Search

Copyright of Diversitas Journal is the property of Diversitas Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A crescente preocupação com o modelo linear de produção, levando à busca por alternativas mais sustentáveis. A economia circular surge como resposta, visando transformar a forma como produzimos e consumimos. Um dos desafios é o descarte inadequado do óleo residual de fritura (ORF), potencialmente poluente e capaz de contaminar grandes volumes de água. A pesquisa conduzida na região de Vila Velha - ES focou na reutilização do ORF na produção de sabão em barra, explorando a rica biodiversidade local, os componentes da aroeira. A incorporação dos extratos, compostos por taninos da planta na formulação do sabão, resultou em produtos mais seguros para a pele, mantendo o pH na faixa de 2 e 11,5 e a alcalinidade abaixo de 1%, de acordo com a legislação, alinhando-se à harmonia entre a economia circular e a química verde. Em concomitância propôs-se o tratamento do ORF com hipoclorito de sódio, juntamente com extratos e óleo essencial de aroeira, visando garantir a qualidade do sabão produzido. Os resultados indicaram influência nos parâmetros como umidade (reduzindo de 0,78 para 0,17%), índice de saponificação (reduzindo de 200 para 198 mg KOH/g) e índice de acidez (reduzindo de 1,00 para 0,40 mg KOH/g ), evidenciando a importância desses processos para a qualidade da matéria-prima do produto. A produção de sabão foi realizada sem aquecimento, realizaram-se análises químicas, físicas e sensoriais, convergindo para a conclusão de que soluções sustentáveis para a reciclagem do ORF demonstram a integração eficaz entre a economia circular, praticando a química verde e a produção de produtos seguros, atendendo às demandas ambientais e às preferências dos consumidores.

Simple Summary: Edible trees and shrubs have been evaluated to improve animal nutrition and mitigate the emission of greenhouse gasses from ruminants. In the present study, researchers visited some farmers and identified eight potentially edible Brazilian trees. Nutritional value and gas (and methane) production from these edible trees were evaluated. The leaves of Aroeira, Candeia, and Jatobá had limited nutritional value. Samples of Santa Bárbara trees, Mulberry, and Tithonia showed an improved nutritional value. Furthermore, Tithonia decreased methane emissions and is a potentially edible tree for multifunctional redesigned ruminant production systems. The present study aims to evaluate the nutritional value of different tree and shrub leaves in Brazilian ruminant production systems. Eight potentially edible trees and shrubs were identified from interviews with 30 ruminant producers: Aroeira (ARO; Lithraea molleoides), Black Mulberry (BMU; Morus nigra), Candeia (CAN; Eremanthus erythropappus), Jatobá (JAT; Hymenaea courbaril), Gliricídia (GLI; Gliricidia sepium), Santa Bárbara tree (SBT; Mélia azedarach), Tithonia (TIT; Tithonia diversifolia), and White Mulberry (WMU; Morus alba). Four leaf samples of each edible tree were sampled, and chemical analyses and in vitro assays were performed. Edible trees (except CAN and JAT) had lower neutral detergent fiber content than Mombasa grass. In addition, SBT, BMU, WMU, and TIT had lower fiber content than the other evaluated edible trees. Consequently, SBT, TIT, BMU, and WMU had improved dry matter degradation. Among the edible trees and shrubs, SMW and WMU increased the potential for gas production (a parameter). On the other hand, CAN decreased the estimated gas production 48 h after incubation. Furthermore, TIT decreased methane production up to 24 h after in vitro fermentation. Thus, except ARO, CAN, and JAT, the edible trees evaluated in the present study are potential feeds in moderate- to high-producing animals. Additionally, TIT fermentation reduces in vitro methane production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of seed production and marketing depends on ideal conditions for storage. Some forest species have seed conservation problems due to the high incidence of fungi that reduce physiological quality. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of bioactive compounds in diaspores of Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) to maintain physiological quality and reduce the incidence of fungi during storage. For this, two factorial trials were set up: (i) application of four essential oils (cinnamon, clove, orange and melaleuca) at five concentrations (0.00, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75 and 5.0 mL.kg-1); and (ii) five plant extracts (clove, cinnamon, quina, garlic and lemongrass) at five concentrations (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Diaspores were evaluated at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days for germination, seed vigor and fungal incidence. The essential oils of clove (4.6 mL.kg-1) and melaleuca (3.7 mL.kg-1) and plant extracts of clove (71%) and lemongrass (73%) can be applied to maintain physiological quality and reduce the incidence of fungi during the storage of A. urundeuva diaspores. In addition to these, the essential oils of cinnamon (3.8 mL.kg-1) and orange (4.0 mL.kg-1) and plant extracts of cinnamon (72%) and quina (74%) can be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicide. Therefore, the application of products based on natural bioactive compounds is an alternative to the use of chemicals in sanitary control during the storage of A. urundeuva seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to evaluate the nutritional value of different tree and shrub leaves in Brazilian ruminant production systems. Eight potentially edible trees and shrubs were identified from interviews with 30 ruminant producers: Aroeira (ARO; Lithraea molleoides), Black Mulberry (BMU; Morus nigra), Candeia (CAN; Eremanthus erythropappus), Jatobá (JAT; Hymenaea courbaril), Gliricídia (GLI; Gliricidia sepium), Santa Bárbara tree (SBT; Mélia azedarach), Tithonia (TIT; Tithonia diversifolia), and White Mulberry (WMU; Morus alba). Four leaf samples of each edible tree were sampled, and chemical analyses and in vitro assays were performed. Edible trees (except CAN and JAT) had lower neutral detergent fiber content than Mombasa grass. In addition, SBT, BMU, WMU, and TIT had lower fiber content than the other evaluated edible trees. Consequently, SBT, TIT, BMU, and WMU had improved dry matter degradation. Among the edible trees and shrubs, SMW and WMU increased the potential for gas production (a parameter). On the other hand, CAN decreased the estimated gas production 48 h after incubation. Furthermore, TIT decreased methane production up to 24 h after in vitro fermentation. Thus, except ARO, CAN, and JAT, the edible trees evaluated in the present study are potential feeds in moderate- to high-producing animals. Additionally, TIT fermentation reduces in vitro methane production.

