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Centering around the EU regulations on mainline railways, the paper reviews the development process and changes of the railway regulations of the European Union and summarizes the targets of regulation formulation in diff erent stages, with focus on an interpretation of the currently applicable EU regulations and an elaboration of the characteristics and changes of the latest regulations system. It also analyzes the current situation and challenges of the mainline railways of the European Union, which provides guidelines for manufacturers entering the European market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied bio-renewably available ethanol valorization. Literature on ethanol to aromatic compounds is rather scant. We studied the catalytic performance of dealuminated ZSM-5 and Li-, Na-, and K-exchanged ZSM-5. This led to reduced strength and number of Bronsted acid sites and the formation of basic and Lewis acid sites. Reactions carried out with ethanol at 450 °C and 30 kg/cm2 afforded higher aromatic selectivity (50.6% with Li-ZSM-5, 45.3% with Na-ZSM-5, 32.8% with K-ZSM-5, 54.9% with dealuminated ZSM-5, and 50.8% with H-ZSM-5), whereas dealuminated ZSM-5 and Li-ZSM-5 showed reduced coke formation among all the catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by Py-FTIR, N2- and CO2-adsorption–desorption, NH3-TPD, and ICP-AES to substantiate/rationalize observations. Coking behavior of catalysts was characterized by DTG-TGA analysis, GC–MS of coke deposited on spent catalysts, and the "conversion capacity"- and the "a minus b"-parameters. Plausible reaction mechanism involving different active sites is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Right to action as a natural right recognized in Constitution an International Pacts. Except some rare cases, everybody is free to act with this right. The conflict is a pre se requisite of litigation but we see some cases by the subject of homologation a contract which has not yet a conflict and courts have not a similar jurisprudence in cases. Although courts can, qualification or requalification the title of litigation but the manner is civil cases is different and the courts can see the cases, which permitted by laws and regulations exceptionally. We think that a litigant has profit to litigate and so we are trying to critic the case law and courts can, qualification or requalification the title of litigation but the manner is civil cases is different and the courts can see the cases, which permitted by laws and regulations exceptionally. So as a result, every conflict by a legal consequence will be accepted as litigation.

Discovered in the 19th century, ethyl acetoacetate has been central to the development of organic chemistry, including its pedagogy and applications. In this study, we present borylated derivatives of this venerable molecule. A boron handle has been installed at either α ${{\rm \alpha }}$ ‐ or β ${\beta }$ ‐position of acetoacetate by homologation of acyl‐MIDA (N‐methyliminodiacetic acid) boronates with diazoacetates. Either alkyl or boryl groups were found to migrate with regiochemistry being a function of the steric bulk of the diazo species. Boryl β ${{\rm \beta }}$ ‐ketoesters can be further modified into borylated pyrazolones and oximes, thereby expanding the synthetic toolkit and offering opportunities for additional modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method of constructing "ArSCF2CF2Cu" from ArSCu and TMSCF2Br (TMS=trimethylsilyl) has been developed. The cross‐coupling reactions of the obtained "ArSCF2CF2Cu" with diverse aryl iodides (Ar′I) provide an efficient access to Ar′CF2CF2SAr. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the "ArSCF2CF2Cu" species were generated through controllable double difluoromethylene insertions into ArS−Cu bonds rather than the 1,2‐addition of ArSCu to tetrafluoroethylene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addition of CO to a tetrametallic magnesium hydride cluster results in both carbon‐carbon bond formation and deoxygenation to generate an acetaldehyde enolate [C2OH3]− which remains coordinated to the cluster. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of formation of an isolable complex containing an [C2OH3]− fragment from reaction of CO with a metal hydride, and the first example of CO homologation and deoxygenation at a main group metal. DFT studies suggest that key steps in the mechanism involve nucleophilic attack of an oxymethylene on a formyl ligand to generate an unstable [C2O2H3]3− fragment, which undergoes subsequent deoxygenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual cycling engagement has seen a significant increase in the last decade, with a recognizable surge in 2020 due to the pandemic. To ensure a fair competition field, a testing apparatus was designed to test direct-drive bicycle smart trainers from various manufacturers. Smart trainers were tested for error on two main metrics: power measurement error and resistance error. Given that the integrity of virtual racing relies upon accurate power readings sent from the smart trainer to a cloud-based competition software, discrepancies in these metrics are most likely to affect the outcome of an event. The testing