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Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Widespread insect losses are a critical global problem. Mitigating this problem requires identifying the principal drivers across different taxa and determining which insects are covered by protected areas. However, doing so is hindered by missing information on most species owing to extremely high insect diversity and difficulties in morphological identification. To address this knowledge gap, we used one of the most comprehensive insect DNA metabarcoding data sets assembled (encompassing 31,846 flying insect species) in which data were collected from a network of 75 Malaise traps distributed across Germany. Collection sites encompass gradients of land cover, weather, and climate, along with differences in site protection status, which allowed us to gain broader insights into how insects respond to these factors. We examined changes in total insect biomass, species richness, temporal turnover, and shifts in the composition of taxa, key functional groups (pollinators, threatened species, and invasive species), and feeding traits. Lower insect biomass generally equated to lower richness of all insects and higher temporal turnover, suggesting that biomass loss translates to biodiversity loss and less stable communities. Spatial variability in insect biomass and composition was primarily driven by land cover, rather than weather or climate change. As vegetation and land‐cover heterogeneity increased, insect biomass increased by 50% in 2019 and 56% in 2020 and total species richness by 58% and 33%, respectively. Similarly, areas with low‐vegetation habitats exhibited the highest richness of key taxa, including pollinators and threatened species, and the widest variety of feeding traits. However, these habitats tended to be less protected despite their higher diversity. Our results highlight the value of heterogeneous low vegetation for promoting overall insect biomass and diversity and that better protection of insects requires improved protection and management of unforested areas, where many biodiversity hotspots and key taxa occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Za racionalnu upotrebu raspoloživih biomasnih resursa za energetsko korišćenje, potrebno je: prikupljanje, priprema i transport u periodu je energetski potencijal najveći. Dobijanje informacija o vrsti, lokaciji i količini raspoloživih energenata bez razvijene ENERGETSKE MAPE je vrlo sporo i nepouzdano. Zbog toga je značajno kreiranje ENERGETSKE MAPE na definisanoj teritoriji, koja bi služila za potrebe zainteresovanih kompanija i lokalnih samouprava. U ovom radu koristi se besplatan softver QGIS i Geo Python za formiranje tabele koja se stalno ažurira s ciljem kreiranja GIS energetske mape raspoloživih biomasnih sirovina. Primena ove metodologije omogućava efikasnu analizu i upravljanje resursima biomase. Kreirana mapa pruža važne informacije o dostupnosti i lokacijama biomasnih sirovina, omogućavajući bolje planiranje i odlučivanje u vezi s upotrebom ovih resursa u energetske svrhe. U radu je opisana procedura formiranja forme za korisnike raspoloživih biomasnih sirovina u cilju dobijanja zavisnosti energetskog potencijala od procenta vlažnosti za izvorne resurse i interpretacija rezultata kroz dobijanje ažurnih podataka o vrsti, energetskim potencijalima otpadnih biomasnih sirovina na izvornim lokacijama.

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The urgent need to mitigate and adapt to climate change necessitates a comprehensive understanding of carbon cycling dynamics. Traditionally, global carbon cycle models have focused on vegetation, but recent research suggests that animals can play a significant role in carbon dynamics under some circumstances, potentially enhancing the effectiveness of nature‐based solutions to mitigate climate change. However, links between animals, plants, and carbon remain unclear. We explored the complex interactions between defaunation and ecosystem carbon in Earth's most biodiverse and carbon‐rich biome, tropical rainforests. Defaunation can change patterns of seed dispersal, granivory, and herbivory in ways that alter tree species composition and, therefore, forest carbon above‐ and belowground. Most studies we reviewed show that defaunation reduces carbon storage 0−26% in the Neo‐ and Afrotropics, primarily via population declines in large‐seeded, animal‐dispersed trees. However, Asian forests are not predicted to experience changes because their high‐carbon trees are wind dispersed. Extrapolating these local effects to entire ecosystems implies losses of ∼1.6 Pg CO2 equivalent across the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and 4−9.2 Pg across the Amazon over 100 years and of ∼14.7−26.3 Pg across the Congo basin over 250 years. In addition to being hard to quantify with precision, the effects of defaunation on ecosystem carbon are highly context dependent; outcomes varied based on the balance between antagonist and mutualist species interactions, abiotic conditions, human pressure, and numerous other factors. A combination of experiments, large‐scale comparative studies, and mechanistic models could help disentangle the effects of defaunation from other anthropogenic forces in the face of the incredible complexity of tropical forest systems. Overall, our synthesis emphasizes the importance of—and inconsistent results when—integrating animal dynamics into carbon cycle models, which is crucial for developing climate change mitigation strategies and effective policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are nearly 3 billion people exposed to biomass smoke worldwide. Biomass represents approximately 50% of deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in developing countries; mainly affecting women, who are exposed during all stages of their life. The cumulative effect and inhalation characteristics determine a predominantly small airway condition, different from the radiological findings of COPD in smoking patients. The radiological characteristics (morphological and quantitative) allow the appropriate identification of these patients, their follow-up and appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Ingeniería Mecánica is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Durante los últimos años, se están realizando distintas acciones para contribuir hacia una transición energética sustentable y sostenible en el tiempo. En este contexto, la biomasa es el recurso más accesible para su aprovechamiento de manera directa, y es una de las fuentes renovables más confiable ya que se puede almacenar, lo que favorece su conversión en energía térmica y eléctrica. En el caso de la calefacción residencial, la biomasa sólida utilizada actualmente en el mundo suele estar en la forma tradicional de leña o carbón vegetal, y queda aún mucho margen para implementar soluciones más modernas. En Argentina, el panorama es similar, ya que, si bien existen distintos tipos de biomasa lignocelulósica que puede destinarse para generar energía; como, residuos agrícolas, especies de crecimiento natural y cultivos energéticos, estos recursos están subaprovechados para la generación de energía. El enfoque de este trabajo está puesto sobre la generación de energía térmica a partir de biomasa, con el objetivo principal de estimar el consumo para calefacción residencial. Para este análisis, se adopta un prototipo de vivienda como modelo para realizar los cálculos, y se propone el uso de pélets de diferente composición y poder calorífico según la región analizada