Schinus molle L. is a medicinal species belonging to the Anacardiaceae family. It is commonly referred to as "aroeira" and its leaves and roots are utilized for treating different pathological conditions. However, despite its widespread use in traditional medicine, there is a lack of in-depth toxicological studies. To evaluate the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of S. molle aqueous extract/ethanol-soluble fraction in rats. First, a purified aqueous extract was obtained from the leaves of S. mole through infusion (referred to as EESM) and its compounds were identified using LC-DAD-MS data. Female rats were then subjected to acute oral toxicity tests using doses of 5, 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg of ESSM. Studies on genetic material, including the micronucleus test and comet assay, were conducted on male and female Wistar rats using the same doses as in the acute toxicity test. For both assays, ESSM was administered orally. The main metabolites annotated from ESSM were dimeric proanthocyanidins, phenylpropanoids acids, flavan-3-ols, simple organic acids (C6–C1), a flavonol di- O -glycosylated (rutin), and O -glycosylated megastigmane. The ESSM did not exhibit any acute toxic effects, such as changes in biochemical, hematologic, or histopathological analysis. Furthermore, no changes were observed in comet assay or micronucleus tests when rats were given doses of 5, 50, 300, or 2000 mg/kg of ESSM. The results showed that the ESSM does not induce acute toxicity or exhibit genotoxicity up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. [Display omitted] • Schinus molle L. is a medicinal species belonging to the Anacardiaceae family. • Despite its widespread use there is a lack of in-depth toxicological studies. • The aqueous extract/ethanol-soluble fraction (ESSM) did not exhibit any acute toxic effects. • No changes were observed in comet assay or micronucleus tests. • ESSM does not induce toxicity up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extract of Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (aroeira), as a vehicle, associated with calcium hydroxide (CH) paste was evaluated based on cell viability, antimicrobial action, calcium ion release, and pH variation. Calcium hydroxide with propylene glycol was used as control. The pH variation was measured at 3, 24, 72, 168, 140, 360, and 720 h and calcium ion release was measured on days 7, 15, and 30. Cell viability was assessed with NIH/3T3 cells using MTT and crystal violet assays, after 24, 48, and 72 h. Antibacterial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method, while microbial reduction (Enterococcus faecalis) was evaluated using the time–kill test. The CH paste formulated with aroeira showed antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and further did not interfere with pH, calcium ion release, or cell viability; moreover, the formulation had antimicrobial activity and could serve as a vehicle for CH paste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myracrodruon urundeuva is a highly explored native tree species. The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic variation for silvicultural traits, survival and sex ratio, in two tests of progenies of Myracrodruon urundeuva, aiming to provide subsidies for ex situ conservation. Thirty progenies were analyzed in two progeny tests in different planting systems - mixed (TP-MUE) and homogeneous (TP-DES). The silvicultural characters evaluated were height (H), diameter at breast height (DBH), average crown diameter (DMC), survival (SOB), number of trees with male flowering (Nm), female flowering (Nf), monoecious trees (Mo) and without flowering (Sf). Estimates of genetic parameters were obtained using the REML / BLUP procedure. The SOB rate was high for both tests (> 80%). The mean for H ranged from 7.58 m (TP-MUE) to 10.02 m (TP-DES); for 8.24 cm DAP (TPMUE) to 10.91 cm (TP-DES). The heritability of the average of progenies varied from moderate to high (from 0.39 to 0.72). In the TP-MUE, the sex ratio was 2♂:1♀ and in the TPDES 4♂:1♀. The effective size (Ne) of the TP-MUE represented 38 % of the expected Ne and in the TP-DES it was 12 %. Therefore, there is genetic variability for ex situ genetic conservation of M. urundeuva in the short term.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes de biossólido no desenvolvimento de mudas de Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto por quatro tratamentos com seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em testemunha; 1,5; 3,0 e 6,0 litros de biossólido por vaso de 18 litros. A cada dois meses foram mensurados a altura da parte aérea e o diâmetro do coleto até 8 meses. Aos quatro meses foram coletadas amostras de solo dos vasos para avaliação do teor de nutrientes. Na última avaliação, coletou-se as plantas e mensurou-se a área foliar, massa de matéria seca de parte aérea e de raízes. Os dados de crescimento e o teor de nutrientes em função das doses de biossólido foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. Verificou-se diferença significativa para o crescimento em diâmetro do coleto, área foliar e massa de matéria seca de parte aérea e o teor de nutrientes. Foi constatado que quanto maior a dose melhores foram os resultados encontrados. Recomenda-se a dose de 6 litros de biossólido como adubação de plantio para mudas de Schinus terebinthifolia, levando em consideração as condições em que foi realizado o estudo.

Continuous exploratory use of tree species is threatening the existence of several plants in South America. One of these threatened species is Myracroduron urundeuva, highly exploited due to the high quality and durability of its wood. The chloroplast (cp) has been used for several evolutionary studies as well traceability of timber origin, based on its gene sequences and simple sequence repeats (SSR) variability. Cp genome organization is usually consisting of a large single copy and a small single copy region separated by two inverted repeats regions. We sequenced the complete cp genome from M. urundeuva based on Illumina next-generation sequencing. Our results show that the cp genome is 159,883 bp in size. The 36 SSR identified ranging from mono- to hexanucleotides. Positive selection analysis revealed nine genes related to photosystem, protein synthesis, and DNA replication, and protease are under positive selection. Genome comparison a other Anacardiaceae chloroplast genomes showed great variability in the family. The phylogenetic analysis using complete chloroplast genome sequences of other Anacardiaceae family members showed a close relationship with two other economically important genera, Pistacia and Rhus. These results will help future investigations of timber monitoring and population and evolutionary studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allem. (Anacardiaceae) is a tree popularly known as the “aroeira-do-sertão”, native to the caatinga and cerrado biomes, with a natural dispersion ranging from the Northeast, Midwest, to Southeast Brazil. Its wood is highly valued and overexploited, due to its characteristics such as durability and resistance to decaying. The diversity of chemical constituents in aroeira seed has shown biological properties against microorganisms and helminths. As such, this work aimed to identify the profile of volatile compounds present in aroeira seeds. Headspace solid phase microextraction was employed (HS-SPME) using semi-polar polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fiber (PDMS/DVB) for the extraction of VOCs. 22 volatile organic compounds were identified: nine monoterpenes and eight sesquiterpenes, in addition to six compounds belonging to different chemical classes such as fatty acids, terpenoids, salicylates and others. Those that stood out were p-mentha-1,4, 4(8)-diene, 3-carene (found in all samples), caryophyllene and cis-geranylacetone. A virtual docking analysis suggested that around 65% of the VOCs molar content from the aroeiras seeds present moderate a strong ability to bind to cyclooxygenase I (COX-I) active site, oxide nitric synthase (iNOS) active site (iNOSas) or to iNOS cofactor site (iNOScs), corroborating an anti-inflamatory potential. A pharmacophoric descriptor analysis allowed to infer the more determinant characteristics of these compounds’ conferring affinity to each site. Taken together, our results illustrate the high applicability for the integrated use of SPME, in silico virtual screening and chemoinformatics tools at the profiling of the biotechnological and pharmaceutical potential of natural sources.

