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Chicory is a food with high nutritional. The use of beneficial elements in plants, such as sodium (Na) and silicon (Si), may be important to mitigate nutritional disorders, such as potassium (K) deficiency, but research is lacking on this topic. The objective was to evaluate the effects of sodium and nano-silicon on the nutritional, physiological, growth, and quality parameters of chicory under K deficiency and sufficiency. We used a concentration for sufficient K (3.0 mmol L−1), K-deficiency (1.5 mmol L−1), combined with the lack or presence of Na (2.0 mmol L−1) and Si (2.0 mmol L−1). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with six treatments corresponding to K sufficiency, K-sufficiency with Na, K-sufficiency with Si, K deficiency, K-deficiency with Na, and K-deficiency with Si, with six replications. The following growth variables were evaluated: (i) plant height, (ii) stem diameter, (iii) number of leaves, (iv) leaf area, and (v) plant biomass. Potassium and Si contents in the above ground part and K utilization efficiency were assessed, and the accumulation of K, Na, and Si was calculated. The efficiency of the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the photosynthetic pigments was determined. Electrolyte leakage index and relative water content, as well as phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and leaf firmness index were also determined. We found that supplying nano-Si and Na to a K-deficient nutrient solution increased K accumulation by 60% and 50% and K use efficiency by 79% and 62% compared to plants without supply of those elements. Nano-Si reduced electrolyte leakage, being 41% less than Na in K-deficient chicory. However, when Na was added to a nutrient solution with sufficient potassium, the K use efficiency decreased by 48% compared to sufficient potassium without Na. Under the same condition of sufficient supply of potassium and Na, K accumulation decreased by 20% in chicory compared to sufficient potassium without Na, and the photosynthetic pigments—total chlorophyll and carotenoids—were reduced by 5% and 10%, respectively. Our findings contribute to improve cultivation systems with low supply of K as the supply of Na and nano-Si mitigates the damage caused to the metabolism of chicory under K deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eryngium foetidum exhibits low germination rates and heterogeneous seed maturation. Thus, in order to reduce problems during seedling production, a number of treatments can be used. The aim of this study was to assess the physiological quality of Amazon chicory seeds submitted to water immersion treatments. Two experiments were conducted, under controlled temperature (25 °C) and nursery conditions, with six treatments (0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours) in each. A completely randomized design was used in the controlled condition and random blocks in the nursery. The following were assessed: germination/emergence speed index (GSI/ESI), mean germination/emergence time (MGT/MET), germination/emergence percentage, normal seedling development, fresh weight and dry weight. The data were submitted to linear and secondorder polynomial regression analysis in the R statistical program. Under controlled conditions, Maximum GSI was 4.65 after 18.03 hours of immersion, and for MGT, 12 h of immersion provided a shorter average time (13.76 days) and obtained 39.26% of germinated seeds after 26.27 h of immersion, as well as 19.34% of normal seedlings in 27.97 h. In the nursery, a lower MET was observed after 48 h and mean fresh and dry weight were higher after 12 h (18.47 and 1.44 g, respectively). Thus, water immersion for 12 hours resulted in a shorter germination time and higher fresh and dry weight, and the treatment may have helped reactivate embryo metabolism and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examined the hydrothermal breakdown of biomass into platform chemicals, including acetic acid (AA), formic acid (FA), 5-hydroxy methyl furfural (5-HMF), and levulinic acid (LA). Chicory was selected as feedstock because of its high potential to produce valuable chemicals. Reactions were performed with BSA (benzenesulfonic acid) and LABSA (linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid) as sulfonic acid catalysts. The studies were conducted with different catalyst concentrations (100, 300, and 600 mM) for 110 minutes at 200 °C with a biomass-tosolvent ratio of 1g/25 mL. The variation of product yield and composition on parameters such as time, sulfonic acid concentration, and type of catalyst were investigated. The maximum levulinic acid yields in wt.% achieved through the experiments of this study were 22.65 wt.% (9.05 g/L) for 600 mM BSA and 85.93 wt.% (34.37 g/L) for 600 mM LABSA at 200 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review is to discuss the numerous health-promoting properties of Cichorium intybus L. and bring together a range of publications to broaden knowledge and encourage further research and consideration of the plant use as treatment for a range of conditions. A comprehensive search of articles in Polish and English from 1986–2022 years was carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect using the keywords chicory, Cichorium intybus L., sesquiterpene lactones and their synonyms. Articles were checked for titles, abstracts, and full-text reviews. The first part of the review article discusses chicory, the countries in which it is found, its life cycle or modern cultivation methods, as well as its many uses, which will be discussed in more detail later in the article. The increased interest in plants as medicines or supplements is also briefly mentioned, as well as some limits that are associated with the medical use of plants. In the Results and Discussion section, there is a discussion of the numerous health-promoting properties of Cichorium intybus L. as a whole plant, with its collection of all the components, and we then examine the structure and the individual constituents of Cichorium intybus L. Among these, this article discusses those that can be utilized for causal applications in medicine, including sesquiterpene lactones and polyphenols, mainly known for their anti-cancer properties, although, in this article, their other health-promoting properties are also discussed. The article also examines inulin, a major component of Cichorium intybus L. The Discussion and the Conclusions sections propose directions for more detailed research and the range of factors that may affect specific results, which may have safety implications when used as supplements or medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We recently reported that extract prepared from the aerial part of Cichorium intybus L. (CE) possesses hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties. This paper focuses on the effects of CE on the male rat reproductive system and the effects of this treatment on pregnancy and offspring development. Methods: The experimental male rats received 100 mg/kg bw/day, 500 mg/kg bw/day, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day of CE orally for 60 consecutive days. Rats that received tap water were used as controls. After treatment, we evaluated the effects of CE on the male reproductive system, fertility, and offspring development. Results: For CE-treated male rats, there was a significant increase in the (1) diameter of seminiferous tubules, (2) spermatogenic index, (3) number of total and motile spermatozoa, and (4) testosterone levels. Additionally, there was a decrease in the pre- and post-implantation death of the embryos in the CE-treated group. All pups born from CE-treated males demonstrated normal development. Conclusions: CE treatment significantly improved male reproductive functions. No adverse effects on pregnancy and offspring development were observed when males were treated with CE. Further clinical evaluation of CE should lead to the development of a safe and effective phytodrug for treating male infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Himalaya PartySmart capsule is a polyherbal formulation having liver-protective properties. The polyherbal capsule consists of extracts of six different herbs namely, Phoenix dactylifera, Cichorium intybus, Andrographis paniculata, Vitis vinifera, Phyllanthus amarus and Emblica officinalis. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection was developed to standardize commercial polyherbal capsule using andrographolide and catechin as markers. Two selected markers were separated on the C18 silica gel column by isocratic elution mode using methanol, phosphate buffer (potential of hydrogen 2.5) (70:30, v/v) as mobile phase at 27° and the detection wavelength was 259 nm. The method was validated as per the recommendations of the International Conference on Harmonization Q2 (R1) guidelines. Both the calibration curves exhibited a good linear coefficient of correlation (r2>0.995). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation values indicated that the developed method was sensitive even at low concentrations. The percent relative standard deviation of peak areas was less than 2 % for intra-day and inter-day precision. The recoveries of both markers ranged between 98 %-102 %. Two markers were quantified in polyherbal capsules containing andrographolide (0.72 %, w/w) and catechin (0.94 %, w/w). In conclusion, a specific, precise, accurate and robust reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to determine andrographolide and catechin simultaneously which can be used to monitor the quality control studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal plants of the Asteraceae family are a valuable source of bioactive secondary metabolites, including polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, acetylenes, sesquiterpene lactones, triterpenes, etc. Under stressful conditions, the plants develop these secondary substances to carry out physiological tasks in plant cells. Secondary Asteraceae metabolites that are of the greatest interest to consumers are artemisinin (an anti-malarial drug from Artemisia annua L.—sweet wormwood), steviol glycosides (an intense sweetener from Stevia rebaudiana Bert.—stevia), caffeic acid derivatives (with a broad spectrum of biological activities synthesized from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench—echinacea and Cichorium intybus L.—chicory), helenalin and dihydrohelenalin (anti-inflammatory drug from Arnica montana L.—mountain arnica), parthenolide ("medieval aspirin" from Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip.—feverfew), and silymarin (liver-protective medicine from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.—milk thistle). The necessity to enhance secondary metabolite synthesis has arisen due to the widespread use of these metabolites in numerous industrial sectors. Elicitation is an effective strategy to enhance the production of secondary metabolites in in vitro cultures. Suitable technological platforms for the production of phytochemicals are cell suspension, shoots, and hairy root cultures. Numerous reports describe an enhanced accumulation of desired metabolites after the application of various abiotic and biotic elicitors. Elicitors induce transcriptional changes in biosynthetic genes, leading to the metabolic reprogramming of secondary metabolism and clarifying the mechanism of the synthesis of bioactive compounds. This review summarizes biotechnological investigations concerning the biosynthesis of medicinally essential metabolites in plants of the Asteraceae family after various elicitor treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dalmatian Zagora has experienced significant depopulation trends over recent decades. The area is very interesting because of its rich biodiversity of species as well as its history of the use of wild foods. Since there is a danger of permanent loss of knowledge on the use of wild edibles, we focused our research on recording traditions local to this area. Methods: We conducted interviews with 180 residents. Results: A record was made of 136 species of wild food plants and 22 species of edible mushrooms gathered in the area. The most frequently collected species are Rubus ulmifolius Schott, Cornus mas L., Portulaca oleracea L., Asparagus acutifolius L., Sonchus spp., Morus spp., Taraxacum spp., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Cichorium intybus L., and Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin. Conclusions: The list of taxa used is typical for other (sub-)Mediterranean parts of Croatia; however, more fungi species are used. The most important finding of the paper is probably the recording of Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix, a wild vegetable used in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymer blend composite films based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) incorporated with varying amounts of chicory extract (CE) have been developed by the green solution casting technique. The impact of CE content on structural, thermal, mechanical and electrical properties was thoroughly examined. The existence of intermolecular interactions in the blend composite was confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The x‐ray diffraction pattern proved the successful preparation of PVA/CS/CE composite film. The scanning electron microscopy images of the composites showed shape and grain size for the different bio‐filler contents. The thermal transition temperature of the blend composites was significantly improved by the addition of CE extract deduced from differential scanning calorimetry. The dielectric study showed that the permittivity remarkably increases with decreasing frequency and maximum dielectric constant was observed for 15 wt% loading. The activation energy obtained from the AC conductivity decreased as the temperature increased. The addition of CE extract improved the hardness and tensile strength of the PVA/CS blend composite in comparison with a pristine pure blend. The controllable mechanical, thermal, optical, and electrical characteristics of the PVA/CS blend composite suggest that it might be an attractive optical material for the advancement of futuristic flexible‐type optoelectronic and energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purslane (P), chard (CHA), and chicory (CHI) leaf extracts are individually and traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Polyphenols, flavonoids, the polyphenolic profile of the extracts, and their antioxidant activity were determined. This study evaluated the antidiabetic activity of combinations of these extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetic groups were administered orally and daily for 40 days with the investigated extracts at 250 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) or metformin (100 mg/kg b.w.) as a drug. Fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, insulin, and fructosamine were assessed. The combined extracts with high levels of P or CHI exerted potent hypoglycemic activity compared with metformin in addition to the restoration of the histopathological changes in the liver and pancreas of diabetic rats to a near-normal state. Therefore, these combined extracts could be developed as natural drugs for diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.; witloof) is a crisp bitter leafy vegetable, popularly used in western cuisine in salads and soups (leaves) and as an alternative to coffee (roasted roots). In this study, we explored the effect of heat processing under various temperatures and for different durations on the nutritional composition of chicory leaves using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and principal component analysis (PCA). "Vintor" chicory leaves were processed and homogenized to obtain lyophilized samples, and their moisture content and pH were measured. Heat processing was conducted at 4, 30, 60, and 100°C. Metabolites were extracted and analyzed using GC/MS. The results were statistically analyzed using multiple t‐tests and Tukey–Kramer method. A PCA was conducted using standardized data. A lower temperature (≤60°C) positively influenced the concentrations of nutritional components (sugars, free amino acids, and organic acids), branched‐chain amino acids (which reportedly improve exercise performance), and γ‐aminobutyric acid (which exerts antihypertensive effects). Whereas, a higher temperature (100°C) and microwave processing induced the generation of low‐molecular‐weight sugars from polysaccharides and glycosides, decreased free amino acid concentrations, and caused heat‐induced aminocarbonyl reactions. This study provides valuable information for enhancing the flavor profiles and potential health benefits of chicory leaves by identifying the optimal heat processing parameters for preserving the desired nutritional value. Practical Application: The palatability, nutritional content, and health benefits of chicory have been evaluated based on its inherent constituents, but changes in these parameters during food processing remain unclear. Heating at 30 and 60°C activated secondary metabolism in chicory, increasing the amino acid and organic acid concentrations, whereas heating at 100°C and microwave processing increased the sugar concentrations in chicory. Thus, the nutritional value and potential health benefits of chicory could be enhanced by processing it under controlled temperatures; the findings are valuable for both consumers and food processing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution by industrial waste, including brown coal mining, is one of the environmental problems of many countries. To improve the ecological situation in the region, it is necessary to recultivate soils contaminated with brown coal waste. The goal of the study was to study the possibility of biorecultivation of soils polluted with brown coal waste from the Lenger deposit located in the south of Kazakhstan. It was found that the inorganic part of the brown coal waste is represented by minerals: Quartz SiO2, Gypsum CaSO4×2H2O, Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4, Cronstedtite Fe3((Si0.74 Fe0.26)2O5)(OH)4, Margarite CaAl2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)2, Muscovite H2KAl3(SiO4)3, Calcite CaCO3, Laumontite CaAl2Si4O12(H2O)2, Lead Aluminium Sulfate Hydroxide Pb0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6, with quartz content in samples in the range of 61.5-92.9%. The organic part of the waste is 90.0% made up of humic acids and fulvic acids. It has been established that heterotrophic, cellulolytic