apparatus used a motor in place of a human rider to control the repeatability and capability of the testing system. Power measurements consisting of a torque and rotational velocity sensor were connected to the motor output to determine the precise power delivered to a smart trainer. The known input power was compared to the power reported by the smart trainer as transmitted over the ANT+ wireless protocol and compared across the testing metrics. An electromagnetic brake system was incorporated to characterize the transmission losses from the motor to the smart trainer, enabling the accurate determination of the actual power input into the smart trainers. The testing procedure covered each virtual gradient ranging from − 8 to 15% at every power level between 100 and 800 watts. The power reading error of smart trainers ranged from ≈ 0 to > 16%, and the resistance error ranged from < 1% to over 100%. These large errors show how critical the homologation of smart trainers is for fair competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a Pd-catalyzed homologation method for the synthesis of benzylic C-X bonds using arylboronic acids. The traditional methods for synthesizing diarylmethanes, benzyl ethers, and benzyl amines are often limited by the availability of reagents or the preparation of symmetric products. The authors propose a catalytic approach using arylboronic acids as precursors, which allows for the synthesis of diverse C(sp3)-rich scaffolds. The method involves Suzuki-Miyaura and Chan-Lam couplings and avoids the need for stoichiometric metalation. The authors demonstrate the utility of this approach through the synthesis of meclizine derivatives. [Extracted from the article]

The composition of Homologation that has been approved is ratified and decided by the court. But the problem is when composition that have been agreed and have been validated are then changed for certain interests so that the contents are no longer the same that has been validated. The purpose of this study is to find out how the legal consequences of amendments and/or the implementation of homologation outside the court. This study case uses a normative juridical method by using a statutory, case approach, and conceptual approach. Homologation composition through Suspension of Obligation for Payment and Bankruptcy have been regulated, so when there is a change and/or implementation of a composition agreement passed by the court (Homologation) outside the court, it is invalid.

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of enolizable α‐substituted β,γ‐unsaturated aldehydes is reported. The developed strategy involves two steps, epoxidation and Meinwald rearrangement, to result in a one‐carbon homologation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes enabling the insertion of a CHR unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World experience in storing ammunition shows that during long-term storage, pyroxylin gunpowders used in ammunition are capable of arbitrarily undergoing various physical and chemical transformations, which negatively affects the ballistic characteristics of ammunition. In some countries, ammunition is in use with a shelf life of 30-35 years or more. Factors influencing the physicochemical stability of gunpowder charges during long-term storage have been identified. An analysis of the chemical processes occurring in nitrocellulose gunpowders (NCP) during long-term storage is carried out, and the possibility of regenerating NCP by treatment with hydrogen peroxide is substantiated. It is indicated that there are no methods for regenerating gunpowder charges with long shelf life. It has been shown that one of the ways to increase the ballistic and energy characteristics of long-term storage ammunition can be the regeneration of nitrocellulose gunpowder charges. Data are presented on an experimental study to determine the characteristics of NCP after regeneration. It has been shown that when regenerating nitrocellulose gunpowder charges with hydrogen peroxide, the calorific value of the starting material increases. Based on the results obtained, an approach to assessing the feasibility of using regeneration technology is proposed. This approach is based on the effect of mass replenishment during the regeneration process due to ongoing chemical processes and heat and mass transfer. The ways for further research on the use of nitrocellulose as a high-calorie fuel are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of Matteson‐type reactions has been increasingly recognized for developing automated organic synthesis. However, the typical Matteson reactions almost exclusively focus on homologation of carbon units. Here, we report the detailed development of sequential insertion of nitrogen and carbon atoms into boronate C−B bonds, which provides a modular and iterative approach to access functionalized tertiary amines. A new class of nitrenoid reagents is uncovered to allow direct formation of aminoboranes from aryl or alkyl boronates via N‐insertion. The one‐pot N‐insertion followed by controlled mono‐ or double‐carbenoid insertion has been realized with widely available aryl boronates. The resulting aminoalkyl boronate products can undergo further homologation and various other transformations. Preliminary