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Medicinal plants are worldwide used as an efficient treatment of many diseases. Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae) is widely used Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammations and infections of the female genital tract, conditions of the stomach and throat, and to heal wounds on the skin and mucous membranes. Several pharmacological properties of extracts and compounds isolated from M. urundeuva are found in the literature, corroborating its uses as antiulcer and gastroprotective, anti‐inflammatory and analgesic, as well as antimicrobial. Despite these many uses in traditional herbal medicine, there are few reports of its toxic‐genetic effect. This work aimed to investigate the genotoxic and mutagenic potential in vivo of the dry decoction of M. urundeuva leaves on somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster, through the Comet assay and somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). Six concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 mg/mL) were studied after feeding individuals for 24 hr in culture medium hydrated with extracts of M. urundeuva. In the Comet assay, all concentrations showed a genotoxic effect significantly higher than the negative control group, treated with distilled water. The two highest concentrations were also superior to the positive control group, treated with cyclophosphamide (1 mg/mL). In the SMART, there was a mutagenic effect at all concentrations tested, with a clear dose‐dependent relationship. Both recombination and mutation account for these mutagenic effects. The set of results indicate that the dry decoction of M. urundeuva leaves is genotoxic and mutagenic for D. melanogaster under the experimental conditions of this study. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:329–337, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of its high density and durability, wood of Myracrodruon urundeuva (aroeira) is highly valued, and its exploitation in Brazilian primary forests has been prohibited by law since 1991. One way to maintain this status and, at the same time, supply the increased demand for this wood is through the establishment of plantations. Therefore, the knowledge of M. urundeuva wood properties in plantations with young trees is essential. Thus, we evaluated we evaluated some physical and mechanical properties of wood from 20-year-old M. urundeuva (aroeira) twelve trees in a homogenous plantation. Basic density was 770 kg m-3 and apparent density was 984 kg m-3. The anisotropy coefficient of 1.69 is considered regular, indicating that wood can be used in the manufacture of fine furniture, frames, boats, musical instruments, sports equipment or flooring. The wood presented good mechanical behavior, with an average strength for parallel compression of 53.84 MPa, MOE of 12632 MPa and MOR of 123.58 MPa. The wood was identified as class 40, thus showing potential for use in medium-sized structures and construction. Basic density and apparent density correlated positively with compression parallel to the grain and MOR. Wood quality, a positive characteristic, added to good technology, even in young trees, shows that values of physical and mechanical properties are suitable for various uses when compared to the same values of older trees based on specialized literature. Our results confirmed that this homogeneous planting was adequate to obtain M. urundeuva wood with such quality. Devido à alta densidade e durabilidade, a madeira de Myracrodruon urundeuva (aroeira) é muito valorizada, e sua exploração em florestas nativas brasileiras é proibida desde 1991. O estabelecimento de plantações é uma maneira de manter essa situação e, ao mesmo tempo, fornecer o aumento da demanda por essa madeira. Assim, o conhecimento das propriedades da madeira de M. urundeuva em plantações com árvores jovens é essencial. Portanto, avaliamos algumas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira em árvores de M. urundeuva com 20 anos em uma plantação homogênea. A densidade básica foi 770 kg m-3 e a densidade aparente foi 984 kg m-3. O coeficiente de anisotropia de 1,69 é considerado normal, indicando que a madeira pode ser utilizada na fabricação de móveis finos, quadros, barcos, instrumentos musicais, equipamentos esportivos, pisos etc. A madeira apresentou bom comportamento mecânico, com uma resistência média à compressão paralela de 53,84 MPa, MOE de 12632 MPa e MOR de 123,58 MPa. A madeira foi classificada na classe C40, apresentando potencial para uso em estruturas e na construção civil. A densidade básica e densidade aparente se relacionaram positivamente com a compressão paralela às fibras e com o MOR. Um aspecto positivo é a qualificação de madeira, com bom potencial tecnológico, mesmo em árvores jovens, mostrando que os valores das propriedades físicas e mecânicas foram adequados para vários usos, quando comparados com os valores de árvores mais velhas com base na literatura. O plantio homogêneo foi adequado para obter madeira M. urundeuva com qualidade.

We compared the hydraulic features in wood of Myracrodruon urundeuva trees planted in Experimental Forest Station of Luiz Antônio, the seeds were collected from two natural populations in Ilha Solteira – IS and Pederneiras – PE, three cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. In a previous study of the same plantation, we observed radial variation differences in vessel diameter and frequency in the main stem between two seed provenances, leading us to hypothesize that this variation could be traced back to the origin of seeds. To test this hypothesis in the present work, branches approximately 2 cm in diameter were collected from ten trees, five from each provenance. We used the standard techniques for wood anatomy. Experimental values of hydraulic conductivity were obtained with the Sperry apparatus. The higher hydraulic conductivity found in IS could be explained by the wider vessel diameter when compared with vessel diameter and higher percentage of embolized vessels in PE. Therefore, it is possible that the characteristics of vessel width and embolization could be related to genotype in that the mother trees in IS may be more adapted to high water deficit. Vessel length did not vary between provenaces, this feature could not be used to explain the variations found in hydraulic conductivity. Our results show that different provenances have different strategies for water use and that the lower density in IS could be related to wider vessel diameter and, hence, more efficient water distribution. Comparamos as características hidráulicas de árvores de Myracrodruon urundeuva provenientes de sementes de duas populações naturais de Ilha Solteira – IS e Pederneiras – PE, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, que cresceram no mesmo ambiente, a Estação Experimental de Luiz Antônio, São Paulo. Em um estudo anterior da mesma plantação, observamos variação radial no diâmetro e frequência dos vasos no tronco principal entre as duas procedências de sementes. Hipotetizamos que há variação na condutividade hidráulica entre as árvores de duas procedências e que esta variação deve estar relacionada com a origem das sementes. Estudamos galhos de aproximadamente 2 cm de diâmetro, retirados de dez árvores, cinco de cada procedência. Utilizamos técnicas padrão para a anatomia da madeira. Os valores experimentais de condutividade hidráulica foram obtidos com o aparato de Sperry. O comprimento dos vasos não variou entre as procedências, portanto, esta característica não explica as variações encontradas na condutividade hidráulica. A maior condutividade hidráulica encontrada em IS pode ser explicada pelo maior diâmetro dos vasos quando comparados com aqueles de PE, além da maior porcentagem de vasos embolizados em PE. Ambas as características podem estar relacionadas ao genótipo, uma vez que, as árvores-mãe em IS podem estar adaptadas ao maior déficit hídrico de IS quando comparado com PE. Portanto, a maior condutividade hidráulica em IS pode ser uma estratégia para permitir uma distribuição mais eficiente de água na planta em um ambiente com maior estresse hídrico. Nossos resultados sugerem que diferentes procedências têm diferentes estratégias de uso de água. A menor densidade aparente da madeira de IS pode estar relacionada ao maior diâmetro do vaso.

