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The present paper seeks to conceptualise the notion of complementarity with the help of rail-based commodity flow data in one of the most prominent railway towns in India i.e. PanditDeenDayalUpadhyaya Nagar (Mughal Sarai). Referring to the theoretical notion of 'complementarity' and a modified form of 'gravity model' from the 'Family of Spatial Interaction Models', this research puts an intensive discussion forward on the existing nature of spatial interaction of PanditDeenDayalUpadhyaya Nagar (Mughal Sarai) with its complementary areas and a comparison of these areas in terms of their relative complementarity with the town concerned. The resultant outcome in the form of a Complementarity Index, portrays a different, if not entirely contradictory picture from the crude values of material shipments to PanditDeenDayalUpadhyaya Nagar (Mughal Sarai). This analysis thus well-indicates that merely supplying greater amount of commodities of any kind does not necessarily reflect greater complementarity and vice versa. Therefore, a more comprehensive analysis of commodity flows is imperative to have a deeper insight into the notion of spatial interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to highlight the potential of Conway's theory compared to the classical concept of number with a view to contributing to the development of Epistemological Reference Models for teaching Differential and Integral Calculus. The search for a single answer to the epistemological question "What is a number?" has mobilized Mathematics epistemologists for centuries, considered essential for the foundation of this concept. John Horton Conway, an English mathematician from Princeton University, dedicated himself to researching this issue and resulted in a theory presented in the 1970s. In this article we bring elements about this theory highlighting its contributions to the evolution of the foundation of the concept of number. Conway's definition of number meets the complementarity of the intensional and extensional aspects of this concept, bringing advantages to Mathematics teaching. Scientific investigations and results of teaching practices in the field of teaching have encouraged questions about the importance of the role that the concept of real numbers has for learning Calculus and Real Analysis. Add to this question, and for Mathematics in general, and for the formation of analytical thinking, and for mathematical thinking? The reflections carried out in this article aim to raise epistemological and cognitive aspects about the classical construction of number, seeking to have an impact on current epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La démocratie est un emprunt de la culture occidentale, elle ne peut faire évoluer les peuples africains. Seul le développement de sa propre culture, un développement adapté au sol, au climat et à la race, constitue pour chaque peuple un progrès véritable. Un système ne peut évoluer que s’il est enraciné dans son terroir au sens le plus pur du terme. Les systèmes politiques des pays ne doivent pas adopter les us, les coutumes et les opinions des peuples étrangers. L’enracinement au terroir est une condition fondamentale qui garantit à elle seule, réussite, santé, force et maturité au système politique et au peuple. L’importation de la culture occidentale en RDC a eu des conséquences funestes et a conduit à la décadence qu’on observe partout et surtout après les élections. La RDC doit écarter tous les maux de l’adoption de la culture étrangère y compris la démocratie, et façonner un nouveau moment politique porteur d’une vie nouvelle joyeuse et riche. C’est là une œuvre de grande ampleur qui bouleversera tout et apportera santé, progrès et bonheur.

Résumé : Le présent article vise à explorer davantage le lien assez problématique entre fiction et Histoire car ces deux disciplines sont considérés comme incompatibles et contradictoires puisque l’un est considéré comme fictif et l’autre comme véridique. Depuis la fin du XIXème siècle, plusieurs chercheurs et philosophes n’ont cessé d’ouvrir des débats épistémologiques sur les frontières et la fonction des deux disciplines sans jamais trop réussir à délimiter leurs champs en raison de leur imbrication au point de croire que l’une et l’autre prêtent aux mêmes outils méthodologiques à la même matière. Suite à cet entremêlement, des philosophes américains introduisent une nouvelle approche de l’écriture historiographique : le linguistic turn. Des historiens affirment en effet que cette vérité objective liée à l’Histoire reste toujours de l’ordre du désir. En fait, le linguistic turn est un courant anglo-saxon qui considère que le récit historique s’apparente au récit fictionnel et littéraire, non seulement sur le plan narratif, mais surtout sur l’emploi commun du même langage, d’où la difficulté et l’impossibilité de distinguer entre histoire et fiction. Suivant cette perspective de langage, qui n’est jamais neutre, l’Histoire doit être approchée comme un récit. Autrement dit comme étant une narration d’événements organisée en une histoire cohérente par l’historien où s’entrecroisent science, intuition et conviction idéologique. Nous pouvons donc dire que le linguistic turn, qui coupe l’historiographie de sa fonction référentielle par la mise en place d’une approche linguistico-littéraire, participe à l’instauration d’une relation de complémentarité et d’émulation entre Histoire et fiction.

