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63 results on '"glasma"'

1. Effect of Longitudinal Fluctuations of 3D Weizsäcker–Williams Field on Pressure Isotropization of Glasma.

Author: Matsuda, Hidefumi and Huang, Xu-Guang
Subjects: *ENERGY density, *ELECTROMAGNETIC fields, *YANG-Mills theory, *FLUCTUATIONS (Physics)
Abstract: We investigate the effects of boost invariance breaking on the isotropization of pressure in the glasma, using a 3+1D glasma simulation. The breaking is attributed to spatial fluctuations in the classical color charge density along the collision axis. We present numerical results for pressure and energy density at mid-rapidity and across a wider rapidity region. It is found that, despite varying longitudinal correlation lengths, the behaviors of the pressure isotropizations are qualitatively similar. The numerical results suggest that, in the initial stage, longitudinal color electromagnetic fields develop, similar to those in the boost invariant glasma. Subsequently, these fields evolve into a dilute glasma, expanding longitudinally in a manner akin to a dilute gas. We also show that the energy density at mid-rapidity exhibits a 1 / τ decay in the dilute glasma stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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2. Effect of Longitudinal Fluctuations of 3D Weizsäcker–Williams Field on Pressure Isotropization of Glasma

Author: Hidefumi Matsuda and Xu-Guang Huang
Subjects: relativistic heavy-ion collisions, classical Yang–Mills theory, glasma, Science, Astrophysics, QB460-466, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: We investigate the effects of boost invariance breaking on the isotropization of pressure in the glasma, using a 3+1D glasma simulation. The breaking is attributed to spatial fluctuations in the classical color charge density along the collision axis. We present numerical results for pressure and energy density at mid-rapidity and across a wider rapidity region. It is found that, despite varying longitudinal correlation lengths, the behaviors of the pressure isotropizations are qualitatively similar. The numerical results suggest that, in the initial stage, longitudinal color electromagnetic fields develop, similar to those in the boost invariant glasma. Subsequently, these fields evolve into a dilute glasma, expanding longitudinally in a manner akin to a dilute gas. We also show that the energy density at mid-rapidity exhibits a 1/τ decay in the dilute glasma stage.
Published: 2024
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3. Gluon transport equation with effective mass and dynamical onset of Bose–Einstein condensation

Author: Liao, Jinfeng [Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States). Physics Dept. and Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter; Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). RIKEN Research Center]
Published: 2016
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4. Jet momentum broadening in the pre-equilibrium Glasma

Author: A. Ipp, D.I. Müller, and D. Schuh
Subjects: Heavy ion collisions, Glasma, Color glass condensate, Jets, Momentum broadening, Lattice gauge theory, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: Jets are important probes of heavy ion collisions as they can provide information on the interaction of a highly energetic parton with the medium it traverses. In the hydrodynamic stage of dense, strongly interacting matter, these interactions can be explained in terms of scattering processes, soft gluon emission and collinear parton splittings. However, jets originate even before the hydrodynamic stage. Here we report on the first numerical simulation of transverse momentum broadening of jets stemming from the interaction of partons with boost-invariantly expanding Glasma flux tubes. The Glasma stage is a pre-hydrodynamic stage based on the Color Glass Condensate framework. Our calculation shows strong time-dependence and an intrinsic anisotropy of momentum broadening in the directions transverse to the jet propagation direction.
Published: 2020
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5. Photons from thermalizing matter in heavy ion collisions.

Author: Khachatryan, Vladimir, Schenke, Björn, Chiu, Mickey, Drees, Axel, Hemmick, Thomas K., and Novitzky, Norbert
Subjects: *HEAVY ion collisions, *PHOTONS, *QUANTUM chromodynamics, *THERMAL analysis, *QUARK-gluon plasma, *ELECTROMAGNETIC fields
Abstract: Abstract We investigate the production of direct photons in heavy ion collisions within the modified bottom–up thermalization scenario, which we show to be related to the thermalizing Glasma framework. The dynamics of the parton system up to thermalization/equilibration can be described by two momentum scales, by means of which we express the photon invariant yield excluding the prompt pQCD contribution. We derive an analytic formula, which provides an estimate of photon production from thermalizing matter for a wide range of collision systems and energies. We compare the yield with that measured in the PHENIX Au + Au run04 and the combined run07 + run10 data sets at s N N = 200 GeV. We also make theory-data comparisons for Pb + Pb at 2760 GeV and d + Au at 200 GeV collision energies. Finally, we make predictions for the direct photon invariant yield from collisions of U + U , Cu + Au , He 3 + Au at 200 GeV and Pb + Pb at 5020 GeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2018
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6. Broken boost invariance in the Glasma via finite nuclei thickness.

Author: Ipp, Andreas and Müller, David
Subjects: *INVARIANTS (Mathematics), *HEAVY ions, *STANDARD deviations, *LORENTZ transformations, *COMPOUND nucleus
Abstract: We simulate the creation and evolution of non-boost-invariant Glasma in the early stages of heavy ion collisions within the color glass condensate framework. This is accomplished by extending the McLerran–Venugopalan model to include a parameter for the Lorentz-contracted but finite width of the nucleus in the beam direction. We determine the rapidity profile of the Glasma energy density, which shows deviations from the boost-invariant result. Varying the parameters both broad and narrow profiles can be produced. We compare our results to experimental data from RHIC and find surprising agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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7. Odd azimuthal anisotropy of the Glasma for pA scattering.

Author: McLerran, Larry and Skokov, Vladimir
Subjects: *ANISOTROPY, *YANG-Mills theory, *QUARK-gluon plasma, *PROTON sources, *QUANTUM chromodynamics, *ANGULAR momentum (Nuclear physics)
Abstract: In this paper we analytically extract the odd azimuthal anisotropy in the Classical Yang–Mills equations for the Glasma for pA collisions. We compute the first non-trivial term in the expansion of the proton sources of color charge. The computation is valid in the limit of a large nucleus when the produced particle momenta are larger than the saturation momentum of the proton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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8. Early Time Dynamics of Gluon Fields in High Energy Nuclear Collisions.

Author: Kapusta, Joseph I., Chen, Guangyao, Fries, Rainer J., and Li, Yang
Subjects: *COLLISIONS (Nuclear physics), *GLUONS, *PHASE transitions, *YANG-Mills theory, *ENERGY momentum relationship, *HEAVY ion collisions
Abstract: Nuclei colliding at very high energy create a strong, quasi-classical gluon field during the initial phase of their interaction. We present an analytic calculation of the initial space-time evolution of this field in the limit of very high energies using a formal recursive solution of the Yang-Mills equations. We provide analytic expressions for the initial chromo-electric and chromo-magnetic fields and for their energy-momentum tensor. In particular, we discuss event-averaged results for energy density and energy flow as well as for longitudinal and transverse pressure of this system. Our results are generally applicable if τ < 1 / Q s . The transverse energy flow of the gluon field exhibits hydrodynamic-like contributions that follow transverse gradients of the energy density. In addition, a rapidity-odd energy flow also emerges from the non-abelian analog of Gauss' Law and generates non-vanishing angular momentum of the field. We will discuss the space-time picture that emerges from our analysis and its implications for observables in heavy ion collisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2016
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9. Two-gluon rapidity correlations of strong colour field in pp, pA and AA collisions.

Author: Zhao, Ye-Yin, Xu, Ming-Mei, Zhang, Heng-Ying, and Wu, Yuan-Fang
Subjects: *COLLISIONS (Nuclear physics), *NUCLEAR energy, *MOMENTUM (Mechanics), *GLUONS, *ANGULAR correlations (Nuclear physics)
Abstract: Using the CGC formalism, we calculate the two-gluon rapidity correlations of strong colour fields in pp , pA and AA collisions, respectively. If one trigger gluon is fixed at central rapidity, a ridge-like correlation pattern is obtained in symmetry pp and AA collisions, and a huge bump-like correlation pattern is presented in asymmetry pA collisions. It is demonstrated that long-range ridge-like rapidity correlations are caused by the stronger correlation with the gluon of colour source. These features are independent of the azimuthal angular of two selected gluon. They are qualitatively consistent with current observed data at LHC. The transverse momentum and incident energy dependence of the ridge and bump-like correlations are also systematically studied. The ridge is more likely observed at higher incident energy and lower transverse momentum of trigger gluon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2016
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10. Gluon transport equations with condensate in the small angle approximation.

Author: Blaizot, Jean-Paul and Liao, Jinfeng
Subjects: *QUARK-gluon plasma, *TRANSPORT equation, *BOSE-Einstein condensation, *PARTICLES (Nuclear physics), *SCATTERING (Physics)
Abstract: We derive the set of kinetic equations that control the evolution of gluons in the presence of a condensate. We show that the dominant singularities remain logarithmic when the scattering involves particles in the condensate. This allows us to define a consistent small angle approximation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2016
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11. Gluon transport equation with effective mass and dynamical onset of Bose–Einstein condensation.

Author: Blaizot, Jean-Paul, Jiang, Yin, and Liao, Jinfeng
Subjects: *GLUONS, *TRANSPORT equation, *BOSE-Einstein condensation, *SCATTERING (Physics), *THERMAL neutrons
Abstract: We study the transport equation describing a dense system of gluons, in the small scattering angle approximation, taking into account medium-generated effective masses of the gluons. We focus on the case of overpopulated systems that are driven to Bose–Einstein condensation on their way to thermalization. The presence of a mass modifies the dispersion relation of the gluon, as compared to the massless case, but it is shown that this does not change qualitatively the scaling behavior in the vicinity of the onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2016
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12. Shear viscosity of classical fields using the Green-Nakano-Kubo formula on a lattice

Author: Matsuda, Hidefumi and Matsuda, Hidefumi
Published: 2021

13. The ridge through colored glass

Author: Venugopalan, R.
Published: 2014
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14. Gluon transport equation in the small angle approximation and the onset of Bose–Einstein condensation

Author: Liao
Published: 2013
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15. グリーン久保公式に基づく、古典格子場が持つずり粘性の解析

Author: Matsuda, Hidefumi, 大西, 明, 菅沼, 秀夫, and 田中, 貴浩
Subjects: Shear viscosity, Relativistic heavy-ion collisions, Glasma, Linear response theory, Classical field
Published: 2021