Se estudió el efecto de la aspersión foliar de nanoestructuras con zinc (ZnO-NE) en el crecimiento de plántulas de pepino en invernadero. Los tratamientos fueron cuatro soluciones elaboradas mediante nanoestructuras con zinc (ZnO-NE) obtenidas por microondas profesional (MP) y doméstico (MD), y por precipitación directa (PD); el testigo positivo (TP) fue fertilizante comercial (ZnSO4) y negativo (TN) agua. Semillas de pepino se sumergieron 2 h en la solución con la fuente respectiva de Zn2+ (30 mg L-1) y se sembraron en contenedores de poliestireno con turba y perlita (1:1 v/v), en invernadero. Las plántulas con dos hojas verdaderas se asperjaron con las soluciones correspondientes, cada siete días durante tres semanas. Se presentó menor altura de plántula en TN y mayor diámetro de tallo con ZnO-NE de MD. Las ZnO-NE de MD y PD produjeron hojas más anchas (6.98 y 6.89 mm), PD hojas de mayor longitud (6.01 mm); las plántulas tratadas con ZnO-NE de MP y MD aumentaron el área foliar (360.86 y 313.82 cm-2). Las tres fuentes de ZnO-NE incrementaron la longitud de raíz, y el volumen de raíz destacó en TP (10.2 mL). La biomasa fresca en raíz fue mayor con ZnO-NE de MD (3.54 g). Todas las fuentes de Zn mejoraron el peso fresco y seco del tallo; el peso fresco (6.5 g) y seco (0.85 g) de hoja resaltó con ZnO-NE de PD. La aspersión foliar con ZnO-NE es una alternativa para mejorar el crecimiento y producción de biomasa en plántulas de pepino cultivadas en invernadero.

El objetivo fue evaluar las características de la raíz de portainjertos de cítricos, desarrollados en tubetes con diferentes sustratos. La siembra y desarrollo de las plantas se realizó en Cazones, Veracruz, México, y la evaluación en el Laboratorio de Fruticultura, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México. Los portainjertos fueron naranjo agrio, Citrange C-35, lima rangpur y limón volkameriano, transplantados en tubetes de 1 L, llenados con arena, turba-agrolita (4:1 v/v) y tierra vega-tepojal (3:1 v/v). El diseño experimental fue factorial en arreglo de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones de cinco unidades experimentales. Seis meses después del establecimiento se seleccionaron tres repeticiones de cuatro plantas por tratamiento, y se evaluó: altura de planta, diámetro de cuello, peso de materia fresca y seca de raíz, número de raíces por orden y longitud de raíces. Los datos se analizaron con el paquete estadístico SAS, se determinó un ANDEVA y comparación de medias de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05) La variable número de raíces se sometió a análisis de regresión polinomial. Tierra vega-tepojal dio calidad al desarrollo aéreo y radical, siendo una alternativa para el desarrollo de plantas en vivero, limón volkameriano mostró mayor longitud total de raíces, y en todos los portainjertos se encontraron raíces de segundo, tercero, cuarto y quinto orden. En el contenedor las raíces desarrollaron hasta la pared, luego se dirigieron a la base, donde hubo poda natural. El sustrato y contenedor influyeron en el desarrollo y forma de la raíz en los cuatro portainjertos

Korišćenje biomase, kao regionalno dostupnog obnovljivog izvora energije je jedan od ključnih koraka ka dekarbonizaciji i ostvarivanju održivog razvoja zemalja koje su u razvoju. Biomasa koja se koristi na održiv način smatra se ugljenično neutralnim gorivom. Zahvaljujući svojim svojstvima predstavlja energent koji može doprineti ostvarivanju cilja ugljenične neutralnosti. Iako, za razliku od foslinih goriva, emituje niske emisije zagađujućih materija, kada se govori o kontrolisanom procesu potpunog sagorevanja, sve su češći problemi koji se javljaju usled neadekvatnog korišćenja biomase. U mnogim zemljama u razvoju, biomasa, posebno drvna, se često koristi na tradicionalan i neefikasan način za kuvanje i zagrevanje prostora u ložištima sa minimalnom mogućnošću kontrole procesa sagorevanja. Takav neefikasan način korišćenja biomase može izazvati ozbiljne ekološke probleme. Nepotpuno sagorevanje drvne biomase može rezultirati emisijom štetnih supstanci, uključujući čestice (mešavina dima, čađi i kiselina) i ugljen-monoksid (CO). Ove supstance su opasne po zdravlje ljudi i imaju negativne efekte na kvalitet vazduha. Pored toga, sagorevanje biomase na visokim temperaturama može generisati azotne okside (NOx), čime se dodatno pogoršava ekološki uticaj. U Srbiji, prema popisu iz 2022. godine svega 20% stambenih jedinica povezano na sisteme daljinskog grejanja dok 77% čine individualni sistemi grejanja. Kod individualnih sistema grejanja 31% čine stanovi koji imaju instalacije grejanja. Od ukupnog broja nastanjenih stanova u gradskim sredinama koji nisu povezani na sistem daljinskog grejanja, drvo kao energent koristi 47,60 %, ugalj 2,07%, prirodni gas 17,40%, a električnu energiju 29,00%. U radu je analizirano 15 gradskih sredina u Srbiji kod kojih je vazduh kategorisan u III kategoriju kao posledica emisija PM2,5 i P10 čestica. Sistemi daljinskog grejanja analiziranih gradova se zasnivaju na korišćenju prirodnog gasa (11 gradova), dok je ugalj preovlađujuće gorivo u tri grada i mazut u jednom gradu. U većini analiziranih gradovima individualni sistemi grejanja imaju udele najčešće preko 70% i zasnovani su najvećim delom na korišćenju čvrste biomase, iznad 60%. Dnevna prekoračenja emisija PM čestica, koja su višestruko iznad dozvoljene granice, su u preko 95% u toku grejne sezone.

