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Practical ApplicationIn recent years, red‐fleshed apple has attracted a lot of attention due to its pleasant appearance, taste, and being a valuable source of anthocyanins. Generally, different types of this apple are known as ornamental apple plants that are rarely found in various regions around the world like New Zealand, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Australia, China, and Turkey. This study focused on the accumulation and changes of the bioactive and aroma‐related volatile components at different production stages of a red‐fleshed apple vinegar. The aim of this study is to produce an anthocyanin‐ and vitamin C‐rich vinegar (NAV) from red‐fleshed Niedzwetzky's apple for the first time. According to the results, in this vinegar, it was determined high concentrations of total phenolic content (904.8 mg‐GAE/mL), total flavonoid content (0.25 mg‐EGCE/mL), vitamin C content (3024.3 mg‐AAE/mL), and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (8.33 mmol‐TE/mL), as well as FRAP (13.57 mmol‐ISE/mL), respectively. Moreover, total anthocyanin content value was found to be 6.46 mg/g. One of the components that provide the specified functional effect in this vinegar is chlorogenic acid, which constitutes the main phenolic compound, and the other one is cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, which is the major anthocyanin in this vinegar. The main volatile components associated with the aroma of vinegar are ‐acetic acid, ‐phenylacetic acid (5067.7 µg/100 mL), ‐phenethyl alcohol (3096.1 µg/100 mL), and ‐nonanoic acid (2939.0 µg/100 mL) compounds. Consequently, it is recommended to expand the range of Niedzwetzky's apples in the production and consumption of food products such as functional vinegar. Thus, a new vinegar with high functional properties will be introduced to the worldwide food industry.In this study, vinegar was produced from the small and dark‐red‐flesh‐colored fruits of Niedzwetzky's apple tree, which is known in a small part of the world and is generally used as an ornamental plant due to its red‐pink flowers. It has been determined that the produced vinegar has high bioavailability due to the apples with red inner flesh and high anthocyanin content and has a desirable aromatic content. Thus, a food product with high functional quality and desirable aroma, accessible to consumers all over the world, has been produced from a little‐known fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Purple Napier grass (PNG), a widely used grass rich in anthocyanin, is commonly employed in the production of silage. However, there is currently limited research on the retention of anthocyanin with or without additives during ensiling. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different additives (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCZZ1 (LP), glucose, acetic acid, and dried soybean curd residue) on fermentation quality, anthocyanin content, and microbial community structure of PNG silage.Ensiling PNG without additives led to poor fermentation quality and rapid degradation of anthocyanin, resulting in a decline in antioxidant activity and the persistence of harmful microorganisms with high relative abundance. The use of additives, especially LP, effectively increased the relative abundance of L. plantarum, enhancing fermentation quality, the retention of anthocyanin (up to 166% increase rate) and antioxidant activity, while reducing the relative abundance of harmful microorganisms during ensiling for 30 days. Additionally, prolonged ensiling negatively affected the preservation of anthocyanin. Based on both fermentation quality and bioactivity, PNG should be ensiled for 30 days with LP inoculation.The employment of additives, especially LP, improved the fermentation quality, anthocyanin retention, and microbial community structure in PNG silage. To optimize both fermentation quality and bioactivity, it is recommended that PNG be ensiled for 30 days with LP inoculation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple-leafed plants not only have a higher resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, but also have higher ornamental value. Anthocyanins are vital for leaf color formation, growth and development of purple leaves. However, the molecular mechanism underlying purple leaf formation in Lagerstroemia indica remains unclear. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of purple-leafed cultivar 'Ebony Embers' and greenleafed cultivar 'Arapahoe' showed that the high expression of anthocyanin structure genes induced hyperaccumulation of cyanidin and pelargonidin derivatives, making the leaves purple. LfiHY5, LfiMYB75 and LfibHLH1 were identified using correlation analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. In 'Arapahoe' x 'Ebony Embers' population, LfiHY5 and LfiMYB75 showed significant positive correlation with leaf anthocyanin content. Transient expression of LfiMYB75 and LfiHY5 in tobacco and purple-leafed crape myrtle indicated that the two genes activated anthocyanin synthesis. Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that LfiMYB75 and LfibHLH1 could form a complex that enhanced anthocyanin synthesis. Yeast monohybrid and dual-luciferase assays confirmed that LfiHY5 activated the expression of LfiMYB75, to activate the transcription of anthocyanin structural genes LfiCHS and LfiANS. Moreover, there were three alleles of LfiHY5 in crape myrtle, and the different sequences had different activation effects on LfiMYB75. In conclusion, the results showed that LfiHY5 led to upregulate the transcription of LfiMYB75, and LfiMYB75 formed a complex with LfibHLH1, which increased the transcription level of LfiCHS and LfiANS to affect anthocyanin synthesis in crape myrtle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Current osteoporosis pharmacological treatment has undesirable side effects. There is increasing focus on naturally derived food substances that contain phytonutrients with antioxidant effects in promoting health and regulating immune response. Objective This review aims to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of anthocyanin-rich foods on bone remodeling biomarkers in middle-aged and older adults (≥40 y old) at risk of osteoporosis. Data Sources Randomized controlled trials were searched on 8 bibliographic databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Food Science and Technology Abstracts, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest. Data Extraction and Analysis Thirteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) is exhibited from osteoblastic cells that gathered osteoclasts to bone sites for bone resorption, accelerating bone loss. Anthocyanin-rich food consumption showed statistically nonsignificant effects, with no substantial heterogeneity on bone remodeling biomarkers. However, there was a significant increase in lumbar spine L1–L4 bone mineral density. Mild-to-small effects were seen to largely favor the consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods. Berries (d = –0.44) have a larger effect size of RANKL than plums (d = 0.18), with statistically significant subgroup differences. Random-effects meta-regression found body mass index, total attrition rate, total energy, and dietary carbohydrate and fat intake were significant covariates for the effect size of RANKL. All outcomes had low certainty of evidence. Conclusion Anthocyanin-rich foods may improve bone health in middle-aged and older adults at risk of osteoporosis. This review contributes to the growing interest in nutrient-rich foods as a low-cost and modifiable alternative to promote human health and reduce disease burden. Future high-quality studies with larger sample sizes and longer treatment durations are required to fully understand the effect of anthocyanin-rich foods on bone health. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022367136. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peel of muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia Michx.) fruit is thick and is often discarded by consumers due to difficulty in chewing and swallowing. However, the peel contains valuable phytochemicals that are discarded. Freeze-drying halved, deseeded muscadines create an entirely crispy product that allows the peel and flesh to be conveniently consumed year-round. However, it is unclear whether this product retains the same level of nutritional value as frozen muscadines or if there is nutrient degradation during processing. We evaluated the total anthocyanin concentration (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of six popular muscadine cultivars ("Noble," "Supreme," "Paulk," "Carlos," "Granny Val," "Triumph") to assess the impacts of the freeze-drying process on these compounds. The results showed that unpeeled, deseeded purple cultivars ('Noble', 'Supreme', 'Paulk') had higher levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity compared to bronze cultivars ('Carlos', 'Granny Val', 'Triumph'). Among the purple cultivars, 'Noble' had the highest TAC, TPC, and TAA, followed by 'Supreme' and 'Paulk', which also exhibited greater bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. In contrast, 'Granny Val' had the lowest levels of bioactive compounds among all cultivars. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed that no compounds (TAC, TPC, and TAA) were affected by the freeze-drying process, as both frozen and freeze-dried fruit were located in the same cluster. This demonstrates that the freeze-drying process did not impact the total bioactive compounds or antioxidant activity of muscadine cultivars, making it a promising preservation process for the production of an appealing and healthy product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to develop a pH-sensing biopolymer film based on the immobilization of red cabbage extract (RCE) within bacterial cellulose (BC) to detect contamination and gamma radiation exposure in cucumbers. The results obtained show a sensitivity to pH changes for RCE in its aqueous form and that incorporated within BC films (RCE-BC), both showed color change correlated to bacterial growth (R2 = 0.91), this was supported with increase in pH values from 2 to 12 (R2 = 0.98). RCE and RCE-BC exposure to gamma radiation (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 kGy) resulted in gradual decrease in color that was more evident in RCE aqueous samples. To sense bacterial contamination of cucumbers, the total count was followed at 0, 5, 10 and 15 days in cold storage conditions and was found to reach 9.13 and 5.47 log cfu/mL for non-irradiated and 2 kGy irradiated samples, respectively. The main isolates detected throughout this storage period were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, Erwinia sp. Pantoea agglomerans using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight-ms (MALDI–TOF–MS). Bacterial growth in stored irradiated cucumbers was detected by color change within 5 and 10 days of storage, after which there was no evident change. This is very useful since contamination within the early days of storage cannot be sensed with the naked eye. This study is the first to highlight utilizing RCE and RCE-BC as eco-friendly pH-sensing indicator films for intelligent food packaging to detect both food contamination and gamma preservation for refrigerator stored cucumbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability in packaging materials is important now with a world overwhelmed by plastic pollution. In this study, anthocyanins extracted from banana bracts were