16. 2+1 dimensional gauge systems in Bjorken expanding space-times

Author: Hotzy, Paul
Subjects: Classical statistical simulation, heavy-ion collisions, Glasma
Abstract: Wir f��hren klassisch statistische Simulationen f��r SU(2) Eichtheorien in einer 2+1 dimensionalen Bjorken expandierenden Raumzeit mit besonderem Interesse am dynamischen Verhalten auf gro��en Zeitskalen durch. Motiviert durch die fr��hen Stadien ultrarelativistischer Schwerionenkollisionen vergleichen wir die Boostinvarianten Glasma-Anfangsbedingungen mit Gau��schen Anfangsbedingungen unter Verwendung derselben expandierenden Bjorken-Metrik und untersuchen allgemeine sp��tzeitliche Merkmale der gluonischen Plasmen. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Dynamik des Energie-Impuls-Tensors und seiner Komponenten, auf die Dynamik von Korrelationsfunktionen von Eich- und chromo-elektrischen Feldern im Impulsraum sowie auf die Berechnung von Verteilungsfunktionen gelegt. Wir stellen fest, dass Systeme mit diesen unterschiedlichen Anfangsbedingungen zu sp��ten Zeiten ihrer dynamischen Entwicklung unterschiedliche Eigenschaften aufweisen, was durch die sp��tzeitlichen Eigenschaften des skalaren Sektors f��r 2+1-dimensionale Eichsysteme, die eine Bj��rken-Expansion durchlaufen, erkl��rt weden kann. Wir beobachteten, dass das Glasma im Gegensatz zu den Gau��schen Anfangsbedingungen einen Zustand der linearen skalaren Teilchenproduktion erreicht. Wir sammeln Indizien daf��r, dass die Unterschiede in der Dynamik beider Systeme von Beitr��gen h��herer Ordnung von zusammenh��ngender n-Punkt-Korrelationsfunktionen herr��hren. Dieses lineare Wachstum der durchschnittlichen skalaren Teilchenzahlen ist f��r einen linearen Anstieg des Energiedichtebeitrags aus dem longitudinalen chromo-elektrischen Feld im Vergleich zu anderen Beitr��gen zur Energiedichte verantwortlich. Wir beobachten weiterhin ein schnelles Einfrieren der gluonischen Verteilungsfunktion und eine nichttriviale Entwicklung der skalaren Verteilungsfunktion selbst zu sp��ten Zeiten, was das Argument daf��r erh��rtet, dass der skalare Sektor f��r die ��nderungen in der sp��tzeitlichen Dynamik verantwortlich ist. Unsere Ergebnisse legen au��erdem nahe, dass sich das Glasma keinem klaren Quasiteilchen Bild n��hert, was bedeutet, dass der ��bergang zu einer kinetischen Theorie kritisch zu hinterfragen ist., We conduct classical statistical simulations for SU(2) gauge theories in a 2+1 dimensional Bjorken expanding space-time with a particular interest in the dynamical behaviour at large time scales. Motivated by the early stages of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, we compare boost invariant Glasma initial conditions with Gaussian initial conditions using the same Bjorken expanding metric, and study general late-time features of the gluonic plasmas. Particular emphasis is put on the dynamics of the energy stress-tensor and its components, on the dynamics of correlation functions of gauge and chromo-electric fields in momentum space, and on the computation of distribution functions. We find that systems with these different sets of initial conditions show different properties at late times of their dynamical evolution, which is imposed by the late-time properties of the scalar sector for 2+1 dimensional gauge systems undergoing Bjorken expansion. We observe that in contrast to the Gaussian initial conditions the Glasma reaches a state of linear scalar particle production. We collect evidence that the differences in the dynamics for both systems stem from higher-order contributions of connected n-point correlation functions. This linear growth of the average scalar particle numbers is responsible for a linear increase of the energy density contributi- on from the longitudinal chromo-electric field when compared to other contributions to the energy density. We further observe a rapid freezing of the gluonic distribution function, and a nontrivial evolution of the scalar distribution function even at late times which substantiate the argument for the scalar sector being responsible for the changes in the late-time dynamics. Our results further suggest that the Glasma does not approach a clear quasi-particle picture which implies that the transition to a kinetic theory has to be treated with caution.
Published: 2021
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17. Factorization, the Glasma and the Ridge in heavy ion collisions.

Author: Venugopalan, Raju
Subjects: *HEAVY ion collisions, *FIELD theory (Physics), *COLLISIONS (Nuclear physics), *DEEP inelastic collisions, *PARTICLES (Nuclear physics), *PHYSICS
Abstract: High energy heavy ion collisions can be efficiently described as the collision of two sheets of Color Glass Condensate. The dynamics of the collision can be studied ab initio in a systematic effective field theory approach. This requires factorization theorems that separate the initial state evolution of the wave functions with energy from the final state interactions that produce matter with high energy densities called the Glasma. We discuss how this matter is formed, its remarkable properties and its relevance for understanding thermalization of the Quark Gluon Plasma in heavy ion collisions. Long range rapidity correlations in the collision that have a remarkable ridge like structure may allow us to probe early times in the collision and infer directly the properties of the Glasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2008
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18. The Glasma, photons and the implications of anisotropy.

Author: McLerran, Larry and Schenke, Björn
Subjects: *ANISOTROPY, *QUARK-gluon interactions, *STATISTICAL physics, *PHOTON emission, *HEAVY ion collisions
Abstract: We introduce distribution functions for quarks and gluons in the Glasma and discuss how they satisfy various relationships of statistical physics. We use these distributions to compute photon production in the early stages of heavy ion collisions. Photon rates satisfy geometric scaling, that is, the emission rate per unit area scales as a function of the saturation momenta divided by the transverse momentum of the photon. Photon distributions from the Glasma are steeper than those computed in the Thermalized Quark Gluon Plasma (TQGP). Both the delayed equilibration of the Glasma and a possible anisotropy in the pressure lead to slower expansion and mean times of photon emission of fixed energy are increased. This delayed emission might allow for larger photon elliptic flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2014
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19. Jet momentum broadening in the pre-equilibrium Glasma

Author: Andreas Ipp, David I. Müller, and Daniel Schuh
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Theory, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Parton, Glasma, 01 natural sciences, Color-glass condensate, Momentum, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), High Energy Physics - Lattice, Lattice gauge theory, 0103 physical sciences, Jets, Momentum broadening, Heavy ion collisions, Color glass condensate, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, Jet (fluid), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat), lcsh:QC1-999, Gluon, Transverse plane, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics::Experiment, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Jets are important probes of heavy ion collisions as they can provide information on the interaction of a highly energetic parton with the medium it traverses. In the hydrodynamic stage of dense, strongly interacting matter, these interactions can be explained in terms of scattering processes, soft gluon emission and collinear parton splittings. However, jets originate even before the hydrodynamic stage. Here we report on the first numerical simulation of transverse momentum broadening of jets stemming from the interaction of partons with boost-invariantly expanding Glasma flux tubes. The Glasma stage is a pre-hydrodynamic stage based on the Color Glass Condensate framework. Our calculation shows strong time-dependence and an intrinsic anisotropy of momentum broadening in the directions transverse to the jet propagation direction., 6 pages, 4 figures, published in PLB
Published: 2020

20. Initial state, parton saturation and thermalization.

Author: McLerran, L.
Subjects: *HEAVY ion collisions, *PARTONS, *QUARK-gluon plasma, *LARGE Hadron Collider, *HADRONS, *NUCLEAR physics experiments
Abstract: Abstract: The early time behavior of heavy ion collisions involves new forms of matter such as the Color Glass Condensate and the Glasma. An area of much recent work involves attempts to understand the development of the Glasma into a thermalized Quark Gluon Plasma. The evolution of the Glasma involves turbulent Yang–Mills fields, and might also have condensates and non-trivial topological excitations. The proton–nucleus collision experiments at the LHC accelerator may provide unique insight into these forms of matter and the role they play at various times in hadronic collisions. I introduce and review aspects of these forms of matter as related to experiments at the LHC and RHIC accelerators. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2014
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21. Kinetic evolution of the glasma and thermalization in heavy-ion collisions.

Author: Huang, Xu-Guang and Liao, Jinfeng
Subjects: *HEAVY ion collisions, *THERMAL neutrons, *COLLISION theory (Chemistry), *GLUONS, *PHENOMENOLOGY, *HYDRODYNAMICS, *RELATIVISTIC particles, *QUARK-gluon plasma
Abstract: In relativistic heavy-ion collisions, a highly occupied gluonic matter is created shortly after initial impact, which is in a nonthermal state and often referred to as the Glasma. Successful phenomenology suggests that the glasma evolves rather quickly toward the thermal quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and a hydrodynamic behavior emerges at a very early time ~ô(1) fm/c. Exactly how such "apparent thermalization" occurs and connects the initial conditions to the hydrodynamic onset, remains a significant challenge for theory as well as phenomenology. We briefly review various ideas and recent progress in understanding the approach of the glasma to the thermalized QGP, with an emphasis on the kinetic theory description for the evolution of such far-from-equilibrium and highly overpopulated, thus weakly-coupled yet strongly interacting glasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2014
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22. Observable signatures of initial state momentum anisotropies in nuclear collisions

Author: Björn Schenke, Chun Shen, Giuliano Giacalone, Institut de Physique Théorique - UMR CNRS 3681 (IPHT), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Particle physics, Nuclear Theory, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, transverse momentum, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, glasma, Color-glass condensate, Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), charged particle: multiplicity, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), quantum molecular dynamics: relativistic, 0103 physical sciences, Effective field theory, 5020 GeV-cms/nucleon, Multiplicity (chemistry), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Nuclear Experiment, numerical calculations, initial state, Nuclear Physics, Physics, Observable, nucleus nucleus: scattering, momentum: anisotropy, Charged particle, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, correlation, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], Transverse momentum, hydrodynamics, 200 GeV-cms/nucleon, color glass condensate, model: hybrid, Centrality
Abstract: We show that the correlation between the elliptic momentum anisotropy, $v_2$, and the average transverse momentum, $[p_T]$, at fixed multiplicity in small system nuclear collisions carries information on the origin of the observed momentum anisotropy. A calculation using a hybrid IP-Glasma+\textsc{Music}+UrQMD model that includes contributions from final state response to the initial geometry as well as initial state momentum anisotropies of the Color Glass Condensate, predicts a characteristic sign change of the correlator $\hat{\rho}(v_2^2,[p_T])$ as a function of charged particle multiplicity in p+Au and d+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200\,{\rm GeV}$, and p+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02\,{\rm TeV}$. This sign change is absent in calculations without initial state momentum anisotropies. The model further predicts a qualitative difference between the centrality dependence of $\hat{\rho}(v_2^2,[p_T])$ in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200\,{\rm GeV}$ and Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02\,{\rm TeV}$, with only the latter showing a sign change in peripheral events. Predictions for O+O collisions at different collision energy show a similar behavior. Experimental observation of these distinct qualitative features of $\hat{\rho}(v_2^2,[p_T])$ in small and large systems would constitute strong evidence for the presence and importance of initial state momentum anisotropies predicted by the Color Glass Condensate effective theory., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2020
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23. Gluon transport equation in the small angle approximation and the onset of Bose–Einstein condensation.

