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Since the early 1990s, proto-punk rock musician Iggy Pop has regularly appeared onscreen in supporting and cameo roles. While a rock star's presence across media is hardly novel, the brevity of Pop's screen performances rests its meaning and value upon a rejection of conventional stardom, persisting through the peripheries of moving image media rather than building a marquee status. This article explains the economic and cultural logic of such appearances via the work of Pop's manager, Art Collins, who focused on maintaining Pop's status through a combination of decisively brief screen appearances and song licencing that augmented his existing persona. Using archival and textual analysis of Pop's and Collins's endeavours, I argue that Pop's case lends insight into a managerial approach to stardom prevalent across entertainment media industries wherein stars are expected to maintain market presence across media contexts rather than pursue fame within a delimited cultural field. A growing managerial logic in entertainment media culture shifted the status of stars from workers contracted to autonomous industries to flexible labourers whose efforts are rendered in the service of self-branding. These developments made the cameo performance into an ideal labour strategy that maximises a star's flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the landscape of research data in the humanities in the European context, delving into their diversity and the challenges of defining and sharing them. It investigates three aspects: the types of data in the humanities, their representation in repositories, and their alignment with the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable). By reviewing datasets in repositories, this research determines the dominant data types, their openness, licensing, and compliance with the FAIR principles. This research provides important insight into the heterogeneous nature of humanities data, their representation in the repository, and their alignment with FAIR principles, highlighting the need for improved accessibility and reusability to improve the overall quality and utility of humanities research data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how enforcement of regulations affects firms' decision to operate formally, underground, or exit the market. The firms in our study are landlords of rental properties. Using a unique data set that identifies underground and exited properties, we find that enforcement makes going underground more likely when only fines are issued but less likely when enforcement requires abatement. Additionally, observing higher levels of enforcement among neighbouring properties (general deterrence) increases the likelihood of going underground when abatement is required. These findings are consistent with the predictions of a theoretical framework we develop. Accordingly, the study makes two contributions to the informality literature. First, that whether enforcement has a positive or negative impact on operating underground depends on whether that enforcement requires abatement. Second, it identifies both the extensive margin between informality and formality, and the margin between informality and exiting an industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the landscape of research data in the humanities in the European context, delving into their diversity and the challenges of defining and sharing them. It investigates three aspects: the types of data in the humanities, their representation in repositories, and their alignment with the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable). By reviewing datasets in repositories, this research determines the dominant data types, their openness, licensing, and compliance with the FAIR principles. This research provides important insight into the heterogeneous nature of humanities data, their representation in the repository, and their alignment with FAIR principles, highlighting the need for improved accessibility and reusability to improve the overall quality and utility of humanities research data.

Copyright of bāb Journal of FSMVU Faculty of Architecture & Design is the property of bab Journal of FSMVU Architecture & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Current research has evolved in such a way scientists must not only adequately describe the algorithms they introduce and the results of their application, but also ensure the possibility of reproducing the results and comparing them with those obtained through other approximations. In this context, public data sets (sometimes shared through repositories) are one of the most important elements for the development of experimental protocols and test benches. This study has analysed a significant number of CS/ML (Computer Science / Machine Learning) research data repositories and data sets and detected some limitations that hamper their utility. Particularly, we identify and discuss the following demanding functionalities for repositories: (1) building customised data sets for specific research tasks, (2) facilitating the comparison of different techniques using dissimilar pre-processing methods, (3) ensuring the availability of software applications to reproduce