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Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among children all over the world. Many of the etiologic agents of the infections especially viral go undiagnosed for lack of requisite facility and the cost factors. We have used a commercially available platform for diagnosis of ARIs in children receiving inpatient and outpatient services in a tertiary care centre. Methods The framework of the study was prospective and observational. In this study, clinical samples of children suffering from ARIs were subjected to real-time multiplex PCR targeting both viral and bacterial pathogens. Results Of 94 samples received at our centre (49 male and 45 female), the positivity for respiratory pathogens was detected in 50 (53.19%) samples. Clinical symptoms of patients and age distribution have been elaborated in text. A single pathogen (n = 29/50), two pathogens (15/50) and three pathogens (n = 6/50) were detected by multiplex RT-PCR. Of 77 isolates detected, maximum numbers were of human rhinovirus (HRV) (n = 14) (18.18%) Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 14) (18.18%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (n = 10) (12.98%). Conclusion The epidemiology of ARIs considering viral etiologies is poorly understood due to less number of studies especially in Indian subcontinent. The advent of latest advanced molecular methods has made it possible to identify common respiratory pathogens and has contributed to cover the gap in existing knowledge.

Background Hepatic lipid disorder impaired mitochondrial homeostasis and intracellular redox balance, triggering development of non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD), while effective therapeutic approach remains inadequate. Ginsenosides Rc has been reported to maintain glucose balance in adipose tissue, while its role in regulating lipid metabolism remain vacant. Thus, we investigated the function and mechanism of ginsenosides Rc in defending high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. Methods Mice primary hepatocytes (MPHs) challenged with oleic acid & palmitic acid were used to test the effects of ginsenosides Rc on intracellular lipid metabolism. RNAseq and molecular docking study were performed to explore potential targets of ginsenosides Rc in defending lipid deposition. Wild type and liver specific sirtuin 6 (SIRT6, 50721) deficient mice on HFD for 12 weeks were subjected to different dose of ginsenosides Rc to determine the function and detailed mechanism in vivo. Results We identified ginsenosides Rc as a novel SIRT6 activator via increasing its expression and deacetylase activity. Ginsenosides Rc defends OA&PA-induced lipid deposition in MPHs and protects mice against HFD-induced metabolic disorder in dosage dependent manner. Ginsenosides Rc (20mg/kg) injection improved glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation response in HFD mice. Ginsenosides Rc treatment accelerates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α, 19013)-mediated fatty acid oxidation in vivo and in vitro. Hepatic specific SIRT6 deletion abolished ginsenoside Rc-derived protective effects against HFD-induced NAFLD. Conclusion Ginsenosides Rc protects mice against HFD-induced hepatosteatosis by improving PPAR-α-mediated fatty acid oxidation and antioxidant capacity in a SIRT6 dependent manner, and providing a promising strategy for NAFLD.

• Owing to their cutaneous, immunologic, and renal immaturity, newborns (especially premature neonates) are at increased risk of infection. • As a group of potentially life-threatening but often treatable diseases, infections must always be considered in a newborn with skin lesions. • Prompt diagnosis and initiation of therapy are crucial to prevent devastating long-term sequelae, particularly in instances of disseminated disease. • Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, Candida albicans, and herpes simplex virus are the most common causes of skin infections in the neonate.

HIV infection and in utero exposure, common in Sub-Saharan Africa, are associated with pediatric neurocognitive impairment. Cognitive screening can identify impairments, but it is rarely used in this setting. The Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PennCNB), an evidence-based cognitive screening tool, was adapted for use in Botswana. To facilitate future implementation, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted to elicit key stakeholders' perspectives on factors likely to be related to successful uptake of the PennCNB in clinical settings. An integrated analytic approach combining constructs from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and modified grounded theory was used. Results underscore the need for cognitive screening in Botswana and the acceptability of the PennCNB. Implementation barriers include limited time and resources, whereas facilitators include standard procedures for introducing new tools into medical settings and for training implementers. Recommended implementation strategies include integrating screening into the existing workflow, implementing the tool in the medical and educational sectors, and targeting selection of children for assessment. This research addresses the research-to-practice gap by engaging in pre-implementation inquiry and designing for implementation. Results will inform the development of strategies to maximize the likelihood of successful implementation of the PennCNB to identify neurocognitive impairment in children in this high-need setting.

Mucormycosis represents several unusual opportunistic infection caused by saprophytic aseptate fungi. There is a recent rise in cases of mucormycosis due to an increase in diabetic and immunodeficient patients like patients on long-term steroids, immunomodulators due to organ transplantation, malignancies, mainly haematological malignancies, and autoimmunity. Anatomically, mucormycosis can be localised most commonly as rhino-orbito-cerebral followed by pulmonary, disseminated, cutaneous and gastrointestinal, rarest being small intestinal. Patients with Down syndrome are immunodeficient due to their impaired immune response. Disseminated tuberculosis is also common in immunodeficient patients. We report a rare case of small intestinal mucormycosis in a patient with Down syndrome with coexisting intestinal tuberculosis. Due to the invasiveness of mucormycosis, the patient succumbed to death despite providing aggressive surgical debridement and medical management.

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is negatively impacting vulnerable and marginalized communities. Growing research among sexual and gender minority communities shows increased COVID-19 risk and burden due to underlying social structure factors, however, not as much is known about the impact on trans women. Our team gathered data on COVID-19 risk, self-reported prevalence, and testing behaviors as part of an ongoing study of trans women's HIV risk and partnerships to fill this gap in data.This is a secondary analysis of data from The Partners Study, a study of HIV risk and transmission among trans women and their sexual partners in the San Francisco Bay Area. We collected COVID-19-related data from 87 trans women from July 2020 to January 2021. Participants were asked whether they were tested for COVID-19, had symptoms, or tested positive for the virus between March 2020 to the time they were screened to participate for a survey interview.The majority of trans women did not report experiencing COVID-19 symptoms (85.05%,The COVID-19 prevalence among trans women in our sample was higher than in other gender groups in San Francisco, suggesting that trans women may be disproportionately impacted by this disease. More research is needed to determine the impact of COVID-19 on trans women, and to develop strategies to increase testing and vaccinations among vulnerable communities preventing onward spread.