The adoption of new forms of energy production is one of the challenges faced by countries worldwide due to the progressive depletion of fossil fuels. In this regard, the co-digestion of organic waste in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) has gained widespread acceptance, as it not only provides an alternative for the utilization of several types of biomasses to meet energy needs but also assists in waste management and nutrient recovery. However, accepting additional substrates for co-digestion requires careful physicochemical studies, as their characteristics can influence both the stability of the process and the quality and production of biogas. In line with the above, this study implemented the case study method through descriptive analysis to evaluate the substrates accepted for anaerobic co-digestion in the Straubing WWTP in Germany (SER GmbH). As a result, it was found that floating fats (C1) and milk with inhibitors (C5) were the substrates that exhibited the highest biogas production per unit of treated mass, 90% more than distillation residues and 70% more than raw sludge. These findings underscore the importance of carefully selecting substrates for codigestion in WWTPs, highlighting the potential to harness valuable resources, as evaluated in this study, to increase efficiency in biogas production and, therefore, promote a more effective transition to sustainable energy sources in the global context. The Straubing WWTP in Germany thus becomes an example of the possibilities offered by co-digestion in sustainable energy generation and waste management. The inclusion of floating fats and milk with inhibitors as successful substrates illustrates how research and careful implementation can optimize the performance of these facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the management and forage potential of weeds from the traditional Otomí milpa in the communities of Acambay, Mexico; to calculate their yield as green forage and biomass, and to identify ethnotaxons. Methodology: The research was formulated from a historical and conceptual framework, and with techniques of the ethnographic method: Eleven community visits and semi-structured questionnaires applied to twelve key informants, the management and uses of weeds were analyzed; a sampling was applied in three communities, in areas of 12 m2 per plot, to identify ethnotaxa and calculate yields. Results: The strategic management of weeds was identified from the traditional know-how with regional importance linked to the production of bovine milk; 31 ethnotaxons were recorded, whose yield as green forage amounts to 6.8 t./ha. and 3.8 t/ha of biomass, representing a saving of 24,613.13 mexican pesos per agricultural cycle. Limitations: More resources are needed to further study the food and medicinal uses of weeds. Conclusions: Otomi farmers cultivate and revalue native corn and polycultures; for them, the productive and cultural value or identity is still structured around the milpa and weeds; thus, this work shows the validity of the strategic use and regional importance of weeds as forage for milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The number of steam generators that burn biomass for steam production is constantly growing. One of the problems they face is severe corrosion, a consequence of the content of alkali chlorides and other corrosive species that these biofuels contain. Objective: To carry out a bibliographic review on the use of additives to reduce the effects of the presence of alkali chlorides in biofuels used in steam generators. Materials and Methods: References were consulted from 1998 to 2023 related to the main alternatives for the mitigation of the effects of corrosion, caused by the presence in biomass (used in combustion for electricity generation) of a high concentration of alkaline chlorides, going deeper into the use of different types of additives or mixtures of them. Results and Discussion: Several of the reported methods have medium to high effectiveness in reducing corrosion and the complexity of their implementation. The main additives found are ammonium sulfate, based on aluminum and silicon, calcium and sulfur. The best effectivenesscomplexity balance corresponds to the use of kaolin. Conclusions: Alkali chlorides increase the corrosion rate of materials used in steam superheaters. Reactions between the metal surface and these species, or others that contain alkalis must be avoided to reduce corrosion in them, for which additives capable of sequestering alkalis from the biomass can be used, forming less aggressive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemical Industry / Hemijska Industrija is the property of Association of Chemical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Fuentes, El Reventón Energético is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Buletinul AGIR is the property of Asociatia Generala a Inginerilor din Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El calafate (Berberis microphylla G.Forst.) es un arbusto nativo ampliamente distribuido en la Patagonia. Produce frutos comestibles con excelentes propiedades nutricionales y alta capacidad antioxidante. La cosecha de frutos de poblaciones silvestres sin buenas prácticas supone riesgos de sobreexplotación y degradación del recurso. Para lograr su uso sostenible abordamos el cultivo y la domesticación. Durante dos años de viverización evaluamos el efecto de la fertilización sólida inorgánica en la supervivencia, morfología y estado nutricional de plantines propagados de semillas. Aplicamos 4 niveles de fertilización T1) sin fertilizante; T2) una dosis de nitrato de amonio; T3) una dosis de triple 15; T4) dos dosis de triple 15, separadas 30 días entre sí. El primer año la dosis fue 1 g y el segundo 2 g por envase. El experimento se dispuso en 5 bloques, 10 plantines por tratamiento y bloque, en el vivero de CIEFAP-Esquel. La supervivencia fue del 100%. El primer año el aporte de fertilizante incrementó la altura del vástago, diámetro de cuello y emisión de ramas. El segundo año el tamaño de los plantines fertilizados fue 41,3 cm de largo de vástago y 8,7 mm de diámetro de cuello. Sin diferencias significativas, T3 presentó valores más elevados en los parámetros medidos, destacándose la biomasa aérea (12,7 g) y radical (10,5 g). Se determinó mayor concentración de N total foliar en T2 y T4. Los parámetros morfológicos y de nutrición cuantificados son una referencia para definir índices de calidad de plantines de calafate producidos en viveros de la región.