the pre-processing steps without using the repository functionalities and (4) providing protection mechanisms for licencing issues and user rights. To show the introduced functionality, we created STRep (Spam Text Repository) web application which implements our recommendations adapted to the field of spam text repositories. In addition, we launched an instance of STRep in the URL https://rdata.4spam.group to facilitate understanding of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion in the international community on how fusion power plants (FPPs) will be licenced and regulated is ongoing. As such, there is a concerted drive from the European stakeholders to understand the requirements from such a framework and how to best establish it with the aim of easing the licensing process of FPPs. Initiated by the EUROfusion consortium, a group of European experts were convened to produce a set of recommendations on the regulatory framework for the safety and licensing of FPPs. To do so effectively, the group assessed lessons learned from existing fusion facilities, reports by International Atomic Energy Agency and European Commission on FPP safety and the on-going work by the UK government, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, as well as the licensing process of ITER. As a result, commonalities between fusion and fission were identified in terms of fundamental safety objectives which could facilitate parity in certain framework aspects. However, significant differences to any such implementation were also identified, particularly with respect to the lower hazard potential inherent to FPPs and how to remain proportionate to the associated safety challenges and the physical principles behind these two types of reactors together with their associated technologies. The recognition of the differences in the safety challenges in FPPs and fission-based nuclear power plants (NPPs) is paramount to future regulatory framework development. Ultimately, regulatory frameworks depend upon a country’s legal framework, therefore it is apparent that a common global regulatory framework for FPPs is not possible. However, as with present-day NPP regulation, efforts could be made to develop harmonised approaches to FPP regulation to provide common levels of protection. In view of this objective, 12 recommendations are presented across 4 topics: regulations, international databases, codes and standards, safety demonstration rules and regulatory approaches. These recommendations are provided to inform and advise potential future actions on FPP regulatory framework and licencing process principles.

The threat posed by zoonotic diseases and other livestock pathogens has never been greater, and thus we must do all we can to learn from experience in order to tackle emerging disease threats. The process of developing a new veterinary vaccine involves the generation of a specific set of data in order to meet the strict product licencing requirements of regulatory approval bodies around the globe. As a result, it is important that those embarking on the development of a vaccine using either conventional or novel platform technologies understand these regulations. In addition, there are a number of specific requirements that one needs to take into consideration when developing a product specifically for the commercial poultry market. This paper briefly outlines the veterinary vaccine development process in general and then explores how this process can be accelerated. It also recognizes the "One Health" lessons that can be learnt from the recent rapid development of vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic and acknowledges the important measures that regulatory authorities have taken in the creation of an environment to facilitate the licencing of new vaccine platform technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the adoption of Paul Samuelson’s Public Good Theory as a theoretical justification for a permissive licensing scheme enabling the use, and re-use orphan works in Malaysia. Orphan works are copyright-protected works with unlocatable or unidentified right holders, and are currently on the rise due to the proliferation of unregistered, anonymous, and abandoned copyright works. The literature denotes the challenges arising from the difficulty faced by potential users in obtaining the permission for creative and innovative use of orphan works as required under Copyright law. Such challenges impede the potential use and re-use of orphan works for the purpose of knowledge dissemination, progress in the arts, preservation and digitisation activities. This paper contributes to the current body of knowledge by canvassing two important issues. The first issue focuses on the challenges faced by potential users to use and re-use orphan works in Malaysia. The second is Paul Samuelson’s Public Good as a theoretical justification for permissive license to use and re-use orphan works. It is anticipated that a legislative reform grounded on Paul Samuelson’s Public Good Theory will spur grassroots innovations, creativity and entrepreneurialism among members of the public. The permissive licensing scheme supports global calls for legislative reform of copyright law to facilitate the use and reuse of orphan works.