One of the most significant difficulties of the ICC is the absence of a universal acceptance and, in addition to the constant process of interference in internal affairs in which it is made. We are increasingly seeing the worsening of political critics who advocate, sometimes expressly vehemently, to quit its activities rather than optimizing its functioning. This situation maintains the vagueness of the international community in the fight against transnational crimes. However, suppose we want to fight the most serious crimes that threaten the peace and security of humanity by judicializing solutions. In that case, the complementarity of the Court, which is considered by these States to violate sovereignty, should instead be observed as a legitimate conventional motive that incites to improve the internal system and act effectively at the national level. States must combine both a feeling of preserving their State prestige, contained in the principle of sovereignty and the need to unbridle their national systems that have covered up the crimes that benefit them since the beginning of time.

The end of professional education in alternating (France) or dual structures (Germany) cleary consists in professionalising the learners by offering knowledge, developing competences and in enabling them to get integrated into the communities of practice. This aim is realised in professional schools and at the workplace, from which arises the question -- discussed in this field of research for decades -- on the nature of the relationship between the learning in academic and working contexts. There have been given quite a number of answers to this also in the French speaking discourses. This paper, however, will concentrate on additional answers as suggested by research of Anglo-Saxon origin (connectivity theory, by Guile and Griffith) and by German origin (Komplementaritatstheorie der Bildung, by Jongebloed and Bank). The discussion of the different theoretical approaches leads to a hypothesis, in accordance to which the nexus between the learning of theory and the learning of practical tasks is realised by transfer learning. This hypothesis is first tested in a pilot study that has been carried out in interviewing some of the persons involved: the apprentice-students. The end of professional education in alternating (France) or dual structures (Germany) clearly consists in professionalising the learners by offering knowledge, developing competences and in enabling them to get integrated into the communities of practice. This aim is realised in professional schools and at the workplace, from which arises the question -- discussed in this field of research for decades -- on the nature of the relationship between the learning in academic and working contexts. There have been given quite a number of answers to this also in the French speaking discourses. This paper, however, will concentrate on additional answers as suggested by research of Anglo-Saxon origin (connectivity theory, by Guile and Griffith) and by German origin (Komplementaritatstheorie der Bildung, by Jongebloed and Bank). The discussion of the different theoretical approaches leads to a hypothesis, in accordance to which the nexus between the learning of theory and the learning of practical tasks is realised by transfer learning. This hypothesis is first tested in a pilot study that has been carried out in interviewing some of the persons involved: the apprentice-students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renewal of urban-rural food links is not limited to short and local supply chains. From a geographical perspective, the article looks at hybrid chains, with at the most one intermediary but which supply cities from distant and non contiguous hinterlands. Six of these «longdistance short chains» are studied, building on surveys conducted in two French rural regions (around the cities of Amiens and Millau). Due to local pragmatism logics, the «local» nature of these supply chains is perceived in contrasting ways by producers and intermediaries or consumers. Fitnally, these chains are a way for sparsely populated rural areas to take fuller advantage of food relocalization dynamics, but the formation of non contiguous food hinterlands remains a spatially selective process requiring both logistical resources and and situated social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La psychiatrie transculturelle s’intéresse à l’impact de la culture sur la santé mentale et la maladie et remet le patient au centre de la relation en respectant ses manières de faire et de penser, individuellement mais aussi collectivement. La culture définit les représentations ontologiques, les théories étiologiques et les logiques thérapeutiques qui influencent l’expression symptomatologique de la souffrance et les modes de résilience des individus, tout aussi variés que les cultures desquelles elles émergent. Or la psychiatrie occidentale est de la même manière indissociable de la culture dans laquelle elle est née, ce qui pose la question de la souffrance psychique et des soins en situation transculturelle. La psychiatrie transculturelle amène le clinicien à se remettre en question et à élargir la clinique aux questions sociales, géopolitiques et historiques qui teintent les liens du tissu social, les relations de pouvoir et l’accès aux soins pour les individus des communautés culturelles. Comment faire que notre rencontre avec les patients venus d’autres mondes et ne partageant pas la même langue que nous soit éthique? Comment soigner face à l’altérité culturelle? Et quels impacts pour la santé mentale des jeunes d’aujourd’hui qui grandissent dans ces sociétés mondialisées aux défis identitaires complexes qui peuvent mener à des radicalités? Nous proposons dans cet article quelques réponses à ces défis éthiques et cliniques, en passant par le métissage des représentations, gage d’un meilleur vivre ensemble et d’une créativité renouvelée, pour un « ethos de la solidarité » dans les soins en santé mentale.