Author: Blaizot, Jean-Paul, Liao, Jinfeng, and McLerran, Larry
Subjects: *GLUONS, *TRANSPORT theory, *APPROXIMATION theory, *BOSE-Einstein condensation, *RELATIVISTIC energy, *HEAVY ion collisions
Abstract: Abstract: In this paper, we study the evolution of a dense system of gluons, such as those produced in the early stages of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. We describe the approach to thermal equilibrium using the small angle approximation for gluon scattering in a Boltzmann equation that includes the effects of Bose statistics. In the present study we ignore the effect of the longitudinal expansion, i.e., we restrict ourselves to spatially uniform systems, with spherically symmetric momentum distributions. Furthermore we take into account only elastic scattering, i.e., we neglect inelastic, number changing, processes. We solve the transport equation for various initial conditions that correspond to small or large initial gluon phase-space densities. For a small initial phase-space density, the system evolves towards thermal equilibrium, as expected. For a large enough initial phase-space density the equilibrium state contains a Bose condensate. We present numerical evidence that such over-populated systems reach the onset of Bose–Einstein condensation in a finite time. The approach to condensation is characterized by a scaling behavior that we briefly analyze. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2013
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24. Production of photons and dileptons in the Glasma

Author: Chiu, Mickey, Hemmick, Thomas K., Khachatryan, Vladimir, Leonidov, Andrey, Liao, Jinfeng, and McLerran, Larry
Subjects: *PHOTONS, *DILEPTON production, *HEAVY ion collisions, *DISTRIBUTION (Probability theory), *PLASMA gases, *ATOMIC mass, *ELECTROMAGNETIC fields
Abstract: Abstract: We study the production of photons and dileptons during the pre-equilibrium Glasma stage in heavy ion collisions and discuss the implications in light of the PHENIX data. We find that the measured distributions of such electromagnetic emissions, while having some features not well understood if hypothesized to entirely arise from a thermalized Quark–Gluon Plasma, have some qualitative features that might be described after including effects from a thermalizing Glasma. The shape and centrality dependence of the transverse momentum spectra of the so-called “thermal photons” are well described. The mass and transverse momentum dependence of intermediate mass dileptons also agree with our estimates. The low transverse momenta from which the excessive dileptons (in low to intermediate mass region) arise is suggestive of emissions from a Bose condensate. We also predict the centrality dependence of dilepton production. Uncertainties in the current approach and improvements in the future are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2013
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25. COLOR GLASS CONDENSATE AND GLASMA.

Author: GELIS, FRANÇOIS
Subjects: *QUARK-gluon plasma, *PHASE transitions, *HADRONS, *THERMAL neutrons, *CONDENSATION, *HEAVY ion collisions, *QUANTUM chromodynamics
Abstract: We review the color glass condensate effective theory, that describes the gluon content of a high energy hadron or nucleus, in the saturation regime. The emphasis is put on applications to high energy heavy ion collisions. After describing initial state factorization, we discuss the glasma phase, that precedes the formation of an equilibrated quark-gluon plasma. We end this review with a presentation of recent developments in the study of the isotropization and thermalization of the quark-gluon plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2013
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26. The evolving Glasma

Author: Fukushima, Kenji and Gelis, François
Subjects: *SPACETIME, *COLLISIONS (Nuclear physics), *EQUATIONS of motion, *HEAVY ion collisions, *NUCLEAR models, *FLUCTUATIONS (Physics), *NUMERICAL analysis
Abstract: Abstract: We extensively study the growing behavior of the energy and the pressure components depending on the space–time rapidity in the framework of the Glasma, which describes the early-time dynamics in the ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We simulate the Glasma solving the classical equations of motion in the SU(2) Yang–Mills theory and systematically investigate the dependence of the Glasma instability on the model parameters. We have checked that the transverse and longitudinal grid sizes in our simulation are large enough to handle cutoff effects under control. By comparing the numerical results from several initial conditions with different magnitudes of instability seed and also those with different wave-numbers for rapidity fluctuations, we clearly see that unstable modes dominantly grow up in the linear regime and we also confirm non-linear effects in the time evolution. To extract more detailed information on the evolving Glasma, we decompose the energy into the components in terms of rapidity wave-numbers. We observe an energy flow from low wave-number modes into higher wave-number modes due to non-linearity in the equations of motion. We find that the energy spectrum approaches an asymptotic scaling that is consistent with Kolmogorovʼs power-law form even in the expanding system of the Glasma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2012
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27. The status of parton saturation and the CGC

Author: Blaizot, J.P.
Subjects: *PARTONS, *MATTER, *HEAVY ion collisions, *RELATIVITY (Physics), *PHYSICS periodicals, *QUANTUM chromodynamics
Abstract: Abstract: This is a personal summary of the meeting “Saturation, the Color Glass Condensate and Glasma: What Have we Learned from RHIC?” that took place at BNL in May 2010. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the status of high density QCD and parton saturation, and to review the progress that RHIC has allowed in the field. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2011
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28. Multiplicity distributions and long range rapidity correlations

Author: Lappi, T.
Subjects: *MULTIPLICITY of nuclear particles, *DISTRIBUTION (Probability theory), *PAIRING correlations (Nuclear physics), *HEAVY ion collisions, *GLUONS, *QUANTUM chromodynamics
Abstract: Abstract: The physics of the initial conditions of heavy ion collisions is dominated by the nonlinear gluonic interactions of QCD. These lead to the concepts of parton saturation and the Color Glass Condensate (CGC). We discuss recent progress in calculating multigluon correlations in this framework, prompted by the observation that these correlations are in fact easier to compute in a dense system (nucleus–nucleus) than a dilute one (proton–proton). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2011
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29. On the gluon spectrum in the glasma

Author: Blaizot, J.-P., Lappi, T., and Mehtar-Tani, Y.
Subjects: *QUARK-gluon plasma, *SPECTRUM analysis, *COLLISIONS (Nuclear physics), *CONDENSATION, *YANG-Mills theory, *NUMERICAL analysis, *APPROXIMATION theory, *COULOMB potential, *GAUGE field theory
Abstract: Abstract: We study the gluon distribution in nucleus–nucleus collisions in the framework of the Color Glass Condensate. Approximate analytical solutions are compared to numerical solutions of the nonlinear Yang–Mills equations. We find that the full numerical solution can be well approximated by taking the full initial condition of the fields in Coulomb gauge and using a linearized solution for the time evolution. We also compare -factorized approximations to the full solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2010
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30. The Color Glass Condensate.

Author: Gelis, Francois, Iancu, Edmond, Jalilian-Marian, Jamal, and Venugopalan, Raju
Subjects: *PHENOMENOLOGY, *FIELD theory (Physics), *GLUONS, *HADRONS, UNIVERSE
Abstract: We provide a broad overview of the theoretical status and phenomenological applications of the color glass condensate effective field theory, which describes universal properties of saturated gluons in hadron wave functions that are extracted from deep-inelastic scattering and hadron-hadron collision experiments at high energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2010
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31. Long range rapidity correlations as seen in the STAR experiment

Author: Lappi, T. and McLerran, L.
Subjects: *ANGULAR correlations (Nuclear physics), *HEAVY ion collisions, *PHYSICS experiments, *FLUCTUATIONS (Physics), *QUARK-gluon plasma, *NUCLEAR physics
Abstract: Abstract: We analyze long range rapidity correlations observed in the STAR experiment at RHIC. Our goal is to extract properties of the two particle correlation matrix, accounting for the analysis method of the STAR experiment. We find a surprisingly large correlation strength for central collisions of gold nuclei at highest RHIC energies. We argue that such correlations cannot be the result of impact parameter fluctuations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2010
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32. Three-particle correlation from Glasma flux tubes

Author: Dusling, Kevin, Fernández-Fraile, Daniel, and Venugopalan, Raju
Subjects: *HEAVY ion collisions, *PARTICLES (Nuclear physics), *NUCLEAR models, *HEAVY ions, *MAGNETIC flux, *MAGNETIC fields
Abstract: Abstract: We compute three particle correlations in the Glasma flux tube model of high energy heavy ion collisions. We obtain a simple geometrical picture of these correlations; when convoluted with final state radial flow, it results in distinct predictions for the near side three particle correlation in central heavy ion collisions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2009
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33. Glittering Glasmas

Author: Gelis, F., Lappi, T., and McLerran, L.
Subjects: *GLUONS, *MAGNETIC flux, *MULTIPLICITY of nuclear particles, *COLOR, *BOSE-Einstein condensation, *ELECTROMAGNETIC induction, *DISTRIBUTION (Probability theory)
Abstract: Abstract: We compute the production of gluons from Glasma color flux tubes. We calculate the probability distribution of gluon multiplicities arising from the distribution of color electric and color magnetic flux tubes found in the Glasma. We show that the result corresponds to the negative binomial probability distribution observed in experiments. The parameter k that characterizes this distribution is proportional to the number of colors and to the number of flux tubes. For one gluon color and one flux tube, the multiplicity distribution is close to a Bose–Einstein distribution. We call this decay process “Glitter”, a term that is explained below. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2009
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34. Glasma flux tubes and the near side ridge phenomenon at RHIC

Author: Dumitru, Adrian, Gelis, François, McLerran, Larry, and Venugopalan, Raju
Subjects: *DEEP inelastic collisions, *MAGNETIC fields, *NUCLEAR physics, *PHYSICS
Abstract: Abstract: We investigate the consequences of long range rapidity correlations in the Glasma. Particles produced locally in the transverse plane are correlated by approximately boost invariant flux tubes of longitudinal color electric and magnetic fields that are formed when two sheets of Colored Glass Condensate pass through one another, each acquiring a modified color charge density in the collision. We argue that such long range rapidity correlations persist during the evolution of the Quark–Gluon Plasma formed later in the collision. When combined with transverse flow, these correlations reproduce many of the features of the recently observed ridge events in heavy ion collisions at RHIC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2008
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35. Forward–backward rapidity correlations in a two-step scenario

Author: Brogueira, P. and Dias de Deus, J.
Subjects: *PARTICLES (Nuclear physics), *NUCLEAR physics, *SOLUTION (Chemistry), *PROPERTIES of matter
Abstract: Abstract: We argue that two-step models, like String and Glasma models, with creation first of sources extended in rapidity that after locally decay into particles, lead to long range forward–backward correlations due to fluctuations in the number or the colour of the sources, and to a similar expression for the correlation parameter b. In the simplest String percolation scenario, b increases with centrality or the number of participating nucleons. However, asymptotically it decreases with energy. This is different from the Glasma model where b increases with both, centrality and energy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Published: 2007
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36. Photons production from the early stages of relativistic heavy ion collisions

Author: Salvatore Plumari, Lucia Oliva, Marco Ruggieri, Francesco Scardina, Guang-Xiong Peng, and Vincenzo Greco
Subjects: Coupling, Physics, Photons, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Photon, Relativistic transport theory, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Relativistic heavy ion collisions, Elliptic flow, Plasma, Glasma, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, Relativistic particle, Gluon, Quantum electrodynamics, 0103 physical sciences, Quark–gluon plasma, Relativistic heavy ion collisions, Glasma, Photons, Relativistic transport theory, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics
Abstract: We present preliminary results about photons production in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The main novelty of our study is the calculation of the contribution of the pre-equilibrium stage to the photon spectrum. The initial stage is modeled by an ensemble of classical gluon fields which decay to a quark-gluon plasma via the Schwinger mechanism, and the evolution of the system is studied by coupling classical field equations to relativistic kinetic theory; photons production is then computed by adding collision processes into the collision integral. We find that the contribution of early stage photons to the direct photon spectrum is substantial in the transverse momentum region p T ≳ 1.5 GeV .
Published: 2017
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37. Topological charge fluctuations in the Glasma