success on homologation of N,N‐dialkylaminoboranes and sequential N‐ and C‐insertions with alkyl boronates have also been achieved. To broaden the synthetic utility, selective removal of a benzyl or aryl substituent permits access to secondary or primary amine products. The application of this method has been demonstrated in the modular synthesis of bioactive compounds and the programmable construction of diamines and aminoethers. A plausible reaction mechanism, supported by preliminary NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and computational studies, is also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The C−C bond formation between C1 molecules plays an important role in chemistry as manifested by the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process. Serving as models for the FT process, we report here the reactions between a neutral AlI complex (MeNacNac)Al (1, MeNacNac=HC[(CMe)(NDipp)]2, Dipp=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl) and various isocyanides. The step‐by‐step coupling mechanism was studied in detail by low‐temperature NMR monitoring, isotopic labeling, as well as quantum chemical calculations. Three different products were isolated in reaction of 1 with the sterically encumbered 2,6‐bis(benzhydryl)‐4‐Me‐phenyl isocyanide (BhpNC). These products substantiate carbene intermediates. The reaction between 1 and adamantyl isocyanide (AdNC) generated a trimerization product, and a corresponding carbene intermediate could be trapped in the form of a molybdenum(0) complex. Tri‐, tetra‐, and even pentamerization products were isolated with the sterically less congested phenyl and p‐methoxyphenyl isocyanides (PhNC and PMPNC) with concurrent construction of quinoline or indole heterocycles. Overall, this study provides evidence for carbene intermediates in FT‐type chemistry of aluminium(I) and isocyanides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Russian translation of 'Le leggende sarde' [Sardinian Legends] by Grazia Deledda, which deals with the extremely complex language of the Italian-Sardinian hybrid original text. The aim of this work is to verify the achievement, in the target text, of functional equivalence (f-equivalence). In direct dialogue with the translator, the strategies involve the explanation and application of the theoretical tools dictated by the most recent studies in translation studies.

A mild, green, and convenient synthesis of nervonic acid was developed through a one-pot carbon-chain extension with the assistance of microwaves and lithium chloride (55% total yield); this is preferable to a previous six-step method (10% total yield). Compared with the previous lengthy refluxing process (>80 hours) with corrosive reagents, which furnished a mixture of cis - and trans -isomers, this efficient microwave protocol was more than a hundred times faster and was free of configurational isomerization. Notably, LiCl played a dual role in a Krapcho decarboxylation and subsequent ester hydrolysis under neutral conditions that replace the corrosive saponification in the previously reported one-pot method. Finally, this mild and efficient protocol was successfully applied to various carboxylic acids, including natural products, verifying its wide utility, easy operations, and attractive properties in organic synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homologation of trisubstituted fluoroalkenes followed by allylboration of aldehyde, ketone and imine substrates is suitable for synthesis of β‐fluorohydrin and amine products. In the presence of (R)‐iodo‐BINOL catalyst enantioselectivities up to 99 % can be achieved by formation of a single stereoisomer with adjacent stereocenters, of which one is a tertiary C−F center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current examples of carbon chain production from metal formyl intermediates with homogeneous metal complexes are described in this Minireview. Mechanistic aspects of these reactions as well as the challenges and opportunities in using this understanding to develop new reactions of CO and H2 are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CES Derecho is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper interprets a short passage by Heidegger on the difference between literature and poetry and, especially, on the "unfathomable essential power" of literature. We will argue what the phenomenological features of this "power" of literature that distinguishes it from poetry, showing the internal problematicity of such a distinction. In order to foreground the meaning of this "unfathomable essential power" of literature, a brief reading of Don Quixote's El curioso impertinente will be made. The conclusion is that the "unfathomable" power of literature lies in its ambivalence to be a means of homologation and resistance to that same homologation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of Asedie's main focuses is the promotion of public-private collaboration in the harmonization and standardization of open data. The TOP 3 Asedie commitment, approved within the IV Open Government Plan observatory of good practices, focuses on the homogenization and harmonization of three datasets opened by the 17 Autonomous Communities. One being Industrial land. The