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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Individual Microentrepreneur or MEI, is the business model for that person who works on their own, sets up their business and is the sole owner of that business, with the modernization of commerce and the competitiveness of the job market aligned with unemployment. People tend to open their own business, which does not always mean formalization. After the changes in tax collection for small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, there is an increase in these formalized micro-entrepreneurs. This study addresses the theoretical aspects of taxation regimes and their characteristics, the impact of the tax burden and the profile of the MEI of Juazeiro do Norte, with the objective of analyzing the relationship between the most common problems faced by individual microentrepreneurs and the tax burden. applied and identify the profile of this category. The study was carried out with microentrepreneurs who agreed to participate in the research that took place for convenience in the city center, with a basic exploratory nature and a descriptive objective with a qualitative and quantitative approach. It ran from August to October 2024, and the research was carried out from April 4 to 6, 2024. Presenting as its main result the perception that the subjects studied have an understanding of the tax burden currently applied and its characteristics, as well as one party recognizes the importance of managing these taxes in line with the financial and administrative control of the business, however the majority reported not relating the company's management with the tax burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economía is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Educação e Pesquisa em Contabilidade is the property of Revista de Educacao e Pesquisa em Contabilidade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Brazilian tax matters are characterized by complexity, diverse legislation, and difficulties in complying with the requirements imposed by tax authorities. This article aims to elucidate the impact of the adopted tax treatment and its viable possibilities in the management, accounting, and tax aspects on the profitability of Pinus forestry cultivation in southern Brazil. It combines three types of producers with three different groups of management regimes, encompassing a production scale ranging from 10 to 50 hectares. Five distinct taxation possibilities and their variations were utilized based on an analysis of cash flows and financial feasibility indicators for forest projects. Situations involving two management regimes with two thinning cycles and corporate tax treatment, assuming profits from clear-cutting on a planting scale of at least 25 years old, yield the most favorable economic returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciências Sociais em Perspectiva is the property of Revista Ciencias Sociais em Perspectiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper criticizes the supply-side economic policy promoted by the UK government under Prime Minister Liz Truss. According to the conventional interpretation, the stagnation and productivity crisis in the UK economy is due to the excessive tax burden on large corporations and the tax burden on the richest 1%. If these tax liabilities were reduced, it would increase the profitability of investment, demand and the rate of growth. This would translate into better incomes and higher levels of employment. This story is based on the Laffer curve and associated with the "trickle down" hypothesis, falsified by empirical evidence. Tax reductions for the richest people worsen the distribution of income, and do not raise income or employment. The cause and effect is from profits to investment and growth; not from spending to profits and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Contabilidad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Contabilidad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetiva-se analisar os impactos da redução do Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados (IPI) sobre veículos automotores nos preços de 37 setores da economia; posteriormente, observar se tais impactos seriam mais acentuados se subsídios equivalentes a essa redução fossem aplicados em outros setores-chave da economia. Para realizar essas avaliações, foi construído e empregado um modelo de insumo-produto, por meio das Tabelas de Recursos e Usos providas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) para o ano de 2013. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os efeitos sobre as reduções de preços são maiores e alcançam mais setores quando o subsídio é aplicado em setores-chave da economia, como fabricação de químicos orgânicos/inorgânicos, resinas e elastômeros; produção de ferro-gusa/ferroligas, siderurgia e tubos de aço sem costura; e energia elétrica, gás natural e outras utilidades.

Objetivo: A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o comportamento da arrecadação do Imposto sobre a Propriedade de Veículos Automotores (IPVA) em relação ao aumento de suas alíquotas ocorrido no ano de 2016, durante a recessão econômica brasileira iniciada no final de 2014. Metodologia: Em uma análise quantitativa dos dados em painel dos 26 Estados e o Distrito Federal do Brasil, entre os anos de 2004 a 2016, a pesquisa teve por base a teoria das escolhas públicas, a capacidade fiscal e a elasticidade da receita tributária, propondo um modelo regressivo para estimar o reflexo do aumento da alíquota do IPVA, durante a recessão econômica, na arrecadação tributária, utilizando como variáveis a arrecadação do IPVA por veículos licenciados, o PIB per capita, o tamanho da população e a taxa de desemprego. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma saturação a capacidade econômica dos contribuintes daquele imposto, corroborando a hipótese de que a recessão econômica pode ter afetado a capacidade contributiva, de tal modo, que o aumento da alíquota do IPVA durante a recessão econômica pode ter favorecido a sua inadimplência do imposto. Contribuições do Estudo: O estudo pode contribuir para ampliar a compreensão das consequências relacionadas às oscilações na carga tributária e o processo de tomada de decisão no setor público quanto à adoção de uma política fiscal que prime pela eficiência e equilíbrio, entre carga tributária e capacidade econômica dos contribuintes, com vistas à neutralização de tendências à depressão econômica e a inflação, nos ciclos econômicos, ainda que seja necessário reduzir a carga tributária, para que a arrecadação se mantenha no nível para manutenção do equilíbrio orçamentário e atenção aos gastos públicos previstos.