Objectives: The aim of this work is to describe the taphonomic signatures of the Aroeira 3 cranium, with a specific focus on cranial breakage, comparing the cranium with other Middle and Upper Pleistocene hominin fossils in order to approximate the cause of death and the biological agencies and geologic processes involved in the taphonomic record of this specimen. Aroeira‐3 was recovered from Acheulean layer X of Gruta da Aroeira (Portugal), dated to 390–436 ka. Materials and methods: Taphonomic analyses noted surface modifications employing standard methods. The cranial breakage pattern of Aroeira 3 was analyzed to assess the presence/absence of perimortem (fresh bone) and postmortem (dry bone) fractures and the possible causes of perimortem skull bone fractures. Results: Aroeira 3 presents substantial bone loss of the left supraorbital arch and the outer cranial table of the frontal squama. Most of the fractures present features consistent with postmortem injuries. The fracture to the posterior region of the parietal bone, however, displays features more usually present in perimortem bone fractures. No evidence of anthropogenic activity or of carnivore modification has been identified. None of the expected features of interpersonal conflict are observed. Finally, the bone loss in the frontal squama and the supraorbital arch could be attributed to different agencies, and a traumatic event cannot be totally ruled out as origin of the bone alteration. Discussion: Cannibalism, secondary treatment of the corpse and accumulation induced by carnivores can all be discarded, making an accident the most plausible explanation for the cranial fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of diaspores from Myracrodruon urundeuva mother trees developing in the Cariri region of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. The seeds were collected during three consecutive years and from different areas of the Cariri region. The seed collection areas comprised two sites in the municipality of Boa Vista and one in the municipality of São João do Cariri. The diaspores had their water content determined and were submitted to the following tests: germination, seedling emergence, first count of germination and seedling emergence (within 5 days), and speed of germination and seedling emergence. The treatment means were compared using the deviance statistic. The collection years and collection areas were compared by the Tukey test at a 5% probability level. The comparison between mother trees was made through principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The detected variation in the quality of M. urundeuva diaspores is dependent on environmental conditions. The physiological quality of M. urundeuva diaspores varies according to mother tree, collection area and year. Mother trees of groups 1 and 2 are the most promising since they included representatives of all three areas and produced diaspores of high physiological quality.

Abstract Background Dengue has become the subject of public health programs worldwide. The lack of a vaccine and the high environmental risk of synthetic insecticides, arouse the interest in natural products against this vector. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of ripe fruits and seeds of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi; to evaluate the essential oil effect on mortality of Stegomyia aegypti (Linnaeus, 1792) larvae; and to characterize the structural damage suffered by larvae and their association with different contents of essential oil. Methods Ripe fruits and seeds were crunched and their essential oil was extracted through hydrodistillation, purified, and its phytochemical analysis was carried out through High Resolution Gas Chromatography, coupled with Mass Spectrometry. This essential oil was diluted in a 10-point gradient of 86.22 – 862.20 ppm, at regular intervals of 86.22 ppm. Each point received 50 larvae and the assessments of surviving were made at 24, 48 and 72 hours after inoculation. Structural damage was assessed through measurements of thickness with exoskeleton, evaluating the integrity of the head, thorax, abdominal segments, and air siphon, using ImageJ® software. Statistical data analysis was carried out through Logistic Regression and Discriminant Analysis. Results 56 substances were identified, corresponding to 81.67% of the essential oil composition. Larvae were dose-dependent susceptible to the essential oil; the concentration produced a significant effect on larval mortality. Among the major deformations found in the larvae, it was detected inhibition of chitin synthesis by the activity of the oil, thus reducing the deposition of cuticle layers. Conclusion The essential oil caused death in exposed larvae after 72 hours, in a dose-dependent manner. It also changed the structure of exposed larvae, indicating a direct effect on larval exoskeleton. The results open up possibilities for the use of natural products as an alternative to control dipterans.

RESUMO O fator mais importante na manutenção da saúde periodontal é o adequado controle do biofilme dentário. Face às dificuldades no controle mecânico por parte dos pacientes, métodos alternativos ou complementares têm sido utilizados como coadjuvantes químicos do controle do biofilme, auxiliando no tratamento da gengivite. Dentre esses métodos alternativos, destaca-se a fitoterapia, através da utilização de plantas medicinais. Dessa forma, esse estudo faz uma revisão sistemática tendo como objetivo a busca, na literatura atual, de estudos que comprovem a eficácia de produtos fitoterápicos à base de aroeira no controle do biofilme dental auxiliando no tratamento da gengivite. Foi realizada busca computadorizada nos indexadores MedLine, Lilacs, BBO e Scielo no período de Setembro a Outubro de 2014. Os descritores de pesquisa utilizados foram “biofilme”, “gengivite”, “aroeira”, “plantas medicinais” e “fitoterápicos”, bem como seus correspondentes em língua inglesa. Através dos descritores utilizados, foram encontrados 54 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, chegou-se a 08 artigos: 05 revisões, 01 estudo clínico randomizado, 01 estudo experimental e 01 estudo observacional descritivo. De acordo com os estudos analisados, a aroeira apresentou atividades antifúngica e antimicrobiana eficazes, bem como potencial efeito de redução do índice de sangramento gengival, o que justifica seu uso no tratamento da gengivite.

One of the industrial pillars of Espírito Santo state, South East of Brazil, is iron-mining products processing. This activity brings to a high level of coastal pollution due to deposition of iron particulate on fragile ecosystems as mangroves and restinga. Schinus therebinthifolius (aroeira) is a widespread restinga species. This work tested iron toxicity alleviation by vermicompost humic substances (HS) added to aroeira seedlings in hydroponic conditions. Catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase are antioxidant enzymes that work as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers: they increase their activity as an answer to ROS concentration rise that is the consequence of metal accumulation or humic substance stimulation. S. terebinthifolius seedlings treated with HS and Fe augmented their antioxidant enzyme activities significantly less than seedlings treated separately with HS and Fe; their significantly lower Fe accumulation and the slight increase of root and leaf area confirm the biostimulating effect of HS and their role in blocking Fe excess outside the roots. The use of HS can be useful for the recovery of areas contaminated by heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myracrodruon urundeuva is a tree species of high economic importance due the strength and durability of its wood. Threatened of extinction in Brazil, it is present only in a few forest remnants, mostly in conservation units. Currently, there is little information on the genetic diversity of natural populations in Brazil and even less information about the genome of this species. Here, new species-specific microsatellite loci were developed based on next-generation sequencing (Illumina). More than 100,000 loci were identified in the run, with di- to hexanucleotides motifs. Of these, 20 loci were selected for validation in 30 individuals, with 15 successfully polymorphic loci detected. The number of alleles ranged among loci from 3 to 16, with an average of 7.73, expected (H) and observed (H) heterozygosity ranged from 0.246 to 0.902 and from 0.103 to 0.867, respectively. These results point out that these new set of markers has a great potential for use in population genetic studies for genetic conservation of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We hypothesized that Myracrodruon urundeuva trees of two provenances with different genotypes would present variations influenced by their origin terms of anatomy and specific gravity when planted in an environment different from their seed origin, but under the same environmental conditions. We investigated radial variation in 12 trees. The observation that only vessel frequency and fiber length showed the same pattern of radial variation in the two provenances indicate that radial variation in M. urundeuva seems to depend on the origin of the seeds, that is, a genetic factor, rather than on the influence of climate and soil, which repreent environmental factors. We noticed marked differences in all features when comparing the same growth rings in each provenance, a result that reinforces the genetic influence on wood formation. We conclude that the studied plants maintain their wood structure as a result of genetic information, as selected by climatic conditions of seed original area, and possibly due to the highly conservative wood anatomy.