La cianobacteria Leptolyngbya sp. se caracteriza por ser fuente de enzimas, toxinas, auxinas y pigmentos por lo que se requiere seguir realizando estudios debido a su potencial biotecnológico. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar una cepa de la cianobacteria Leptolyngbya sp. mediante cultivos discontinuos alimentados y así como valorar la calidad bioquímica de la biomasa y analizar su posible toxicidad en el pez cebra. Para ello, se tomaron muestras en el embalse “Sixto Durán Ballén”, Manabí, Ecuador y para su aislamiento se utilizó una combinación de técnicas por estriación en placas de agar y diluciones seriadas en medio BG110. Posteriormente, se escalaron los cultivos desde 10 mL hasta 14 L. Los cultivos fueron mantenidos a diferentes intensidades luminosas de 2, 4 y 8 Klux con fotoperiodo de 24:0, a 20 ⁰C ± 2 y el medio BG110 enriquecido con 1 y 5 mL de NaNO3 (0,085 y 0,425 mM; respectivamente). Se monitorearon las variables de clorofila a, y ficocianina durante los experimentos. Se realizó un análisis proximal de la biomasa cosechada y de toxicidad aguda del sobrenadante del cultivo y de la fracción lipídica de la biomasa, utilizando como organismo de prueba a peces cebra (Danio rerio). Se obtuvieron 5,06±0,15 mL de biomasa/10 mL de cultivo, biomasa seca de 1,5 g/L, con un contenido de clorofila a de 9,04±0,76µg/L y de ficocianina de 0,013±0,003mg*L-1, así mismo, 29,59, 25,50 y 27,49 % de carbohidratos, proteínas y cenizas; respectivamente. Se reporta toxicidad en el sobrenadante y fracción liposoluble al 100, 50 y 25 %, y nula al 10 % y en controles. Esta cepa de Leptolyngbya presentó capacidad de crecimiento, en los cultivos discontinuos, alta producción de proteínas y ficocianina, a bajas concentraciones de NaNO3 en medio BG110 y además expresó toxicidad sobre el pez cebra. Se recomienda su monitoreo cuando se observe su presencia en cuerpos de agua lenticas.

El banano necesita muchos nutrientes, lo que lleva a los agricultores a depender de fertilizantes químicos que dañan el suelo. Una solución es combinar abonos orgánicos con fertilizantes químicos en menor cantidad. En este marco, el objetivo fue medir el desarrollo de un cultivar de banano en varios tratamientos de biocarbón más dosis fija de SiO2, KNO3 y P2O5. El biocarbón (BC) se obtuvo del raquis del banano a una temperatura de 350 °C por 2 horas. En el ensayo se evaluaron 10 plantas por tratamiento que se conformaron por dosis por planta de: 100 g de BC + 100 g SiO2, 20 g de BC + 100 g SiO2 y 100 g SiO2 (parcela testigo). Estas dosis se aplicaron en la semana uno, ocho y 14 del ensayo. La dosis de fertilizantes para todos los tratamientos se conformó de 75 kg ha-1 KNO3 + 50 kg ha-1 P2O5, y que se aplicaron 15 días antes que la dosis de biocarbon y en la semana seis del ensayo. El estudio demostró que el tratamiento con 20 g de biocarbón fue el más efectivo en términos de altura de la planta y circunferencia del pseudotallo, superando al tratamiento con 100 g y al control. Asimismo, el tratamiento con 100 g de biocarbón mostró el mayor peso de racimo en comparación con los otros tratamientos. Los tratamientos con biocarbón, silicio y fertilizantes tuvieron un efecto en las plantas de banano superior a la fertilización química, lo que sugiere su potencial aplicación en la agricultura.

La fase de semillero es determinante en la utilización de plántulas con calidad para el trasplante. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la respuesta vegetativa diferenciada de cultivares de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) a dos sustratos en condiciones de bandejas. El experimento se ejecutó en la Universidad de Pinar del Río, Cuba. Se utilizaron los cultivares ‘Celeste’, ‘Desquite’, ‘Grandioso’ y ‘Radiante’, en un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial (factores: sustrato y cultivar). Los sustratos se elaboraron a base de suelo Fersialítico, materiales orgánicos (humus o turba) y cascarrilla de arroz. La siembra se realizó en bandejas de 40 alvéolos (tubetes), con capacidad para 70 g de sustrato cada uno. Los sustratos empleados garantizaron un adecuado desarrollo morfofisiológico de las plántulas de tomate, independientemente del cultivar evaluado, aunque ‘Desquite’ presentó la menor tasa absoluta de crecimiento. Con el empleo del sustrato a base de suelo, humus y cascarilla de arroz, se incrementó en 5% las plántulas útiles para el trasplante, lo que garantiza una reducción en el número de bandejas y volumen de sustrato empleados en esta fase del cultivo.

El pirocloro (H3O)2Sb2O6·nH2O (H2Sb) fue sintetizado mediante tratamiento de óxido de antimonio (III) (Sb2O3) con peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2), para ser evaluado en la deshidratación de fructosa a 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) en un sistema bifásico FA/FO (H2O/ MIBK:2butanol). Las pruebas catalíticas se llevaron a cabo en un reactor de vidrio tubular (15 mL) con rosca de teflón. El reactor se cargó con 1.5 ml de solución concentrada de fructosa (30 % p/p), 3.5 ml de solvente extractor MIBK: 2 butanol (7:3) y 50 mg de catalizador. El objetivo fue estudiar el efecto de factores como tiempo y temperatura de reacción, sobre la formación del producto de interés, logrando una conversión de sustrato del 93 % y un rendimiento a HMF del 79 %, luego de 90 min de reacción a 120 °C. Más importante aún, este sistema catalítico fue muy eficiente alcanzando un elevado rendimiento a HMF, superior a los reportados al emplear soluciones concentradas de fructosa (30% p/p). Por lo tanto, el pirocloro H2Sb se presenta como un catalizador muy prometedor para la obtención de HMF mediante trasformaciones de carbohidratos, provenientes de biomasa.