Las altas tasas y diferentes impuestos determinan la recaudación tributaria en los diferentes ciclos económicos de las economías; en ese contexto, la investigación analiza el efecto de la carga y presión tributaria en la liquidez, rentabilidad e inversión de los contribuyentes en la provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador durante la pandemia de Covid-19 y su relación con el ciclo económico. Contempla el método inductivo y un nivel causal-explicativo, la recolección de datos fue a través de un cuestionario a una muestra de 307 contribuyentes de una población total efectiva de 39 503, donde el índice de Alfa de Cronbach es de 89.9 %. La selección de elementos muestrales fue en el marco del muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple considerando como base de datos los contribuyentes del Servicio de Rentas Internas; el análisis de datos se realizó con el modelo de regresión logística multinomial y lineal. Los resultados muestran que una alta carga impositiva afecta significativamente en la liquidez, rentabilidad e inversión de los contribuyentes, y que las modificaciones de las tasas y el tipo de impuestos producen incrementos y reducciones en los ingresos, utilidades e inversiones. Se concluye que la presencia de un factor externo como el Covid-19 profundiza significativamente el efecto negativo en los ingresos y resultados financieros de la empresa y en futuras inversiones. Existe una relación directa entre el ciclo económico y las recaudaciones tributarias.

No Brasil, somente as empresas tributadas pelo lucro real podem deduzir, da base de cálculo do IRPJ e CSLL, contribuições patronais efetuadas aos planos de previdência privada de seus colaboradores. Esse benefício fiscal pode provocar uma anomalia ao afetar balanços contábeis e impactar a competitividade entre empresas, quando se observam outros tipos de tributação impedidas de efetuarem essa dedução. Nesta pesquisa ampliamos esse benefício às empresas tributadas pelo lucro presumido para apurar o impacto da renúncia fiscal. A partir de dados de arrecadação e de folhas salariais, construímos e aplicamos um simulador atuarial para encontrar alíquotas de contribuição que fossem suficientes para gerar aposentadorias que cobrissem 65% do último salário do trabalhador. Em seguida, utilizamos os montantes de contribuição patronal e estimamos a renúncia fiscal máxima possível, que correspondeu a 3,7% da arrecadação anual dos tributos das empresas brasileiras. Esse patamar mostrou-se reduzido para o Governo, mas relevante para as empresas beneficiadas ao agregar às políticas de RH um benefício pós-emprego direto aos empregados. Com isso, potencializa-se o aumento da produtividade do trabalhador e colabora-se para a retenção de mão-de-obra qualificada, fatores que melhoram a concorrência, além de tornar o sistema tributário mais equilibrado. Consideramos que o preenchimento dessa lacuna na legislação, pouco explorada em artigos acadêmicos, beneficiará trabalhadores, empresas e o país. A extensão do benefício estimula mais pessoas a pouparem para suas aposentadorias, fomenta uma melhor educação financeira na sociedade e incentiva a poupança de longo prazo, altamente benéfica para o país.

Copyright of Retos, Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artículo analiza la tributación a las ganancias de la persona jurídica en Brasil en su trayectoria reciente, la importancia de la recaudación y el impacto en las inversiones y la carga sectorial, siempre bajo la óptica comparada. Así, la evolución de la tributación sobre las ganancias en Brasil es cotejada con la de los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) y de América Latina. Los resultados apuntan a que Brasil presenta alícuotas nominales elevadas, pero cuya recaudación está en nivel inferior a la media de América Latina y de la OCDE. En el lado de la inversión, el país también impone altas tasas efectivas, por encima de la media de los países desarrollados. En el estudio sectorial, se verifi có una rápida migración de la base renta del sector industrial al sector financiero.