Aos frutos e óleos essenciais da aroeira da praia (Schinus terebinthifolius) atribui-se atividade antimicrobiana sobre bactérias gram positivas além de ação anti-inflamatória. O óleo essencial da aroeira é utilizado no tratamento de micoses, sendo a sua atividade antifúngica atribuída à alta concentração de monoterpenos. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o melhor rendimento de destilação de óleo essencial de sementes e folhas da aroeira e os componentes químicos do óleo essencial nos diversos períodos de destilação. Cem gramas de cada material foram destilados em aparato de Clevenger durante 2,5h, 4,0h, 5,5h e 7,0h. O material destilado foi analisado por cromatografia a gás acoplada a espectrofotômetro de massas, onde foi obtido o perfil cromatográfico do material. As sementes de aroeira apresentaram maiores quantidades de óleo essencial, quando comparadas com as folhas em todos os períodos de destilação. O óleo essencial de aroeira mostrou perfil volátil formado principalmente por mono e sesquiterpenos.

Citrus black spot disease, caused by the phytopathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa, depreciates the market value of citrus fruits and prevents their exportation to disease-free regions. It may also reduce the productivity of citrus fruit orchards. To identify an alternative to conventional disease control measures, isolates of Diaporthe terebinthifolii, active against P. citricarpa, were selected from an endophytic fungal population of Schinus terebinthifolia leaves. Different culture media were screened to identify the culture medium that afforded the most efficient production of biologically active extracts. A particular fraction (fraction VI) of the extract completely protected orange leaves by inhibiting the germination of P. citricarpa conidia with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.003 µg.mL-1. The active constituents in D. terebinthifolii extract fractions were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as verbanol, phenylethyl alcohol, verbenyl acetate and methyl hexadecanoate. The results obtained strongly suggest the existence of a synergistic effect among the metabolites produced. Thus, these fungal metabolites could be used to control the CBS disease. As the asexual spores of P. citricarpa play an important role in fruit lesion development and disease dispersion, fungal extracts that inhibit the spore germination can be used as an effective alternative for directional disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Espécies florestais com potencial econômico, como é o caso da aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi.), requerem a seleção de indivíduos com características superiores para uso em projetos de restauração florestal e para o estabelecimento de plantios comerciais. Estas plantações podem contribuir para a sustentabilidade de populações naturais de espécies nos fragmentos florestais remanescentes, em áreas de preservação permanente, reservas legais ou outras áreas de importância ecológica. Foi avaliada a produção de frutos, morfometria e viabilidade de sementes de 15 indivíduos de aroeira, em diferentes fragmentos, na região do Baixo São Francisco sergipano. A produção de frutos foi estimada pelo índice de intensidade de Fournier e as características morfométricas foram obtidas com paquímetro e balança analítica digital. A viabilidade e o vigor foram avaliados por meio da porcentagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), sob condições controladas. Os resultados da produção de frutos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o crescimento inicial de plântulas de M. urundeuva estabelecidas em diferentes substratos. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Sementes e no Viveiro de Mudas da Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB), Barreiras, BA. As sementes foram coletadas de árvores daquela universidade. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos T1: solo; T2: areia; T3: solo + areia + esterco; T4: casca de madeira; T5: bagaço de cana-de-açúcar + esterco; e T6: bagaço de cana-de-açúcar + esterco + cinzas. A semeadura foi realizada em bandejas plásticas, com diferentes substratos, utilizando-se 20 sementes, colocadas a uma profundidade de 1,0 cm. Foram avaliados o índice de velocidade de emergência (%), a altura da parte aérea e da radícula, o comprimento das plântulas e das folhas, o número de folhas e as massas verde e seca da parte aérea e da radícula. Plântulas estabelecidas utilizando casca de madeira como substratos obtiveram melhores resultados quanto ao número e comprimento das folhas, altura da parte aérea e massa verde e seca da parte aérea. Em contraste, os percentuais de índice de velocidade de emergência obtiveram os piores resultados em plântulas estabelecidas em substratos com casca de madeira. Os resultados de radículas não diferiram entre as plântulas estabelecidas com os diferentes substratos. Os substratos contendo composto de casca de madeira ou bagaço de cana + esterco forneceram as melhores condições para o crescimento inicial de plântulas de M. urundeuva.

The present work aimed to evaluate the osmotic conditioning and shading on the germination and on the initial growth of aroeira seedlings. The seeds were pre-imbibed in solutions with different concentrations of PEG (polyethylene glycol) and KNO3 and incubated at 10°C and 20°C temperatures, during 0 (control), 12 and 24 hours. After these periods, the seeds were dried until they reached the initial levels of humidity. After that, they were put for germinating in BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) chambers, at alternated 20-30°C. The control treatment and the pre-conditionings that presented the best results in BOD germination were selected, PEG (-1.0 MPa) + KNO3 (-1.0 MPa) and KNO3 (-1.0 MPa), with pre-imbibition for 12 h and incubated in BOD at 20°C. The seeds were sowed on trays and then they were transplanted, keeping under a net covered with 50% and 70% of shading and at sunlight. The osmotic conditioning did not change the seeds germination in BOD, but the highest aerial part size was observed in PEG -1.0 MPa + KNO3-1.0 MPa treatment. The shading levels at 50% and 70% and the osmotic conditioning with PEG -1.0 MPa + KNO3-1.0 MPa offered a higher emergence in a greenhouse condition; however, at sunlight the seeds presented a better index of quality on the 145th day.O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o condicionamento osmótico e o sombreamento na germinação e no crescimento inicial de mudas de aroeira. As sementes foram pré-embebidas em soluções de diferentes concentrações de PEG (Polietilenoglicol) e KNO3 e incubadas em temperatura de 10°C e 20°C durante 0 (controle), 12 e 24 horas. Após estes períodos as sementes foram secas até atingirem os níveis iniciais de umidade. Posteriormente elas foram colocadas para germinar em BOD (Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio) na temperatura de 20-30°C. O tratamento controle e os pré-condicionamentos que apresentaram os melhores resultados de germinação em BOD foram selecionados, sendo PEG (-1,0 MPa) + KNO3 (-1,0 MPa) e KNO3 (-1,0 MPa), com pré-embebição por 12 horas e incubados em BOD a 20°C. As sementes foram semeadas em bandejas e posteriormente transplantadas, permanecendo sob telado coberto com sombrite de 50% e 70% de sombreamento e a pleno sol. O condicionamento osmótico não alterou a germinação das sementes em BOD, porém o maior tamanho de parte aérea foi observado no tratamento PEG-1,0 MPa+KNO3 -1,0 MPa. Os níveis de sombreamento de 50 e 70% e o condicionamento osmótico com PEG-1,0 MPa+KNO3-1,0 MPa proporcionaram maior emergência em casa de vegetação, entretanto a pleno sol as mudas apresentaram melhor índice de qualidade aos 145 dias.