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The widespread use of energy crops with short production cycles (SRC) has entered the public agenda since the last century as a solution to the many challenges raised by the need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by replacing fossil fuels with alternative energy sources. Given that the sources of biomass are very diverse and their utilization has multiple consequences on the environment and society, it is necessary to study them in a systematic manner, in order to be able to detect the technological evolution trends of the so-called green energy. Materials and method: The bibliographic study was carried out using Google and Scopus search engines, and the results were saved and managed in a Zotero bibliography. In total, 53 research and synthesis articles were studied, most of them published after the year 2000. In order to structure the analysis, six thematic areas were chosen, as follows: 1) sustainability, 2) greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), 3) logistics and legislation, 4) inter- and intraspecific biodiversity 5) impact on land use, 6) social acceptance. Results and discussions: 1) Sustainability can be ensured if the fertilizers necessary to maintain the high productivity of short-cycle crops are managed responsibly, if energy willows, capable of drying naturally, are used, and if those energy crops do not endanger forest biodiversity by giving up to the conservation objectives of forest habitats and species. 2) GHG emissions can only be negative if the raw material supply chains of the pellet mills are shortened, if sawdust from timber cutting is used and if the pellet combustion is carried out in high-efficiency thermal centrals. The caloric value of pellets is at least three times higher than that of wood chips, but this comparative advantage disappears if the transport distances are long. 3) Legislation on biomass used for energy purposes does not keep up with technological progress because it imposes procedural standards similar to those used for the recovery of working wood. At least for Romania, marking each wire, as the forestry code provides for any tree, makes it difficult and increases the cost of applying the legal provisions. Also, storing and drying biomass raises special logistical problems, which require a holistic approach to them. From the point of view of biodiversity, after decades of testing poplars and acacias, the range of species and cultivars has significantly reduced, leaving only Euramerican willows and poplars as species of interest. 4) The genetic improvement of hybrid poplars and willows has been particularly successful in countries whose forestry policies have focused on increasing forest productivity by shortening production cycles. In Romania, the native willow varieties are better adapted to the pedoclimatic conditions than the Swedish ones, considered as a reference. Poplar crops with short production cycles are also; one of the main advantages of willows is the ability to dry naturally, which gives a comparative advantage in terms of sustainability and GHG emissions. 6) The social acceptance of energy crops is positive if marginal lands are used from the point of view of agricultural productivity, if this use does not compete with the agricultural one and if exploitation residues are also exploited for energy purposes. Conclusions: The present study analyzed only the thermochemical conversion of woody biomass, not the biochemical one, which allows the utilization of a wider and more complex range of biomass sources to produce, mainly, liquid biofuels. The use of wood for energy purposes, as such or processed in the form of pellets, especially through the installation of SRC, allows the exploitation of marginal lands from the point of view of agricultural productivity, which leads to a more rational use of the land fund. However, the European forest strategy does not clearly highlight the role of energy crops in the wider context of sustainable land management, which justifies the fear that the forest will be seen as a passive carbon stock and a shelter for biodiversity rather than a source of energy and wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planting season is a decisive factor in the success of agricultural production, with a marked effect on the cultivation of onions (Allium cepa L.). In this research, the optimal planting date for onion growth and development was determined. The experiment was carried out in an agroecosystem in the municipality of Sandino, Pinar del Río, Cuba. The established cultivars were 'Anakin' and Yellow Granex F1'. Planting was carried out in furrows during the second half of November and December. Evaluations were made at 60 days post-transplant and at harvest time. In the first, the variables plant height, number of active leaves, diameter and length of the false stem, diameter of the bulb and total fresh mass were characterized. During the harvest, the fresh mass and the equatorial and polar diameters of the bulbs were determined. Crop yield were also estimated. The results showed that both onion cultivars reached an agricultural yield higher than 18 t·ha-1 on the planted dates evaluated, the fresh mass of the bulbs has a positive correlation with all the variables studied and the equatorial diameter of these determine more than 80 % of their total fresh mass. The time of establishment of the crop had a determining effect on the growth and development of the cultivars. This suggests possible modifications in the date of onion planting in the soil and climatic conditions studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Austrocedrus chilensis and Nothofagus dombeyi are endemic species of the Andean-Patagonian forest, which grow in pure or mixed forests. Both have an important ecological role in the region and a great productive potential. However, knowledge about how humidity and radiation influence their early development is limited. In this study, we examined the combined effects of different light (95, 46 y 9 %) and soil moisture levels (100 - 80, 50 - 70 y 20 - 40 %) on survival and growth of N. dombeyi and A. chilensis over two growing seasons under nursery conditions. We also measured the effects of these factors on the following functional traits: leaf thickness and tensile strength, specific leaf area, total leaf area, leaf area / sapwood area to collar ratio, dry weight of the different compartments (leaves, branches, and roots), and internode length. Both species showed similar responses to the factors studied in survival and initial development, although N. dombeyi showed, in general terms, greater growth and lower survival than A. chilensis. The intermediate and high radiation level favored the growth of both species. The humidity levels did not have significant effects on growth, but they did show effects on some of the functional traits, generally interacting with radiation. Also, the lower level of humidity combined with the greater radiation, decreased N. dombeyi survival. It is concluded that the best performance of both species occurs in radiation conditions close to 50 %, which would correspond to forests of these species with 8-10 m² ha-1 of basal area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avances is the property of Instituto de Informacion Cientifica y Tecnologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Buletinul AGIR is the property of Asociatia Generala a Inginerilor din Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objetivo] Estimar el potencial de producción de biocombustibles a partir de la licuefacción hidrotérmica (LHT) de residuos biomásicos en Costa Rica y su respectiva huella de carbono. [Metodología] Se estimó el potencial de generación de residuos de biomasa que pueden ser aprovechados para la producción de biocombustibles, mediante el proceso de LHT, utilizando informes de diferentes instituciones como el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, la Cámara de Avicultores, Acueductos y Alcantarillados, entre otros. Posteriormente, mediante modelos matemáticos que predicen el rendimiento de biocrudo, según el tipo de biomasa utilizado, se estimó el potencial de la posible producción de biocrudo y su respectivo mejoramiento a biodiésel y sus coproductos (biogasolina y biobúnker). Estos datos se compararon con el consumo actual de combustibles en Costa Rica. Por último, se calculó la huella de carbono del proceso de producción de estos biocombustibles utilizando la norma ISO 14067. [Resultados] Se obtuvo que Costa Rica posee, bajo las suposiciones de este estudio, un potencial de producción de biocrudo, biodiésel, biogasolina y biobúnker de 1 383 299 ton/año, 635 788 ton/año, 295 336 ton/año y 70 140 ton/año, respectivamente. Así mismo, se estimó que las huellas de carbono asociadas a la producción de biodiésel, biogasolina y biobúnker son 14,57 gCO2eq/MJ, 13,88 gCO2eq/MJ y 13,33 gCO2eq/MJ, correspondientemente. [Conclusiones] Se concluyó, bajo las suposiciones de este estudio, que en Costa Rica existe un potencial de reemplazo de combustibles fósiles del 71 %, 43 % y 76 % para biodiésel, biogasolina y biobúnker, comparativamente. También, se estimó que, por medio de esta tecnología (LHT) se podría reducir un 18 %, 36 % y 6 % la huella de carbono al utilizar biodiésel, biogasolina y biobúnker, respectivamente, en lugar de sus correspondientes combustibles fósiles.