The Recorded Consultation Assessment (RCA) was rapidly developed to replace the Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA) for UK general practice licencing during COVID-19. We aimed to evaluate candidate perceptions of the RCA and relationships with performance. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of RCA candidates with attitudinal, demographic, and free text response options, undertaking descriptive and factor analysis of quantitative data with qualitative thematic analysis of free text. Binomial regression was used to estimate associations between RCA pass, candidate characteristics and questionnaire responses. 645 of 1551 (41.6%) candidates completed a questionnaire; 364 (56.4%) responders permitted linkage with performance and demographic data. Responders and non-responders were similar in exam performance, gender and declared disability but were significantly more likely to be UK graduates (UKG) or white compared with international medical (IMG) or ethnic minority graduates. Responders were positive about the digital platform and support resources. A small overall majority regarded the RCA as a fair assessment; a larger majority reported difficulty collecting, selecting, and submitting cases or felt rushed during recording. Logistic regression showed that ethnicity (white vs minority ethnic: odds ratio [OR] 2.99,95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23, 7.30, p = 0.016), training (UK vs IMG: OR 6.88, 95% CI 2.79, 16.95, p < 0.001), and English as first language (OR 5.11, 0% CI 2.08, 12.56, p < 0.001) were associated with exam success but questionnaire subscales, consultation type submitted, or extent of trainer review were not. The RCA was broadly acceptable but experiences were variable. Candidates experienced challenges and suggested areas for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper presents some aspects regarding intellectual property strategy, checklist of items to be considered in a licensing agreement, revenue distribution, gross and net income, general principles of income sharing, material made available for use by the R&D Institution, treatment of licenses for non-commercial research and teaching within a university or R&D Institution, and inventor, Law 83/2014 – Service invention in Romania.

Copyright of European Journal of Social Work is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bibliotheken bieten auch technisch Unkundigen einen demokratischen, nicht-kommerziellen Rahmen für das Ausprobieren neuer technischer Trends. Angesichts des sich entwickelnden Video-Streaming-Markts und zurückgehender DVD-Entleihungen wurde in der Stadtbibliothek Köln der Dienst filmfriend eingeführt, allerdings erst nachdem ein für beide Seiten akzeptables Lizenzmodell gefunden wurde. Filmstreaming ist zwar kein Ersatz für einen umfangreichen DVD-Bestand, aber die zeit- und ortsunabhängige parallele Zugriffsmöglichkeit bringt für die Bibliotheksmitglieder eine erhebliche Komfortsteigerung mit sich – nicht nur in Pandemiezeiten. Vor allem aber handelt es sich trotz der begrenzten Titelauswahl um ein imagestärkendes Angebot, das man von Bibliotheken so nicht erwartet und das sich sehr gut in weitere Bibliotheksaktivitäten einfügt – von pädagogisch begleiteten Vermittlungsaktionen bis hin zum Selbermachen im 2020 in der Stadtbibliothek Köln eröffneten Studio für YouTube-Videos. Libraries provide a democratic, commercial-free space to try out new technological trends, even for technology novices. In light of the burgeoning streaming sector and the decline in DVD circulation, the Cologne Public Library, after negotiating a mutually acceptable licensing model, added the streaming service filmfriend. Although film streaming is not a replacement for an extensive DVD collection, it does considerably increase the comfort for library patrons by enabling parallel access to titles independent of time and location—not only during a pandemic. Above all, it boosts the Library's image, despite the limited selection of titles. The streaming service is something unexpected for a library, and yet it fits in very well with other library activities, from pedagogically guided educational activities to do-it-yourself activities in the Library's newly opened studio for YouTube videos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Licensing is currently the most popular option among regulators for controlling gambling operations. However, approximately 20% of operators are still public monopolies. Many forms of gambling (especially lotteries) are government operated even in countries with a licensing system. This creates an inherent conflict of interest, given that government is supposed to protect the well-being of its citizenry and to reap the benefits of gambling at the same time. At least in the gambling monopoly, however, addressing the unavoidable harm that results from gambling should be a priority. Industry self-regulation and reliance on "responsible gambling" rely too much on individuals to control their own gambling. It is suggested in this contribution that it is possible to provide more comprehensive consumer protection, recognising both the duty of governments to take care of their own citizens and the fact that industry self-regulation is not enough. Pre-commitment cards have been tested in various contexts, and have shown promise in terms of providing tools for individuals to restrict their own gambling. However, given the known shortcomings such as allowing the use of other cards that are not one's own, and other venues, it is clear that in themselves they do not guarantee effective prevention. Personal licensing is therefore explored as a move forward in this literature-based discussion. Although the system may be applicable to other contexts, the focus is on the Nordic countries. Given that the underlying