Most patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) develop multisystemic clinical manifestations, the minority having mild or atypical symptoms. We describe an adolescent with chronic cough and purulent rhinorrhoea since the first year of life, with diagnoses of asthma, allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Under therapy with long-acting bronchodilators, antihistamines, inhaled corticosteroids, antileukotrienes and several courses of empirical oral antibiotic therapy, there was no clinical improvement. There was no reference to gastrointestinal symptoms. Due to clinical worsening, extended investigations were initiated, which revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum culture, sweat test with a positive result and heterozygosity for F508del and R334W mutations in genetic study which allowed to confirm the diagnosis of CF. In this case, heterozygosity with a class IV mutation can explain the atypical clinical presentation. It is very important to consider this diagnosis when chronic symptoms persist, despite optimised therapy for other respiratory pathologies and in case of isolation of atypical bacterial agents.

Neonatal lupus is an uncommon entity. The main manifestations are cutaneous and cardiac. It is caused by transplacental passage of maternal antibodies (anti-Ro/SSA or anti-La/SSB), and the diagnosis is made by its detection in the mother or child. The authors present a case of a 4-month-old female infant, with a cutaneous eruption since she was 2 months old. She had no relevant personal or family history. Analytically she had an increase in liver enzymes. The histological aspect of the skin biopsy led to an autoimmunity study on the mother and infant, both of which had positive anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, confirming the diagnosis of neonatal lupus. Cardiological study was normal. The skin lesions resolved during the first year of life. Skin lesions are the most frequent non-cardiac clinical manifestation of neonatal lupus, and they are self-limited. When there is no family history, nor cardiac involvement, the diagnosis can be challenging.

Current literature suggests an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in people living with HIV (PLWH) with poorly controlled viraemia and immunodeficiency. VTE treatment guidelines do not specifically address anticoagulation management in PLWH. We report a case of a 33-year-old woman diagnosed with an unprovoked pulmonary embolism (PE) and deemed protein S deficient. Three years later, she was diagnosed with AIDS. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was promptly initiated with viral suppression and immune reconstitution within 12 months. Eight years after her initial PE, the patient self-discontinued warfarin. Multiple repeat protein S values were normal. ART without anticoagulation has continued for 3 years with no thrombotic events. This case describes a patient with VTE presumably secondary to undiagnosed HIV with possible consequent acquired protein S deficiency. Additional research is needed to understand the characteristics of PLWH with VTE who may warrant long-term anticoagulation as opposed to shorter courses.

Charcot’s joint is a type of neuro-arthropathy, where asymmetrical damage of the involved joint happens haphazardly, without following any described pattern. We present a rare case of Charcot’s joint involving the knee joint in an adult male following spina bifida. His knee joint was successfully fused after two surgeries. Later, he sustained a fracture through the arthrodesis after a fall, which we managed surgically. The fracture through the knee arthrodesis was managed surgically by an open reduction and internal fixation, using a 14-hole broad low contact dynamic compression locking plate with bone grafting. Union was achieved at the knee arthrodesis site in 6 months. Fracture through a fused knee requires surgical management. Re-arthrodesis was done using a stable fixation. Postoperative rehabilitation should include protected weight bearing with braces and splints until a sound bony union is achieved.

Objectives In 2012, onetime hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening was recommended for all baby boomers (people born during 1945-1965) in the United States, but only 4.0%-12.9% of baby boomers have ever had a screening ordered by a health care provider. This study examined the HCV screening prevalence among adult patients in a large academic health care system and assessed factors associated with the completion of screening when ordered for baby boomers. Methods We defined HCV screening completion as the completion of an HCV antibody test when it was ordered. We used electronic health records to examine HCV screening completion rates among adults (N = 106 630) from August 1, 2015, through July 31, 2020, by birth cohort. Among baby boomers whose health care provider ordered HCV screening, we examined frequency and percentages of HCV screening completion by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. We conducted univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess factors associated with HCV screening completion among baby boomers. Results During the study period, 73.0% of baby boomers completed HCV screening when it was ordered. HCV completion did not differ by sex or race and ethnicity among baby boomers. Baby boomers with Medicare supplemental health insurance compared with commercial health insurance (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.87) and those seeing only advanced practice professionals compared with specialty care physicians (aOR = 2.24) were more likely to complete HCV screening when it was ordered. Conclusions Noncompletion of HCV screening is one of many barriers along the HCV treatment continuum. Our findings suggest a need for interventions targeting systems, health care providers, and patients to increase HCV screening rates in the United States.

Introduction: The curve of spee plays an important role to create Christensen’s phenomenon in natural dentition. This study was performed to assess the difference in depth of the curve of Spee between normal and attrited dentition. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was performed to measure the depth of curve speed in a total of 80 willing participants who met the inclusion criteria, of which 40 had normal dentition and 40 had attrited dentition. Measurements were done on stone casts by using a rigid metal scale and a digital vernier caliper. Analytical statistical analysis (independent t-test) was done using SPSS Statistical Software Package (version 21.0). Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the depth of the curve of Spee between the two groups. Conclusions: The depth of the curve of spee decreases with the advancing of the age of human as attrition of the teeth occurs with age. Although there is a decrease in the depth of the curve of spee it should be maintained and created while performing full mouth rehabilitation and other extensive prosthodontic treatments.