Aportando al diseño de políticas públicas para el manejo del arbolado urbano, se identificó y evaluó la diversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos del dosel arbóreo urbano costero de la ciudad de Corrientes; mediante un inventario forestal, se calcularon índices clásicos y de diversidad funcional; se realizó una caracterización dendrométrica. Con esta información se probarán hipótesis referidas a la distribución espacial de la provisión de los servicios ecosistémicos del arbolado público. De allí la Costanera Norte presenta mayor riqueza especifica; número de familias y géneros taxonómicos; y el Parque Mitre se destaca por la mayor edad promedio del arbolado. Los índices clásicos expresan diversidad baja y valores normales de biodiversidad urbana. La distribución de especies en la ciudad se encuentra excedida en todos sus parámetros. El Parque Mitre es el mayor sumidero de carbono, y el sector de mayor liberación de oxígeno. La vegetación actual logra captar las emisiones anuales de una baja proporción de la población total del área. El dosel arbóreo evaluado libera oxígeno suficiente para asegurar la calidad de vida de la mitad de los contribuyentes circundantes. Los resultados demuestran la necesidad de continuar reforestando la ciudad de Corrientes como estrategia de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático.

La escasez de agua en la región manzanera más importante de México; Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, se ha incrementado considerablemente en las últimas décadas. El objetivo de esta investigación se concentró en evaluar la respuesta en crecimiento y desarrollo de portainjertos de manzano injertados con Golden Delicious, sometidos a cuatro ciclos de sequía, comparándolos con el tratamiento de riego continuo. Se evaluaron 10 portainjertos (B.9, M.9Nic29, G.41, G.202, G.890, G.210, G.30, M.7, MM.111 y MM.109), los cuales son utilizados en las huertas comerciales de manzano de la zona de Cuauhtémoc. Todos los portainjertos se obtuvieron de viveros comerciales durante la estación de crecimiento 2019. La plantación se realizó en macetas de 20 L en el mes de marzo de 2020 y se utilizó un sustrato compuesto por composta, suelo y arena en proporción 1:1:1. Las variables registradas fueron; porcentaje de humedad en el suelo, crecimiento de la rama líder, potencial hídrico de la hoja, biomasa total, y uso eficiente del agua. Los portainjertos B.9 y M.9Nic29 mostraron buenos resultados en la mayoría de las variables estudiadas. Los portainjertos B.9, M.9Nic29, MM.111 y G.210 mostraron buena recuperación del potencial hídrico de la hoja después del riego de recuperación. La biomasa total fue estadísticamente igual en G.30, G.41, MM.111, MM.109, G.202 y B.9. Se concluye que existen portainjertos que toleran cierto grado de sequía y que pueden contribuir a mejorar el uso del agua, destacando B.9.

La estimación de cosecha basada en índices espectrales conforma un elemento de decisión importante para quienes participan en la actividad agrícola; sin embargo, muchas interrogantes sobre su utilidad aún persisten. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: 1) relacionar propiedades radiativas del maíz forrajero (MF) y producción de biomasa mediante imágenes LANDSAT-8 y SENTINEL-2; y 2) seleccionar el índice de vegetación (IV) con mejor desempeño que permita modelar el rendimiento del MF para condiciones similares. El estudio se realizó en el ciclo PV-2019 con mediciones morfológicas en distintas etapas de crecimiento del MF y mediante muestreos aleatorios destructivos a los 72 dds para determinar magnitud de biomasa en laboratorio; los datos de biomasa se relacionaron con valores de reflectancia e IV de LANDAT-8 y SENTINEL-2 para estimar rendimiento mediante regresión lineal múltiple; ocho IV (NDVI, TVI TTVI, RDVI, RVI, RATIO, SAVI, MSAVI2) se evaluaron mediante evaluaciones cruzadas con base en estadísticos clave. Los resultados del análisis de regresión múltiple indicaron que el mejor modelo (R2 = 0.66) se obtuvo con datos de imágenes SENTINEL-2 a partir de las bandas 3 (α3 = 0.54-0.57 µm) y 8 (α8= 0.78-0.90 µm) con estimadores βi muy significativos (P < 0.05); RDVI presentó el mejor desempeño debido a una buena relación espacial entre los valores digitales ráster y la producción de biomasa verde producida con una asociación del 75.41%; en tanto que los indicadores estadísticos fueron R2= 0.75 y CME=17; con ambos recursos (Modelos de Regresión Múltiple e IV) se pronosticó el rendimiento a los 72 dds en un rango de 10.7 – 57.01 Mg ha-1. La conclusión es que SENTINEL-2 superó a LANDSAT-8 como herramienta libre para la evaluación de cultivos y estimación de biomasa debido a una mejor resolución espacial y temporal.