microflora and micromycetes are represented by the genera Rhodococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Penicillium; Trichoderma, Dietzia, promising for biorecultivation purposes. The phytocenosis of coal waste dumps is composed of toxicotolerant ruderal plant species of the local flora: Centaurea scabiosa L., Centaurea iberica Trev., Cichorium intybus Linn., Cousinia cyrdariensis Kult., Achilleamille folium L., Thlaspiar vense L., Arctiumto mentosum Mill., Onopórduma cánthium L., Agropyron cristatum L., Phlum pratense L., Erytrigia repens L., Nevski/Agropyron repens L., Cynodon dactylon L., Capparis spinosa L., Polygonum aviculare L., Dodartia orientalis L., Althaea officinales L., Alhagipseud alhagi (Bieb.)Desv., Peganum harmala L. For biorecultivation of soils contaminated with brown coal waste, an algorithm of work has been developed, including the use of soil blocks with integrated seeds of toxicotolerant plants inoculated with microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the positive role of chitosan and ascorbic acid (AsA) in modulating drought stress has been discovered in plants, there is no available data on their co-application on medicinal plants under water limitation. The present study aimed to discover the effect of chitosan and AsA on plant growth and physio-biochemical attributes of common chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) at different irrigation regimes. A split plot factorial experiment was carried out with the main plot of irrigation regimes at 60 mm, 90 mm, and 120 mm evaporation from Class A pan as normal irrigation, moderate, and severe drought, respectively, and foliar application of chitosan (50 mM and 100 mM) and AsA (4 mM) in the subplots during 2020 and 2021. The results showed that without chitosan and AsA, severe drought stress led to decreased shoot yield (59%), root yield (32%), chlorophyll (Chl, 30%), relative water content (RWC, 20%), saturated fatty acid (SFAs, 23%), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs, 12%) but increased electrolyte leakage (EL, 23%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, 10%) compared with normal irrigation. However, the interactions of chitosan and AsA with an adjusting role in drought improved the growth and biochemical attributes. Total phenolic content (TPC) in plants exposed to moderate drought and sprayed with chitosan at 50 mM or AsA was higher than other treatments. The heat map showed that TPC and shoot yield represented the high variability during the experiment, which can be determined as indicators for discovering the physiological and biochemical changes in common chicory. The present work suggested the co-application of chitosan at 50–100 mM and AsA at 4 mM can alleviate drought stress on common chicory in arid and semiarid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cichorium intybus, commonly known as chicory or coffee weed has been utilized since ancient times to treat an array of conditions relating to the kidney, heart, and liver. The aim of present study was to demonstrate Cichorium intybus's potential for antioxidant activity. This study was designed to examine the antioxidant capacity of Cichorium intybus leaf samples that were collected from Uttarakhand. To accomplish this purpose, the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capability assay were used to determine the free radical potential for each extract (methanol, and ethyl acetate) of leaf sample including the positive control of ascorbic acid. The plant leaf extract showed strong radical scavenging activities for both methanol as well as ethyl acetate extracts. Although the IC50 value for methanol is 155.85 μg/ml for DPPH inhibition, that is comparatively observed as lower than the IC50 value for ethyl acetate extract and control ascorbic acid. Therefore, the results show that methanol extract can be considered more potent at scavenging free radicles and implies a higher antioxidant activity. The findings of the present study suggested Cichorium intybus is a powerful natural antioxidant that can protect against damage caused by free radicals. Cichorium intybus leaves have an excellent antioxidant composition, which makes them a useful choice in pharmaceutical formulations that improve the health of humans, animals, and poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver disease is a serious health concern in today's world, posing a challenge to both healthcare providers and pharmaceutical companies. Most synthetic drugs and chemicals cause liver damage accounting for approximately 10% of acute hepatitis and 50% of acute liver failure. Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate the hepato-protective activity of an extract of chicory formulation assisted by silver nanoparticles against carbon tetra chloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic damage in rat's liver. Methods: Rats of the Wistar strain (Rattus norvegicus) were used to test the in vivo hepato-protective efficacy at various doses. Rats were randomly divided into nine groups, each containing six rats. The groups were as follows: first group (control), second group (CCl4), third group, silymarin (20 mg/kg of body weight), fourth group (CCl4+chicory) (1.75 mg/kg of b. wt), fifth group (CCl4 + chicory at the dose of 2.35 mg/kg), sixth group (CCl4 + chicory of 3.25 mg/kg), seventh group (CCl4 +AgNPs 1.75 mg/kg of b. wt.), eighth group (CCl4 + AgNPs 2.35 mg/kg of body weight), and ninth group (CCl4 + AgNPs 3.25 mg/kg of b. wt.). Blood samples were taken 24 h after the last administration (i.e., 30th day). The blood samples were analyzed for different serum enzymes such as ALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), bilirubin (Blr), triglyceride, and cholesterol. Histology liver sections were performed. Results: Treatment with AgNPs and chicory extract showed significant hepatoprotective activity in a dose-dependent manner. In three doses, the chicory extract at a rate of 3.25 mg/kg of body weight significantly reduced elevated levels of biochemical markers in comparison to CCl4-intoxicated rats. Histology of the liver sections from CCl4-treated rats revealed inflammation of hepatocytes, necrosis, cytoplasmic degeneration, vacuolization, and a deformed central vein. The chicory formulation extract exhibited a remarkable recovery percentage in the liver architecture that was higher than the drug (i.e., silymarin). While treatment with AgNPs also repaired the degenerative changes and restored the normal form of the liver, chicory formulation extract possessed more hepato-protective potential as compared to AgNPs by regulating biochemical and histopathological parameters. Conclusion: This study can be used as confirmation of the hepato-protective potential of chicory compounds for possible use in the development programs of drugs to treat liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to optimize the germination test and assess seed quality parameters in Kasani during 2022 in the laboratories of the Department of Seed Science and Technology, aimed. The results revealed maximum germination was recorded in Top of Paper (66.67%) method at 25°C and lowest germination (38.67%) was recorded at 30oC in sand substrate. Maximum hard seeds (17.33%) were recorded in between paper at 30°C and lowest hard seeds (7.33%) at 20°C in top of the paper. The other seed quality parameters viz., seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour Indices and radicle emergence were also observed maximum at 20°C. The radicle emergence was started on 1st day in all temperatures except at 15°C temperature. From 2nd day radicle emergence was observed in all temperatures and till the final day the maximum radicle emergence (74.67%) was observed at 20°C. Thus, the study concludes that for conducting the germination test in Kasani crop, the optimum temperature is 20°C, and both the top of the paper (TP) and between paper methods are suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using resilient, self-sustaining plants in urban green spaces enhances environmental and cultural benefits and reduces management costs. We assessed two spontaneous plant species, Linaria vulgaris Mill. and Cichorium intybus L., in four sites from the surrounding urban areas, ranging in altitude from 78 to 1040 m. Protection against UV-B radiation is crucial for plants at higher altitudes, guiding our focus on UV-visible absorption spectra, fluorometric emission spectra, secondary metabolite accumulation, and pigment dynamics in leaves. Our findings revealed a slight increase in UV-absorbing compounds with altitude and species-specific changes in visible spectra. The UV-emission of fluorochromes decreased, while red emission increased with altitude but only in chicory. Polyphenols and flavonoids showed a slight upward trend with altitude. Divergent trends were observed in condensed tannin accumulation, with L. vulgaris decreasing and C. intybus increasing with altitude. Additionally, chicory leaves from higher altitudes (792 and 1040 m) contained significantly lower triterpene concentrations. In L. vulgaris, chlorophyll pigments and carotenoids varied with sites, contrasting with UV absorbance variations. For C. intybus, pigment variation was similar to absorbance changes in the UV and VIS range, except at the highest altitude. These