Purpose - This research was aimed at verifying the influence of the tax burden on the value added produced by publicly traded companies listed in Brazil Bolsa Balcão (B3). Design/methodology/approach - The study had a quantitative approach and the sample period was from 2010 to 2016. Given the complexity of the Brazilian tax burden - characterized by high tax rates and confusing legislation - and the importance of value added as an accounting metric with economic impact, this research relied on the public choice theory and the elasticity of taxable income to analyze the relationship between the level of tax burden and the process of wealth generation in Brazilian companies. Findings - The empirical evidence found in this study corroborates the theoretical understanding that the tax burden in Brazil exerts a negative influence on the value added produced by companies. Practical and Social implications - This conclusion is a relevant assessment for society as a whole, as it is necessary to protect and maximize companies' wealth-adding process, since it is the resources produced by companies that will be shared in the economy with society, whose development depends on the wealth creation process. Originality - The use of the added value produced as a metric of efficiency or saturation of the tax burden borne by companies in the Brazilian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present work is to analyze the governance of tax burden of medicine to treat the main chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) in Brazil and the institutional and economic perspectives for tax exoneration of medicine for human use. The bibliographic and document research have been used to identify the main taxes imposed on medicine, the public access policies of CNCDs's medicines and the possibility of tax exoneration. The results show that the pharmaceutical sector tax governance in conjunction with Brazilian tax system is complex. The revenue of this sector has not been affected by the 2012 - 2017 crises. It was found that Brazil had the biggest tax burden on medicine in the world, 32% in 2019. There six exoneration projects that waited for vote both in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. However, none of the projects tackled the CNCDs. A medicine tax exoneration is unfeasible for governments taking into account the Brazilian economic and budgetary scenario lately. It is recommended the implementation of a specific CNCDs tax exoneration project as a public policy, since it would not strongly impact the government revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in Scientific & Applied Accounting is the property of Associacao Nacional de Programas de Pos-graduacao em Ciencias Contabeis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective is to analyze the impacts of the reduction of the Tax on Industrialized Products (IPI) on motor vehicles on the prices of 37 sectors of the economy; subsequently, see if such impacts would be more pronounced if subsidies equivalent to that reduction were applied to other key sectors of the economy. To perform these evaluations, an input-output model was constructed and employed, using the Resources and Uses Tables provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) for 2013. The results show that the effects on reductions prices are higher and reach more sectors when the subsidy is applied to key sectors of the economy, such as the manufacturing of organic/inorganic chemicals, resins and elastomers; production of pig iron/ferroalloys, steel and seamless steel tubes; and electricity, natural gas and other utilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this research was to analyze the behavior of the Tax on the Ownership of Automotive Vehicles (IPVA) in relation to the increase of its rates in 2016 during the Brazilian economic recession started at the end of 2014. Methodology: Using a quantitative panel data analysis of the 26 states of the Brazilian Federation and the Federal District between 2004 and 2016, the research was based on the theory of public choices, tax capacity and elasticity of tax revenue, proposing a regressive model to estimate the reflection of the IPVA rate increase during the economic recession in the tax collection, using as variables the IPVA collection by licensed vehicles, GDP per capita, population size and the unemployment rate. Results: The results obtained point to a saturation of the economic capacity of the taxpayers of that tax, corroborating the hypothesis that the economic recession may have affected the contributory capacity, so that the increase of the IPVA rate during the economic recession may have favored its defaulting the tax. Contributions of the Study: The study can contribute to broaden the understanding of the consequences related to fluctuations in tax burden and the decision-making process in the public sector regarding the adoption of a fiscal policy that strives for efficiency and balance, between tax burden and taxpayers' economic capacity, with In order to counteract trends in economic depression and inflation in economic cycles, it is necessary to reduce the tax burden, so that the collection remains at the level to maintain budget balance and attention to expected public spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Contabilidade do Mestrado em Ciências Contábeis da UERJ is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the article was to verify the relationship between factors of the institutional environment and the global competitiveness indicator (GCI) in the year 2016. For this, a descriptive research was conducted, through documentary analysis and quantitative approach in a sample of 134 countries listed in the Global Competitiveness Report and the Corruption Perceptions Report. As a dependent variable, the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) was used and, as explanatory variables of the institutional environment, the perception of corruption (CPI), GDP per capita (in US $) and the tax burden of each country were considered. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, Person correlation and multiple linear regression. The results showed that global competitiveness is positively correlated with the perception of corruption and economic growth, and that the American, Asian and European continents presented statistically significant results when related to competitiveness. It has also been pointed out that the countries with the highest degree of competitiveness are less prone to corruption and that the more competitive nations show a trend towards greater economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the difficulties in raising tax revenue for the central government in a post-agreement era. Through an analysis of main components and stylized facts it is found that there are not enough monetary resources available to implement the peace agreement. This may result in an incomplete implementation of the agreement and a revision of public spending in education, pension system, health system, rural economy, debt service, transport infrastructure and strengthening the DIAN to increase and redistribute the tax burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REUNIR: Revista de Administração, Contabilidade e Sustentabilidade is the property of REUNIR - Revista de Administracao, Contabilidade e Sustentabilidade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to determine which taxes contributed most to the increase of the Brazilian tax burden, considering the tax on goods and services, wages, income, foreign trade and patrimony. It was found that only from 1995 to 1999, the behavior of the tax burden on the category of goods and services presents adherence with the theoretical assumptions of Laffer and the Cofins belonging to the group of goods and services was the largest contributor to the increased of tax burden in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Review of Economics & Agribusiness / Revista de Economia e Agronegócio is the property of Brazilian Review of Economics & Agribusiness / Revista de Economia e Agronegocio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The tax burden has been object of intense discussion in the last two decades. Within of the politic of payroll exoneration, it was expected to relieve the burden of tax in Brazil. It was implemented the replacement of the employer´s contribution by the incidence on invoice revenue. It was evaluated the impact of these measures on the economy and the several legislative modifications . The way of how was implemented the payroll exoneration was considered wrong under the legal and economic perspective.