reindustrialization of Europe and its industrial ecosystems is one of the pillars of the NextGenerationEU funds. The project urgently needs information and geospatial data for its quantification, characterisation, and impulse. The implementation of such an ambitious roadmap requires a National Map of Industrial Land. The National Geographic Information Centre (CNIG) has already started this task. Pending its completion, this text describes the implementation of a geospatial-based technological solution on Spanish's Industrial areas. It uses various datasets from many Spanish Spatial Data Infrastructures (IDE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the current problem of rethinking the reality of the academic context in relation to research in the field of art, this article proposes a journey through the different definitions that have shaped what we know today as research-creation, taking into account both its epistemological perspective and its methodological proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient protocol has been developed for the synthesis of larger condensed arenes from aromatic hydrocarbons and internal alkynes. This protocol uses readily available [CpRhI2 ]n as a catalyst and Cu(OAc)2 as an oxidant and proceeds smoothly through undirected double C–H activation. The addition of trifluoroacetic acid has a crucial positive impact on the reaction selectivity and the yields of the target products. In contrast to the previously reported catalytic systems, the new conditions allow the use of both dialkyl- and diarylacetylenes with the same high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new approaches to installing diverse carbon fragments to a nitrogen atom has attracted considerable attention in chemical science. While numerous strategies have been devised to forge C(sp3)−N bonds, one conceptually powerful and straightforward approach is to insert a transformable sp3‐carbon unit onto a nitrogen atom for modular diversification. Here we describe the successful synthesis of halo‐diborylmethanes and their applications to the preparation of nitrogen‐substituted diborylmethanes through their homologative coupling with a variety of nitrogen nucleophiles including biologically relevant molecules. This process exhibits a remarkably broad substrate scope, and the usefulness of the obtained compounds is demonstrated by the modular diversification of the diborylmethyl group to access various nitrogen‐containing molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbenoid insertion into boronate carbon-boron bonds, namely the Matteson-type homologation, has been recognized as a powerful tool for constructing carbon-carbon bonds. However, some limitations and inconvenience still exist with the carbenoids currently employed, such as the use of highly cryogenic and basic conditions. Herein, we report a new class of stable carbenoids with sulfinate as nucleofuge for Matteson-type homologations, which directly introduce O- and N-substituted methylenes into carbon-boron bonds. Enabled by oxazaborolidines as the boronic substrates, the reaction is operatable at 0 oC or room temperature with weaker bases. Broad functional groups, including acidic C-H bonds, can be tolerated. The synthetic utility of this method has been demonstrated in the gram-scale synthesis and iterative insertion of various carbenoids., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Homologation of amino acids is the insertion or deletion of a methylene group to their side chain, which is a relatively uncommon chemical transformation observed in peptide natural product (NP) structure. Homologated amino acids can potentially make the NP more stable in a biological system, but its biosynthesis is yet to be understood. This study biochemically characterized the first of three unexplored enzymes in the homologation pathway of l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine. Previously proposed reactions catalyzed by HphA were confirmed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The substrate profile and kinetic parameters showed high selectivity for the natural substrates and their close analogs. The comparability of HphA to homologous enzymes in primary metabolic pathways, 2-isopropylmate synthase and homocitrate synthase which are involved in l-leucine and l-lysine biosynthesis, respectively, was validated by bioinformatical and site-directed mutagenesis studies. The knowledge obtained from this study has deepened the understanding of the homologation of amino acids, which can lead to future combinatorial biosynthesis and metabolic engineering studies., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

An efficient method for the synthesis of deuterated homologation of boronate esters was developed. This discovery uses robust deuterated agent 5-(methyl-d3)-5H-dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-5-ium trifluoromethane sulfonate (DMTT) as d2-methylene source. Mechanistically, base promoted deprotonation of DMTT to generate d2-sulfur-methylene ylide intermediate, which attack the boron atom of boronic ester and followed by 1,2-migration to afford the deuterated boronic homologues. The developed protocol provides a unique approach to achieve one-carbon growth under the practical mild conditions.