In addition to affecting individual health the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted efforts to deliver essential health services around the world. In this article we present an overview of the immediate programmatic and epidemiologic impact of the pandemic on polio eradication as well as the adaptive strategic and operational measures taken by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) from March through September 2020. Shortly after the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global pandemic on 11 March 2020, the GPEI initially redirected the programme’s assets to tackle COVID-19 and suspended house-to-house supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) while also striving to continue essential poliovirus surveillance functions. From March to May 2020, 28 countries suspended a total of 62 polio vaccine SIAs. In spite of efforts to continue poliovirus surveillance, global acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases reported from January-July 2020 declined by 34% compared with the same period in 2019 along with decreases in the mean number of environment samples collected per active site in the critical areas of the African and Eastern Mediterranean regions. The GPEI recommended countries should resume planning and implementation of SIAs starting in July 2020 and released guidelines to ensure these could be done safely for front line workers and communities. By the end of September 2020, a total of 14 countries had implemented circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) outbreak response vaccination campaigns and Afghanistan and Pakistan restarted SIAs to stop ongoing wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) transmission. The longer-term impacts of disruptions to eradication efforts remain to be determined, especially in terms of the effect on poliovirus epidemiology. Adapting to the pandemic situation has imposed new considerations on program implementation and demonstrated not only GPEI’s contribution to global health security, but also identified potential opportunities for coordinated approaches across immunization and health services.

Abstract: The effect of carvacrol (CAR) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was explored. The rats (n=40) were daily injected (2 weeks) by saline as control, LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg CAR (i.p.) before LPS. LPS increased aspartate transaminase (AST: 162±13 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT: 74.6±2.15 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALK-P: 811±51 U/L), interlukine-1β (IL-1β: 1254±51 pg/g tissue), malondialdehyde (MDA: 32±1.09 nM/g tissue), and nitric oxide (NO: 224±13.5 nM/g tissue) (P

Introduction The role of Aeromonas species in gastrointestinal disease is controversial. The aim of this study was to know the epidemiological distribution of Aeromonas spp. isolated from stool in our health area, determine the existence of diarrhea as a significant symptom, identification of existing species in our environment and association as co-pathogen. Methods It was a retrospective descriptive study of isolates of Aeromonas spp. in feces (2016–2020). The protocol for these isolates included coproculture, identification by MALDI-TOF (Vitek-MS®, BioMerieux) and confirmation by multiplex PCR. Results A total of 366 Aeromonas spp. isolates were analyzed being Aeromonas caviae the most prevalent species (289, 78.7%). A total of 58 (15.8%) co-infections were identified, being more frequent in pediatric age (49;84.5%) (p = 0.01) and mostly associated with Campylobacter spp. Discussion Aeromonas spp. prove to be a gastrointestinal pathogen more frequently associated with co-infections in pediatric age, evidencing its appearance especially with Campylobacter spp.

Plasma methods are given significant attention in the context of conditioning the producer gas derived from biomass gasification. The goal of this work is to present the impact of hydrogen on the other producer gas compounds during microwave plasma valorization. These compounds include main producer gas components (CO, CO2, CH4, N2) and minor impurities (tar compounds, H2S and NH3). The results prove a beneficial impact of hydrogen addition on the conversion of CH4 and toluene, increasing it from ca. 68%–95% and ca. 97%–100%, respectively. Additionally, the presence of hydrogen changes the distribution of the products, inhibiting soot and aromatics production and promoting C2 compounds. In the case of CO2, the conversion increases from ca. 18%–63% when compared to nitrogen plasma, with CO being the resulting product. The presence of hydrogen inhibits H2S conversion and does not affect CO and NH3

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is considered to be one of the important technologies for a new manufacturing mode. When ceramsite sand is used as a 3DP material to produce a mold (core), the prin...

Background Evidence indicates a strong link between Zika virus (ZikV) and neurological complications. Acute myelitis, optic neuritis, polyneuropathy, and encephalomyelitis that mimic inflammatory idiopathic demyelination disorders (HDD) after ZikV infection have been reported in Brazil. Objective The present study aims to investigate the possible occurrence of molecular mimicry between ZikV antigens and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) autoantigens, the most frequent HDD of the central nervous system (CNS). Methods A retrospective cohort study with 305 patients admitted due to suspected arbovirus infection in Rio de Janeiro was performed, all subjects were submitted to neurological examination, and a biological sample was collected for serologic and molecular diagnostic. Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the peptides shared between ZikV antigens and MS autoantigens. Results Of 305 patients, twenty-six were positive for ZikV and 4 presented IDD patterns found in MS cases. Sequence homology comparisons by bioinformatics approach between NS5 ZikV and PLP MS protein revealed a homology of 5/6 consecutive amino acids (CSSVPV/CSAVPV) with 83% identity, deducing a molecular mimicry. Analysis of the 3D structures revealed a similar conformation with alpha helix presentation. Conclusions Molecular mimicry between NS5 Zika virus antigen and PLP MS autoantigens emerge as a possible mechanism for IDD spectrum in genetically susceptible individuals. Resumo Antecedentes Evidências indicam uma forte ligação entre o vírus Zika (ZikV) e complicações neurológicas. Mielite aguda, neurite óptica, polineuropatia e encefalomielite que mimetizam distúrbios inflamatórios de desmielinização idiopáticos (DDII) após infecção por ZikV têm sido relatadas no Brasil. Obejtivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a possível ocorrência de mimetismo molecular entre antígenos do ZikV e autoantígenos da Esclerose Múltipla (EM), a DDII mais frequente do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Métodos Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo com 305 pacientes internados por suspeita de infecção por arbovirus no Rio de Janeiro, todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a exame neurológico e coleta de amostra biológica para diagnóstico sorológico e molecular. Ferramentas de bioinformática foram usadas para analisar os peptídeos compartilhados entre antígenos do ZikV e autoantígenos da EM. Resultados Dos 305 pacientes, vinte e seis foram positivos para ZikV e 4 apresentaram padrão IDD encontrado em casos de EM. As comparações de homologia de sequência por abordagem de bioinformática entre a proteína NS5 ZikV e PLP EM revelaram uma homologia de 5/6 aminoácidos consecutivos (CSSVPV/CSAVPV) com 83% de identidade, deduzindo um mimetismo molecular. A análise das estruturas 3D revelou uma conformação semelhante com apresentação em alfa-hélice. Conclusões O mimetismo molecular entre o antígeno NS5 do vírus Zika e o autoantígeno PLP da EM surge como um possível mecanismo para o espectro IDD em indivíduos geneticamente suscetíveis.