Author: Pablo Guerrero-Rodríguez, Centre de Physique Théorique [Palaiseau] (CPHT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), and École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, heavy ion: scattering, field equations: Yang-Mills, Nuclear Theory, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], color: screening, effect: magnetic, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, glasma, Color-glass condensate, Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, quantum chromodynamics, Effective field theory, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, correlation function, 010306 general physics, Topological quantum number, Gluon field, charge: axial, Quantum chromodynamics, Physics, magnetic field: chiral, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Plane (geometry), Chern-Simons term, Heavy Ion Phenomenology, gluon: density, Gluon, Transverse plane, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, charge: density, Quantum electrodynamics, correlation, charge: topological, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], color glass condensate, lcsh:QC770-798, charge: fluctuation
Abstract: The early-time evolution of the system generated in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions is dominated by the presence of strong color fields known as Glasma fields. These can be described following the classical approach embodied in the Color Glass Condensate effective theory, which approximates QCD in the high gluon density regime. In this framework we perform an analytical first-principles calculation of the two-point correlator of the divergence of the Chern-Simons current at proper time $\tau\!=\!0^+$, which characterizes the early fluctuations of axial charge density in the plane transverse to the collision axis. This object plays a crucial role in the description of anomalous transport phenomena such as the Chiral Magnetic Effect. We compare our results to those obtained under the Glasma Graph approximation, which assumes gluon field correlators to obey Gaussian statistics. While this approach proves to be equivalent to the exact calculation in the limit of short transverse separations, important differences arise at larger distances, where our expression displays a remarkably slower fall-off than the Glasma Graph result ($1/r^4$ vs.\ $1/r^8$ power-law decay). This discrepancy emerges from the non-linear dynamics mapping the Gaussianly-distributed color source densities onto the Glasma fields, encoded in the classical Yang-Mills equations. Our results support the conclusions reached in a previous work, where we found indications that the color screening of correlations in the transverse plane occurs at relatively large distances., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1808.00795
Published: 2019
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38. Momentum broadening in a highly diluted glasma

Author: Schuh, Daniel
Subjects: Momentum broadening, Color Glass Condensate, Glasma, Quark Gluon Plasma
Abstract: Das ��Colour Glass Condensate�� ist ein Modell, das hochenergetische Kerne im Rahmen einer klassischen Feldtheorie beschreibt. Bei der Kollision zweier solcher Kerne entsteht das sogenannte Glasma. Es ist ein Nichtgleichgewichtszustand, aus dem sich nach kurzer Zeit das ��Quark Gluon Plasma�� entwickelt. Wenn durch starke Wechselwirkungen eines Teilchenstrahles oder des ihn erzeugenden Partons mit einem Medium der Strahl nicht vollst��ndig aus dem Medium entkommen und somit den Detektor nur teilweise erreichen kann, spricht man von ��jet quenching��. Diese Wechselwirkungen k��nnen durch die Untersuchung von Impuls��nderungen des Strahles oder des Partons analysiert werden. Die Impulsverbreiterung charakterisiert die Impuls��nderung des Partons, das den Strahl erzeugt. Sie beschreibt die zeitliche ��nderung des gemittelten Impulsquadrates eines Testteilchens im betrachteten Medium und bildet den zentralen Teil dieser Arbeit. Nach einer Wiederholung der bereits bekannten Beschreibung hochenergetischer Kerne im Rahmen des ��Colour Glass Condensate�� werden die boostinvarianten Yang-Mills-Gleichungen vorgestellt, die gemeinsam mit den zugeh��rigen Anfangsbedingungen die Dynamik des Glasmas festlegen. Danach wird ihre bereits bekannte L��sung bis zur zweiten Ordnung verifiziert. Diese L��sung dient als Ausgangsbasis f��r die Analyse der Impulsverbreiterung eines Testteilchens im Glasma, der sich der restliche Teil der Arbeit widmet., The Colour Glass Condensate is a model that describes high energy nuclei in the framework of a classical field theory. When two such nuclei collide, they can create the Glasma, which is the non-equilibrium precursor state of the Quark Gluon Plasma. Jet quenching occurs when a jet or the parton that produces the jet interacts strongly with a medium so that a part of the jet cannot escape to reach the detector. The jet is therefore highly suppressed. Such interactions can be investigated by analysing momentum changes of the parton or the jet. Momentum broadening characterises changes in momentum of the parton that produces the jet. It describes the change in time of the average momentum squared of a test particle in said medium and has already been investigated in various media. It is the central part of this masters thesis. After a review of the description of the colliding high energy nuclei in the Colour Glass Condensate framework, the boost invariant Yang-Mills equations are stated. Together with the corresponding initial conditions, they determine the dynamics of the Glasma. Then, their known solution up to second order is verified. This solution serves as the basis for the following analysis of the momentum broadening in the Glasma, which is the focus of the remaining part of this work.
Published: 2019
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39. Exploring New Small System Geometries in Heavy Ion Collisions

Author: J. Carlson, Diego Lonardoni, Constantinos Loizides, J. L. Nagle, J. D. Orjuela Koop, J. E. Lynn, S. H. Lim, J. Ouellette, Institut de Physique Théorique - UMR CNRS 3681 (IPHT), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: p p: scattering, heavy ion: scattering, Nuclear Theory, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], FOS: Physical sciences, Relativistic Nuclear Collisions, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, glasma, Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), hydrodynamics: viscosity, model: Glauber, 0103 physical sciences, energy: density, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, numerical calculations, Nuclear theory, p nucleus: scattering, quark gluon: plasma, quantum chromodynamics: matter, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Plasma, flow: anisotropy, plasma: droplet, boundary condition, Formalism (philosophy of mathematics), CERN LHC Coll, Heavy ion, Atomic physics, Nucleon, Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Abstract: Relativistic heavy ion collisions produce nuclei-sized droplets of quark-gluon plasma whose expansion is well described by viscous hydrodynamic calculations. Over the past half decade, this formalism was also found to apply to smaller droplets closer to the size of individual nucleons, as produced in $p$$+$$p$ and $p$$+$$A$ collisions. The hydrodynamic paradigm was further tested with a variety of collision species, including $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and $^{3}$He$+$Au producing droplets with different geometries. Nevertheless, questions remain regarding the importance of pre-hydrodynamic evolution and the exact medium properties during the hydrodynamic evolution phase, as well as the applicability of alternative theories that argue the agreement with hydrodynamics is accidental. In this work we explore options for new collision geometries including $p$$+$O and O$+$O proposed for running at the Large Hadron Collider, as well as, $^{4}$He$+$Au, C$+$Au, O$+$Au, and $^{7,9}$Be$+$Au at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider., Comment: 15 pages, 16 figures
Published: 2019
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40. Simulations of the glasma in 3+1D

Author: M��ller, David
Subjects: heavy ion collisions, color glass condensate, particle-in-cell simulation, Glasma, Schwerionenkollisionen, Farbglaskondensat
Abstract: Das Glasma ist ein gluonischer Zustand, welcher in relativistischen Schwerionenkollisionen erzeugt werden kann und nur f��r sehr kurze Zeit existiert, bevor er in das Quark-Gluon-Plasma zerf��llt. Die Existenz des Glasmas ist eine Vorhersage des Farbglaskondensats (engl. ��color glass condensate�� (CGC)). Das CGC ist eine klassische effektive Theorie, welche direkt aus der fundamentaleren Theorie der Quantenchromodynamik abgeleitet werden kann. In vielen analytischen und numerischen Rechnungen im Rahmen des CGCs kommt die boost-invariante N��herung zur Anwendung. In dieser N��herung nimmt man an, dass die d��nne longitudinale Ausdehnung von Atomkernen (also der Lorentz-kontrahierte Durchmesser entlang der Strahlachse bzw. Bewegungsrichtung) infinitesimal ist. Eine Konsequenz dieser N��herung ist, dass das erzeugte Glasma invariant unter Lorentz-Boosts wird und somit effektiv in 2+1 Dimensionen beschrieben werden kann. Observablen, also im Prinzip beobachtbare Gr��en wie die Energiedichte, die Druckkomponenten und die Gluonenbesetzungszahl, sind dadurch per constructionem unabh��ngig von der Rapidit��tskoordinate. Das Thema dieser Dissertation ist eine neue Methode zu entwickeln, mit der man die Annahme der Boost-Invarianz lockern und umgehen kann. Ich beginne mit einer Diskussion ��ber die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Glasmas und des CGCs im boost-invarianten Fall. Als einfaches Modell f��r gro��e, schwere Atomkerne kommt das McLerran-Venugopalan-Modell (MV) zum Einsatz. Die Yang-Mills-Gleichungen, welche die Dynamik des Glasmas bestimmen, k��nnen im Allgemeinen nicht analytisch gel��st werden. Numerische L��sungsmethoden sind somit oft der einzige verl��ssliche Weg, um das Glasma zu untersuchen. Daher wird Echtzeit-Gittereichtheorie ben��tigt, welche die Standardmethode zur numerischen L��sung der Yang-Mills-Gleichungen darstellt. Nach dieser Einf��hrung in die Standardwerkzeuge, welche verwendet werden, um das boost-invariante Glasma zu beschreiben, liegt der Fokus auf der Entwicklung einer numerischen Methode f��r den Fall, dass Boost-Invarianz nicht mehr gilt, also wenn man f��r relativistische Atomkerne eine kleine, aber endliche Ausdehnung entlang der Bewegungsrichtung annimmt. Diese kleine ��nderung f��hrt dazu, dass viele Annahmen und Vereinfachungen, die noch im boost-invarianten Fall verwendet werden konnten, nicht mehr g��ltig sind. Inbesondere muss die Kollision im Laborbzw. Schwerpunktsystem in drei r��umlichen Dimensionen beschrieben werden, anstelle des sich mit dem Glasma mitbewegenden Koordinatensystems im boost-invarianten Szenario. Dieser Koordinatensystemwechsel erfordert unter anderem, dass die Farbladungen der Atomkerne explizit ber��cksichtigt werden m��ssen. In numerischen Simulationen gelingt das mit der Particle-in-Cell-Methode, verallgemeinert auf Farbladungen. Die neue numerische Methode wird getestet, indem Kollisionen von Kernen mit endlicher Dicke simuliert werden. Als Anfangsbedingung f��r diese Simulationen dient ein erweitertes MV-Modell, welches einen neuen Parameter f��r longitudinale Ausdehnung besitzt. Es wird gezeigt, dass die neue Methode das boost-invariante Szenario als Grenzfall beschreiben kann. Weiters wird auch die Anisotropie der Druckkomponenten des dreidimensionalen Glasmas untersucht, wobei nur wenige Unterschiede zum boost-invarianten, zweidimensionalen Glasma festgestellt werden k��nnen. Anders verh��lt es sich mit der Brechung der Boost-Invarianz: betrachtet man die Energiedichte des Glasmas im lokalen Ruhesystem, kann eine starke Rapidit��tsabh��ngigkeit festgestellt werden, welche durch die Dicke der kollidierenden Kerne beeinflusst wird. Im Vergleich mit experimentellen Resultaten von echten Kollisionsexperimenten zeigt sich, dass mit diesem sehr einfachen Modell realistische Rapidit��tsprofile erzeugt werden k��nnen. Die numerische Methode, welche f��r dreidimensionale Kollisionssimulationen entwickelt wurde, ist auf die Wahl der Simulationsparameter sensibel und kann in gewissen F��llen instabil werden. Die Ursache dieser numerischen Instabilit��t wurde identifiziert und eine Erweiterung der urspr��nglichen Methode entwickelt, welche sich als stabil erweist. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese neue Methode eichkovariant ist und das Gau��sche Gesetz w��hrend der Simulation auch f��r gro��e Zeitschritte erf��llt bleibt., The Glasma is a gluonic state of matter which can be created in collisions of relativistic heavy ions. It only exists for a short period of time before it evolves into the quark-gluon plasma. The existence of the Glasma is a prediction of a first-principles classical effective theory of high energy quantum chromodynamics called the color glass condensate (CGC). In many analytical and numerical calculations within the CGC framework, the boost invariant approximation is employed. It assumes that the Lorentz-contracted longitudinal extent of the nuclei can be approximated as infinitesimally thin. Consequently, the Glasma produced from such a collision is boost invariant and can be effectively described in 2+1 dimensions. Observables of interest such as energy density, pressure or gluon occupation number of the boost invariant Glasma are by construction independent of rapidity. The main topic of this thesis is to study how the assumption of infinitesimally thin nuclei can be relaxed. First, we discuss the properties of the CGC and Glasma by starting with the boost invariant case. The McLerran-Venugopalan (MV) model is used as a simple model for large heavy nuclei. The Yang-Mills equations, which govern the dynamics of the Glasma, generally cannot be solved analytically. Numerical solutions to these equations are therefore often the only reliable approach to studying the Glasma. We discuss the methods of real time lattice gauge theory, which are the usual approach to numerically solving the Yang-Mills equations in a gauge-covariant manner. Having established the standard tools used to describe the boost invariant Glasma, we focus on developing a numerical method for the non-boost-invariant setting where nuclei are assumed to be thin, but of finite longitudinal extent. This small change is in conflict with a number of simplifications and assumptions that are used in the boost invariant case. In particular, one has to describe the collisions in 3+1 dimensions in the laboratory or center-of-mass frame, compared to the co-moving frame of the traditional method. The change of frame forces the explicit inclusion of the color charges of nuclei. In numerical simulations this is achieved using the colored particle-in-cell method. The new method is tested using a version of the MV model which includes a parameter for longitudinal thickness. It reproduces the boost invariant setting as a limiting case. Studying the pressure components of the Glasma, one finds that the Glasma in 3+1 dimensions does not differ much from the boost invariant case and that the pressure anisotropy remains large. On the other hand, one finds that the energy density of the Glasma depends on rapidity due to the explicit breaking of boost invariance. The width of the observed rapidity profiles is controlled by the thickness of the colliding nuclei. Using only a very simple model for nuclei, the profiles can be shown to agree with experimental data. If simulation parameters are not carefully chosen, the numerical scheme employed in the 3+1D method suffers from a numerical instability. To eliminate this instability, a completely new numerical scheme for real-time lattice gauge theory is developed. This new scheme is shown to be gauge-covariant and conserves the Gauss constraint even for large time steps.
Published: 2019
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41. Impact of Glasma on heavy quark RAA and ν2 in nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC

Author: Gabriele Coci, Sumanta Das, Vincenzo Greco, Y. Sun, Marco Ruggieri, and Salvatore Plumari
Subjects: Quark, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Heavy quark, Field (physics), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear modification factor, Elliptic flow, Nuclear Theory, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Glasma, 01 natural sciences, Charm quark, Nuclear physics, medicine.anatomical_structure, Drag, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Nucleus, Gluon field
Abstract: We study the effect of the strong quasi-classical gluon field produced in the pre-thermal equilibrium stage of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions (RHICs) on the evolution of heavy quarks. It is shown that this field leads to an initial enhancement of the nuclear modification factor (RAA) of charm quarks at large pT. After the further evolution in the QGP phase, we find a larger interaction strength, which is necessary to obtain the RAA measured in experiments, compared to the standard drag and diffusion dynamics without the inclusion of this pre-thermal equilibrium stage. Moreover, we find a larger final elliptic flow ν2 is obtained, that is quite close to the experimental measurements.
Published: 2021
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42. Initial correlations of the Glasma energy-momentum tensor

Author: Javier L. Albacete, Cyrille Marquet, Pablo Guerrero-Rodríguez, Centre de Physique Théorique [Palaiseau] (CPHT), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, heavy ion: scattering, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], Nuclear Theory, color: screening, FOS: Physical sciences, field equations: classical, 01 natural sciences, glasma, Color-glass condensate, Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, Effective field theory, Stress–energy tensor, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, correlation function, 010306 general physics, flux tube, impact parameter, Gluon field, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, fluctuation, Equations of motion, gluon, Heavy Ion Phenomenology, Gluon, Transverse plane, transverse, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Quantum electrodynamics, covariance, correlation, tensor: energy-momentum, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], infrared, color glass condensate, quark: valence, lcsh:QC770-798, Impact parameter
Abstract: We present an analytical calculation of the covariance of the energy-momentum tensor associated to the gluon field produced in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions at early times, the Glasma. This object involves the two-point and single-point correlators of the energy-momentum tensor ($\langle T^{\mu\nu}(x_{\perp})T^{\sigma\rho}(y_{\perp})\rangle$ and $\langle T^{\mu\nu}(x_{\perp})\rangle$, respectively) at proper time $\tau\!=\!0^+$. Our approach is based on the Color Glass Condensate effective theory, which allows us to map the fluctuations of the valence color sources in the colliding nuclei to those of the energy-momentum tensor of the produced gluon fields via the solution of the classical equations of motion in the presence of external currents. The color sources in the two colliding nuclei are characterized by Gaussian correlations, albeit in more generality than in the McLerran-Venugopalan model, allowing for non-trivial impact parameter and transverse dependence of the two-point correlator. We compare our results to those obtained under the Glasma Graph approximation, finding agreement in the limit of short transverse separations. However, important differences arise at larger transverse separations, where our result displays a slower fall-off than the Glasma Graph result ($r^{-2}$ vs $r^{-4}$ power-law decay), indicating that the color screening of the correlations in the transverse plane occurs at distances larger than $1/Q_s$ by a logarithmic factor sensitive to the infrared. In the Glasma flux tube picture, this implies that the color domains are larger than originally estimated., Comment: Final published version
Published: 2018
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43. Heavy quark momentum diffusion coefficient in 3D gluon plasma.

Author: Boguslavski, K., Kurkela, A., Lappi, T., and Peuron, J.
Subjects: *DIFFUSION coefficients, *OVERTIME, *QUARKS, *ELECTRIC fields, *PLASMA equilibrium, *GLUONS, *QUARK models
Abstract: We study the heavy-quark momentum diffusion coefficient in far from equilibrium gluon plasma in a self-similar regime using real-time lattice techniques. We use 3 methods for the extraction: an unequal time electric field 2-point correlator integrated over the time difference, a spectral reconstruction (SR) method based on the measured equal time electric field correlator and a kinetic theory (KT) formula. The time-evolution of the momentum diffusion coefficient extracted using all methods is consistent with an approximate t − 1 2 power law. We also study the extracted diffusion coefficient as a function of the upper limit of the time integration and observe that including the infrared enhancement of the equal-time correlation function in the SR calculation improves the agreement with the data for transient time behavior considerably. This is a gauge invariant confirmation of the infrared enhancement previously observed only in gauge fixed correlation functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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44. Impact of Glasma on heavy quark RAA and ν2 in nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC.

Author: Sun, Y., Coci, G., Das, S.K., Plumari, S., Ruggieri, M., and Greco, V.
Subjects: *HEAVY nuclei, *QUARKS, *HEAVY ion collisions, *GLUONS
Abstract: We study the effect of the strong quasi-classical gluon field produced in the pre-thermal equilibrium stage of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions (RHICs) on the evolution of heavy quarks. It is shown that this field leads to an initial enhancement of the nuclear modification factor (R AA) of charm quarks at large p T. After the further evolution in the QGP phase, we find a larger interaction strength, which is necessary to obtain the R AA measured in experiments, compared to the standard drag and diffusion dynamics without the inclusion of this pre-thermal equilibrium stage. Moreover, we find a larger final elliptic flow ν 2 is obtained, that is quite close to the experimental measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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45. Exploring Longitudinal Observables with 3+1D IP-Glasma.

Author: McDonald, Scott, Jeon, Sangyong, and Gale, Charles
Subjects: *HEAVY ion collisions, *MULTIPLICITY of nuclear particles, *FACTORIZATION, *LEAD
Abstract: We present a formulation of the initial state of heavy ion collisions that generalizes the 2+1D boost invariant IP-Glasma [B. Schenke, P. Tribedy, R. Venugopalan, Fluctuating Glasma initial conditions and flow in heavy ion collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012) 252301.] to 3+1D through JIMWLK rapidity evolution of the pre-collision Wilson lines. The rapidity dependence introduced by the JIMWLK evolution leads us to modify the initial condition for the gauge fields, and to solve Gauss' law iteratively in order to allow for temporal evolution on a 3-dimensional lattice. While the transverse physics of QGP has been studied nearly exhaustively, the effect of longitudinal fluctuations introduced by the JIMWLK evolution has yet to be studied in detail phenomenologically. Hence, we couple our 3+1D IP-Glasma model to MUSIC+UrQMD, for completely 3+1D simulations of heavy ion collisions. Specifically, we consider Pb-Pb collisions at s = 2.76 TeV and study the rapidity dependence of the charged hadron ν n (η) via the η -dependent flow factorization ratios r n (η a , η b) as measured by CMS [V. Khachatryan, et al., Evidence for transverse momentum and pseudorapidity dependent event plane fluctuations in PbPb and pPb collisions, Phys. Rev. C 92 (3) (2015) 034911.], as well as the charged hadron multiplicity dN ch / dη. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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46. Linear and non-linear flow modes in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} =$ 2.76 TeV