observations provide valuable insights into species-specific strategies for adapting to diverse environmental contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a soluble fiber, inulin is present in many plants and has many applications in food and non-food products. In this work, we investigated the rheological properties of inulin dispersions at seven concentrations. The linear viscoelastic properties of inulin were determined using a conventional mechanical rheometer. At 25 wt%, inulin exhibited fluid-like viscoelastic liquid behavior. However, when concentrations were ≥27.5 wt%, inulin exhibited gel-like viscoelastic properties. The viscoelastic properties (moduli and viscosities) increased with increasing inulin concentration. The high-frequency linear rheological properties of inulin were also investigated using the modern light scattering technique, diffusion wave spectroscopy (DWS). The diffusion wave spectroscopy (DWS) measurements showed the amplitude of complex moduli (|G*(ω)|) of inulin gels (≥27.5 wt%) to be proportional to ½ power law of the frequency, which suggests inulin gels behave similarly to flexible polymers. The non-linear steady shear experiments demonstrated that inulin exhibited shear-thinning behavior that was well fitted by a power law constitutive model. The trend of the power law exponent from the experiments indicated that the shear-thinning extent for inulin was greater as the inulin concentration increased. The results of this work indicated that the properties of inulin gel can be manipulated by altering its concentration. Therefore, the desired inulin product can be designed accordingly. These results can be used to direct further food and non-food applications, such as wound healing materials for inulin gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is in progress that causes kidney failure, leading to global problems. This manuscript investigated the nephroprotective effects of chicory (CLE) and/or artichoke (ALE) leaves extracts on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and gamma‐irradiation (Rad)‐induced chronic nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats were divided into 10 groups (10 animals/group): group 1: control, groups 2–7 rats were treated with CLE, ALE, CLE/ALE, CCl4, Rad, and CCl4/Rad, respectively. Groups 8 to 10, rats were intoxicated with CCl4/Rad, and treated with CLE, ALE, and CLE/ALE extracts, respectively, for 4 weeks. The data demonstrated that CCl4 administration or Rad exposure induced high levels of urea and creatinine, with low levels of total protein and albumin in the serum. However, high levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), some pro‐inflammatory markers such as interleukins (IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6), TNF‐α, NF‐κB, the fibrotic marker; TGF‐β1, calcium, and copper, low contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), iron, and zinc, and suppression of the antioxidant enzymes' activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were observed. In addition, the Wnt and β‐catenin protein expression ratios were up‐regulated in the kidney tissues of the CCl4, and Rad intoxicated animals. However, the combined treatment CCl4/Rad augmented these measurements. On the other hand, CLE, ALE, and CLE/ALE treatments demonstrated nephroprotection in the kidney tissues of CCl4/Rad intoxicated animals, in the order of CLE/ALE>ALE>CLE by ameliorating the investigated parameters. Kidney tissues' histopathological examinations confirmed these results. In conclusion, CLE and/or ALE demonstrated nephroprotection against CCl4/Rad co‐toxicity mediated by down‐regulation of renal Wnt/β‐catenin protein expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to investigate and compare the physicochemical properties of the essential oil obtained from the oleo-gumresin of two Ferula gummosa populations from Isfahan and Fars habitats. For this purpose, the oleo-gum-resin of F. gummosa was collected from two areas in Maragh, Kashan and Eqlid, Fars. The essential oil was then extracted from the fresh oleo-gum-resin by water and steam distillation. The essential oil was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using GC and GC/MS devices. The appearance and physical and chemical characteristics of the essential oil of two populations of F. gummosa including their relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, and phytochemicals were investigated and compared. According to the results, F. gummosa essential oil is a transparent and colourless liquid with a turpentine odour and a green woody scent. The essential oils of two populations of Kashan and Eqlid have relative densities of 0.874 and 0.869, refractive indices of 1.4810 and 1.4795, and optical rotations of 11.35° and 23.52°, respectively. The comparison of the average physical traits of the essential oils of two F. gummosa populations shows that there is no significant difference in the characteristics of relative density and refractive index while there is a significant difference in the amount of optical rotation, which is due to the difference in the content of optically active compounds in the profiles of the two essential oil samples. Based on the essential oil analysis, hydrocarbon monoterpenes including β-pinene (71% and 68.8%), δ-3-carne (9.4% and 5.2%), limonene (2.4% and 15.6%), myrcene (3.9% and 2.4%), and α-pinene (3.6% and 3.4%) were identified as the main compounds in two F. gummosa populations from Kashan and Eqlid, respectively. The difference between two F. gummosa populations in the amount of essential oil components is related to factors such as altitude, climate and precipitation of the two habitats. Although the physicochemical properties of the essential oil of two F. gummosa populations studied are in good agreement with the international standard (ISO), the advantage of Fars F. gummosa is the high content of limonene in the essential oil, and this indicates the ability of Iranian galbanum to compete in foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicory is one of the most useful plants in traditional medicine and has various therapeutic properties and chemical compounds. Due to the variety of climatic conditions of Iran, the chemical composition and biological stress of chicory grown in different regions of Iran may be different from chicory grown in other countries. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate phytochemistry including the identification and measurement of some phenolic compounds in the hydroalcoholic extracts of the Cichorium intybus L. (collected from 6 localities) in order to compare with chicory grown in other parts of the world. Based on the studied articles and existing standards, 9 compounds including chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, salicylic acid, gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, and rutin were selected and examined in the extract of the aerial part and roots of the plant by HPLC. Among the studied compounds, chicoric acid (0.55 to 6.04 mg per gram of dry plant), chlorogenic acid (0.50 to 5.37 mg per gram of dry plant), and rutin (0.56 to 2.25 mg per gram of dry plant) were found in the extracts of aerial parts and chicoric acid (0.03% to 0.29 mg per gram of dry plant) and chlorogenic acid (0.84% to 2.88 mg per gram of dry plant) were found in the extracts of roots of all samples. Among the studied populations, the highest amounts of major compounds (chicoric acid and chlorogenic acid) were observed in the aerial parts of the sample collected from the National Botanical Garden of Iran with 6.04 mg of chicoric acid and 5.37 mg chlorogenic acid. The results show that although the amount of main compounds of the cultivated sample is different from of that of wild samples, but the nature of the main compounds and the pattern of the HPLC spectrum of all the samples are close to each other and similar to the chicory grown outside of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Interactions between flowering plants and visiting wild bees are crucial for ensuring pollination and subsequent plant reproductive success. However, bee diversity in an area has rarely been recorded in relation to seed set in native plants. In this project, we investigated the effect of local wild bee communities on seed set in four common wild plant species. Methods: Potted plants of Centaurea jacea, Cichorium intybus, Sinapis arvensis, and Salvia pratensis were placed for pollination experiments, in two distinct habitat types that we expected to show distinct bee communities, namely nearnatural grassland and perennial wild flower strips, in Germany. Results: Our results showed that near-natural grassland had a higher bee species richness and an increased seed set compared with flower strips that displayed a higher bee abundance in most study locations. Although we found effects of bee diversity on seed set, we did not detect a significant effect of bee abundance. Furthermore, the seed set in response to wild bee diversity differed across the plant species. Discussion: We conclude that bee-friendly habitats ensure a high seed set in wild plants, but that the impact varies between different plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A composite of chitosan-supported ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO/CS) was green-synthesized via an easy and cost-effective method using Chicory (Cichorium intybus) plant extract. The synthesis was confirmed using uv-vis spectrometry at a λmax of 380 nm, and the surface of the material was characterized via FT−IR spectroscopy, and finally via SEM, which confirmed the distribution of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of chitosan biopolymer (CS). The synthesized material was applied in the adsorptive removal of residues of the pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) pharmaceutical drug from aqueous media using the batch technique. The material's removal capacity was studied through several adjustable parameters including pH, contact time, the dose of the adsorbent, and the capacity for drug adsorption under the optimal conditions. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied to describe the adsorption process. The removal was found to obey the Freundlich model, which refers to a chemisorption process. Different kinetic models were also studied for the removal process and showed that the pseudo-second-order model was more fitted, which indicates that the removal was a chemisorption process. Thermodynamic studies were also carried out. The maximum removal of vitamin B6 by the nano-ZnO/CS composite was found to be 75% at optimal conditions. The results were compared to other reported adsorbents. Reusability tests showed that the nano-ZnO/CS composite can be efficiently reused up to seven times for the removal of PDX drugs from aqueous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug metabolism plays a crucial role in drug fate, including therapeutic inactivation or activation, as well as the formation of toxic compounds. This underscores the importance of understanding drug metabolism in drug discovery and development. Considering the substantial costs associated with traditional drug development methods, computational approaches have emerged as valuable tools for predicting the metabolic fate of drug candidates. With this in mind, the present study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the modulation of microsomal cytochrome P450 3A1 (CYP3A1) enzyme activity by various phytochemicals found in Cichorium intybus L., commonly known as chicory. To achieve this goal, several in silico methods, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, were employed to explore computationally the microsomal CYP3A1 enzyme. Schrodinger software was utilized for the molecular docking study, which involved the interaction analysis between CYP3A1 and 28 phytoconstituents of Cichorium intybus. Virtual screening of 28 compounds from chicory led to the identification of the top five ranked compounds. These compounds were evaluated for drug‐likeness properties, pharmacokinetic profiles, and predicted binding affinities to CYP3A1. Caffeoylshikimic acid and cichoric acid emerged as promising candidates due to their favorable characteristics, including good oral bioavailability and high binding affinities to CYP3A1. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to assess the stability of caffeoylshikimic acid within the CYP3A1 binding pocket. The results demonstrated that caffeoylshikimic acid maintained stable interactions with the enzyme throughout the simulation, suggesting its potential as an effective modulator of CYP3A1 activity. The findings of this study have the potential to provide valuable insights into the complex molecular mechanisms by which Cichorium intybus L. acts on hepatocytes and modulates CYP3A1 enzyme expression or activity. By elucidating the impact of these phytochemicals on drug metabolism, this research contributes to our understanding of how chicory may interact with drugs and influence their efficacy and safety profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sicilian forage systems, the introduction of native self-seeding annual legumes can be beneficial in low-input farming. Intercropping would be a valuable strategy for implementing pasture resources in Sicilian forage systems during late spring. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on ewes' milk production of continuous grazing with two different mixtures (i) sulla (Sulla coronarium L.), burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L.), and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) (SuBuCh); and (ii) barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.), snail medic (Medicago scutellata L.), and burr medic (BuSnBa). Twenty lactating ewes were homogeneously divided into four groups of five ewes. Each group was assigned to one of four 1500 m2 grazing sectors consisting of two replicates of SuBuCh and BuSnBa. Ewes fed with the SuBuCh mixture showed higher milk yield, higher protein (5.17 vs. 4.85%, p < 0.001) and casein content (4.02 vs. 3.73%, p < 0.001), lower urea content (37.70 vs. 45.38 mg dL−1, p < 0.001), and better clotting parameters compared to ewes grazing on the BuSnBa mixture. Finally, ewes in the SuBuCh group showed a smaller decrease in live weight at the end of the grazing period compared to BuSnBa ewes (−2.05 vs. −3.55 kg, respectively), although the difference did not reach a significant level. These preliminary one-year results seem to highlight the promising role of SuBuCh intercrop leading to a potential quantitative/qualitative improvement in grazing resources and the productive performance of grazing ewes in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. However, it is of note that these outcomes might undergo variations when subjected to a prolonged trial extending beyond three years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cichoriumintybus L., often known as chicory, is a Mediterranean plant species that is a member of the Asteraceae family. It has been known to have therapeutic benefits for a very long time. C. intybus is unique among the six species of Cichorium that are grown in Europe and Asia because of its wide range of uses in conventional medicine. The plant has been used in many traditional medical systems, especially in India, where it has been used to treat a wide range of illnesses, from diabetes to wounds. Chicory contains a wide range of phytoconstituents, including cellulose, proteins, sugar, flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, anthocyanins, tannins, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactones, fatty acids, cholins, benzo-isochromenes, alkaloids, vitamins, and minerals. The diverse ranges of therapeutic benefits associated with C. intybus are partly ascribed to this phytochemical composition. The pharmacological actions of chicory, which have been demonstrated to range from hepatoprotective to anti-inflammatory, demonstrate the plant's versatility and its potential to treat a variety of illnesses. This article offers a thorough investigation of C. intybus L.'s phytochemistry and pharmacological applications. This review attempts to be a useful resource for researchers, medical professionals, and practitioners interested in using Cichoriumintybus's medicinal properties for improving human health by compiling the body of knowledge on the botanical and chemical aspects of chicory as well as its therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics are rapidly multiply by using prebiotic compounds in benefit microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi and/or some plant-derived compounds like oligosaccharides. In this study, the effects of polysaccharides isolated from three medicinal plants belonging to the Asteraceae family including Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg., Cichorium intybus L., and Gundelia tournefortii L. on the growth of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NIMBB006), and their antibacterial activity against four bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Bacillus subtilis) and antioxidant capacity were investigated. The main polysaccharide components were identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The highest amounts of extracted polysaccharide were detected in two herbs i.e. C. intybus and G. tournefortii with high antioxidant activity. The maximum values of the antibacterial properties were related to polysaccharide isolated from T. officinale against four studied bacteria and polysaccharide isolated from each three herb against S. typhi. Totally, the extracted polysaccharides from T. officinale (2%) was significantly more effective in increasing the growth of L. rhamnosus (NIMBB006) as a native probiotic in comparison to two commercial prebiotics i.e. inulin and dextrose. In conclusion, the major constituents such as cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside, N-acetylcysteine, and glutamic acid in T. officinale may play a major role in biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boeremia exigua var. exigua is a recurrent pathogen causing root rot in industrial chicory. Currently, there is no chemical or varietal control for this disease, and thus, management strategies need to be developed. This study determined the biocontrol effect of strains of Pseudomonas protegens bacteria with antimicrobial compounds on the fungus B. exigua var. exigua under in vitro, in vivo, and field conditions. In addition, root colonization by these bacteria was estimated by the phlD-specific PCR-based dilution end point assay. Eighteen