Mixed pancreatic epithelial and mesenchymal tumors are rare, usually invasive, entities. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is a precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma and shares mutations with its invasive counterparts. We report the case of a 72-year-old female with a previously undescribed sarcomatous transformation of a residual IPMN with no evidence of an invasive component. The mesenchymal component showed no heterologous differentiation. Both the epithelial and the mesenchymal populations showed aberrant expression of p53 protein and the same point mutation in KRAS gene. After a 6 month follow up, there were no signs of local or distant relapse. The present case suggests that sarcomatous transformation is possible in non-invasive, intraductal pancreatic lesions.

Під час розвитку маститу у корів формування біоплівки збудником захворювання є ефективним способом його збереження в мікрооточенні молочної залози. Біоплівкові інфекції важко піддаються лікуванню антимікробними засобами, порівняно з тим, що спостерігається при вирощуванні в планктонних умовах. Мета роботи – визначити та порівняти вплив антимікробних препаратів та бактеріофагу Phage SAvB14 при знищенні біоплівок сформованих S. aureus var. bovis. За результатами дослідження встановлено, що антибіотики згубно впливали на кількість бактерій у складі біоплівки, проте знищували її, в середньому, на 60%. 100% ефективність проявляв лише один антибіотик фторхінолонового ряду – енрофлоксацин - ймовірно, через його низьку молекулярну масу. При дослідженні впливу бактеріофагу Phage SAvB14 на життєздатність S. aureus var. bovis у складі біоплівки встановлено, що фаг впродовж 24 годин повністю руйнував сформовану біоплвку. Отже, отримані результати вказують на перспективність ефективного використання стафілококового бактеріофагу Phage SAvB14 для руйнування біоплівки, сформованої S. aureus var. bovis – при маститі корів.

Background The latest WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organs defines new units of borderline thyroid tumours (BTT). The aim of our study was to evaluate ultrasonographic and cytological features, mutation profile and surgery treatment in rare thyroid tumours. Methods An analysis of 8 BTT out of 487 patients, who underwent thyroid surgery between June 2016 and June 2020. The definitive diagnosis was made postoperatively by extensive histopathological examination. Molecular genetic analysis of genes associated with thyroid oncology (BRAF, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, TERT, TP53, fused genes) were performed from one FNAB, and 7 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. Results BTT were found in a total of 8 patients (1.6%), with a predominance of men with respect to other operated patients. FNAB samples were classified in the Bethesda system as Bethesda I, Bethesda II and Bethesda III in one, four and three cases, respectively. Hemithyroidectomy and total thyroidectomy were performed equally in four patients. The histopathological diagnosis revealed non-invasive encapsulated follicular neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) in three patients, follicular tumour of uncertain malignant potential (FT-UMP) in three patients, well differentiated tumour of uncertain malignant potential (WDT-UMP) in one patient, and hyalinizing trabecular tumour (HTT) in one case. In NIFTP cases mutation in HRAS gene in one patient together with probable pathogenic variant in TP53 gene and in NRAS gene in two patients were detected. In HTT patient PAX8/GLIS3 fusion gene was detected. Conclusion The surgical treatment of BTT is necessarily individual influenced by preoperative clinical, ultrasonographic, cytological and molecular genetic findings, and the presence of other comorbidities.

Pakistan’s urban air pollution is amongst the utmost severity in the world that causes acute damage to the economy and human health. This study was designed for the assessment of ambient air quality in different areas of Karachi. The data were collected as pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season from main industrial zones of Karachi, S.I.T.E area, North Karachi industrial area, Korangi industrial area and Landhi industrial area in the year of 2017-2019. These zones are also a blend of industrial, residential, commercial and heavy traffic zones with dense populations. Ambient air data were collected for different pollutants like Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Particulate Matters (TSPM, PM10 and PM2.5). It is observed that in pre-monsoon, there is quite high intensity of particulate matter (TSPM, PM10 & PM2.5) present in the air, whereas CO and NO2 values found in all four zones are moderate in the air samples as prescribed by Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) standards. It is observed specifically in Landhi, S.I.T.E Area and Korangi industrial area which are more prone to the exposure of these pollutants. In post-monsoon, the intensity of particulate matters (TSPM, PM10 & PM2.5), CO and NO2 values in all four zones are less to moderate than the values of pre-monsoon due to the seasonal effects. Study data shows that three major zones; Landhi, Korangi and S.I.T.E. industrial areas are at a high exposure to gases and other toxic elements. North Karachi is at the least risk because of having a small scale of industries present. The PM10 & PM2.5 levels average about 2 - 3-fold greater than the SEPA standards. High levels of ambient air pollutants cause severe health problems and chronic diseases on human health. Therefore the implementation of rules and regulations regarding ambient air pollutants should be more rigorous. .

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a common tumor found worldwide, and cisplatin is the first-line agent for the treatment of GC. However, the resistance to cisplatin is an obstacle. Here, we aim to explore the biological mechanism of long noncoding RNA regulator of reprogramming (ROR) in the cisplatin resistance of GC. Materials and Methods: ROR, miR-519d-3p, and high mobility group protein A2 (HMGA2) expression in GC tissues and cells were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. The relative protein expression was detected by Western blot. The interactions between miR-519d-3p and ROR, HMGA2 were predicted using miRcode and starBase v2.0 online database, and then verified by dual luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. In addition, the xenograft tumor mouse model was constructed to verify the biological role of ROR in vivo. Results: The levels of ROR, HMGA2 were significantly upregulated, and miR-519d-3p was apparently downregulated in GC tissues and cells. The miRcode and starBase v2.0 online websites and dual luciferase reporter assay validated that miR-519d-3p directly interacted with ROR and HMGA2. Furthermore, ROR knockdown downregulated HMGA2 to restrain cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cisplatin resistance in GC cells by targeting miR-519d-3p. In addition, the depletion of ROR repressed the xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion: In conclusion, we first found the ROR/miR-519d-3p/HMGA2 regulatory network to regulate cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, and cisplatin resistance in GC, and this may shed light on the GC tumorigenesis.