A synthetic approach to grandisol is described. The route to the cyclobutane core relies on an efficient intramolecular [2+2] cyclo-addition that establishes the required cis -ring fusion at the adjacent side chains of the cyclobutane ring. Using a new two-step lithium/halide homologation procedure, norgrandisol was efficiently converted into grandisol. This new approach enables the synthesis of grandisol in five steps from commercially available starting material in 22% overall yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective reactions that combine H2, CO and organic electrophiles (aldehyde, ketones, isocyanide) to form hydrogenated C3 and C4 carbon chains are reported. These reactions proceed by CO homologation mediated by [W(CO)6] and an aluminum(I) reductant, followed by functionalization and hydrogenation of the chain ends. A combination of kinetics (rates, KIEs) and DFT calculations has been used to gain insight into a key step which involves hydrogenation of a metallocarbene intermediate. These findings expand the extremely small scope of systems that combine H2 and CO to make well‐defined products with complete control over chain length and functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we propose and validate a Common Criteria Standard Protection Profile (sPP) for videoconferencing equipment. The research presents the definition and analysis of the homologation system used to validate the standard protection profile, focusing on its application focused in a large Brazilian financial company. We address the main points to consider in the acquisition and current use of this product: reasonable information security assumptions, technical standards, recommendations, and international best cybersecurity practices. As a result, we have developed a Standard Protection Profile identifying the information security risks involved and the minimum parameters required in those systems acquired and used for Government environments. This paper also presents all tests performed to validate the proposed sPP. As the application is critical, involving sensitive data, our results can also foster less risky conditions in the myriad situations caused by the COVID pandemic.

The process of verification and validation of automated vehicles poses a multi-faceted challenge with far-reaching societal, economical and ethical consequences. In particular, fully automated vehicles at SAE Level 4 and 5 will be expected to operate safely in an arbitrarily complex, infinite-dimensional domain called open context. In order to give structure to the open context, we propose a methodical criticality analysis that maps an infinite-dimensional domain onto a finite and manageable set of artifacts that capture and explain the emergence of critical situations for automated vehicles. We propose a combined approach of expert-based and data-driven methods to identify relevant phenomena and explain the underlying causalities. Leveraging on abstraction, we define a clearly laid out process that converges towards a manageable set of artifacts based on two assumptions on the nature of traffic. A criticality analysis precedes the design phase of an automated vehicle and is therefore located outside the V-model. As the open context is analyzed independently of a concrete realization, it is relevant for any automated vehicle operating within that domain. Therefore, its results can subsequently be used to derive safety principles and mitigation mechanisms for automated driving and to set up a coherent safety argument for the homologation process.