justification for gambling monopolies is to control gambling-related harm, in the cases of Finland and Norway licensing could be combined with loyalty cards introduced by monopoly operators. This would provide a feasible alternative to current practices of responsible gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In fish, DNA vaccines have been shown to give very high protection in experimental facilities against a number of viral diseases, particularly diseases caused by rhabdoviruses. However, their efficacy in generating protection against other families of fish viral pathogens is less clear. One DNA vaccine is currently in use commercially in fish farms in Canada and the commercialisation of another was authorised in Europe in 2017. The mechanism of action of DNA vaccines, including the role of the innate immune responses induced shortly after DNA vaccination in the activation of the adaptive immunity providing longer term specific protection, is still not fully understood. In Europe the procedure for the commercialisation of a veterinary DNA vaccine requires the resolution of certain concerns particularly about safety for the host vaccinated fish, the consumer and the environment. Relating to consumer acceptance and particularly environmental safety, a key question is whether a DNA vaccinated fish is considered a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO). In the present opinion paper these key aspects relating to the mechanisms of action, and to the development and the use of DNA vaccines in farmed fish are reviewed and discussed. Highlights • DNA vaccines give high protection against fish rhabdoviruses but this cannot be generalised to other viruses. • The interaction between the early innate and subsequent adaptive response after DNA vaccination is not fully understood. • Whether DNA vaccinated fish are Genetically Modified (GM) organisms is a key question for the consumer and the authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our country, medicines entry to the market are evaluated by the Turkish Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency under the responsibility of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. While the medicines market licensing processes of are evaluated, they are evaluated by taking into consideration the international acceptance criteria and the latest scientific developments on effectiveness, safety and quality standards. The licensing processes of biological/biotechnological products, which have importance gradually increased in recent years, have been reviewed taking into account basicly the legislative information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper presents some aspects regarding intellectual property strategy, checklist of items to be considered in a licensing agreement, revenue distribution, gross and net income, general principles of income sharing, material made available for use by the R&D Institution, treatment of licenses for non-commercial research and teaching within a university or R&D Institution, and inventor, Law 83/2014 – Service invention in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Portuguese Legal Framework on the Exploitation of Tourist Accommodation Establishments ("Regime Jurídico de Exploração dos Estabelecimentos de Alojamento Local") has been recently amended by Law no. 62/2018, of 22 August 2018. This law established additional legal restrictions to the short-term rental activity, which are aimed to reduce the negative externalities of this activity. This article focuses on the analysis of the new restrictions imposed by the Portuguese legal regime to the short-term rental activity, suggesting a few amendments in order to clarify and improve the legal regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the AI revolution in the healthcare sector begins, it is time for the law to identify regulatory issues that might require a rethink under the new era. Since technology in this sector has enormous potential to improve access to healthcare, States should ensure that regulations do not stymie the AI revolution in the healthcare sector. However, a number of legal and ethical issues need to be carefully considered in this regard. This paper will focus on two issues namely, (i) determination of liability; and (ii) licensing of medical professionals. With respect to determining liability, the paper argues that since we are still at a stage where AI systems have not completely replaced humans, the medical professional must be subject to the duty of care, even if he/she is assisted by the AI system. It draws from corporate law governing directors' reliance on external experts to put forth an optimal regime for medical professionals using AI. With respect to licensing, the paper argues that it might be time for States to agree upon international standards for medical professionals to be able to deliver healthcare services since the use of AI will allow medical professionals to treat patients in other States and even countries. In the interim, however, it is important for institutions that provide healthcare services to patients located in other countries, to ensure that they contractually agree upon these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the effects of coastal disposal of dredged material on benthic assemblage structure have been well studied, our understanding of the mechanism of such responses, and their potential ecological implications, remain relatively unknown. Data from a licenced disposal site off the northeast coast of England are analysed to address this and improve our ability to make informed licencing decisions for this activity. Assemblages within the disposal site displayed reduced number of species and total invertebrate density, an altered assemblage taxonomic structure, and a shift towards a greater