Biogas od odgovarajućih sirovina nastaje u biogasnim postrojenjima koja se koriste za proizvodnju električne i/ili toplotne energije u takozvanim CHP ili kogenerativnim postrojenjima. U procesu proizvodnje biogasa koriste se različite vrste supstrata sa odgovarajućim energetskim potencijalom. Potencijalni prinos biogasa od odgovarajućih sirovina izražava se po toni sveže, suve ili organske suve mase razmatranog supstrata. U ovom radu su prikazani potencijali korišćenja različitih vrsta supstrata za proizvodnju biogasa. Naročito je dat osvrt na potencijalni prinos biogasa iz supstrata koji nastaju u stočarstvu kao što su tečni i čvrst stajnjak, zatim iz energetskih biljaka, iz organskog otpada prehrambene industrije, organskog otpada klanične industrije, komunalnih otpadnih voda prehrambene industrije i komunalnog čvrstog organskog otpada.

Background. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world for its nutritious and healthy fruits intended mainly for fresh consumption. Mexico was the world's leading papaya exporter in 2020 with 167,500 t. C. papaya is attacked by several viral diseases, the ring spot virus (PRSV-P) is the one that causes the most damage to the crop and the greatest production losses. Objective. To establish the phenology of a Carica papaya L. ‘Maradol Roja’ population infected with PRSV-P, to quantify its growth, and to relate its phenological steps with the accumulated degree days (DD). Methodology. The emissions of leaves, flower buds, flowers and fruits, apparent height of the plant, stem diameter and biomass were evaluated, based on the DD accumulated during the growth cycle. Results. The growth cycle is divided into nine phenological stages, where the leaf or flower bud formation requires ≈ 18 DD. In plants, the number of leaves is approximately equal to the number of flower buds. However, the number of ripe fruits is variable due to the adverse conditions that can occur throughout the growth period. To some extent, the roots typically present two growth peaks, although the available moisture in the soil could change this pattern. The apparent height of the plant and the stem diameter present a double sigmoid growth curve, with a maximum apparent height of 180 cm, and a diameter at the base of 11 cm. Implications. The infection by PRSV-P reduced the productivity and commercial quality of the fruits. Conclusions. PRSV-P infection reduced apparent height, stem diameter, number of leaves, flowers, and fruits, decrease in biomass gain, and shortened life cycle of plants.

Para evaluar la capacidad supresiva sobre una comunidad espontánea del sistema lino en intercultivo con distintas leguminosas forrajeras, en diferentes arreglos espaciales, se hicieron dos años de ensayo a campo en La Plata, Argentina. Los tratamientos fueron: el monocultivo de lino con y sin uso de herbicida y lino en intercultivo con trébol rojo, trébol blanco o lotus, sembrados en el surco o al voleo. Se evaluó el rendimiento del lino, la biomasa total del residuo de cosecha y sus componentes al momento de la siembra, la cobertura total del suelo, la cobertura de malezas y el rendimiento relativo de las malezas. Además, en el segundo año de ensayo se evaluó el residuo a los 3 meses de la cosecha. En ambos años el monocultivo con herbicida logró el mayor rendimiento a expensas de usar dicho agroquímico lo que implica mayor demanda de insumos externos y riesgo ambiental. Los intercultivos tuvieron rendimientos aceptables no diferenciándose entre sí. Los intercultivos tuvieron mayor capacidad para suprimir cuando se sembró la leguminosa al voleo que en el surco. Además, permiten lograr un residuo de mejor cantidad y calidad aportando a la conservación de las propiedades del suelo y a la diversidad. El intercultivo con trébol rojo fue el que tuvo mayor capacidad supresiva en el mediano plazo. El intercultivo de lino con leguminosas forrajeras puede considerarse una estrategia para el manejo agroecológico de malezas en el largo plazo. Estas consociaciones, podrían adaptarse como alternativa productiva en la región pampeana argentina, mejorando la diversidad funcional y la sustentabilidad, con menor uso de insumos externos.

La hidroponía es la tecnología de la agricultura sin suelo, en la que las plantas crecen en un medio acuático. Mientras que la acuaponía es un sistema de producción de alimentos en rápido crecimiento que integra la hidroponía con la acuicultura (cultivo de peces). El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la producción de acelga (Beta vulgaris var. Cicla L.) mediante un sistema hidropónico típico y un sistema acuapónico de producción de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) en invernadero. Se utilizaron seis sistemas de recirculación independientes para comprobar la producción por triplicado. Un análisis de regresión lineal simple indicó que la tasa de producción de hojas difirió de forma significativa entre sistemas (p < 0.05), ya que en el hidropónico se obtuvieron 3.46 hojas semana-1, mientras que en el acuapónico fue de 1.53 hojas semana-1. La biomasa vegetal aumentó 53.91 g semana-1 en el tratamiento hidropónico y 38.24 g semana-1 en el acuapónico, aunque dichas tasas de producción no difirieron significativamente (p>0.05). No se detectaron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de amonio (NH4+), nitrito (NO2-), y fosfato (PO4+) en ambos tratamientos; pero se encontraron diferencias significativas para nitratos (NO3-) entre sistemas (p < 0.05). La producción de acelgas en el sistema hidropónico fue mayor que en el sistema acuapónico en cuanto al número de hojas y la biomasa.