isolates of Pseudomonas spp were evaluated, and the strains that showed the greatest in vitro inhibition of fungal mycelial growth (mm), Ca10A and ChB7, were selected. Inoculation with the strain ChB7 showed less severity (necrotic area) under in vivo conditions (root trials) compared with the control inoculated with the pathogen (p ≤ 0.05). The molecular analysis revealed that the root colonization of plants grown in pots was equal to or greater than 70%. Similar levels were observed in the field trials conducted at the Selva Negra and Canteras experimental stations (2015–2016 season), with values ranging from 85.7 to 70.5% and from 75.0 to 79.5%, respectively. Regarding yield (ton ha−1), values were higher in the treatments inoculated with strains Ca10A and ChB7 (p ≤ 0.05) at both experimental sites, while a lower incidence and severity of root rot were observed at Selva Negra. These results suggest that the Chilean strains of P. protegens are a promising tool for the control of root diseases in industrial chicory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Chicory root (Cichorium intybus L.) contains valuable components such as inulin, inulides, bitter substances, pectin, and fibers and is a promising non-traditional raw material for the production of new beer varieties and reduction of their cost. Materials and methods. Dried and roasted chicory roots, lager and caramel barley malt, enzyme preparation inulinase, granulated hops of "Agnus" variety, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (race RH) were used. Inulin content was determined by spectrophotometric method, amine nitrogen was measured by Pope and Stevenson method, content of reducing substances was estimated by Wilstetter-Schudl method. Standard methods accepted in brewing were used to determine other beer characteristics, sensory parameters were evaluated using profile methods. Results and discussion. The technology for light beer production was proposed, according to which light malt and dried crushed chicory roots taken in the amount of 4% of malt are used as raw materials, and at the stage of mashing the enzyme preparation inulinase with activity of 14 units/g was introduced into the mixture. For the hydrolysis of inulin at the mashing stage, an inulase pause was provided at a temperature of 55-56 ℃ for 20-30 minutes. The method allows increasing the content of reducing substances in the wort by 1.6%, the apparent and actual fermentation degree by 3.9%, the content of alcohol and carbon dioxide in the beer by 3.2 and 10%, respectively. The finished beer had increased foam resistance and higher foam height, while the introduction of chicory did not impart excessive and extraneous bitterness. The innovative technology of dark beer provides mixing of aqueous extract of roasted chicory with malt wort cooled to the temperature of 85-90 ℃. It was found that the optimal mode of the extraction process was the temperature 85-90 ℃, hydromodule 1:6, and duration 90 min. Beer with chicory content of 3% was the best in terms of physical, chemical, and sensory properties. The improved method allows to increase the content of reducing substances in wort by 1.5%, apparent and actual fermentation degree by 2.2 and 3%, respectively, to increase the content of alcohol in beer by 2.3%, and carbon dioxide by 3.2%. It was proved that partial replacement of malt by chicory allows to reduce consumption of bitter hops for light beers by 20% (from 14.8 to 12.0 g/dal) and for dark beers by 10% (from 10.3 to 9.3 g/dal). Conclusions. The addition of dried and fried chicory roots makes it possible to obtain new varieties of high-quality beer with their cost reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cichorium intybus L. is cultivated in various temperate regions of the world for use of its different parts (mostly roots/seeds) as medicines or food. However, the anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-inhibiting potential of C. intybus extracts have not been extensively studied at molecular level using suitable human cancer cell-line models. Objectives: Elucidation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and EMT inhibiting potential of C. intybus extract using human cancer cell-line models. Materials and Methods: We prepared Methanolic Extract (MKE) of C. intybus leaves and studied its anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-EMT activities in THP-1 and U87MG cell lines through real time expression analysis and various functional assays including cell viability, cytotoxicity, colony forming and wound healing assays. Results: MKE significantly reduced the LPS-induced transcription of proinflammatory cytokines; TNF-α, and IL-6 from macrophage turned THP-1 cells. Also, expression of TGF-β gene was significantly downregulated by MKE in both THP-1 macrophages and U87MG cells. In U87MG glioma cells, MKE significantly downregulated the expressions of proliferation (Ki67, and PCNA), and EMT markers (LIX1, VIM, ZEB1, SNAIL, and SLUG), which are associated with aggressiveness, histological grade and poor prognosis in glioma. Conclusion: It should be emphasized that this is the first study done on examining the potential of C. intybus anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-EMT activities against the THP-1 macrophages and U87MG glioblastoma cells. Our findings strongly suggest C. intybus leaves as an efficient source of pharmaceutical formulations that can contribute to the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer and could add in improving human health significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicory, renowned for its multifaceted benefits, houses two vital coumarins, esculetin and esculin, both instrumental in reducing uric acid. This study emphasizes the metabolic pathways of esculetin and esculin under both standard and hyperuricemia conditions. Hyperuricemia was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats using oxonic acid potassium salt (300 mg·kg−1) and a 10% fructose water regimen over 21 days. Leveraging the ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole‐orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry, we analyzed the fragmentation behaviors of esculetin and esculin in rat bio‐samples. Post oral‐intake of esculetin or esculin, a notable dip in serum uric acid levels was observed in hyperuricemia rats. The investigation unveiled 24 esculetin metabolites and 14 for esculin. The metabolic pathways of both compounds were hydrolysis, hydroxylation, hydrogenation, dehydroxylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, and methylation. Interestingly, certain metabolites presented variations between standard and hyperuricemia rats, indicating that elevated levels of uric acid may affect enzyme activity linked to these metabolic reactions. This is the first systematic study on comparison of metabolic profiles of esculetin and esculin in both normal and hyperuricemia states, which was helpful to enrich our understanding of the complicated structure–activity relationships between esculin and esculetin and shed light to their action mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main agrotechnical measures, which largely depends on the yield and quality of root chicory, is the correct placement of plants on the area. With different methods of sowing, placement schemes make it possible to ensure favorable conditions for plant growth and development and the maximum use of mechanization during the period of care for crops and harvesting. It was determined that the structure of the feeding area of the root chicory plant affects photosynthetic productivity. Therefore, the highest indicators of the net productivity of photosynthesis were distinguished by the placement of plants on the feeding area according to the scheme 45×22.5 cm and 22.5×45 cm, which had a positive effect on the yield of root crops and their content of inulin polysaccharide. The article presents the results of experimental studies that solve the scientific and practical problem of studying the elements of root chicory growing technology due to the optimization of the area of plant nutrition and the uniformity of their placement on productivity and quality indicators. It has been experimentally proven that with an increased rate of photosynthetic potential at a feeding area of 60×60 cm (with a plant density of 30,000 ha, the Umansky-97 variety was 9.2 103×m-2 ha-1 per day, Umansky-99 - 9.3 103×m-2 ha-1 per day with a decrease in the feeding area (45×45, 35×35, 45×22.5 cm), this indicator slightly increased, on average by variety, it was 10.1 to 10.8 103×m-2 ha-1 per day. The highest indicator of inulin content in chicory root crops is the feeding area of 35×35 cm and was in the variety Umansky-97 - 18.5%, Umansky-99 - 18.7%, and the feeding area of 45×22.5 cm - 18.2% and 18.4%, respectively. Similarly, it was recorded that the feeding area of chicory plants significantly affects the yield of root crops. Thus, it was established that from a plant density of 60 to 120 103× ha-1, the productivity was on average 30 t ha-1 with an average weight of the root crop from 500 to 250 g, with an inulin content of 17.3 to 19.0%. According to the structure of the root crop, the productive part occupies on average from 82.7% to 91.6% of the total mass with inulin content from 17.3 to 