Author: Acharya, Shreyasi, Adamova, Dagmar, Aiola, Salvatore, Bielcikova, Jana, Williams, Crispin, Willsher, Emily, Windelband, Bernd Stefan, Witt, William Edward, Yalcin, Serpil, Yamakawa, Kosei, Yang, Ping, Yano, Satoshi, Yin, Zhongbao, Yokoyama, Hiroki, Bilandzic, Ante, Yoo, In-kwon, Yoon, Jin Hee, Yurchenko, Volodymyr, Zaccolo, Valentina, Zaman, Ali, Zampolli, Chiara, Correa Zanoli, Henrique Jose, Zardoshti, Nima, Zarochentsev, Andrey, Zavada, Petr, Biro, Gabor, Zavyalov, Nikolay, Zbroszczyk, Hanna Paulina, Zhalov, Mikhail, Zhang, Haitao, Zhang, Xiaoming, Zhang, Yonghong, Chunhui, Zhang, Zhang, Zuman, Zhao, Chengxin, Zhigareva, Natalia, Biswas, Rathijit, Zhou, Daicui, Zhou, You, Zhou, Zhuo, Zhu, Hongsheng, Zhu, Jianhui, Zhu, Xiangrong, Zichichi, Antonino, Zimmermann, Alice, Zimmermann, Markus Bernhard, Zinovjev, Gennady, Biswas, Saikat, Zmeskal, Johann, Zou, Shuguang, ALICE Collaboration, Blair, Justin Thomas, Blau, Dmitry, Blume, Christoph, Boca, Gianluigi, Bock, Friederike, Akindinov, Alexander, Bogdanov, Alexey, Boldizsar, Laszlo, Bombara, Marek, Bonomi, Germano, Bonora, Matthias, Book, Julian Heinz, Borel, Herve, Borissov, Alexander, Borri, Marcello, Botta, Elena, Alam, Sk Noor, Bourjau, Christian, Braun-munzinger, Peter, Bregant, Marco, Broker, Theo Alexander, Browning, Tyler Allen, Broz, Michal, Brucken, Erik Jens, Bruna, Elena, Bruno, Giuseppe Eugenio, Budnikov, Dmitry, Bazo Alba, Jose Luis, Buesching, Henner, Bufalino, Stefania, Buhler, Paul, Buncic, Predrag, Busch, Oliver, Buthelezi, Edith Zinhle, Bashir Butt, Jamila, Buxton, Jesse Thomas, Cabala, Jan, Caffarri, Davide, Silva De Albuquerque, Danilo, Caines, Helen Louise, Caliva, Alberto, Calvo Villar, Ernesto, Camerini, Paolo, Capon, Aaron Allan, Carena, Francesco, Carena, Wisla, Carnesecchi, Francesca, Castillo Castellanos, Javier Ernesto, Castro, Andrew John, Aleksandrov, Dmitry, Casula, Ester Anna Rita, Ceballos Sanchez, Cesar, Cerello, Piergiorgio, Chandra, Sinjini, Chang, Beomsu, Chapeland, Sylvain, Chartier, Marielle, Charvet, Jean-luc Fernand, Chattopadhyay, Subhasis, Chattopadhyay, Sukalyan, Alessandro, Bruno, Chauvin, Alex, Cherney, Michael Gerard, Cheshkov, Cvetan Valeriev, Cheynis, Brigitte, Chibante Barroso, Vasco Miguel, Dobrigkeit Chinellato, David, Cho, Soyeon, Chochula, Peter, Choi, Kyungeon, Chojnacki, Marek, Alfaro Molina, Jose Ruben, Choudhury, Subikash, Chowdhury, Tasnuva, Christakoglou, Panagiotis, Christensen, Christian Holm, Christiansen, Peter, Chujo, Tatsuya, Chung, Suh-urk, Cicalo, Corrado, Cifarelli, Luisa, Cindolo, Federico, Alici, Andrea, Cleymans, Jean Willy Andre, Colamaria, Fabio Filippo, Colella, Domenico, Collu, Alberto, Colocci, Manuel, Concas, Matteo, Conesa Balbastre, Gustavo, Conesa Del Valle, Zaida, Connors, Megan Elizabeth, Contreras Nuno, Jesus Guillermo, Alkin, Anton, Cormier, Thomas Michael, Corrales Morales, Yasser, Cortes Maldonado, Ismael, Cortese, Pietro, Cosentino, Mauro Rogerio, Costa, Filippo, Costanza, Susanna, Crkovska, Jana, Crochet, Philippe, Cuautle Flores, Eleazar, Adolfsson, Jonatan, Alme, Johan, Cunqueiro Mendez, Leticia, Dahms, Torsten, Dainese, Andrea, Danisch, Meike Charlotte, Danu, Andrea, Das, Debasish, Das, Indranil, Das, Supriya, Dash, Ajay Kumar, Dash, Sadhana, Alt, Torsten, De, Sudipan, De Caro, Annalisa, De Cataldo, Giacinto, De Conti, Camila, De Cuveland, Jan, De Falco, Alessandro, De Gruttola, Daniele, De Marco, Nora, De Pasquale, Salvatore, Derradi De Souza, Rafael, Altenkamper, Lucas, Franz Degenhardt, Hermann, Deisting, Alexander, Deloff, Andrzej, Deplano, Caterina, Dhankher, Preeti, Di Bari, Domenico, Di Mauro, Antonio, Di Nezza, Pasquale, Di Ruzza, Benedetto, Diaz Corchero, Miguel Angel, Altsybeev, Igor, Dietel, Thomas, Dillenseger, Pascal, Divia, Roberto, Djuvsland, Oeystein, Dobrin, Alexandru Florin, Domenicis Gimenez, Diogenes, Donigus, Benjamin, Dordic, Olja, Van Doremalen, Lennart Vincent, Drozhzhova, Tatiana, Alves Garcia Prado, Caio, Dubey, Anand Kumar, Dubla, Andrea, Ducroux, Laurent, Duggal, Ashpreet Kaur, Dupieux, Pascal, Ehlers Iii, Raymond James, Elia, Domenico, Endress, Eric, Engel, Heiko, Epple, Eliane, An, Mangmang, Erazmus, Barbara Ewa, Erhardt, Filip, Espagnon, Bruno, Esumi, Shinichi, Eulisse, Giulio, Eum, Jongsik, Evans, David, Evdokimov, Sergey, Fabbietti, Laura, Faivre, Julien, Andrei, Cristian, Fantoni, Alessandra, Fasel, Markus, Feldkamp, Linus, Feliciello, Alessandro, Feofilov, Grigorii, Ferencei, Jozef, Fernandez Tellez, Arturo, Gonzalez Ferreiro, Elena, Ferretti, Alessandro, Festanti, Andrea, Andreou, Dimitra, Feuillard, Victor Jose Gaston, Figiel, Jan, Araujo Silva Figueredo, Marcel, Filchagin, Sergey, Finogeev, Dmitry, Fionda, Fiorella, Fiore, Enrichetta Maria, Floris, Michele, Foertsch, Siegfried Valentin, Foka, Panagiota, Andrews, Harry Arthur, Fokin, Sergey, Fragiacomo, Enrico, Francescon, Andrea, Francisco, Audrey, Frankenfeld, Ulrich Michael, Fronze, Gabriele Gaetano, Fuchs, Ulrich, Furget, Christophe, Furs, Artur, Fusco Girard, Mario, Andronic, Anton, Gaardhoeje, Jens Joergen, Gagliardi, Martino, Gago Medina, Alberto Martin, Gajdosova, Katarina, Gallio, Mauro, Duarte Galvan, Carlos, Ganoti, Paraskevi, Gao, Chaosong, Garabatos Cuadrado, Jose, Garcia-solis, Edmundo Javier, Aggarwal, Madan Mohan, Anguelov, Venelin, Garg, Kunal, Garg, Prakhar, Gargiulo, Corrado, Gasik, Piotr Jan, Gauger, Erin Frances, De Leone Gay, Maria Beatriz, Germain, Marie, Ghosh, Jhuma, Ghosh, Premomoy, Ghosh, Sanjay Kumar, Anson, Christopher Daniel, Gianotti, Paola, Giubellino, Paolo, Giubilato, Piero, Gladysz-dziadus, Ewa, Glassel, Peter, Gomez Coral, Diego Mauricio, Gomez Ramirez, Andres, Sanchez Gonzalez, Andres, Gonzalez, Victor, Gonzalez Zamora, Pedro, Anticic, Tome, Gorbunov, Sergey, Gorlich, Lidia Maria, Gotovac, Sven, Grabski, Varlen, Graczykowski, Lukasz Kamil, Graham, Katie Leanne, Greiner, Leo Clifford, Grelli, Alessandro, Grigoras, Costin, Grigoryev, Vladislav, Antinori, Federico, Grigoryan, Ara, Grigoryan, Smbat, Grion, Nevio, Gronefeld, Julius Maximilian, Grosa, Fabrizio, Grosse-oetringhaus, Jan Fiete, Grosso, Raffaele, Gruber, Lukas, Guber, Fedor, Guernane, Rachid, Antonioli, Pietro, Guerzoni, Barbara, Gulbrandsen, Kristjan Herlache, Gunji, Taku, Gupta, Anik, Gupta, Ramni, Bautista Guzman, Irais, Haake, Rudiger, Hadjidakis, Cynthia Marie, Hamagaki, Hideki, Hamar, Gergoe, Anwar, Rafay, Hamon, Julien Charles, Harris, John William, Harton, Austin Vincent, Hassan, Hadi, Hatzifotiadou, Despina, Hayashi, Shinichi, Heckel, Stefan Thomas, Hellbar, Ernst, Helstrup, Haavard, Herghelegiu, Andrei Ionut, Aphecetche, Laurent Bernard, Herrera Corral, Gerardo Antonio, Herrmann, Florian, Hess, Benjamin Andreas, Hetland, Kristin Fanebust, Hillemanns, Hartmut, Hills, Christopher, Hippolyte, Boris, Hladky, Jan, Hohlweger, Bernhard, Horak, David, Appelshaeuser, Harald, Hornung, Sebastian, Hosokawa, Ritsuya, Hristov, Peter Zahariev, Hughes, Charles, Humanic, Thomas, Hussain, Nur, Hussain, Tahir, Hutter, Dirk, Hwang, Dae Sung, Iga Buitron, Sergio Arturo, Arcelli, Silvia, Ilkaev, Radiy, Inaba, Motoi, Ippolitov, Mikhail, Irfan, Muhammad, Isakov, Vladimir, Ivanov, Marian, Ivanov, Vladimir, Izucheev, Vladimir, Jacak, Barbara, Jacazio, Nicolo, Arnaldi, Roberta, Jacobs, Peter Martin, Jadhav, Manoj Bhanudas, Jadlovska, Slavka, Jadlovsky, Jan, Jaelani, Syaefudin, Jahnke, Cristiane, Jakubowska, Monika Joanna, Janik, Malgorzata Anna, Pahula Hewage, Sandun, Jena, Chitrasen, Aglieri Rinella, Gianluca, Arnold, Oliver Werner, Jena, Satyajit, Jercic, Marko, Jimenez Bustamante, Raul Tonatiuh, Jones, Peter Graham, Jusko, Anton, Kalinak, Peter, Kalweit, Alexander Philipp, Kang, Ju Hwan, Kaplin, Vladimir, Kar, Somnath, Arsene, Ionut Cristian, Karasu Uysal, Ayben, Karavichev, Oleg, Karavicheva, Tatiana, Karayan, Lilit, Karpechev, Evgeny, Kebschull, Udo Wolfgang, Keidel, Ralf, Keijdener, Darius Laurens, Keil, Markus, Ketzer, Bernhard Franz, Arslandok, Mesut, Khabanova, Zhanna, Khan, Palash, Khan, Shuaib Ahmad, Khanzadeev, Alexei, Kharlov, Yury, Khatun, Anisa, Khuntia, Arvind, Kielbowicz, Miroslaw Marek, Kileng, Bjarte, Kim, Daehyeok, Audurier, Benjamin, Kim, Do Won, Kim, Dong Jo, Kim, Hyeonjoong, Kim, Jinsook, Kim, Jiyoung, Kim, Minjung, Kim, Minwoo, Kim, Se Yong, Kim, Taesoo, Kirsch, Stefan, Augustinus, Andre, Kisel, Ivan, Kiselev, Sergey, Kisiel, Adam Ryszard, Kiss, Gabor, Klay, Jennifer Lynn, Klein, Carsten, Klein, Jochen, Klein-boesing, Christian, Klewin, Sebastian, Kluge, Alexander, Averbeck, Ralf Peter, Knichel, Michael Linus, Knospe, Anders Garritt, Kobdaj, Chinorat, Kofarago, Monika, Kollegger, Thorsten, Kolozhvari, Anatoly, Kondratev, Valerii, Kondratyeva, Natalia, Kondratyuk, Evgeny, Konevskikh, Artem, Azmi, Mohd Danish, Konyushikhin, Maxim, Kopcik, Michal, Kour, Mandeep, Kouzinopoulos, Charalampos, Kovalenko, Oleksandr, Kovalenko, Vladimir, Kowalski, Marek, Koyithatta Meethaleveedu, Greeshma, Kralik, Ivan, Kravcakova, Adela, Badala, Angela, Krivda, Marian, Krizek, Filip, Kryshen, Evgeny, Krzewicki, Mikolaj, Kubera, Andrew Michael, Kucera, Vit, Kuhn, Christian Claude, Kuijer, Paulus Gerardus, Kumar, Ajay, Kumar, Jitendra, Baek, Yong Wook, Kumar, Lokesh, Kumar, Shyam, Kundu, Sourav, Kurashvili, Podist, Kurepin, Alexander, Kurepin, Alexey, Kuryakin, Alexey, Kushpil, Svetlana, Kweon, Min Jung, Kwon, Youngil, Bagnasco, Stefano, La Pointe, Sarah Louise, La Rocca, Paola, Lagana Fernandes, Caio, Lai, Yue Shi, Lakomov, Igor, Langoy, Rune, Lapidus, Kirill, Lara Martinez, Camilo Ernesto, Lardeux, Antoine Xavier, Lattuca, Alessandra, Agnello, Michelangelo, Bailhache, Raphaelle Marie, Laudi, Elisa, Lavicka, Roman, Lazaridis, Lazaros, Lea, Ramona, Leardini, Lucia, Lee, Seongjoo, Lehas, Fatiha, Lehner, Sebastian, Lehrbach, Johannes, Lemmon, Roy Crawford, Bala, Renu, Lenti, Vito, Leogrande, Emilia, Leon Monzon, Ildefonso, Levai, Peter, Li, Shuang, Li, Xiaomei, Lien, Jorgen Andre, Lietava, Roman, Lim, Bong-hwi, Lindal, Svein, Baldisseri, Alberto, Lindenstruth, Volker, Lindsay, Scott William, Lippmann, Christian, Lisa, Michael Annan, Litichevskyi, Vladyslav, Ljunggren, Hans Martin, Llope, William, Lodato, Davide Francesco, Lonne, Per-ivar, Loginov, Vitaly, Ball, Markus, Loizides, Constantinos, Loncar, Petra, Lopez, Xavier Bernard, Lopez Torres, Ernesto, Lowe, Andrew John, Luettig, Philipp Johannes, Lunardon, Marcello, Luparello, Grazia, Lupi, Matteo, Lutz, Tyler Harrison, Baral, Rama Chandra, Maevskaya, Alla, Mager, Magnus, Mahajan, Sanjay, Mahmood, Sohail Musa, Maire, Antonin, Majka, Richard Daniel, Malaev, Mikhail, Malinina, Liudmila, Mal'kevich, Dmitry, Malzacher, Peter, Barbano, Anastasia Maria, Mamonov, Alexander, Manko, Vladislav, Manso, Franck, Manzari, Vito, Mao, Yaxian, Marchisone, Massimiliano, Mares, Jiri, Margagliotti, Giacomo Vito, Margotti, Anselmo, Margutti, Jacopo, Barbera, Roberto, Marin, Ana Maria, Markert, Christina, Marquard, Marco, Martin, Nicole Alice, Martinengo, Paolo, Lucio Martinez, Jose Antonio, Martinez Hernandez, Mario Ivan, Martinez-garcia, Gines, Martinez Pedreira, Miguel, Mas, Alexis Jean-michel, Barile, Francesco, Masciocchi, Silvia, Masera, Massimo, Masoni, Alberto, Masson, Erwann, Mastroserio, Annalisa, Mathis, Andreas Michael, Matyja, Adam Tomasz, Mayer, Christoph, Mazer, Joel Anthony, Mazzilli, Marianna, Barioglio, Luca, Mazzoni, Alessandra Maria, Meddi, Franco, Melikyan, Yuri, Menchaca-rocha, Arturo Alejandro, Meninno, Elisa, Mercado-perez, Jorge, Meres, Michal, Mhlanga, Sibaliso, Miake, Yasuo, Mieskolainen, Matti Mikael, Barnafoldi, Gergely Gabor, Mihaylov, Dimitar, Mihaylov, Dimitar Lubomirov, Mikhaylov, Konstantin, Milano, Leonardo, Milosevic, Jovan, Mischke, Andre, Mishra, Aditya Nath, Miskowiec, Dariusz Czeslaw, Mitra, Jubin, Mitu, Ciprian Mihai, Agrawal, Neelima, Barnby, Lee Stuart, Mohammadi, Naghmeh, Mohanty, Bedangadas, Khan, Mohammed Mohisin, Montes Prado, Esther, Moreira De Godoy, Denise Aparecida, Perez Moreno, Luis Alberto, Moretto, Sandra, Morreale, Astrid, Morsch, Andreas, Muccifora, Valeria, Ramillien Barret, Valerie, Mudnic, Eugen, Muhlheim, Daniel Michael, Muhuri, Sanjib, Mukherjee, Maitreyee, Mulligan, James Declan, Gameiro Munhoz, Marcelo, Munning, Konstantin, Munzer, Robert Helmut, Murakami, Hikari, Murray, Sean, Bartalini, Paolo, Musa, Luciano, Musinsky, Jan, Myers, Corey James, Myrcha, Julian Wojciech, Naik, Bharati, Nair, Rahul, Nandi, Basanta Kumar, Nania, Rosario, Nappi, Eugenio, Narayan, Amrendra, Barth, Klaus, Naru, Muhammad Umair, Ferreira Natal Da Luz, Pedro Hugo, Nattrass, Christine, Rosado Navarro, Sebastian, Nayak, Kishora, Nayak, Ranjit, Nayak, Tapan Kumar, Nazarenko, Sergey, Nedosekin, Alexander, Negrao De Oliveira, Renato Aparecido, Bartsch, Esther, Nellen, Lukas, Nesbo, Simon Voigt, Ng, Fabian, Nicassio, Maria, Niculescu, Mihai, Niedziela, Jeremi, Nielsen, Borge Svane, Nikolaev, Sergey, Nikulin, Sergey, Nikulin, Vladimir, Basile, Maurizio, Nobuhiro, Akihide, Noferini, Francesco, Nomokonov, Petr, Nooren, Gerardus, Cabanillas Noris, Juan Carlos, Norman, Jaime, Nyanin, Alexander, Nystrand, Joakim Ingemar, Oeschler, Helmut Oskar, Oh, Saehanseul, Bastid, Nicole, Ohlson, Alice Elisabeth, Okubo, Tsubasa, Olah, Laszlo, Oleniacz, Janusz, Oliveira Da Silva, Antonio Carlos, Oliver, Michael Henry, Onderwaater, Jacobus, Oppedisano, Chiara, Orava, Risto, Oravec, Matej, Basu, Sumit, Ortiz Velasquez, Antonio, Oskarsson, Anders Nils Erik, Otwinowski, Jacek Tomasz, Oyama, Ken, Pachmayer, Yvonne Chiara, Pacik, Vojtech, Pagano, Davide, Pagano, Paola, Paic, Guy, Palni, Prabhakar, Bathen, Bastian, Pan, Jinjin, Pandey, Ashutosh Kumar, Panebianco, Stefano, Papikyan, Vardanush, Pappalardo, Giuseppe, Pareek, Pooja, Park, Jonghan, Parmar, Sonia, Passfeld, Annika, Pathak, Surya Prakash, Batigne, Guillaume, Paticchio, Vincenzo, Patra, Rajendra Nath, Paul, Biswarup, Pei, Hua, Peitzmann, Thomas, Peng, Xinye, Pereira, Luis Gustavo, Pereira Da Costa, Hugo Denis Antonio, Peresunko, Dmitry Yurevich, Perez Lezama, Edgar, Ahammed, Zubayer, Batista Camejo, Arianna, Peskov, Vladimir, Pestov, Yury, Petracek, Vojtech, Petrov, Viacheslav, Petrovici, Mihai, Petta, Catia, Peretti Pezzi, Rafael, Piano, Stefano, Pikna, Miroslav, Pillot, Philippe, Batyunya, Boris, Ozelin De Lima Pimentel, Lais, Pinazza, Ombretta, Pinsky, Lawrence, Piyarathna, Danthasinghe, Ploskon, Mateusz Andrzej, Planinic, Mirko, Pliquett, Fabian, Pluta, Jan Marian, Pochybova, Sona, Podesta Lerma, Pedro Luis Manuel, Batzing, Paul Christoph, Poghosyan, Martin, Polishchuk, Boris, Poljak, Nikola, Poonsawat, Wanchaloem, Pop, Amalia, Poppenborg, Hendrik, Porteboeuf, Sarah Julie, Porter, R Jefferson, Pozdniakov, Valeriy, Prasad, Sidharth Kumar, Bearden, Ian Gardner, Preghenella, Roberto, Prino, Francesco, Pruneau, Claude Andre, Pshenichnov, Igor, Puccio, Maximiliano, Puddu, Giovanna, Pujahari, Prabhat Ranjan, Punin, Valery, Putschke, Jorn Henning, Rachevski, Alexandre, Beck, Hans, Raha, Sibaji, Rajput, Sonia, Rak, Jan, Rakotozafindrabe, Andry Malala, Ramello, Luciano, Rami, 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Riccardo, Rustamov, Anar, Ryabinkin, Evgeny, Ryabov, Yury, Rybicki, Andrzej, Saarinen, Sampo, Sadhu, Samrangy, Sadovskiy, Sergey, Safarik, Karel, Saha, Sumit Kumar, Ahmad, Nazeer, Bellwied, Rene, Sahlmuller, Baldo, Sahoo, Baidyanath, Sahoo, Pragati, Sahoo, Raghunath, Sahoo, Sarita, Sahu, Pradip Kumar, Saini, Jogender, Sakai, Shingo, Saleh, Mohammad Ahmad, Salzwedel, Jai Samuel Nielsen, Espinoza Beltran, Lucina Gabriela, Sambyal, Sanjeev Singh, Samsonov, Vladimir, Sandoval, Andres, Sarkar, Debojit, Sarkar, Nachiketa, Sarma, Pranjal, Sas, Mike Henry Petrus, Scapparone, Eugenio, Scarlassara, Fernando, Scharenberg, Rolf Paul, Belyaev, Vladimir, Scheid, Horst Sebastian, Schiaua, Claudiu Cornel, Schicker, Rainer Martin, Schmidt, Christian Joachim, Schmidt, Hans Rudolf, Schmidt, Marten Ole, Schmidt, Martin, Schuchmann, Simone, Schukraft, Jurgen, Schutz, Yves Roland, Bencedi, Gyula, Schwarz, Kilian Eberhard, Schweda, Kai Oliver, Scioli, Gilda, Scomparin, Enrico, Scott, Rebecca Michelle, Sefcik, Michal, Seger, Janet Elizabeth, Sekiguchi, Yuko, Sekihata, Daiki, Selyuzhenkov, Ilya, Beole, Stefania, Senosi, Kgotlaesele, Senyukov, Serhiy, Serradilla Rodriguez, Eulogio, Sett, Priyanka, Sevcenco, Adrian, Shabanov, Arseniy, Shabetai, Alexandre, Shahoyan, Ruben, Shaikh, Wadut, Shangaraev, Artem, Bercuci, Alexandru, Sharma, Anjali, Sharma, Ankita, Sharma, Mona, Sharma, Monika, Sharma, Natasha, Sheikh, Ashik Ikbal, Shigaki, Kenta, Shou, Qiye, Shtejer Diaz, Katherin, Sibiryak, Yury, Berdnikov, Yaroslav, Siddhanta, Sabyasachi, Sielewicz, Krzysztof Marek, Siemiarczuk, Teodor, Silvermyr, David Olle Rickard, Silvestre, Catherine Micaela, Simatovic, Goran, Simonetti, Giuseppe, Singaraju, Rama Narayana, Singh, Ranbir, Singhal, Vikas, Berenyi, Daniel, Sarkar - Sinha, Tinku, Sitar, Branislav, Sitta, Mario, Skaali, Bernhard, Slupecki, Maciej, Smirnov, Nikolai, Snellings, Raimond, Snellman, Tomas Wilhelm, Song, Jihye, Song, Myunggeun, Bertens, Redmer Alexander, Soramel, Francesca, Sorensen, Soren Pontoppidan, Sozzi, Federica, Spiriti, Eleuterio, Sputowska, Iwona Anna, Srivastava, Brijesh Kumar, Stachel, Johanna, Stan, Ionel, Stankus, Paul, Stenlund, Evert Anders, Berzano, Dario, Stocco, Diego, Strmen, Peter, Alarcon Do Passo Suaide, Alexandre, Sugitate, Toru, Suire, Christophe Pierre, Suleymanov, Mais Kazim Oglu, Suljic, Miljenko, Sultanov, Rishat, Sumbera, Michal, Sumowidagdo, Suharyo, Ahn, Sang Un, Betev, Latchezar, Suzuki, Ken, Swain, Sagarika, Szabo, Alexander, Szarka, Imrich, Szczepankiewicz, Adam, Tabassam, Uzma, Takahashi, Jun, Tambave, Ganesh Jagannath, Tanaka, Naoto, Tarhini, Mohamad, Bhasin, Anju, Tariq, Mohammad, Tarzila, Madalina-gabriela, Tauro, Arturo, Tejeda Munoz, Guillermo, Telesca, Adriana, Terasaki, Kohei, Terrevoli, Cristina, Teyssier, Boris, Thakur, Dhananjaya, Thakur, Sanchari, Bhat, Inayat Rasool, Thomas, Deepa, Tieulent, Raphael Noel, Tikhonov, Anatoly, Timmins, Anthony Robert, Toia, Alberica, Tripathy, Sushanta, Trogolo, Stefano, Trombetta, Giuseppe, Tropp, Lukas, Trubnikov, Victor, Bhati, Ashok Kumar, Trzaska, Wladyslaw Henryk, Trzeciak, Barbara Antonina, Tsuji, Tomoya, Tumkin, Alexandr, Turrisi, Rosario, Tveter, Trine Spedstad, Ullaland, Kjetil, Umaka, Ejiro Naomi, Uras, Antonio, Usai, Gianluca, Bhattacharjee, Buddhadeb, Utrobicic, Antonija, Vala, Martin, Van Der Maarel, Jasper, Van Hoorne, Jacobus Willem, Van Leeuwen, Marco, Vanat, Tomas, Vande Vyvre, Pierre, Varga, Dezso, Diozcora Vargas Trevino, Aurora, Vargyas, Marton, Bhom, Jihyun, Varma, Raghava, Vasileiou, Maria, Vasiliev, Andrey, Vauthier, Astrid, Vazquez Doce, Oton, Vechernin, Vladimir, Veen, Annelies Marianne, Velure, Arild, Vercellin, Ermanno, Vergara Limon, Sergio, Bianchi, Livio, Vernet, Renaud, Vertesi, Robert, Vickovic, Linda, Vigolo, Sonia, Viinikainen, Jussi Samuli, Vilakazi, Zabulon, Villalobos Baillie, Orlando, Villatoro Tello, Abraham, Vinogradov, Alexander, Vinogradov, Leonid, Bianchi, Nicola, Virgili, Tiziano, Vislavicius, Vytautas, Vodopyanov, Alexander, Volkl, Martin Andreas, Voloshin, Kirill, Voloshin, Sergey, Volpe, Giacomo, Von Haller, Barthelemy, Vorobyev, Ivan, Voscek, Dominik, Bianchin, Chiara, Vranic, Danilo, Vrlakova, Janka, Wagner, Boris, Wagner, Jan, Wang, Hongkai, Wang, Mengliang, Watanabe, Daisuke, Watanabe, Yosuke, Weber, Michael, Weber, Steffen Georg, Bielcik, Jaroslav, Weiser, Dennis Franz, Wenzel, Sandro Christian, Wessels, Johannes Peter, Westerhoff, Uwe, Whitehead, Andile Mothegi, Wiechula, Jens, Wikne, Jon, Wilk, Grzegorz Andrzej, Wilkinson, Jeremy John, Willems, Guido Alexander, Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3 (CC-IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), ALICE, Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées ( SUBATECH ), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire ( IMT Atlantique ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Nantes ( UN ), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers ( IRFU ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont ( LPC ), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Clermont Auvergne ( UCA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien ( IPHC ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon ( IPNL ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie ( LPSC ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay ( IPNO ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3 ( CC-IN2P3 ), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: density [entropy], heavy ion: scattering, geometry, higher-order, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], transverse momentum, nucl-ex, glasma, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), ALICE, [ PHYS.HEXP ] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], scattering [heavy ion], [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Nuclear Physics - Experiment, ddc:530, [ PHYS.NEXP ] Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), numerical calculations, Nuclear Experiment, lead, hep-ex, angular correlation, flow: anisotropy, boundary condition, primary [vertex], time projection chamber, rapidity, CERN LHC Coll, linear, viscosity, hydrodynamics, nonlinear, vertex: primary, entropy: density, Particle Physics - Experiment, anisotropy [flow], 2760 GeV/nucleon, experimental results
Abstract: The second and the third order anisotropic flow, $V_{2}$ and $V_3$, are mostly determined by the corresponding initial spatial anisotropy coefficients, $\varepsilon_{2}$ and $\varepsilon_{3}$, in the initial density distribution. In addition to their dependence on the same order initial anisotropy coefficient, higher order anisotropic flow, $V_n$ ($n > 3$), can also have a significant contribution from lower order initial anisotropy coefficients, which leads to mode-coupling effects. In this Letter we investigate the linear and non-linear modes in higher order anisotropic flow $V_n$ for $n=4$, $5$, $6$ with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are done for particles in the pseudorapidity range $|��| < 0.8$ and the transverse momentum range $0.2 < p_{\rm T} < 5.0$ GeV/$c$ as a function of collision centrality. The results are compared with theoretical calculations and provide important constraints on the initial conditions, including initial spatial geometry and its fluctuations, as well as the ratio of the shear viscosity to entropy density of the produced system., 22 pages, 4 captioned figures, authors from page 17, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/3587
Published: 2017
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47. Plasmon mass scale in two dimensional classical nonequilibrium gauge theory