numerical dominance of less-productive individuals. Following separate analyses of biological response and effect traits, a novel approach for marine benthic trait analysis, we identify the traits responsible (i.e. response traits) for the observed structural alterations. Furthermore, analysis of the effect traits revealed that the assemblages characterising the disposal site possess a greater bioturbative capability compared to those not directly impacted by disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criteria of administration present employees who are competent to contribute to success in sport and business. The aim of this paper is to determine the differences (if there are any) between clubs on two levels of competition in B&H according to the licencing of administrative criteria. This research includes 16 clubs of Premier league of B&H and 16 clubs of lower level of competition, the First Federal league in season 2012/2013. Results have shown that there is discrimination between variables of number of players with amateur contract, in favour of second level of competition while the other variables discriminate these two levels of competition in favour of higher level of competition. The first variable of administrative criteria which, with its coefficients, discriminates the first level from the second is variable of number of players with professional contract. Variables with lower coefficients are variables of number of employees in secretary, number of trainers of the first team, number of trainers with UEFA A licence, number of trainers with UEFA PRO licence. Variables with very low coefficients do not contribute to the differences on multivariant level. Those are variables of total number of employees and total number of trainers. Most clubs of Premier league exists in the area of bigger city centres, where great number of clubs have significant sport tradition and ordered structure of the whole organization which gives them advantage in most parameters as oppose to clubs of the First league of Federation which exist in smaller city centres with weaker organizational structure. The conclusion of this paper is that, in order to improve the functions of all segments of organization, management and work in football clubs, it is necessary to approach to the problem systematically and to use thoroughly planned and programmed strategy to remove all obstacles and problems to which clubs in B&H encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews procedures for ensuring that physicians in the European Union (EU) continue to meet criteria for registration and the implications of these procedures for cross-border movement of health professionals following implementation of the 2005/36/EC Directive on professional qualifications. A questionnaire was completed by key informants in 10 EU member states, supplemented by a review of peer-reviewed and grey literature and a review conducted by key experts in each country. The questionnaire covered three aspects: actors involved in processes for ensuring continued adherence to standards for registration and/or licencing (such as revalidation), including their roles and functions; the processes involved, including continuing professional development (CPD) and/or continuing medical education (CME); and contextual factors, particularly those impacting professional mobility. All countries included in the study view CPD/CME as one mechanism to demonstrate that doctors continue to meet key standards. Although regulatory bodies in a few countries have established explicit systems of ensuring continued competence, at least for some doctors (in Belgium, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Slovenia and the UK), self-regulation is considered sufficient to ensure that physicians are up to date and fi t to practice in others (Austria, Finland, Estonia and Spain). Formal systems vary greatly in their rationale, structure, and coverage. Whereas in Germany, Hungary and Slovenia, systems are exclusively focused on CPD/ CME, the Netherlands also includes peer review and minimum activity thresholds. Belgium and the UK have developed more complex mechanisms, comprising a review of complaints or compliments on performance and (in the UK) colleague and patient questionnaires. Systems for ensuring that doctors continue to meet criteria for registration and licencing across the EU are complex and inconsistent. Participation in CPD/CME is only one aspect of maintaining professional competence but it is the only one common to all countries. Thus, there is a need to bring clarity to this confused landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- With the licence season 2013/2014 onwards Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Financial Fair Play (FFP) fully came into force. Among other things, FFP demands from the clubs to operate within their own revenues in order to counteract the increasing over indebtedness in European club football. The purpose of this paper is to cast further light on the relationship between UEFA and the clubs as the main actors of FFP and to derive implications to UEFA to improve the efficacy of this regulatory intervention. Design/methodology/approach -- This paper explicitly examines the case of FFP from an agency theory perspective. A positivist agency approach is applied in order to describe and explain (potential) problems in the relationship between UEFA and the clubs. Findings -- The paper demonstrates that the relationship between UEFA and the clubs corresponds in many aspects to a classic principal-agent problem. A potential conflict of interest between both actors is outlined which together with asymmetric information creates incentives for opportunistic behaviour on the part of the clubs. The necessity of a stronger emphasis and communication of the economic and sport