19.0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Free radicals are formed mainly as a result of environmental pollution, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and stress. These factors contribute to the formation of oxidative stress, which is involved in the aging process of the skin, among other things. Antioxidants are compounds found naturally in plant products that have beneficial effects on human health. Natural antioxidants found in fruits, vegetables, and other plants have a positive antiaging effect. Therefore, in recent years there has been an increased interest in plant raw materials to obtain antioxidants useful not only in cosmetology. One of these plants that is commonly grown in our country is chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of alcoholic extracts obtained from 3 parts of C. intybus L. The influence of extraction time and solvent selection on the antioxidant activity of various parts of chicory was also investigated. Materials and methods: The research material consisted of dried herb, stem, and root of Cichorium intybus L. Low molecular weight alcohols, i.e. methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-propanol at concentrations of 40%(v/v), 70%(v/v) and undiluted were used to obtain extracts using ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis[3-ethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzothiazole-6-sulfonate] diammonium salt (ABTS) methods. Results: Extracts from all parts of chicory showed antioxidant potential, but it varied depending on the part of chicory to be used. The highest activity was observed for herb extracts and the lowest for root extracts. Methanol seemed to be the best solvent for extraction to obtain the extracts characterized by high antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that due to their antioxidant activity, C. intybus L. extracts, especially those obtained from the herb, can be suggested as components of natural cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are prominent functional components in the food industry due to prebiotic and other pharmaceutical properties. Inulin is a storage polysaccharide in various plants. FOS are naturally present in various plants and can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of inulin. In this study, ground and sieved chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.) were used as starting material for inulin extraction under optimized conditions determined by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design. Optimum inulin extraction conditions from chicory roots were; temperature of 90 °C, extraction time of 30 min., and liquid-to-solid (LS) ratio of 10:1 mL/g. Inulin extract was further hydrolyzed to FOS by enzymatic or acid treatment, separately. Purification of inulin extract and FOS hydrolysate was performed by ultrafiltration with a 10 kDa membrane under the pressure of 2 bar with continuous stirring. As a result, inulin and FOS were obtained at 90% and 76% purity, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The result of this study showed species Phytomyza isais Hering, 1937 recorded for first time to entomofauna of Iraq, which were collected from Chicory plants (Cichorium intybus L.). The synonym of species were supplied from GBIF [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roasted ground coffees are targets of concern regarding intentional adulteration with cheaper foreign materials because, in this form, it may be difficult to detect due to the small particle size and the dark color. Therefore, a significant interest is developing fast, sensitive, and accurate methodologies to quantify adulterants in roasted coffees. This study investigated the potential of using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to quantity robusta coffee and chicory in roasted arabica coffee. The adulterated arabica coffee samples were composed of robusta coffee or chicory ranging from 2.5 to 30% in increments of 2.5%. Four regression approaches were applied: gradient boosting regression (GBR), multiple linear regression (MLR), k-nearest neighbor regression (KNNR), and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The first three regression models were performed on the features extracted from linear discriminant analysis (LDA) or principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, two classification methods were applied (LDA and KNN). The regression models derived based on LDA-extracted features presented better performances than PCA ones. The best regression models for the quantification of robusta coffee were GBR (pRMSEP of 13.70% and R2 of 0.839) derived based on PCA-extracted features and MLR (pRMSEP of 1.11% and R2 of 0.998) derived based on LDA-extracted features. For the chicory quantification, the same models derived under the same settings as mentioned above also presented the best performances (GBR, pRMSEP = 9.37%, R2 = 0.924; MLR, pRMSEP = 1.54%, R2 = 0.997). The PLSR prediction errors for the quantification of arabica coffee and chicory were 9.90% and 8.09%, respectively. For the classification methods, the LDA model performed well compared to KNN. Generally, some models proved to be effective in quantifying robusta and chicory in roasted arabica coffee. The results of this study indicate that NIR spectroscopy could be a promising method in the coffee industry and other legal sectors for routine applications involving quality control of coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgreens combine visual, taste, flavor and bioactive qualities based on genetic selection, making them a gastronomic novelty. In the present study, ten microgreen genotypes were investigated in terms of biometrical traits (fresh yield, dry matter concentration, and main color indices) alongside compositional analyses, involving cations, nitrate, vitamin C, phenols, and glucosinolate profile. The genotypes were selected from Brassicaceae (five), Chenopodiaceae (one), Portulacaceae (one) and Asteraceae (two) families, according to the availability of unexploited local varieties beyond the commercial ones. The microgreens were cultivated hydroponically in a controlled environment. Distinct genotypic variations were observed for each measured biometric and qualitative trait, with substantial differences noted between and within species. Among the ten genotypes, the underutilized purslane stood out for vitamin C (30 mg 100 g-1 f.w.), Mg (39 mg 100 g-1 f.w.), and the remarkably low nitrate content (7 mg 100 g-1 f.w.). White mustard exhibited the highest levels of glucosinolates (171 mg kg-1 f.w.), phenols (190 mg g.a.e. 100 g-1 f.w), and notable concentrations of cations such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium. From a nutritional perspective, 'Mugnolo' (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) proved less suitable as a microgreen due to its highest Na/K ratio (2.28) and generally the low content of other minerals, phenols, vitamin C, and glucosinolates. The findings of this study hold significance for selecting new microgreen species/varieties that align with the preferences and requirements of both consumers and producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for solutions to relieve heat stress and its undesirable effects on broiler production increased, especially in hot climatic areas. The antioxidant and immune stimulant effects of herbal extracts of Emblica officinalis (Amla), Cichorium intybus (Chicory) and Allium porrum (Leek) were examined against the adverse effects of heat stress in broilers. One thousand Cobb 500 one-day-old chicks were used for this experiment. Birds were divided into four equal groups. The first served as the control group. The second received Amla extract (3 g/kg diet), the third received Chicory extract (3 g/kg diet) and the last group received Leek extracts (3 g/kg diet). All groups were daily subjected to heat stress for 12 h by increasing house temperature to 8 ± 2 °C (10:00 am to 10:00 pm daily) using an electric heater, while relative humidity was kept at 47 ± 3%. Results revealed significant improvement in final body weight in treated groups, especially the Chicory and Amla-fed groups. Total weight gain was improved by dietary supplementation with herbal extracts, while feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality percentage were reduced. The positive impact of the herbal extracts was also clear on carcase traits in the treated groups. Meat and serum lipids were significantly reduced in treated groups. White blood cells, phagocytic index and antioxidant enzyme levels were positively improved by dietary supplementations. In conclusion, using Amla, Chicory and Leek extracts positively improved broilers’ growth performance, immunity and oxidative stress status under heat stress conditions.Highlights Heat stress causes huge economic losses in livestock production worldwide. Herbal extracts are rich in antioxidants at low prices than other feed additives. Herbal extracts can enhance the defense system and reduce the negative effects of heat stress.