Author: Jarkko Peuron, Tuomas Lappi, and Helsinki Institute of Physics
Subjects: Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, FOS: Physical sciences, plasmon mass, HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS, hiukkasfysiikka, GLUON PRODUCTION, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Power law, INSTABILITIES, High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), Dispersion relation, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Gauge theory, 010306 general physics, Plasmon, Gauge fixing, Physics, ta114, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat), ISOTROPIZATION, heavy-ion collisions, FLUCTUATIONS, EVOLUTION, LATTICE, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, gauge theory, Quantum electrodynamics, Quasiparticle, GLASMA
Abstract: We study the plasmon mass scale in weakly coupled strongly interacting nonabelian gauge theory in a two dimensional configuration that mimics the boost invariant initial color fields in a heavy ion collision. We numerically measure the plasmon mass scale using three different methods: a Hard Thermal Loop (HTL) expression involving the quasiparticle spectrum constructed from Coulomb gauge field correlators, an effective dispersion relation and the measurement of oscillations between electric and magnetic energies after introducing a spatially uniform perturbation to the electric field. We find that the hard thermal loop expression and the uniform electric field measurement are in rough agreement. The effective dispersion relation agrees with other methods within a factor of two. We also study the dependence on time and occupation number, observing similar trends as in three spatial dimensions, where a power law dependence sets in after an occupation number dependent transient time. We observe a decrease of the plasmon mass squared as $t^{\frac{-1}{3}}$ at late times., Comment: 12 pages, 14 figures, matches published version
Published: 2017
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48. Jet momentum broadening in the pre-equilibrium Glasma.