La finance islamique ne cesse de s’affirmer à l’échelle nationale et internationale en repensant la finance autrement ; une finance au service de l’économie favorisant la relation de partenariat entre les épargnants et les investisseurs. Cette finance dite éthique, participative ou socialement responsable, reste toutefois une finance qui vise avant tout le profit et la création de richesses à travers le financement de l’économie. Par ailleurs, la redistribution équitable de cette richesse produite pour faire bénéficier l’ensemble des acteurs de la société est du ressort d’une autre institution qui est la zakat qui pourrait jouer un rôle central dans l’établissement de l’ordre économique islamique. Cette institution, qui représente le troisième pilier de l’Islam, est l’instrument de base du système économique islamique s'appuyant sur l'idée qu'il n’y aura pas de développement économique sans le développement social ; autrement dit, la croissance optimale de l’économie est tributaire de la décroissance optimale des déficits sociaux. Néanmoins, nous pouvons également avancer que les impôts ont été établis pour répondre à des objectifs sociaux d’équité sociale. Ainsi, nous pourrions se poser les principales questions suivantes : Est-ce que la zakat peut remplacer le système fiscal établi ? Est-ce que le paiement des impôts peut se substituer au paiement de la zakat ? Les deux systèmes, fiscal et Zakataire, sont-ils complémentaires ? Partant d’une analyse comparative entre les composantes de la zakat et les impôts,le présent article tentera ainsi d’apporter des réponses à ces interrogations. Les résultats de notre étude nous ont montrés que la Zakat ne peut en aucun cas remplacer les impôts et que chacun a un rôle à jouer pour la satisfaction des demandes et des exigences de la société. Si le paiement de la Zakat répond à une exigence divine, le paiement de l’impôt est une obligation juridique. Nous pouvons avancer que la Zakat, ce 3ème pilier de l’islam qui est instauré par le grand créateur est un complément à l’impôt apportant ses bienfaits à la société musulmane surtout comme moyen vénéré de financement des besoins sociaux qui enregistrent des déficits chroniques dans les pays comme le nôtre. Les revenus au titre de la Zakat sont affectés aux huit catégories de nécessiteux, cités par le Coran, l’impôt, quant à lui, obéit au principe de non affectation. En plus de ces résultats plausibles, nous allons en expliciter d’autres dans le corps de cet article.

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Transcultural psychiatry is at the confluence of culture, mental health and illness. It places the patient at the centre of the relationship while respecting his or her individual and collective way of thinking and doing. Culture defines ontological representations, explanatory models and therapeutic practices which influence expressions of suffering and specific modes of coping and healing, as diverse as the cultures from which they arise. Yet, Western psychiatry is just as indivisible from the culture from which it emerged, which brings up the question of mental suffering and care in transcultural situations. Transcultural psychiatry brings the clinician to question and widen his or her clinical practice with regards to social, geopolitical and historical issues which colour the bonds in the social fabric, in power imbalances and in access to health care for individuals of cultural minorities. How can we make our consultations with patients from different parts of the world and who speak different languages ethical? How should one care for patients when faced with cultural otherness? And what are the effects on the mental health of today’s youth, who are raised in global societies which generate complex identity challenges that can lead to radicalization? This article offers some answers to these clinical and ethical questions through the hybridization of representations, in order to ensure a harmonious coexistence and a renewed creativity, for an “ethos of solidarity” in mental health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depuis quelques années, on assiste à une croissance des projets de théâtre en langue étrangère dans les établissements scolaires. Ce type de projet étant relativement nouveau, il n’est pas forcément évident pour les professeurs de langue et les intervenants-théâtre de trouver des objectifs communs. Cependant, même si didactique des langues et pratiques théâtrales ont des divergences, elles ont aussi de nombreux points de convergences qui, on l’espère, pourraient constituer la base d’une entité nouvelle.

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La traduction en espagnol du verbe «être» français a toujours présenté des difficultés et des doutes à tous les niveaux d’apprentissage et d’étude de la langue de Cervantès, puisque à un signifiant unique français correspondent deux signifiants espagnols. Outre les aspects purement grammaticaux et sémantiques qu’il faudra rappeler (liés à des principes fonctionnels pour les premiers, et polysémiques pour les seconds), il sera intéressant d’aborder la dualité de l’objet d’étude d’un point de vue culturel, voire philosophique, pour ne pas dire métaphysique. C’est ce que nous tenterons de faire en effectuant un parallélisme entre la complémentarité du binôme verbal «ser» et «estar», et la complémentarité du «couple littéraire» emblématique de Don Quichotte et Sancho Panza.