A aroeira-do-sertão (Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All.) é espécie arbórea que apresenta grande valor econômico devido às propriedades químicas da casca com elevado teor de taninos. Em decorrência da exploração predatória encontra-se inserida na lista oficial de espécies da flora brasileira ameaçadas de extinção na categoria vulnerável. A micropropagação vem sendo colocada como importante forma de multiplicação dessa espécie, na busca de alternativa para a exploração sustentável. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de induzir calos a partir de segmentos foliares usando 2,4-D e caracterizá-los quanto aos aspectos morfológicos e bioquímicos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que é possível induzir calos a partir de segmentos foliares de aroeira-do-sertão utilizando-se 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D). Os calos obtidos foram compactos e não-embriogênicos, apresentando valores médios de 43,32 mg g-1 de açúcares solúveis totais; 23,62 mg g-1 de açúcares redutores; 3,157 mg g-1 de proteína total; 3,147 mg g-1 de aminoácidos livres e 0,914 mg g-1 de compostos fenólicos totais na matéria fresca."Aroeira-do-sertão" (Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All.) is a tree species that has great economic value due to the chemical properties of its bark, which has high tannin content. On account of the predatory exploitation it has been placed in the official list of threatened species of the Brazilian flora, in the vulnerable category. Micropropagation has been considered an important form of multiplication of this species in the search for an alternative for its sustainable exploitation. This study was conducted with the aim of inducing callus from leaf segments using 2,4-D and characterizing them according to their morphological and biochemical aspects. The obtained results indicate that it is possible to induce callus from leaf segments of M. urundeuva using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D). The obtained calluses were compact and non-embryogenic, with average values of 43.32 mg g-1 total soluble sugars, 23.62 mg g-1 reducing sugars, 3.157 mg g-1 total protein, 3.147 mg g-1 free-form amino acids and 0.914 mg g-1 phenolic compounds in the fresh matter.

The effect of soil polluted by diesel oil on the germination of seeds and the growth of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi seedlings was analyzed at different times after contamination of the soil. The experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions, with four treatments and five repetitions. The four treatments included: soil contaminated 30 (T30), 90 (T90) or 180 (T180) days before planting as well as a non-polluted soil (T0) (control). Soil saturated to 50% of its maximum retention capacity (MRC) was contaminated with diesel oil at a rate of 92.4 mL per kg. The germination rate and germination speed index (GSI) were significantly affected only in T30. The development of the plants was affected significantly in all the treatments, with reductions of biomass and eophyll area. It could be concluded that diesel oil significantly affected the germination, GSI and seedling growth of S. terebinthifolius, but the toxic effect decreased over the time.

Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão é uma espécie pertencente à família Anacardiaceae, cuja planta pode ser medicinal, ser usada na indústria de curtimento de couro, na arborização de ruas e praças. Dessa forma, objetivou-se, com esta pesquisa, determinar metodologias adequadas para a condução de testes de germinação e vigor de sementes de M. urundeuva. Foram utilizadas as temperaturas de 25, 30 e 35 °C constante e 20-30 °C alternada, juntamente com os substratos areia, vermiculita, bioplant®, plantmax®, entre e sobre papel mata-borrão e papel-toalha, organizado na forma de rolo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Foram analisadas as seguintes características: porcentagem e velocidade de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação e comprimento e massa seca de plântulas. A temperatura de 30 °C e o substrato areia são indicados para a realização dos testes de germinação e vigor das sementes de M. urundeuva.

Myracrodruon urundeuva foi muito explorada no passado devido às qualidades de sua madeira e tornou-se escassa em todas as áreas naturais de ocorrência, sendo atualmente considerada como ameaçada de extinção (categoria vulnerável). Isso torna a espécie importante para estudos relacionados à estrutura genética de populações para fins de conservação e melhoramento genético. Assim, a partir de um teste de progênies, instalado em 1987, em Selvíria–MS, foram estimados parâmetros genéticos para a densidade básica da madeira em três posições radiais (medula, intermediária e casca), a distância genética de Mahalanobis e correlações genéticas e fenotípicas entre caracteres de crescimento (altura total, altura do fuste e diâmetro à altura do peito – DAP) e densidade básica da madeira. A população apresentou alta densidade básica da madeira (0,75 g.cm-3) e alta herdabilidade (0,64) para este carácter na posição intermediária e na medula, indicando forte controle genético e a possibilidade de melhoramento por seleção. Os resultados também mostraram que para essa população de M. urundeuva deve-se utilizar as progênies 1 e 14 para obtenção de híbridos mais heteróticos por apresentarem maior distância de Mahalanobis; as progênies 14 e 20 por outro lado possuem distâncias muito próxima constituindo pares de progênies semelhantes, o que é interessante para se buscar melhoramento por retrocruzamento. Tais informações são importantes para escolha de métodos adequados de conservação e melhoramento genético.In the past, Myracrodruon urundeuva was intensively exploited due the quality of its wood and became scarce in all natural areas of occurrence, being actually considered in extinction (vulnerable category). This makes the species important for studies of population genetic structure for conservation and breeding purposes. Thus, from a progeny test established in 1987 in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, genetic parameters for wood density in three radials positions (pith, intermediary and bark), the Mahalanobis distance and genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits (total height, stem height and diameter at breast height – DBH) and wood density were estimated. The population presented high wood density (0.75 g.cm-3) and heritability (0.64) for this trait in the medulla and intermediary positions, indicating strong genetic control and the possibility of improvement by selection. The results also showed that for the studied M. urundeuva populations, the progenies 1 and 14 must be used to explore the heterotic effects because these progenies presented the highest Mahalanobis distance; in contrast, the progenies 14 and 20 presented the lowest genetic distance and thus, the breeding may be obtained for backcross. These information are important to choose adequate methods of breeding and conservations genetics.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se o solo com óleo diesel altera a estrutura da raiz e do eofilo de plântulas de S. commersoniana (Euphorbiaceae) e S. terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae). Para cada espécie foram testados três tratamentos com solo contaminado e um solo controle, não contaminado. Os tratamentos diferiram pelo tempo entre a contaminação e a semeadura. S. commersoniana foi semeada 60, 120 e 210 dias e S. terebinthifolius 30, 90 e 180 dias após a contaminação. As amostras de raiz e eofi lo foram coletadas 30 dias após a semeadura, fixadas e processadas segundo técnicas convencionais para anatomia vegetal e analisadas de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. Plântulas de S. commersoniana e S. terebinthifolius, em solo com óleo diesel, apresentaram alterações anatômicas na raiz e eofilo. O intervalo de tempo entre a contaminação e a semeadura interferiu na fitotoxicidade do solo. Isto é, quanto maior o intervalo de tempo entre a contaminação e a semeadura, menores foram as alterações anatômicas. As plântulas de S. terebinthifolius pareceram mais resistentes à contaminação por óleo diesel do que as de S. commersoniana.The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the diesel contaminated soil alters the structure of the root and eophyll of S. commersoniana (Euphorbiaceae) and S. terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) seedlings. For each species three treatments with contaminated soil were tested, and compared to a control of uncontaminated soil. The treatments differed by the time between contaminations and sowing. S. commersoniana was sown 60, 120 and 210 days and S. terebinthifolius 30, 90 and 180 days after contamination. Samples of root and eophyll were collected 30 days after sowing and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Seedlings of S. commersoniana and S. terebinthifolius, grown in diesel contaminated soil, had their root and eophyll anatomy modifi ed. The time interval between contamination and sowing interferes with the soil phytotoxicityl. When greater the time interval between contamination and sowing lower were the anatomical changes. Seedlings of S. terebinthifolius seemed more resistant to contamination than those of S. commersoniana.

