako dobre priče so otroci, temveč kako dobri izpraševalci (in opazovalci) so tisti, ki želijo pridobiti neko informacijo. In the present MA thesis we presented some of the investigation methods which are used when working with children and young teenagers. In search of best results and optimal methodology, we resumed some traditional as well as some less common methods. We focused on developmental psychology, basics of assertive communication without suggestibility results of existing research and nonverbal communication, which might indicate damaging procedures. We also mentioned the legislation and children's wishes. We briefly presented the position of a child as a witness. Rather than presenting the entire procedure of gathering the information (carried out either by the police or the prosecution) the aim of the graduation paper were the methods which are less commonly used, known or not applied for other reasons. We also pointed out some common mistakes that are often made. In this scope, this is a further development of classical investigation techniques. Nevertheless, this is mostly a presentation of existing methods that are neither simple nor new. Those methods require a lot of knowledge as well as hard work and devotion, not to mention experience. Stereotypes, prejudices, routine are not welcome here. Investigating crime is never simple. When children are involved, it might get even more complex. The problem is not the children themselves their abilities may - when they are treated well - supersede the abilities of adult witnesses. The question is not whether children can be good witnesses but how qualified are the investigators.

Hujša dejanja zoper spolno nedotakljivost so kazniva in družbeno škodljiva ravnanja, ki se povsod sodno preganjajo, ker so v večini primerov kazniva dejanja. Prelomnico v zgodovini spolnih zlorab je prineslo delo Alice Miller, ki je podala ugotovitev, da nesposobnost odraslih za skrb otrok in nesposobnost odgovarjati na emocionalne potrebe otroka, velikokrat privedeta do spolnih zlorab. V sklopu Zakonodaje na območju današnje Slovenije skozi zgodovino je pomemben avstrijski Kazenski zakonik o zločinih, prestopkih in prekrških iz leta 1852, in sicer vse do uveljavitve enotnega kazenskega zakona Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Definicij o tem, kaj je spolno zlorabljanje otrok, je veliko in se razlikujejo zaradi mnogih družbenih dejavnikov, na splošno pa lahko povemo, da je spolna zloraba neprostovoljen spolni kontakt, pri katerem je zlorabljen otrok za zadovoljevanje spolnih potreb ali želja storilca. Vsem načinom in aktivnostim je skupno to, da odrasla oseba zlorabi svojo moč in avtoriteto, otroka zavede in ga na silo potisne v seksualno aktivnost. Kar se tiče storilcev spolnih zlorab, lahko izpostavimo dejstvo, da le-teh ni mogoče prepoznati že na prvi pogled. Raziskave kažejo, da je med storilci veliko več moških in starejših fantov kot pa žensk. V zvezi z zakonodajo, ki je od vstopa Slovenije v Evropsko unijo prilagojena evropskim standardom, ima na področju varovanja človekovih pravic posebno mesto Konvencija Združenih narodov o otrokovih pravicah, sledijo pa ji Splošna deklaracija človekovih pravic in Deklaracija o otrokovih pravicah. Z zlorabo otrok se ukvarjajo policija, centri za socialno delo, sodstvo, tožilstvo in mnogi drugi, ki sodelujejo, ko je prisotno kršenje otrokovih pravic. Criminal and socially harmful actions are severe actions against inviolability of sexual integrity, and due to the fact that these are mostly criminal offences, are prosecuted throughout the world. The turning point in the history of sexual abuse was the work of Alice Miller, who established the conclusion that the inability of adults to take care of their children and to address their emotional needs often result in sexual abuse. Until the implementation of the uniform penal law of the Republic of Yugoslavia, the Austrian Penal Code on crimes, infringements and misdemeanours from 1852 was valid in Slovenian territory. There are several definitions of child sexual abuse that differ due to numerous social factors. In general, sexual abuse is involuntary sexual contact, where a child is being used to satisfy the sexual needs or desires of the offender. What is common to all methods and activities is that the adult person is using his/her power and authority, misleading the child and violently forcing him/her into sexual activity. The fact is that the offenders of child sexual abuse cannot be recognized at first glance. Studies suggest that more men and older boys than women are found among the offenders. With regard to the legislation, which is adapted to the European standards since Slovenia joined the European Union, special task in the field of protection of human rights is carried out by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, followed by Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and Declaration of Children’s Rights. Dealing with children’s abuse within the frame of breaching children’s rights is in domain of the police, social work centres, judiciary, state prosecution, and many other entities.