Background: Due to the interrupted blood supply in cerebral ischemic stroke (CIS), ischemic and hypoxia results in neuronal depolarization, insufficient NAD+, excessive levels of ROS, mitochondrial damages, and energy metabolism disorders, which triggers the ischemic cascades. Currently, improvement of mitochondrial functions and energy metabolism is as a vital therapeutic target and clinical strategy. Hence, it is greatly crucial to look for neuroprotective natural agents with mitochondria protection actions and explore the mediated targets for treating CIS. In the previous study, notoginseng leaf triterpenes (PNGL) from Panax notoginseng stems and leaves was demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the potential mechanisms have been not completely elaborate. Methods: The model of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) was adopted to verify the neuroprotective effects and potential pharmacology mechanisms of PNGL in vivo. Antioxidant markers were evaluated by kit detection. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by ATP content measurement, ATPase, NAD and NADH kits. And the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and pathological staining (H&E and Nissl) were used to detect cerebral morphological changes and mitochondrial structural damages. Western blotting, ELISA and immunofluorescence assay were utilized to explore the mitochondrial protection effects and its related mechanisms in vivo. Results: In vivo, treatment with PNGL markedly reduced excessive oxidative stress, inhibited mitochondrial injury, alleviated energy metabolism dysfunction, decreased neuronal loss and apoptosis, and thus notedly raised neuronal survival under ischemia and hypoxia. Meanwhile, PNGL significantly increased the expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in the ischemic regions, and regulated its related downstream SIRT1/2/3-MnSOD/PGC-1α pathways. Conclusion: The study finds that the mitochondrial protective effects of PNGL are associated with the NAMPT-SIRT1/2/3-MnSOD/PGC-1α signal pathways. PNGL, as a novel candidate drug, has great application prospects for preventing and treating ischemic stroke.

Periodontitis is an oral chronic inflammatory disease. Inhibiting tissue destruction and promoting tissue regeneration are important means for the treatment of periodontitis. Metformin not only has hypoglycemic effect but also has anti-inflammatory effect. Metformin has been shown to inhibit oxidative stress and activate autophagy through AMPK/mTOR pathway. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases including periodontitis, it can participate in the induction of oxidative stress. HMGB1 is an autophagy regulator under oxidative stress, which can activate mTOR pathway. However, it is not clear whether metformin is related to HMGB1 and its mechanism in the process of periodontitis. Cell viability and expression of inflammatory cytokines were clarified by Cell Counting Kit-8, real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot and immunofluorescence were conducted to determine HMGB1 intracellular localization and expression of autophagy-associated proteins in vitro. Experimental periodontitis mice model was induced by administering a ligature. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression and localization of HMGB1 in vivo. The results of CCK-8, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot and immunofluorescence showed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment inhibited cell viability, and increased HMGB1 expression at a dose-independent manner. Metformin can reduce the effect of LPS. It also improves autophagy pathway inhibited by LPS and down-regulates mTOR expression. In addition, metformin attenuated alveolar bone resorption induced by ligation. This study provides new evidence for that metformin is a potential drug for the treatment of periodontitis and HMGB1 may be a potential target for periodontal intervention.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), that have been studied extensively in the field of tumor research in recent years. In the case of tumor-associated lncRNAs, lncRNA cytoskeleton regulator RNA (CYTOR) displays extensive functions in tumorigenesis, including invasion, metastasis, malignant proliferation, glycolysis, and inflammatory response. Moreover, the dysregulation of CYTOR is closely related to clinicopathological characteristics, such as tumor stage, lymph node metastasis and infiltration, and poor prognosis of tumor patients. In this review, we provide a novel strategy to summarize the biological functions and clinical value of CYTOR in tumors through an overview of the literature combined with gene set enrichment analysis. A deeper understanding of the role of CYTOR in tumorigenesis may provide new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic markers for human tumors.

KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenes in cancers and therapeutics directly targeting the KRas have been challenging. Among the different known mutants, KRasG12C has been proved to be successfully targeted recently. Several covalent inhibitors selectively targeting KRasG12C have shown promising efficacy against cancers harboring KRASG12C mutation in clinical trials and AMG510 (sotorasib) has been approved for the treatment of KRASG12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. However, the overall responsive rate of KRasG12C inhibitors was around 50% in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and the efficacy in patients with colorectal cancer or appendiceal cancer appears to be less desirable. It is of great importance to discover biomarkers to distinguish patients who are likely benefitted. Moreover, adaptive resistance would occur inevitably with the persistent administration like other molecularly targeted therapies. Several combinatorial regimens have been studied in an effort to potentiate the efficacy of KRasG12C inhibitors in preclinical settings. This review summarized the recent progress of covalent KRasG12C inhibitors with a focus on identifying biomarkers to predict or monitor the efficacy and proposing rational drug combinations based on elucidation of the mechanisms of drug resistance.

The ongoing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been proven to be more severe than the previous coronavirus outbreaks due to the virus’ high transmissibility. With the emergence of new variants, this global phenomenon took a more dramatic turn, with many countries recently experiencing higher surges of confirmed cases and deaths. On top of this, the inadequacy of effective treatment options for COVID-19 aggravated the problem. As a way to address the unavailability of target-specific viral therapeutics, computational strategies have been employed to hasten and systematize the search. The objective of this review is to provide initial data highlighting the utility of polyphenols as potential prophylaxis or treatment for COVID-19. In particular, presented here are virtually screened polyphenolic compounds which showed potential as either antagonists to viral entry and host cell recognition through binding with various receptor-binding regions of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or as inhibitors of viral replication and post-translational modifications through binding with essential SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins.