Author: Ipp, A., Müller, D.I., and Schuh, D.
Subjects: *JETS (Nuclear physics), *HEAVY ion collisions, *GLUONS, *LATTICE theory
Abstract: Jets are important probes of heavy ion collisions as they can provide information on the interaction of a highly energetic parton with the medium it traverses. In the hydrodynamic stage of dense, strongly interacting matter, these interactions can be explained in terms of scattering processes, soft gluon emission and collinear parton splittings. However, jets originate even before the hydrodynamic stage. Here we report on the first numerical simulation of transverse momentum broadening of jets stemming from the interaction of partons with boost-invariantly expanding Glasma flux tubes. The Glasma stage is a pre-hydrodynamic stage based on the Color Glass Condensate framework. Our calculation shows strong time-dependence and an intrinsic anisotropy of momentum broadening in the directions transverse to the jet propagation direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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49. The Glasma Epoch in the Young Universe

Author: Smirnov, A. I. and Likhushin, Yu. B.
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

50. Modeling early stages of relativistic heavy ion collisions: Coupling relativistic transport theory to decaying color-electric flux tubes

Author: Salvatore Plumari, Francesco Scardina, A. Puglisi, Marco Ruggieri, Lucia Oliva, and Vincenzo Greco
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Theory, Field (physics), PAIR PRODUCTION, FOS: Physical sciences, WIGNER OPERATOR, Kinetic energy, QUARK-GLUON PLASMA, Nuclear Theory (nucl-th), Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), INSTABILITIES, ANTIQUARK PLASMA, Electric field, PARTICLE-PRODUCTION, EQUATIONS, Physics, Flux tube, ELLIPTIC FLOW, Time evolution, Coupling (probability), FIELDS, QUARK-GLUON PLASMA, PARTICLE-PRODUCTION, ANTIQUARK PLASMA, WIGNER OPERATOR, PAIR PRODUCTION, ELLIPTIC FLOW, EQUATIONS, GLASMA, FIELDS, INSTABILITIES, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Thermalisation, Quark–gluon plasma, GLASMA
Abstract: In this study we model early times dynamics of the system produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions by an initial color electric field which then decays to a plasma by the Schwinger mechanism, coupling the dynamical evolution of the initial color field to the dynamics of the many particles system produced by the decay. The latter is described by relativistic kinetic theory in which we fix the ratio $\eta/s$ rather than insisting on specific microscopic processes. We study isotropization and thermalization of the system produced by the field decay for a static box and for a $1+1$D expanding geometry. We find that regardless of the viscosity of the produced plasma, the initial color electric field decays within $1$ fm/c; however in the case $\eta/s$ is large, oscillations of the field are effective along all the entire time evolution of the system, which affect the late times evolution of the ratio between longitudinal and transverse pressure. In case of small $\eta/s$ ($\eta/s\lesssim0.3$) we find $\tau_{isotropization}\approx 0.8$ fm/c and $\tau_{thermalization}\approx 1$ fm/c in agreement with the common lore of hydrodynamics. Moreover we have investigated the effect of turning from the relaxation time approximation to the Chapman-Enskog one: we find that this improvement affects mainly the early times evolution of the physical quantities, the effect being milder in the late times evolution., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2015

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