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study on the biomass and environmental services of Pteridium aquilinum populations in herbaceous formations located in the Wamba valley in the Democratic Republic of Congo, aims to promote biological resources. The objective is to evaluate the biomass, the carbon stock sequestered by the population of the species under study with a view to knowing its contribution in the fight against climate change. The methodological approach boils down to inventories, collection and identification of botanical samples and measurement of biomass. After processing and analysis of the data, the results show that the total biomass of all components (leaves and rhizomes) amounts to 6.07 t/ha; 2.75 t/ha of sequestered carbon and 22.27 t/ha of carbon equivalent. Individuals of this species contribute to the fight against climate change. These results demonstrate the importance of perennial grasses in solving climate problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Biomass is an important energy source, as it has high potential and produces low environmental impact. Biomass can be harnessed thermochemical processes such as gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Biomass gasification is a well-studied process as it allows the production of combustible gases with properties that depend on the gasifying agent used. Objective: perform an exergetic analysis of steam generation by gasification of agro-industrial corn residues. Method: First, a biomass characterization was performed to determine its properties. A computational model of the biomass gasification process was then performed in Aspen Plus. The model was made in a stationary state and it was taken into account that all the gases behave in an ideal way. Results: the developed model estimates a syngas with lower heating value (LHV) of 6.18 MJ/Nm³, which was subsequently injected into a boiler for the generation of steam of the system. After this, an exergetic analysis was made with the data thrown in the simulation, which resulted in 14.37 kW are used in the generation of steam, likewise it was determined that the exergetic efficiency of the system is of 35%. Conclusions: Theoretical data could be obtained from a gasification system coupled to a boiler that allows generating steam for use in various applications. Also, it is observed that much of the energy that is produced is not used, due to losses and irreversibility of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroindustrial waste (AIW) is a potential source of cellulose, which can be obtained through different treatments. In this study, we evaluated four delignification treatments (10% sodium hydroxide, 50% ethanol, distilled water, and 25% Mohr’s salt) to obtain cellulose pulp from four Amazonian AIWs (banana peel, cassava peel, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husk). Our results showed that sodium hydroxide treatment had the highest lignin removal and increased cellulose content, while Mohr’s salt treatment had the lowest cellulose yield and lignin removal. Banana peel and rice husk had the highest cellulose yield, while cassava peel had the lowest. Distilled water treatment at medium temperature had similar lignin removal and cellulose yield to the sodium hydroxide and ethanol treatments. Our findings suggest that AIWs have great potential as a source of cellulose and that these economical, simple, and eco-friendly treatments can be used to obtain high-purity cellulose from AIWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest degradation monitoring and its impact on the emissions profile of the AFOLU sector constitutes a significant challenge for countries whose forests play a crucial role in fulfilling climate goals. Recently, a diversity of methods for measuring this REDD+ activity have been proposed, which consider the use of supporting indicators as a complement to traditional approaches. The use of the fraction of non-renewable biomass is proposed as a potential indicator of the state of forest degradation derived from the unsustainable utilization of woody biomass. It was determined that the forests in the Caribbean and Pacific regions exhibit forest degradation, with an impact on the deforestation and forest degradation emissions of Colombia in 2018. We recommend incorporating this indicator as a supporting tool for MRV systems in the forestry sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a world market that is around 4,2 (1012) US$/year (3 Mton/year) and a growing projection of use, butanol is a compound that has more advantages as biofuel, than ethanol. Using the strategy of bibliometric analysis, this work looks to generate an integral vision of the determining research aspects concerning butanol through the combination of different keywords related to it. The databases used for the study, where those available in Scopus and Web of Science platforms, related to butanol in the VOSViewer during the period 1984-2020 and the first semester of 2021. It was also found that butanol production from lignocellulosic material does not yet show good yields and process intensification for an economically and environmentally acceptable biorefinery concept. Deficiencies in fermentation are a *Proyecto investigación origen: Becas Crédito-Condonable Formación Doctoral "Bicentenario"- Corte 1 (2020-2024). Financiación Beca Doctoral, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Inovación-Convenio Colfuturo (2020). Colombia. Ejecución: Universidad del Valle; Grupo de investigación en Biocombustibles y Biorrefinerías GRUBIOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the production chain of palm oil, large amounts of lignocellulosic subproducts are generated, representing an important neutral carbon renewable resource for the production of biomaterials, however, a pre-treatment method is required to overcome the physical and chemical barriers present in the lignin-carbohydrate compound. The objective of this research was to isolate and identify lignocellulolytic fungi capable of biodegrading palm oil subproducts, derived from palm exploitation in the Cesar department, Colombia. The fungi were isolated on potato dextrose agar and identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. The laccase activity (ABTS oxidation) and endoglucanase activity (CMCase) were evaluated during 13 days through solid-state fermentation of three subproducts: palm kernel cake, palm kernel shell, and fiber. The biodegraded subproducts were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A total of 12 isolates were quantified and grouped into 2 genera, Aspergillus sp and Trichoderma sp. Additionally, the commercially acquired Pleurotus ostreatus fungus was also used in the study. The highest endoglucanase activity (0,12 IU/mL) under the studied conditions did not show statistical significance for each of the evaluated fungi (p>0.05), in contrast to the laccase activity (203,33 IU/g) (p<0,05). The isolated fungi have the potential to improve the biodegradability of palm oil subproducts, with a focus on an ecological and sustainable strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]