The catfishes are a group of economically important freshwater fish in China, which in recent years have suffered heavy losses as a result of bacterial outbreaks. In this study, we examined the diversity of the microbiome of infected skin mucus of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and analyzed the bacterial pathogens. We found several common pathogenic bacteria, such as Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Moraxella spp. and Proteus spp. present in both fish species, but with significantly different bacterial community structures. We isolated and cultured Aeromonas veronii and Proteus mirabilis and validated their infectivity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and yellow catfish. Intraperitoneal injection of either bacteria into zebrafish, but not immersion, caused 100% mortality and ovary fragmentation. Yellow catfish was more sensitive than zebrafish with 100% mortality in the immersion challenges with A. veronii or P. mirabilis, and with a higher abundance of A. veronii in the P. mirabilis-challenged group compared to control. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the pathogenicity of P. mirabilis in yellow catfish, and the results will help to develop effective strategies for the disease prevention and control in catfish farming.

Purpose To describe an unusual case of unilateral, endogenous endophthalmitis in an otherwise healthy, term neonate. Methods A 3-week-old otherwise healthy, term male infant was referred to St. Louis Children's Hospital for a second opinion of presumed panuveitis of the right eye. Patients Single male infant. Results Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrating purulent intraocular contents facilitated the diagnosis of endophthalmitis. Examination of surgical vitreous samples by staining and cytology demonstrated Gram-positive bacterial cocci in short chains, thereby confirming endophthalmitis. Polymerase chain reaction testing of vitreous fluid identified Streptococcus agalactiae, despite an unremarkable systemic workup and a negative pre-partum maternal Group B streptococcal screen. Conclusions Endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare but devastating cause of vision loss in otherwise healthy, term neonates. Prompt diagnosis may be facilitated by MRI imaging and diagnostic vitreous biopsy.

Kenny-Caffey syndrome (KCS) is a rare autosomal recessive/dominant disease characterized by hypoparathyroidism, skeletal dysplasia, dwarfism, and dysmorphism. FAM111A or TBCE gene mutations are responsible for this syndrome. Osteocraniostenosis (OCS) is a lethal syndrome with similar features to KCS, and it can be a severe form of KCS type 2 that results from FAM111A gene mutation. FAM111A mutation is generally characterized by the autosomal dominant transition. We present a male case having compound heterozygous variants (c.976T>A and c.1714_1716del) in the FAM111A gene with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Hypocalcemia developed on the second day of life. The patient and his older sister had a dysmorphic face, skeletal dysplasia, and they were diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism. Both siblings died due to septicemia. He is the first reported patient with FAM111A mutation in Turkey. The phenotype of the patient is compatible with OCS, and the detected variants may explain the disease genetically.

Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) is a multifunctional polypeptide throughout the lifespan via activating Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R).GLP-1 can affect food ingestion, enhance the secretion of insulin from pancreatic islets induced by glucose and be utilized to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).But, accumulating evidences from the decades suggest that activation GLP-1R can not only regulate the blood glucose, but also sustain the homeostasis of intracellular environment and protect neuron from various damaged responses such as oxidative stress, inflammation, excitotoxicity, ischemia and so on. And more and more pre-clinical and clinical studies identified that GLP-1 and its analogues may play a significant role in improving multiple central nervous system (CNS) diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, mental disorders, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, chronic pain, addictive disorders, other diseases neurological complications and so on. In order to better reveal the relationship between GLP-1/GLP-1R axis and the growth, development and survival of neurons, herein, this review is aimed to summarize the multi-function of GLP-1/GLP-1R axis in CNS diseases.

In the present times, international environmental regulations are earnest on the risk caused by the release of toxins into the aquatic biome; predominantly the water bodies. The discharge of active pharmaceutical compounds in the environment is found to have fatal effects on the biota of the oceanic ecosystem. The key objective of the study is to scrutinize the toxicological reprecussion of norfloxacin, an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections which being prescribed as human medicine was found to have the possibility to pollute the water resource and sediments via input from sewage treatment plants. To explicate this study, Pangasius sp. The fish model was tested with the drug and its effects were studied thereby. This study focuses on the oxidative stress parameters which can be probed by virtue of biological markers, hormonal changes after acclimatizing the fish at suitable LC50 concentration of norfloxacin and the tissue damage assessed using histopathological analysis. The oxidative stress parameters were procured by analysis of biological markers such as Lipid peroxides, Conjugated diene, Protein sulfhydryl, Protein Carbonyl, Inorganic phosphorus, Superoxide dismutase and Catalase. The hormonal changes were studied concerning the changes in cortisol levels, which are influenced by oxidative stress. The mitigation effect and hepato-protective activity of Artemisia pallens were also studied with Norfloxacin treated fish, to imbibe the bioremediation as a strategic upfront for remediation.

Pollen and carbon isotope data from Natural Trap Cave provides insights into the environmental conditions of the Bighorn Basin, in north-central Wyoming, USA during the time intervals 151.1 to 132.2 cal ka BP, 51.8 to 17.4 cal ka BP, and 10.4 cal ka BP to present. Similarities between the buildup of the penultimate and last glacial maxima include abundant Artemisia, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, and Poaceae pollen, which, when combined with high δ13C values (>−25.0‰) and low plant discrimination values (18.0–19.0‰) from sedimentary organic matter, indicate steppe-like, cold-dry conditions. Between 151 and 142.5 cal ka BP, abundant Poaceae associated with much lower δ13C values (−28.0‰ to −26.0‰) and higher plant discrimination values (19.0‰–21.0‰) could be indicative of relatively wet summers. Similarly, after 25 cal ka BP increases in Poaceae may indicate wet conditions during the growing season. Holocene conditions differ from the earlier sections of the record, with greater arboreal pollen abundance (i.e., Pinus), consistent with woodland expansion in the region. Carbon isotope data from sedimentary organic matter show the Holocene was more humid than the glacial conditions of the late Pleistocene. This is especially clear at the start of the Holocene when a large negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE

The effects of climate change differ from one region to another, as its effects are not the same in all regions of the world. The consequences differ from one region to another, according to its geographical location, or according to the ability of the region and its social and environmental systems to adapt to climate change or mitigate its effects. One of the most important factors of climate change is global warming. There are two major sources of global warming: natural and human. The human resource contributes by adding heat and greenhouse gases to the atmosphere because of the global use of fossil fuels, nuclear energy, burning of natural gas, coal, timber, and others. Natural gas flaring is one of the most important challenges facing energy sources and the environment globally and locally. In this study, light was shed on the flaring of natural gas in Basra Governorate and its impact on the environment and climate change. The results showed that burning natural gas in Basra contributes to changing the local climate by adding heat and greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, which led to an increase in the air temperature in the region. In recent years, it has reached (52 degrees Celsius), and it also affects air pollution by increasing concentrations of toxic gases in the atmosphere, and it is one reason for the increase in the number of cancer patients in Basra Governorate. And there was a strong positive correlation between increased gas burning and an increase in cancer cases.