Background: Cichorium intybus L. (Kasni) distillate is widely used in Eastern countries as a safe herbal drink to improve male fertility. However, the potential effects on fertility parameters and possible adverse effects have not been studied experimentally. The current study aims to evaluate the impact of Cichorium intybus L. distillate (CD) on male mice fertility.Methods: In the present study (Shiraz, Iran), 30 male mice (30-35 g) were divided into three groups. 10 mice received distilled water (DW) for five weeks as the control group. Another 10 mice, named group CD1/2, received chicory distillate of 1/2 dilution, and the other 10 mice received chicory distillate of CD1/4 dilution as CD1/4 group, ad libitum for three weeks, and they received DW for two weeks afterward. Experimental mice were sacrificed on day 35, and sperm analysis and sera collection were performed for further investigation of FSH, LH, testosterone, and some liver and kidney function parameters. We used the left testis for stereological analysis, and the right one was excised to investigate the expression of the androgen receptor gene. For statistical analysis using SPSS 18.0, mean±SD values were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s analysis as post hoc to compare between groups. In stereological investigations, the Kruskal-Wallis method was used for pairwise comparisons to compare groups. The P value was considered statistically significant at P

Background and objectives: Hot flashes are among the common and bothersome side effects of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with prostate cancer. Given the lack of standard treatment, further research is required to develop efficient and safe treatments. Methods: In the present randomized controlled clinical trial, patients with prostate cancer undergoing ADT were randomly allocated into chicory-fumitory syrup (from hydroalcoholic extract of chicory and fumitory) and megestrol groups. The participants recorded the number and severity of hot flashes in a daily diary one week before the intervention (baseline). Next, they started the syrup (5 mL twice daily) and megestrol (20 mg twice daily) for four weeks and completed the diary. Results: A total of 69 patients completed the study (35 patients in the chicory-fumitory group and 34 patients in the megestrol group). After four weeks of the intervention, the mean daily frequency of hot flashes in the chicory-fumitory group decreased to 38.19% (p=0.004); the hot flash score also decreased to 44.39% (p=0.008). In the megestrol group, the mean frequency of hot flashes was decreased by 68.93% (p

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A total of 320 one-day-old broiler chickens were used in a 42-day feeding trial to evaluate the effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in comparison with a prebiotic on-growth performance, blood constitutes, immunity and intestinal microflora. The dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet (control); control + prebiotic (Fermacto™); control + 0.1% peppermint; control + 0.1% chicory, respectively. A significant (p < 0.05) body weight gain and feed intake was found at 21 and 42 days of growth period in broilers fed diet supplemented with 0.1% chicory compared with other groups. Feeding of prebiotic or chicory led to higher (p < 0.05) feed intake. Chickens fed control diet had higher (p < 0.05) abdominal fat compared with the other groups. Serum blood constituents indicated that broilers fed prebiotic or supplemented with peppermint or chicory had reduced (p < 0.05) levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein than control group. Immunity-related parameters showed that chicken fed chicory had lower (p < 0.05) heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio compared with the other groups. Intestinal microflora revealed that chickens fed prebiotic or herbals had higher count of Lactobacillus and lower E. coli than control. Thus, it can be concluded that broiler dietary supplementation with prebiotic or chicory can improve performance supporting positively health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for solutions to relieve heat stress and its undesirable effects on broiler production increased, especially in hot climatic areas. The antioxidant and immune stimulant effects of herbal extracts of Emblica officinalis (Amla), Cichorium intybus (Chicory) and Allium porrum (Leek) were examined against the adverse effects of heat stress in broilers. One thousand Cobb 500 one-day-old chicks were used for this experiment. Birds were divided into four equal groups. The first served as the control group. The second received Amla extract (3 g/kg diet), the third received Chicory extract (3 g/kg diet) and the last group received Leek extracts (3 g/kg diet). All groups were daily subjected to heat stress for 12 h by increasing house temperature to 8 ± 2 °C (10:00 am to 10:00 pm daily) using an electric heater, while relative humidity was kept at 47 ± 3%. Results revealed significant improvement in final body weight in treated groups, especially the Chicory and Amla-fed groups. Total weight gain was improved by dietary supplementation with herbal extracts, while feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality percentage were reduced. The positive impact of the herbal extracts was also clear on carcase traits in the treated groups. Meat and serum lipids were significantly reduced in treated groups. White blood cells, phagocytic index and antioxidant enzyme levels were positively improved by dietary supplementations. In conclusion, using Amla, Chicory and Leek extracts positively improved broilers' growth performance, immunity and oxidative stress status under heat stress conditions. Heat stress causes huge economic losses in livestock production worldwide. Herbal extracts are rich in antioxidants at low prices than other feed additives. Herbal extracts can enhance the defense system and reduce the negative effects of heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of phenolic compounds (flavonols, flavans (catechins), tannins), polysaccharides (pectins, protopectins), and tetraterpenes (carotenoids), as well as the antioxidant activity of Cichorium intybus L., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Arnica iljinii (Maguire) Iljin., and Echinops sphaerocephalus L. cultivated in conditions of Western Siberia were studied. A significant part of the biologically active substances is represented by tannins (up 28.25%) and protopectins (up 11.11%). The content of flavonoids in the studied samples of C. intybus plants agree with the values of this indicator for the chicory herb from other regions of the Russian Federation, including its commercial growing regions. The inflorescences and leaves of the studied samples of T. officinale are characterized by approximately identical contents of flavonols (1.02–1.43%), pectins (0.80–1.08%), and protopectins (7.94–8.87%). The leaves and inflorescences of A. iljinii are distinguished by fairly high contents of flavonols (up to 4.23%) and tannins (up to 28.25%). The leaves of E. sphaerocephalus are significantly superior to the inflorescences in terms of the content of tannins (8.34%), catechins (36.3 mg%), protopectins (10.06%), and carotenoids (64.60 mg%); flavonols are present in equal proportions in the leaves (0.68%) and inflorescences (0.64%). The indicators of the total content of phenolic antioxidants in the leaves and inflorescences of C. intybus, T. officinale, A. iljinii, and E. sphaerocephalus do not differ significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of a phytobiotic-prebiotic feed additive (PPFA) containing a combination of carob pulp, chicory, and fenugreek on growth performance, carcass traits, and fecal microbiota in fattening pigs. One kg/T of the PPFA shows a significant effect on growth promotion and a positive effect on lean meat production and carcass quality of fattening pigs. Moreover, the PPFA has the ability to regulate intestinal microbiota by improving beneficial bacteria while inhibiting some pathogen bacteria. This PPFA could be an effective antibiotic-free feed additive to enhance growth performances, improve carcass grade, and promote healthy gut development in fattening pigs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a phytobiotic-prebiotic feed additive (PPFA, which contains a combination of chicory and extracts of carob pulp and fenugreek) in the diets of fattening pigs on growth indicators, carcass characteristics, and fecal microbiota. A total of 329 crossbred pigs were randomly divided into two dietary treatments, including a basal diet without additives as the control group and a basal diet supplemented with 1 kg/T PPFA as the trial group. The PPFA supplementation led to a significant increase in the body weight gain and average daily gain of the trial group compared to those of the control group after 70 days of feeding. Through the S-EUROP evaluation system, we also found that the fattening pigs fed PPFA significantly improved their carcass indicators. Furthermore, it was shown that PPFA regulated porcine intestinal microbiota, including promoting the growth of the beneficial commensal bacteria (i.e., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) while inhibiting some potential pathogen bacteria (i.e., Bacteroidaceae and Campylobacteraceae). Our work revealed that the phytobiotic-prebiotic feed additive containing carob pulp, chicory, and fenugreek positively influences the intestinal microbiota, growth performance, and carcass traits in fattening swine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]