Copyright of Cuadernos de Filología Italiana is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A formal CH2−CH2 homologation conducted with C1 carbenoids on a carbon electrophile for the obtainment of a four‐membered cycle is reported. The logic proposes the consecutive delivery of two single nucleophilic CH2 units to an isothiocyanate—as competent electrophilic partner—resulting in the assembling of a rare imino‐thietane cluster. The single synthetic operation procedure documents genuine chemocontrol, as indicated by the tolerance to various reactive elements decorating the starting materials. Significantly, the double homologation protocol is accomplished directly on a carbon electrophile, thus not requiring the installation of heteroatom‐centered manifolds (e.g. boron). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homologation of alkyl acetates, alkyl ethers, acetals, and ketals was accomplished via formal insertion of diazo esters into carbon–carbon σ-bonds. The combined Lewis acid InI3 with Me3 SiBr catalyzed the homologation of alkyl acetates and alkyl ethers. That of acetals and ketals was catalyzed solely by the use of InBr3. The key point of the homologation mechanism is that the indium-based Lewis acids have the appropriate amount of Lewis acidity to achieve both the abstraction and release of leaving groups. The abstraction of a leaving group by an indium-based Lewis acid and the electrophilic addition of carbocation or oxonium intermediates to diazo esters followed by the rearrangement of carbon substituents provide the corresponding cation intermediates. Finally, the leaving group that is captured by the Lewis acid bonds with cation intermediates to furnish the homologated products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on discussing natural products (NPs) that contain higher homologated amino acids (homoAAs) in the structure as well as the proposed and characterized biosynthesis of these non-proteinogenic amino acids. Homologation of amino acids includes the insertion of a methylene group into its side chain. It is not a very common modification found in NP biosynthesis as approximately 450 homoAA-containing NPs have been isolated from four bacterial phyla (Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetota, Myxococcota, and Pseudomonadota), two fungal phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), and one animal phylum (Porifera), except for a few examples. Amino acids that are found to be homologated and incorporated in the NP structures include the following ten amino acids: alanine, arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, glutamic acid, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, and tyrosine, where isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine share the comparable enzymatic pathway. Other amino acids have their individual homologation pathway (arginine, proline, and glutamic acid for bacteria), likely utilize the primary metabolic pathway (alanine and glutamic acid for fungi), or have not been reported (cysteine and serine). Despite its possible high potential in the drug discovery field, the biosynthesis of homologated amino acids has a large room to explore for future combinatorial biosynthesis and metabolic engineering purpose., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The decarboxylative coupling of diversely substituted benzoic acids with internal alkynes proceeds smoothly in the presence of a [RhCl(cod)]2 /1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene catalyst system to selectively produce highly substituted naphthalene derivatives. The catalyst system is applicable to constructing anthracene and benzo-[ c ]thiophene frameworks through reactions of naphthoic and thiophene-2-carboxylic acids, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysoxylactam A is a 17‐membered macrocyclic lipid which has been found to dramatically reverse multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Three previous syntheses have been reported in 15–17 steps. Using iterative lithiation‐borylation reactions as the key C−C bond forming and stereocontrolling steps, we now describe an 11‐step synthesis of dysoxylactam A. The complete sequence only required a total of five chromatographic purifications and used minimal protecting groups making it both rapid and efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the regulations concerning approval of light vehicles starting from September 2019 it will be necessary to conduct exhaust emis-sions tests both on a chassis dynamometer and for real driving emissions. It is a legislative requirement set forth in EU regulations for the purpose of the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) procedure. To decide on the RDE route for the purpose of the LV exhaust emissions tests many requirements must be fulfilled, regarding for ex-ample external temperature and the topographic height of the tests, driving style (driving dynamic parameters), trip duration, length of respective test sections (urban, rural, motorway, etc.). The works on outlining RDE routes are continued across the country in various research centres. Specifying the RDE route for test purposes, i.e. works in which the authors of this article are actively involved, has become a major challenge for future approval surveys concerning the assessment of hazardous emissions from light vehicles and for development studies focusing on – for example – the consumption of energy in electric and hybrid vehicles. The vehicle load was consistent with the requirements of the standard and included the aforesaid measurement device, the driver and the operator of PEMS. The tests were carried out on working days. The streets and roads used for the tests were hard-surfaced. Meas-urements were performed in accordance with the requirements of RDE packages (Package 1–4), i.e. taking into account – among others the engine cold start. The article discusses the method of outlining the test route fulfilling the specific requirements for RDE testing. Chosen results of ex-haust emissions from a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine along the defined RDE test route have been provided. The tests discussed in the article are introductory in the area of RDE tests and provide an introduction into further studies of exhaust emissions and energy consumption in real driving conditions in conventional vehicles and vehicles with alternative engines, e.g. hybrid and electric vehicles.

This article analyzes and systematizes the rules which regulate the recognition of foreign judgments in Brazil. An opening of the Brazilian legal system to international procedural standards was observed, explicitly confirmed by the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code of 2015, confirming the existence of four systems of recognition of foreign sentences in Brazil: ordinary system, mercosuline system, arbitration system and extraordinary system. The adequate understanding of the ways of doing a foreign judicial or arbitral award produce effects in the national order is essential to the effective judicial protection. The deductive-comparative method was used, based on indirect bibliographic and documentary sources.