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L’émergence de vendeurs multicanaux possédant des magasins traditionnels et un site Internet offre un nouveau sujet de recherche dont la modélisation proposée adopte une approche de la ville circulaire. Nous nous sommes efforcés de mettre en évidence l’intérêt potentiel que pourrait avoir un vendeur multicanal à afficher une claire appartenance à l’enseigne traditionnelle. En effet, nous observerons si une stratégie de non-dissociation entre les deux formes de vente est envisageable ou si au contraire nous sommes confrontés à une concurrence interne entre magasins et site Internet d’un même vendeur multIcanal. Risquons-nous un éventuel effet de cannibalisation ?

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Dans un contexte où les logos apposés sur les emballages des produits alimentaires se multiplient, la présente recherche s’intéresse à l’influence de l’accroissement progressif du nombre de labels sur la valorisation du produit. Trois études empiriques ont permis de mesurer l’influence de l’addition des labels de qualité Agriculture Biologique, Fairtrade et Label Rouge sur le consentement à payer de 519 consommateurs français de miel. Elles mettent notamment en évidence un effet de complémentarité, dominant souvent les effets de redondance et de surcharge informationnelle. Cet effet diffère selon les caractéristiques et le nombre des labels associés et est fonction de la confiance accordée à ces labels. Les enseignements de cette recherche incitent les producteurs à associer des labels sur les emballages, lorsque ceux-ci sont concordants en termes de notoriété mais complémentaires en termes d’attributs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cet article présente les modèles multivariés Logit (MVL) et Probit (MVP) qui permettent l’analyse des choix multiples (simultanés) effectués lors d’une même session d’achat. Ils permettent de relâcher l’hypothèse contraignante faite dans les modèles multinomial Logit et Probit selon laquelle la maximisation de l’utilité passe par un choix unique et ainsi d’étudier plus en détail la dynamique concurrentielle au sein d’une catégorie (recherche de variété, complémentarité, substituabilité). Nous illustrons l’utilisation du modèle MVL à paramètres aléatoires dans une application à la catégorie du chocolat. Nous soulignons les avantages et les limites de ces modèles et proposons des voies de recherche futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cette étude porte sur l’importance accordée aux images verbales dans le discours descriptif utilisé en mécanique quantique, et plus précisément sur la conception de la langue scientifique qui est celle de Niels Bohr (1885-1962) : en raison d’une série de considérations techniques, méthodologiques et épistémologiques que nous nous proposons d’analyser in extenso, Bohr considère effectivement que les phénomènes subatomiques ne peuvent être évoqués directement (sans référence au contexte observationnel), par le biais d’un langage dénotatif non figural, mais uniquement de manière métaphorique, détournée, ce qui réduit à ses yeux le discours descriptif des physiciens à « des images et des paraboles ». En examinant les textes de Bohr à la lumière d’un certain nombre de travaux épistémologiques, de commentaires et d’expérimentations auxquels ils ont donné lieu ultérieurement, nous nous proposons de décrire les implications conceptuelles d’une telle prise de position, qui constitue une vraie révolution sur le plan philosophique.

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Competition in forest stands has long been of interest to researchers. However, much of the knowledge originates from empirical studies that examined the effects of competition. For instance, many studies were focused on the effects of the presence of herbaceous species on the development of tree seedlings or the decrease in individual tree growth with increases in stand density. Several models that incorporate competitive effects have been developed to predict tree and stand growth, but with simplified representations of competitive interactions. While these studies provided guidance useful for forest management, they contributed only partially to furthering our understanding of competitive mechanisms. Also, most competition studies were conducted in single-species stands. As competitive interactions occurring in mixed stands are characterized by a higher degree of complexity than those in single-species stands, a better understanding of these mechanisms can contribute to developing optimal management scenarios. The dynamics of forest stands with at least two species may be affected not only by competition, but also by facilitation or complementarity mechanisms. Thus, knowledge of the mechanisms may provide insight into the relative importance of intra- versus inter-specific competition and whether competition is symmetric or asymmetric. Special attention to the implementation of field experimental designs is warranted for mixed stands. While traditional spacing trials are appropriate for single-species stands, the examination of competitive interactions in mixed stands requires more complex experimental designs to examine the relative importance of species combinations. Forest productivity models allow resource managers to test different management scenarios, but again most of these models were developed for single-species stands. As competitive interactions are more complex in mixed stands, models developed to predict their dynamics will need to include more mechanistic representations of competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-translation as a research subject began to attract the attention of translatologists in the late 90s of the last century and especially in the XXIst century. A series of special publications (journals, monographs, theses, articles, etc.) were dedicated to auctorial translation, but very few works offer classifications of such translation. This article is a first attempt to propose some principles and criteria on the basis of which we could classify selftranslations. These criteria are based on our studies aimed at self-translation act and creation of several writers who have practiced it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]