Kaznivo dejanje, krivda in kazenska sankcija, so osrednji pojmi kazenskega prava, ki smo jih skozi zakonske določbe opredelili v diplomski nalogi, ter se dotaknili sprememb, ki so pri njihovem pojmovanju nastale v primerjavi KZ-KZ-1. Predstavili smo pojem mladoletniškega prestopništva, dejavnike, ki vplivajo na njegov razvoj, ter položaj in pravice mladoletnika v kazenskem pravu. Opredelili smo vrste kazenskih sankcij in pogoje, pod katerimi se le-te izrekajo mladoletnikom, na koncu pa predstavili pojav mladoletniškega prestopništva na področju Novega mesta, v obdobju 2005-2010. V povzetkih intervjujev s kriminalistko Kriminalistične policije, z okrožnim tožilcem Okrožnega tožilstva, s sodnico Okrožnega sodišča in strokovno delavko Centra za socialno delo predstavljamo delo in najpogostejše težave, s katerimi se srečujejo pri obravnavi mladoletnih storilcev kaznivih dejanj ter želje po spremembah. Ugotovili smo, da na področju Novega mesta mladoletniki izvršujejo predvsem premoženjska kazniva dejanja, da so v porastu nasilna kazniva dejanja, da se tožilci Okrožnega tožilstva za uporabo Instituta odloženega pregona in poravnavanja ne odločajo pogosto, da so najpogosteje izrečeni vzgojni ukrepi, ki jih je sodišče izreklo mladoletnikom, nadzor centra za socialno delo in ukor, pomanjkanje programov, ki bi se jih mladoletniki lahko udeležili, pa je glavna težava svetovalnih delavcev Centra za socialno delo Novo mesto. Z nalogo smo potrdili, da obravnava mladoletnikov v kazenskem postopku, ob siceršnjih novostih, ki jih je prinesel KZ-1, še naprej ohranja tiste bistvene lastnosti, ki s poudarkom na varstvu pravic otrok in mladoletnikov zagotavljajo, da kazenskopravni sistem države k vprašanjem krivde, odgovornosti in sankcioniranja mladoletnikov pristopa s kar največjo možno mero previdnosti, upoštevaje njihov osebni razvoj in socialni položaj v družbi. Offense, guilt and the sentence are the central concepts of criminal law we identified through legal provisions in this thesis, and mentioned the changes that have occurred in their conception in the amendments of the Penal Code, PC and the PC-1. We presented the concept of juvenile delinquency, factors influencing its development and the status and rights of minors in criminal law. We defined the types of sentences and the conditions under which they may be handed to minors, and finally presented the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency in Novo mesto in 2005-2010. In the summary of interviews with a criminal investigator of the Criminal Police, the District Attorney of the District Prosecutor's Office, the District Court judge and a professional worker from the Centre for Social Work we present work and the most common problems encountered when dealing with juvenile offenders as well as desires for change. We found that in Novo mesto area minors primarily enforced property crimes, that there is an increase in violent crimes, that the District Prosecutor's Office often do not choose the Institute for deferred prosecution to settle prosecutors, and that the most common disciplinary actions imposed by the court to minors are to be supervised by the Centre for Social Work and the reprimand, while the main concern of the counselling staff of Centre for Social Work Novo mesto is the lack of programmes that should be attended by minors. Our study confirmed that treatment of minors in criminal proceedings, besides the novelties brought by the PC-1, continues to maintain those essential characteristics that by emphasizing the protection of children and minors and their rights ensures that the criminal justice system of the country deals with the issues of guilt, liability and sanctioning minors with the greatest possible caution, taking into account their personal development and social position in society.

Mladostništvo je obdobje, v katerem je človek izredno občutljiv na vplive okolja, sodobne družbe in značilnosti lastne biologije. Šola je poleg družine najznačilnejša skupina, v katero otrok vstopa. Kot vzgojna in izobraževalna institucija ima pomembno vlogo pri proučevanju mladoletniškega prestopništva. Naloga predstavlja v teoretičnem delu ureditev mladoletniškega kazenskega prava v Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem. Empirični del predstavlja trenutno stanje mladoletniške kriminalitete v Sloveniji in na Ptuju ter primerjavo obravnavanih mladoletnikov na CSD Ptuj v treh časovnih obdobjih (1989 - 1991, 2001 - 2003, 2006 - 2008). Med dobljenimi rezultati so vidne razlike in podobnosti v številu, spolu, starosti ter načinu storitve kaznivega dejanja. V tem delu opozorim tudi na možnost šole pri preprečevanju mladoletniškega prestopništva ter na njeno nujno potrebno večjo vlogo pri sodelovanju izvajanja vzgojnih ukrepov. Youth is the period in which a person is extremely vulnerable to influences of environment and modern society as well as to characteristics of his own biology. A school, beside a family, is the most characteristic social group in which a child enters. As a pedagogical and educational institution it ha san important role in studying juvenile delinquency. The Slovenian and the Croatian legal regulation of juvenile criminal law are discussed in the theoretical part of the paper. The empirical part of the paper presents momentary condition of juvenile crime in Slovenia and in Ptuj and a comparison among the juveniles, who were dealt with by CSS Ptuj in three separate periods (1989-1991, 2001-2003, 2006-2008). The results vary regarding a number, gender, age and a manner in which a criminal offence has been performed. School preventive role in juvenile delinquency prevention and its necessarily greater role in implementation of the educational measures are noted in this part of the paper.

Today, at the end of the 20th century, society is confronted with great challenge and obligation in relation to juvenile delinquency. Statistical data undoubtedly indicate an increase of juvenile crime, particularly violent crime, the ethiology of which is more and more to understand. The same applies to an increasing rate of recidivism among juveniles, which all raises doubt about the adequacy of the response of the current criminal law system to juvenile dellinquency, but at the same time also prompts thinking about new ways of prevention of juvenile delinquency. In order to cope with this problem Croatia adopted a new law, the Juvenile Court Act. Its provisions and their application in practice are the focus of this contribution, together with an analyses of provisions applying to juveniles (non-delinquents and insane delinquents) provided for by another new law, the Protection of Mentaly Disturbed Persons Act.