Estimates of Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence in pregnant women are variable with few studies in Iraq. T. vaginalis is a worldwide prevalent sexually transmitted infection, but fortunately, it is very treatable. Researchers believed that pregnancy is one of the effective factors for T. vaginalis infection in women. A cross-sectional study performed in Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at Maternity and Children Hospital in Al-Diwaniya city on two hundred female pregnant patients between the ages of 16–45 years. These females had no intercourse for 2–3 days, not using drugs (antibiotics, antiprotozoal or steroids) for the last 15 days. Vaginal discharges of any type with or without itching, burning sensation or both were their main complaints. Vaginal swabs were taken from all participating patients for direct wet mount microscopy and culture for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. The study showed that twelve out of two hundred examined pregnant women (6%) presented with T. vaginalis infection. The infection was more in those with mothers’ age (26–35) years, housewives, low education, higher parity, and of rural residents. Other maternal variables were not significantly associated with T. vaginalis infection. The study showed a prevalence of (6%) of T. vaginalis infection in pregnant female attendees. Infection was more in those with mothers ’age (26–35) years, housewives, low educational level, higher parity, and living in rural areas.

Group B Streptococcus is a gram-positive coccal bacterium which produces an arrow zone of blood hemolysis on blood agar. Group B Streptococcus is the most common cause of invasive bacterial illness in neonates, including sepsis, meningitis, septicemia, and pneumonia. For the first time, such a study of Streptococcus agalactiae has been conducted in hospitals of Anbar Governorate .All Streptococcus agalactiae identified by conventianal methods , automated methods using Vitek-2 system , and molecular methods by conventional PCR. All isolates gave a positive result as 16S rRNA. Distribution of resistance ratio for Streptococcus agalactiae were Penicillin 20% , Clindamycin 68% , Chloramphenicol % 46 , Tetracycline 82% , Erythromycin % 100 ,Imipenem % 12 , and Ciprofloxacillin 26.47%. The Cyl E and bibA genes were detected by conventional PCR and the result showed (72%) strains positive, but in case of bla Cyl E gene (53.48%) of strains harbored bla bibA genes , while 48.83 of Streptococcus agalactiae contain Spb1 gene . This approach showed the coexistence of bla Cyl E , Spb 1 and bibA genes in 48.83% strains of Streptococcus agalactiae.

Gastric ulcer is a major gastrointestinal disease, constituting an important health issue in all societies. Honey is a sugary, flavorful, and nutritious natural product. This comparative study was designed to explore and compare the protective and therapeutic effects of manuka and Saudi Sidr honey in a rat model of gastric ulceration. Forty-two rats were divided into 6 groups: G1: healthy control; G2: ulcerated, ulceration was induced by 4 oral doses of aspirin for 4 weeks (200 mg/kg b.w./week); G3: manuka honey, therapeutic, after induction of gastric ulcer, 2.5 g/kg of manuka honey was administered daily for 30 days; G4: Saudi Sidr honey therapeutic, after induction of gastric ulcer, 0.5 g/kg Saudi Sidr honey was administered daily for 30 days; G5: manuka honey, protective, manuka honey was administered at 2.5 g/kg b.w/daily for 15 days induction then continued for a further 15 days; G6: Saudi Sidr honey, protective, Saudi Sidr honey was administered at 0.5 g/kg daily for 15 days before induction of gastric ulcer, then continued for a further 15 days. Gastric juice parameters, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers were measured, histological analysis was performed.

Melanoma is one of the most dangerous types of cutaneous neoplasms, which are pigment-producing cells of neuroectodermal origin found all over the body. A great deal of research is focused on the mechanisms of melanoma to promote better diagnostic and treatment options for melanoma in its advanced stages. The progression of melanoma involves alteration in different levels of gene expression. With the successful implementation of next-generation sequencing technology, an increasing number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) sequences have been discovered, and a significant number of them have phenotypic effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies, implying that they play an important role in the occurrence and progression of human cancers, particularly melanoma. A number of evidence indicated that lncRNAs are important regulators in tumor cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, immune escape, energy metabolism, drug resistance, epigenetic regulation. To better understand the role of lncRNAs in melanoma tumorigenesis, we categorize melanoma-associated lncRNAs according to their cellular functions and associations with gene expression and signaling pathways in this review. Based on the mechanisms of lncRNA, we discuss the possibility of lncRNA-target treatments, and the application of liquid biopsies to detect lncRNAs in melanoma diagnosis and prognosis.

Air pollution is a global health threat and causes millions of human deaths annually. Outdoor and indoor air pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most prevalent cause of respiratory disorders, lung disease, pregnancy disorders, endocrine disturbances, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer because pollutants can alter gene expression via epigenetics like DNA methylation and histone modifications which can initiate tumorigenesis and progressed to cancer. Carcinogenicity of PAHs can be eliminated by endogenous melatonin hormone (MT) via binding to its receptor (MTNR1A) that act as free radicals scavenger therefore it protects the body from developing occupational cancer. Aims of study To predict the protective effect of melatonin hormone as anti-cancer through binding to its receptor (MTNR1A) against any type of cancer that can be induced by chronic exposure to air pollutants. Subjects and methods This study includes 168 participants, they have been divided into three groups (control, refinery field workers and refinery office workers). PAH was analyzed for each participant by GC/MS whereas melatonin hormone and MTNR1A were measured by ELISA technique. Results PAHs were absent in the blood of control, and they were elevated in refinery worker’s specimens. Concentration of MT was higher in field worker than in office and control group as well as MTNR1A, also there is a relation between their levels and duration of exposure. Conclusion Exposure to PAHs can lead to oxidative stress that can damage DNA resulting in many types of cancer but this carcinogenic effects of PAHs can be eliminated by natural endogenous biomolecules such as MT and its receptor (MTNR1A) therefore their elevation has a beneficial effect as anti-cancer to reduce the oxidative stress and prevent tumorigenesis.