Copyright of Revista Gestão & Tecnologia is the property of Revista Gestao & Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar empiricamente a Curva de Laffer para o Brasil nos anos de 1996 a 2014, a fim de descobrir qual a carga tributária (real) que irá propiciar o máximo de arrecadação (real) possível. De início, são feitas algumas considerações referentes à política fiscal, ao sistema tributário, e a carga tributária brasileira, bem como, a teoria da Curva de Laffer e seus principais estudos empíricos. Utilizou-se no estudo uma função quadrática para estimar uma regressão por meio do MQO, a fim de obter seu ponto de máximo. O modelo Log-Lin foi o que melhor atendeu as especificações da teoria e, após os testes de verificação do modelo (os quais foram favoráveis), conclui-se que o ponto de máximo da carga tributária real que irá maximizar as receitas de forma geral é de 40,73%, sendo este maior do que o observado no Brasil, no ano de 2014.

ABSTRACT This paper analyzed the impact of taxation on the investment in Brazil, focusing on the taxation of corporate income. Following the literature, it was used an economic model to calculate two indicators of effective tax rates - Effective Marginal Tax Rate (EMTR) and Effective Average Tax Rate (EATR). The EMTR measures the increase of the cost of capital due to corporate income tax. The EATR represents a measure of the average tax rate levied on an investment that has a pre-defined economic profit. The results suggest Brazil may face some difficulties to attract foreign investment. The country presents high rates for EATR and EMTR, higher than the average of the rich countries and well above the figures of development countries like Chile, Mexico, South Africa, Russia and China, potential competitors in attracting investments.