A fenologia reprodutiva, a morfologia floral e o sistema reprodutivo de Schinus terebinthifolius foram investigados em duas fisionomias de vegetação da restinga de Grussaí/Iquipari, Rio de Janeiro, no período de janeiro a dezembro/2004. Schinus terebinthifolius apresentou estratégia de florescimento do tipo cornucópia, com dois picos de floração ao ano na estação chuvosa, e frutificou no período seco. A análise morfológica das flores e os experimentos de polinização confirmaram que esta espécie é dióica e apresenta reprodução xenógama obrigatória. Ocorreu alta sincronia entre plantas masculinas e femininas, considerada importante estratégia para espécies dióicas. Não houve diferença entre a frutificação por polinização natural e polinização cruzada, nem entre as duas fitosionomias estudadas, sendo os valores encontrados menores do que os observados em outros trabalhos.Reproductive phenology, floral morphology and the reproductive system of Schinus terebinthifolius were investigated in two physiognomies of restinga vegetation at Grussai/Iquipari, Rio de Janeiro, from January to December/2004. Schinus terebinthifolius had cornucopia flowering strategy, with two flowering peaks during the year, both in the rainy season; fruit was set in the dry period. Morphological analysis of the flowers and pollination experiments confirmed dioicism and obligatory xenogamy in this species. High synchrony between male and female plants occurred, an important strategy for dioecious species. No difference in fruit set was found between natural and cross pollinations in the two physiognomies studied, indicating lower values than those observed in others studies.

A conservação genética de espéciesarbóreas é fundamental para que as futurasgerações possam usufruir os recursos fornecidosatualmente por estas espécies. Contudo, a manutençãode populações em bancos de germoplasma ex situnão garante por si só a conservação dessasespécies. Uma estratégia possível é atransformação de bancos de germoplasma empomares de sementes. Assim, neste trabalho,estimaram-se parâmetros genéticos em um teste deprogênies de Myracrodruon urundeuva, e propôs-seum plano de seleção dentro de progênies,objetivando transformar o teste de progênies emum pomar de sementes. O teste de progênies foiinstalado em maio de 1988, na Estação Experimentalde Luiz Antônio, do Instituto Florestal de SãoPaulo, utilizando-se 28 progênies de polinizaçãoaberta, seis repetições, e parcelas de cincoplantas. O ensaio foi avaliado em junho de 2005,17 anos após o seu plantio, para os caracteres alturatotal, DAP, forma do tronco, volume cilíndrico esobrevivência. Pela análise de variânciadetectaram-se diferenças significativas entre progênies.Os coeficientes de variação genética foramrelativamente altos para os caracteres DAP (6,3%)e volume (12,9%), e baixo para forma do tronco(1,4%). Os coeficientes de herdabilidade em nívelde plantas individuais e dentro de progêniesvariaram de baixos a moderados (0,02 a 0,15),indicando que há possibilidade de melhoramentogenético pela seleção massal no ensaio e dentrode progênies. O coeficiente de herdabilidade emnível de média de progênies variou de baixo aalto (0,20 a 0,52), o que indica bom controlegenético dos caracteres, alto potencial evolutivo paraseleção natural e a possibilidade de ganhos com aseleção entre as melhores progênies. De acordo coma estimativa do número status, o proposto pomar desementes pode produzir sementes com amplavariabilidade genética e baixa endogamia.The genetic conservation of tree speciesis essential for that the future generations canusufruct the resources given by these species inpresent days. However, ex situ germoplasmcollections do not guarantee the species geneticconservation. One strategy is transforming thegermoplasm banks in seed-orchards. Thus, in thisstudy, genetic parameters were estimated in aprogeny test of Myracrodruon urundeuva and ascheme based on the selection within progenieswas proposed aiming to use the progeny test as aseed-orchard. The progeny test was implanted inMay 1988, at the Luiz Antônio ExperimentalStation, of the São Paulo Forestry Institute, using28 open-pollinated progenies, six repetition andfive plants per plot. Trees were evaluated for DBH,height, stem form, cylindrical volume and survivalin July 2005, 17 years after planting. Significantdifference among progenies for DBH was detectedby variance analysis. The coefficient of geneticvariation was relatively high for DBH (6.3%) andcylindric volume (12.9%) and low for stem form(1.4%). The coefficients of heritabilities at plantlevel and within progenies ranged from low tomoderate (0.02 to 0.15), indicating low possibilityof tree breeding throughout massal selection withinprogeny. The coefficient of heritability at progenylevel was substantial (ranged between the traitsfrom 0.20 to 0.52), indicating a good geneticcontrol of the traits, high evolutionary potential fornatural selection and the possibility of genetic gainswith the selection among the best progenies.According to estimative of status number, theproposed seed-orchard can produce seeds withwide genetic variability and low inbreeding.

Fragmentos florestais submetidos aalgum tipo de distúrbio têm recuperação lenta oupode até mesmo não ocorrer. Nas bordas ocrescimento indiscriminado de cipós e gramíneasdificultam a regeneração natural. Para acelerar arestauração, muitas vezes é necessária a intervençãohumana. Uma área alterada de floresta foi restauradaatravés de um manejo simples que consistiu nocorte periódico de cipós, gramíneas e combate àsformigas saúvas. Na área a ser restaurada, foramplantadas mudas da espécie arbórea Myracrodruonurundeuva Fr. All. – Anacardiaceae (aroeira), com oobjetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento e ocomportamento desta espécie quando plantadanuma área em restauração. A regeneração naturalfoi favorecida pelo manejo utilizado, pela presençado banco de sementes de espécies pioneiras nosolo, pelas fontes de dispersão de sementes e pelacoroação das mudas de aroeira plantadas. Comoresultado, no 4o ano após a implantação, inúmerasespécies pioneiras e as aroeiras davam à áreafisionomia de capoeira em franca recuperação.O método utilizado mostrou ser eficiente e práticopara restauração de áreas alteradas, como clareiras ebordas de fragmentos florestais.Forest fragments under some kind ofdisturbance might have a slow recovery rate or itmight not happen. Throughout borders theindiscriminate growth of lianas and grasses turnsdifficult the natural regeneration. Sometimes thehuman intervention is necessary to accelerate therestoration. A disturbed area of forest was restoredthrough a simple management that consisted ofperiodical control of lianas, grasses and leafcuttingant. In this area seedlings of the arborealspecies Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. –Anacardiaceae (aroeira) were planted to evaluatethe development and conduct of this specieswhen planted in recovering area. The naturalregeneration of arboreal stratum was acceleratedby the management, presence of seeds bank ofpioneer species in the soil, sources of seedsdispersion and crowning of planted aroeirasseedlings. As a result, on the fourth year after theimplantation, countless pioneer species, togetherwith the aroeiras, gave the area a scrubphysiognomy in full recover. The methodology usedin this research showed to be efficient and practicalto recover disturbed areas, such as gaps and bordereffect in forest fragments.

A aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva)é uma espécie pioneira que apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica, podendo ser encontrada em rios, córregos, como também em terrenos secos e pedregosos. Na comunidade vegetal no Sítio Quixaba, Taperoá, PB, não mais se observa uma quantidade grande de indivíduos como existia há anos atrás. Diante da importância que a espécie possui, este trabalho visa avaliar o potencial germinativo de sementes provenientes de oito indivíduos coletadas em uma população vegetal localizada no Sítio Quixaba no município de Taperoá.PB. O experimento foi conduzido sob condições controladas (laboratório/25ºC) e não controladas (viveiro). Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e tempo médio de germinação, durante um período de 30 dias. Nas condições de viveiro, após um período de 70 dias, foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura de plantas, número de folhas, diâmetro de colo, massa seca de raiz e de parte aérea. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com oito tratamentos (indivíduos) e quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Houve variação na qualidade fisiológica das sementes provenientes dos indivíduos da população de aroeira localizada no Sítio Quixaba em Taperoá-PB; sugere-se que estudos fenológicos sejam desenvolvidos na população estudada e em outras existentes no Sítio Quixaba para entendimento do comportamento germinativo e de vigor das sementes.

The leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), the Brazilian pepper tree, are widely used in folk medicine for treating human diseases caused by microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and the chemical composition of S. terebinthifolius leaf extract and essential oil. Essential oil from fresh leaves of S. terebinthifolius was obtained in a Clevenger-type apparatus. Ethanol leaves extracts were prepared by maceration and ultrasound assisted extraction. Antimicrobial activity was tested at concentrations up to 1000 μg/ml by the microdilution test after 24 h and antioxidant activity was investigated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging assay. Phenolic compounds were determined by the Folin–Cioucalteu method and flavonoids by the aluminum chloride technique. The chemical composition of the essential oil and the extracts were characterized by GC/MS and LC–MS/MS, respectively. Ultrasound assisted extraction exhibited higher yield (182.25 ± 3.00 mg/g) and flavonoid content (243.09 ± 8.83 mg/g), while the extraction method of maceration showed higher content of total phenolic compounds (221.63 ± 2.58 mg/g) and exhibited strong antioxidant activity (IC 50 15.43 μg/ml). All extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . Thirty-two constituents were identified in the oil (97.90% of the total), with δ-3-carene (68.78%), E-caryophyllene (8.22%), myrcene (6.78%) and α-pinene (4.05%) as the main compounds. Mass spectrometry analyzes revealed that ferulic and caffeic acids, and quercetin were the major components in the extracts. In summary, these findings demonstrate the potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts that may help to explain the popular use for urinary tract infection of S. terebinthifolius . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is associated with orofacial infections and is transmitted by direct contact with infected secretions. Several efforts have been expended in the search for drugs to the treatment for herpes. Schinus terebinthifolius is used in several illnesses and among them, for the topical treatment of skin wounds, especially wounds of mucous membranes, whether infected or not. Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxicity and anti-HSV-1 activity of the crude hydroethanolic extract (CHE) from the stem bark of S. terebinthifolius, as well as its fractions and isolated compounds. Materials and Methods: The CHE was subjected to bioguided fractionation. The anti-HSV-1 activity and the cytotoxicity of the CHE, its fractions, and isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro by SRB method. A preliminar investigation of the action of CHE in the virus-host interaction was conducted by the same assay. Results: CHE presented flavan-3-ols and showed anti-HSV-1 activity, better than its fractions and isolated compounds. The class of substances found in CHE can bind to proteins to form unstable complexes and enveloped viruses, as HSV-1 may be vulnerable to this action. Our results suggest that the CHE interfered with virion envelope structures, masking viral receptors that are necessary for adsorption or entry into host cells. Conclusion: The plant investigated exhibited potential for future development treatment against HSV-1, but further tests are necessary, especially to elucidate the mechanism of action of CHE, as well as preclinical and clinical studies to confirm its safety and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A herança e o desequilíbrio de ligaçãoforam estudadas em seis locos polimórficos (Got-1,Got-2, Lap-1, 6pgdh-1, Pgi-2 e Pgm-1) de cincosistemas isoenzimáticos (GOT, LAP, PGI, 6PGD ePGM) revelados em 55 progênies de polinizaçãoaberta de duas populações de Myracrodruonurundeuva Fr. All. (aroeira) do Estado de SãoPaulo. A relação de ligação entre locos foi estudadapela medida composta de desequilíbrio de ligaçãode Burrows. A segregação para os locos foigeralmente homogênea entre árvores. No loco Got-1foi detectado desvio da razão de segregação esperada1:1. Evidências de desequilíbrio de ligação foramobservadas entre os locos: Lap-1:Pgi-2.Inheritance and linkage disequilibriumwere studied in six polymorphic enzyme loci(Got-1, Got-2, Lap-1, 6pgdh-1, Pgi-2 and Pgm-1)from five isozymes systems (GOT, LAP, PGI,6PGD e PGM) in 55 open-pollinated families oftwo Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. (aroeira)populations of São Paulo State. Burrowscomposite measure of linkage disequilibrium wasused to study linkage relationship between loci.Gene segregation of loci was generallyhomogeneous among trees. Got-1 locus showedsignificant departure from the expected 1:1segregation ratio. Linkage disequilibrium evidencewas detected between a pair of loci: Lap-1:Pgi-2.

Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento das plantas jovens cultivadas em casa de vegetação submetidas a três regimes hídricos: 25, 50 e 75% da capacidade de campo (cc) em duas épocas de avaliação (30 e 60 dias). As variáveis observadas foram: altura de planta, massa seca, alocação de biomassa e densidade estomática. Os três regimes hídricos não exerceram influência no comprimento da raiz. A razão de comprimento (cm) raiz/parte aérea a 25% cc, foi aproximadamente de 2:1 e sob 50 e 75% cc manteve-se na ordem de 1:1. O déficit hídrico reduziu a altura das plantas sob 25% cc aos 30 dias. Aos 60 dias os valores variaram de 22, 60; 22,70 e 28,76cm em 25%, 50% e 75% cc, respectivamente. Houve redução significativa na área foliar, produção da massa seca sob o regime hídrico de 25% aos 30 e 60 dias, quando comparados a 50 e 75% cc. Maior alocação de biomassa foi para as raízes sob 25% aos 30 e 60 dias. M. urundeuva é hipoestomática, com estômatos do tipo anomocítico e densidade estomática variando de 372 a 524 estômatos por mm².The objetive was to evaluate the growth of the young plants cultivated in greenhouse conditions under three levels water stress 25, 50 and 75% of the field capacity (cc) after two growth periods (30 and 60 days). The observed variables were: plant height, dry matter, biomass allocation and stomatal density. The three levels water stress, didn't exercise influence on root length. The relation between root and aerial shoot part for the treatment under 25% cc, was 2:1 approximately and under 50 and 75% cc, this relation was in the order of 1:1. The water stress reduced the height of the plants at 25% cc after 30 days. After 60 days, the values found were 22,60; 22,70 and 28,76cm at 25, 50 and 75% cc respectively. There was significant reduction in the leaf area and production of the dry matter at 25% cc after 30 and 60 days when compared at 50 and 75% cc. Higher root biomass allocation ocurred at 25%cc after 30 and 60 days. M. urundeuva is hypostomatic, with anomocytic stomats. Stomatal density varied between 372 and 524 stomats/mm².