ethical legitimacy of FFP is detected. Practical implications -- It is suggested that UEFA should consider taking a more proactive stance and endeavour to prevent non-compliance not only by limiting the opportunities to do so but also by providing information as well as education. Originality/value -- FFP is supposed to have ground-breaking consequences for European club football. This is the first paper to systematically examine (potential) agency problems inherent in FFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's globalized world of free market competition, research and development play a crucial role in adding value to a company or research institution. While for many scientific research institutions financial assets are not their primary focus, public research funding is becoming a major issue due to the tight financial situation of many countries. Since patents are marketable assets or economic goods, they can have a significant market value. Thus, patenting innovations and profiting from the patents may be a practical way to recoup development costs dedicated to research. Since in the area of nanotechnology, a large and increasing market is developing [3], an overview on patent protection in that technological area is provided. Various strategies are elucidated and discussed which help to safeguard nanotechnology innovations. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to identify interference that prevents to manage alcoholrelated harm. Article analyses the purpose of alcohol control policy and it's connection with alcohol-related harm, and alcohol retail licensing. Article is based on scientific literature, law acts and statistical data. The main conclusion is that the definition of alcohol control policy purpose is not clear and the meaning of it is not connected with reduction of alcohol-related harm. It is necessary to revise and redefine the purpose by relating it with criminality prevention, safety in neighbourhoods and roads, reduction of social harm in private sphere. Now, the priority is given to the technical regulation of retail and production. Alcohol control policy obliges local authorities to pursue only the administrative function - retail licensing. Local governments also have powers to form the alcohol control policy, for example, limit the time and places of selling alcohol. This function is recommendatory, so only a few local governments use it. City councils are not obliged to pursue the alcohol control policy and it's monitoring. Regulation of retail licensing is related with technical requirements for the quality and safety of alcohol. It's also connected with requirements for selling surroundings and debts for budgets of national and local governments. Whether the license will be suspended or abolished depends on violation of technical requirements and conditions that are written in license. It is not connected with criminality, noise or other alcohol-related harm. Prohibition of selling liquor for under-age and intoxicated persons is connected with reduction of alcohol-related harm, but sanctions are only for selling alcohol to under-age persons. Licensing is not used enough to discipline the sellers. More powers must be given to police in order to make bigger influence on retail licensing process because now the police is allowed to control only the criminality and the violation of public order that is made by intoxicated persons. It also controls liquor selling to under-age persons but it has no powers in retail licensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating the licensing and practice of healthcare professions is an essential first step for reforming the Libyan healthcare system. In this article, we identify the overarching principles that should guide any efforts targeted at reforming the regulation of healthcare professions in Libya, and to summarize the perspective of the Libyan Healthcare Society-USA (LHS-USA) on these issues. Our aim is not to advocate for the adoption of a specific regulatory model. Instead, we hope to stimulate debate about the principles of professional regulation, and over the process needed to develop consensus on the final shape of the Libyan regulatory model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A reflection on the last report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the application and effectiveness of the Directive on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is provided. It covers the inadequacies of the approval/permitting context of SEA, which appears to be increasingly applied by a significant number of Member States in recent years. A viewpoint is provided on the main deficiencies of such praxis. As a practical defence of the planning context of SEA, the authors propose that the EC should consider a clear recommendation to Member States to cease performing SEA in the approval/permitting context until proper amendments to the SEA Directive are made and implemented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Professor Ian Hargreaves released his independent report entitled Digital Opportunity -- A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth on 18 May 2011. Hargreaves advocates strategic change and policy initiatives for the intellectual property framework in both national and international contexts. Ten recommendations are proposed, including reform of copyright licencing procedures, implementation of a digital copyright exchange, and legislative exceptions to copyright infringement, along with restructuring of systems for the grant and enforcement of patents. In this article, the authors discuss Hargreaves' recommendations and consider how intellectual property law and policy may be used to facilitate innovation and economic growth in the modern digital world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]