This article analyzes the processes and contexts of olive growing in San Rafael, Mendoza, from the year 2000 onwards, during the periods of boom, fall and stagnation caused by climate scourges and by structural and current processes related to international, national and local contexts. These processes and their consequences will make it possible to understand the latest transformations in the sector and the possible perspectives of this regional production process, and to improve the knowledge of its tensions and fluctuations. On the basis of the theoretical framework of the regional economies, we consider the fluctuations that the activity undergoes and that depends not only on the environmental features but also on institutional, economic, historical, cultural and social aspects with all the asymmetries involved in the development of each one of them. For this purpose, primary and secondary sources were used, such as legislation related to the activity, interviews with key referents, statistics, scientific articles and journals and local and provincial newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O objetivo geral deste artigo foi analisar comparativamente a percepção dos alunos ingressantes e concluintes de Graduação em Ciências Contábeis em relação à carga tributária no Brasil. Para atingir o citado objetivo, realizou-se um estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, e utilização de um questionário, que foi aplicado aos três primeiros e três últimos períodos do curso de Ciências Contábeis de uma universidade federal mineira. Tal questionário foi elaborado com três blocos, o primeiro destinado a coletar dados sobre o perfil da amostra e os dois últimos compostos por questões sobre a carga tributária. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o teste t de Student, para a verificação da ocorrência ou não de significância estatística entre as diferenças de respostas obtidas dos grupos. Os resultados sugerem que houve poucas diferenças significativas entre as percepções dos graduandos iniciantes e concluintes em relação à carga tributária no Brasil e que, portanto, a condição de concluinte não conferiu aos discentes maiores conhecimentos do que aos iniciantes. Além disso, verificou-se que os concluintes possuem uma visão mais pessimista em relação ao sistema tributário nacional do que os iniciantes. The general purpose of this article was to make a comparative analysis of the perceptions of entering and graduating Accounting students in relation to the tax burden in Brazil. To achieve the purpose, a descriptive study was performed with a quantitative approach and a questionnaire was used, applied to the first three and last three periods of the Accounting course at a Federal University in Minas Gerais. This questionnaire was designed with three blocks, the first designed to collect data on the sample profile, and the last two consisting of questions about the tax burden. In data analysis, we used the Student's t test to verify the presence or absence of statistics significance between the different responses of the groups. The results suggest that there were few significant differences between the perceptions of beginner sand seniors graduating students in relation to the tax burden in Brazil and, therefore, the condition of senior has not given the students more knowledge in relation to beginners. Furthermore, it was found that the graduating students are more pessimistic about the tax system than the beginners.

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a tributação sobre os principais bens finais do setor sucroenergético, quais sejam açúcar e álcool. Para tanto, estima-se - a partir da metodologia de recolhimento da cada tributo - a carga tributária potencial incidente sobre estes produtos em todos os elos de suas cadeias no estado de São Paulo nos anos de 2000 e 2008. Os resultados apontam para uma carga tributária potencial de 23,04% do preço final do álcool hidratado e de 27,39% do preço final do açúcar cristal em 2008. Com o objetivo de mensurar a importância da isenção de alguns tributos às vendas externas, este artigo estima as diferenças em termos de carga tributária potencial entre o álcool/açúcar exportado e aquele vendido no mercado doméstico. A diferença da carga tributária incidente sobre o álcool exportado pela usina e aquele vendido para o mercado doméstico é estimada em 15,65 pp. Para o açúcar, essa diferença é de 21,25 pp. Por último, estima-se a carga tributária incidente sobre o setor no ano 2000 - que foi de 40,08% para o álcool hidratado e de 25,91% para o açúcar. Observa-se um aumento da carga incidente sobre o açúcar e redução da carga incidente sobre o álcool.

Este artigo apresenta uma análise histórica e empírica das transformações ocorridas na gestão das empresas estatais brasileiras durante os últimos 20 anos. O principal insight do estudo é mostrar como as empresas federais, consideradas vilãs da crise fiscal dos anos 1980 - por terem sido usadas pela ditadura militar para sua política de endividamento externo -, assumiram um papel decisivo para o equilíbrio fiscal e macroeconômico no período recente. Estimamos que a contribuição efetiva das estatais para o superávit primário do setor público esteja acima dos 50%, contabilizando as contribuições indiretas, como dividendos e royalties. Além disso, calculamos que a fatia das estatais nos pagamentos de tributos a União, estados e municípios cresceu de 7,7% em 1999 para 14% em 2005-06, respondendo por cerca de 40% do aumento da carga tributária. Também encontramos, aqui, evidências de que os investimentos das estatais no Brasil contribuíram para compensar o aperto fiscal e monetário entre 2002 e 2004.This article expose a historical and empirical analysis of the transformations in the administration of the Brazilian state owned enterprises during the last 20 years. The main insight of the study is to show how the federal companies, considered villains of the fiscal crisis in the 80's - because its manipulation by military dictatorship to his foreign indebtedness policy -, assumed a decisive role in fiscal and macroeconomic equilibrium in the recent period. We estimate that the effective contribution of federal companies to primary surplus has been above 50%, accounting the indirect contributions, like dividends and royalties. Moreover, we calculate that the share of this enterprises in tax revenues of federal, state and municipal governments have grown from 7,7% in 1999 to 14% in 2005-06, representing around 40% of the increase in tax rate. We also found evidences, here, that the investments executed by those companies has contributed to compensate the fiscal and monetary contraction between 2002 e 2004.