Homologation strategies provide highly versatile tools in organic synthesis for the introduction of a CH2 group into a given carbon skeleton. The operation can result in diverse structural motifs by tuning of the reaction conditions and the nature of the homologating agent. In this Account, concisely contextualizing our work with lithium carbenoids (LiCH2 X, LiCHXY etc) for homologating carbon-centered electrophiles, we focus on the assembly of three-membered cycles featuring fluorinated substituents. Two illustrative case studies are considered: (1) the development and employment of fluorinated carbenoids en route to rare α-fluoroepoxides and aziridines, and (2) the installation of up to halomethylenic groups on trifluoroimidoylacetyl chlorides (TFAICs) for preparing CF3-containing halo- and halomethylaziridines. Collectively, we demonstrate that the initial homologation event generated by the installation of the carbenoid, upon modulation of the conditions, serves as a tool for creating fluorinated building blocks in a single operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional automotive homologation processes aim to ensure the safety of vehicles on public roads. Autonomous Vehicles (AV) with Artificial Intelligence (AI) are difficult to account for in these conventional processes. This research aims to map and attempt to close the gaps in the areas of testing and approval of such automated and connected vehicles. During our research into the homologation process of traditional vehicles; functional safety issues, challenges of AI in safety critical systems, along with questions of cyber security were investigated. Our process focuses on the integration of the already existing functions and prototypes into new products safely. As a key result, we managed to identify the main gaps between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and automotive technology: the rigidity of the automotive homologation process, functional safety, AI in safety critical areas and we propose a solution.

Reactions of two magnesium(I) compounds, [{(ArNacnac)Mg}2] (ArNacnac=[HC(MeCNAr)2]−; Ar=mesityl (Mes) or o‐xylyl (Xyl)), with CO in the presence of [Mo(CO)6] lead to the reductive hexamerization of CO, and formation of magnesium benzenehexolate complexes, [{(ArNacnac)Mg}6(C6O6)]. [Mo(CO)6] is not consumed in these reactions, but is apparently required to initiate (or catalyze) the CO hexamerizations. A range of studies were used to probe the mechanism of formation of the benzenehexolate complexes. The magnesium(I) reductive hexamerizations of CO are closely related to Liebig's reduction of CO with molten potassium (to give K6C6O6, amongst other products), originally reported in 1834. As the mechanism of that reaction is still unknown, it seems reasonable that magnesium(I) reductions of CO could prove useful homogeneous models for its elucidation, and for the study of other C−C bond forming reactions that use CO as a C1 feedstock (e.g. the Fischer–Tropsch process). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermodynamic and kinetic control of a chemical process is the key to access desired products and states. Changes are made when a desired product is not accessible; one may manipulate the reaction with additional reagents, catalysts and/or protecting groups. Here we report the use of carbon dioxide to accelerate cyanohydrin synthesis under neutral conditions with an insoluble cyanide source (KCN) without generating toxic HCN. Under inert atmosphere, the reaction is essentially not operative due to the unfavored equilibrium. The utility of CO2‐mediated selective cyanohydrin synthesis was further showcased by broadening Kiliani–Fischer synthesis under neutral conditions. This protocol offers an easy access to a variety of polyols, cyanohydrins, linear alkylnitriles, by simply starting from alkyl‐ and arylaldehydes, KCN and an atmospheric pressure of CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method of constructing "ArSCF 2 CF 2 Cu" from ArSCu and TMSCF 2 Br (TMS=trimethylsilyl) has been developed. The cross-coupling reactions of the obtained "ArSCF 2 CF 2 Cu" with diverse aryl iodides (Ar'I) provide an efficient access to Ar'CF 2 CF 2 SAr. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the "ArSCF 2 CF 2 Cu" species were generated through controllable double difluoromethylene insertions into ArS-Cu bonds rather than the 1,2-addition of ArSCu to tetrafluoroethylene., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)