Resumen Introduccion La profilaxis preexposicion (PrEP) es una intervencion biomedica dirigida a prevenir la infeccion por el VIH en personas seronegativas con alto riesgo de contraer la infeccion. Esta estrategia fue aprobada por el Ministerio de Salud de Espana en octubre de 2019. Objetivo Presentar la experiencia inicial de la PrEP en la Unidad de VIH del Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, poniendo especial atencion en el analisis de los factores de vulnerabilidad de la cohorte. Materiales y metodos Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo. Se analizan las caracteristicas epidemiologicas, sociodemograficas y clinicas basales de los usuarios incluidos en el programa durante el primer ano de funcionamiento, prestando particular atencion a las infecciones, las practicas de riesgo y el consumo de sustancias. Resultados Se incluyeron 190 individuos, 177 hombres y 12 mujeres transexuales con una edad media de 35 anos (8 DE). El 70% tenia estudios superiores y la mitad nacionalidad espanola. Informaron de tener 10 parejas de media al trimestre y el 60% de practicar sexo anal desprotegido. El 31% presento al menos una PCR positiva para ITS, siendo la N. gonorrhoeae el germen mas prevalente (51%) y la muestra rectal la mas afectada (21%). El 63% reporto el uso de chemsex, el 19% policonsumo y el 8% slamming. La mitad expreso su preocupacion por el consumo y/o practicas sexuales y un 25% la necesidad de ayuda. Conclusiones El perfil del usuario de PrEP visitado en nuestra unidad hospitalaria justifica la creacion de equipos multidisciplinares que permitan prestar una atencion holistica de la vida sexual de estas personas.

Bacteria are the causative agent of human infection because of their ability to resistant to different antimicrobials due to it has different antimicrobial associated-genes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the bacteria resistance to antibiotics. Bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in Al-Najaf City – Iraq. A total of 45 samples which were diagnosed by traditional morphological, biochemical tests, and Vitek2. During the period from October to December 2020. The Vitek2 system was the best method for diagnosis, which has led to isolating and diagnosis of 16/45 (35.55%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 4/45 (8.88%) Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial’s susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion, 11 antibiotics were used in this study. Polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect blactx-m antimicrobial resistance-associated gene. The isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have high sensitivity (100%) to Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin (87.5 %), and Tetracycline (81.25%). While the isolates of Escherichia coli have high sensitivity (100%) to Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline, (75 %) to Amikacin and Gentamicin. Out of the 16 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, there were 13 (81.25%) isolates that were positive for bla-ctxm gene. While the isolates of Escherichia coli, there were 4 (100%) isolates that were positive for bla-ctxm gene.

Mosquitoes have numerous illnesses and are one of the deadliest animals in the planet. Including Zika, dengue, palaria, West Niles, chikungunya, yellow fever, and more, mosquitoborne illnesses. Various areas suffer from various climate-induced mosquito-borne illnesses, kinds of mosquitoes widespread across the region and access to preventive measures and medicines. Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease that is transferred to the dengue virus via the bite of an Aedes mosquito. The bits of the infected female Aedes mosquito, which spreads the virus to others as it feeds on the infected people's blood. Transmission of dengue is susceptible to climate due to many causes, such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, etc. Areas with higher vapor pressure and precipitation rates are more prone to dengue illness transmission. We utilized the classification algorithms to discover the essential characteristics that spread the dengue. Machine learning is one of the most important approaches of current analysis. For medical applications, many algorithms were employed. Dengue disease is one of the worst infectious diseases that require a high level machine to develop good models in order to learn. We employed the Ensemble Machine Learning technique in hybrid integrations to identify characteristics associated with the spread of the Dengue illness and achieve improved performance.

Hepatitis C is a liver illness caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Acute and chronic hepatitis can be caused by the virus. Hepatitis C infection affects an estimated 71 million people worldwide. Two hundred blood samples were collected (128 males and 72 females), ranged in age from 4 to 80 years and diagnosed through a rapid test and the real time-PCR from the teaching medical city hospital in Baghdad from October 2018 until April 2019. The results showed that 89 samples were positive for HCV by serological tests, and other samples are not. Also, the most frequent age of infection of HCV was between 51 and 80 years. In all samples, the partial region of the NS5A gene was successfully amplified and sequenced. PCR-sequencing revealed three subtyping were; subtype 1a, 1b, and 4a. Phylogenetic analysis revealed subtype concordance of 99 % with a bootstrap hepatitis C virus subtype 1b isolate AASN1 Iraq (ID:MT554101.1). The clusters including HCV subtype 1a isolate AASN20 Iraq (ID:MT554100.1) the identical 96 %, and the clusters including HCV subtype 4a isolate AASN35 Iraq (ID:MT554099.1) the identical 99%.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular condition, characterized by loss of motor neurons as a result of a mutation in the survival motor neuron gene. This results in muscle wasting and in the most common and severe type, death before 24 months. Over the recent years there has been a dynamic shift in the therapeutic options for these patients involving both clinical trials in genetic modifying therapies to indirectly improve the survival motor neuron protein level and hence strength, muscle promotor therapies, up/down regulation of modifier genes and more recently gene therapy to replace the mutated survival motor neuron gene. This review addresses the pathogenesis of SMA and the resultant therapeutic approaches as well as the current state in clinical trials and future development.