incorporated into a biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/starch matrix to prepare a colorimetric pH-responsive film for intelligent food packaging applications. Anthocyanins are a class of natural dyes that are used to detect pH changes due to the presence of phenolic or conjugated groups. PVA/starch films with varying concentrations of anthocyanin (1.5–3%) were made by the solution casting method. FTIR, TGA, SEM, WVTR, and moisture absorption were used to characterize the films. Anthocyanin extract added to the PVA/starch film boosted the percentage elongation at break but lowered the elastic modulus and tensile strength. pH sensing ability was established by the degrees of lightness (L), redness (+a) or greenness (−a), and yellowness (+b) or blueness (−b) values of the prepared films. A test for food spoilage was conducted using pasteurized milk. This research proposed a novel technique for fabricating films that are suitable for use in food packaging and as a biodegradable substitute for existing packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are a class of natural water-soluble pigments found in plants, which are responsible for the varied colours of vegetative tissues and reproductive organs. The regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis requires multiple factors, including enzymes, structural or regulatory genes, and transcriptional regulator proteins. While there has been notable advancement in comprehending anthocyanin biosynthesis, encompassing its structures and overarching regulation, there remains a gap in our understanding concerning the intricate interactions among various genes, molecular and biochemical mechanisms, and their feedback responses to anthocyanin regulatory networks. This article aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the complex regulatory networks involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, with a specific focus on anthocyanin biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examined the influence of various storage conditions on Thompson seedless (Vitis vinifera) grapes quality. Research method: Grapes were stored under four conditions: control (room temperature i.e., 20-22°C, no SO2), T1 with SO2 sheets at room temperature i.e., 20-22°C, T2 with SO2 sheets in cold storage at 1°C and T3 without SO2 sheets in cold storage at 1°C. Changes in acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), total anthocyanin content, total phenols, sugars (glucose and fructose), transresveratrol, decay %, weight loss % and antioxidant activity were monitored over 60 days. Findings: The findings revealed a synergistic effect between SO2 and cold storage. Grapes stored with both SO2 sheets and cold storage (T1) exhibited the slowest decline in anthocyanin, phenols and antioxidant activity of 211.06 mg/L, 2102.39 mg/L and 7.19 mM DPPH, respectively after 60 days. T1 grapes found to have slower reduction in sugars and transresveratrol concentration i.e., 15.47 to 15.37 g/100mL and 695 to 516 µg/g, respectively compared to control samples 15.47 to 14.81 g/100mL and 695 to 500 µg/g, respectively. Research limitations: The study focused solely on storage conditions of Thompson seedless variety grapes, limiting the generalizability of the findings to different grape varieties and maturity levels. Originality/value: These results highlighted the importance of proper storage techniques, particularly the combined use of SO2 and cold storage, for maintaining grape quality and extending shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Synchronous degradation between anthocyanin and vitamin C was found in fruit and vegetable juice matrices. To investigate whether the C‐ring of anthocyanin is the key site of this interaction, cyanidin with four different C‐ring modifications (3‐glucosylation, 3,5‐diglucosylation, 6″‐malonylation, pyranylation) was added to vitamin C‐containing apple juice, and the changes of anthocyanin retention, vitamin C retention, color, antioxidative activity and differential metabolites were analyzed.The anthocyanin retention was in the order of pyranylation >6″‐malonylation >3,5‐diglucosylation >3‐glucosylation. The vitamin C retention was in the order of 6″‐malonylation > pyranylation >3,5‐diglucosylation >3‐glucosylation. The order of color stability was the same as that of anthocyanin retention, and the order of antioxidative activity was opposite to that of vitamin C retention. The results showed that modification at the C‐ring limited the activity of anthocyanin, and suggested that the C‐ring was one of the key sites for anthocyanin and vitamin C interaction. The shared differential metabolite of all apple juice matrices added with different anthocyanins was trans‐hinokiresinol, which was likely generated from anthocyanin skeleton reacted with certain compounds in apple juice.This study showed that modification of the anthocyanin C‐ring could affect the anthocyanin and vitamin C interaction to some extent, which provided valuable insights for the application of anthocyanin C‐ring modification in shelf‐life quality control of typical fruit and vegetable beverages with the coexistence of anthocyanin and vitamin C. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the past two decades, the impacts of Helium-Neon (He–Ne) laser on stress resistance and secondary metabolism in plants have been studied, but the signaling pathway which by laser regulates this process remains unclear. Therefore, the current study sought to explore the role of RBOH-dependent signaling in He–Ne laser-induced salt tolerance and elicitation of secondary metabolism in Salvia officinalis. Seeds were primed with He–Ne laser (6 J cm− 2) and peroxide hydrogen (H2O2, 5 mM) and 15-old-day plants were exposed to two salinity levels (0, 75 mM NaCl). Results: Salt stress reduced growth parameters, chlorophyll content and relative water content (RWC) and increased malodialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents in leaves of 45-old-day plants. After 48 h of salt exposure, higher transcription levels of RBOH (encoding NADPH oxidase), PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), and RAS (rosmarinic acid synthase) were recorded in leaves of plants grown from seeds primed with He–Ne laser and/or H2O2. Despite laser up-regulated RBOH gene in the early hours of exposing to salinity, H2O2 and MDA contents were lower in leaves of these plants after 30 days. Seed pretreatment with He–Ne laser and/or H2O2 augmented the accumulation of anthocyanins, total phenol, carnasol, and rosmarinic acid and increased total antioxidant capacity under non-saline and more extensively at saline conditions. Indeed, these treatments improved RWC, and K+/Na+ ratio, enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase and proline accumulation, and significantly decreased membrane injury and H2O2 content in leaves of 45-old-day plants under salt stress. However, applying diphenylene iodonium (DPI as an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase) and N, N-dimethyl thiourea (DMTU as a H2O2 scavenger) after laser priming reversed the aforementioned effects which in turn resulted in the loss of laser-induced salt tolerance and secondary metabolism. Conclusions: These findings for the first time deciphered that laser can induce a transient RBOH-dependent H2O2 burst, which might act as a downstream signal to promote secondary metabolism and salt stress alleviation in S. officinalis plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: The regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis have been well documented at the transcriptional and translational levels. By contrast, how anthocyanin biosynthesis is epigenetically regulated remains largely unknown.In this study, we employed genetic, molecular biology, and chromatin immunoprecipitation‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays to identify a regulatory module essential for repressing the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis through chromatin remodeling.We found that SILENCING DEFECTIVE 2 (SDE2), which was previously identified as a negative regulator for sucrose‐induced anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis, is cleaved into N‐terminal SDE2‐UBL and C‐terminal SDE2‐C fragments at the first diglycine motif, and the cleaved SDE2‐C, which can fully complement the sde2 mutant, is localized in the nucleus and physically interacts with LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (LHP1) in vitro and in vivo. Genetic analyses showed that both SDE2 and LHP1 act as negative factors for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Consistently, immunoblot analysis revealed that the level of LHP1‐bound histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) significantly decreases in sde2 and lhp1 mutants, compared to wild‐type (WT). In addition, we found that sugar can induce expression of SDE2 and LHP1, and enhance the level of the nucleus‐localized SDE2‐C.Taken together, our data suggest that the SDE2‐C‐LHP1 module is required for repression of gene expression through H3K27me3 modification during sugar‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. See also the Commentary on this article by LaFountain, 243: 1287–1289. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins have been reported for the protective effects against type 2 diabetes and related obesity. This meta-analysis examined the benefits of anthocyanins on type 2 diabetes and obesity biomarkers in animals and humans. The study included 21 clinical trials and 27 pre-clinical studies. A systematic search was conducted using the following inclusion criteria: in vivo rodent studies; human randomized clinical trials, both aimed at assessing the fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein; and study duration of at least two weeks. Out of the 201 examined publications, 48 were shortlisted after implementation of the selection criteria. Results of clinical trials demonstrated that consumption of anthocyanin-rich food significantly reduced the FBG (p < 0.0001), HbA1c (p = 0.02), TC (p = 0.010), TG (p = 0.003), LDL (p = 0.05) and increases the HDL (p = 0.03) levels. Similarly, pre-clinical studies demonstrated the amelioration of the HbA1c (p = 0.02), FBG, TC, TG, and LDL (p < 0.00001), with non-significant changes in the HDL (p = 0.11). Sub-group analysis indicated dose-dependent effect. This compilation confirms that consuming anthocyanin-rich foods positively correlates with the reduction in the blood glucose and lipid levels in diabetic and obese subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of novel nanofibers based on gelatin (GA) loading with purple potato anthocyanin (PPA) and syringic acid (SA) were obtained by electrospinning technology. The effects of SA on mechanical properties, thermal stability, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity of the GA/PPA nanofibers were systematically characterized. The scanning electron microscopy observation results revealed a smooth surface on the nanofibers. The incorporation of SA enhanced the viscosity of the electrospun solutions, and it increased the average diameter of nanofibers from 0.17 μm to 0.28 μm. The tensile strength and thermal stability of the obtained nanofibers were enhanced with the addition of a suitable level of SA (1.5%, w/v), which strengthened the intermolecular interaction. The GA/PPA/SA nanofibers presented over 80% antioxidant capacity and strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Meanwhile, the sensitivity responses of nanofibers to NH3 revealed that GA/PPA/SA II nanofibers (1.5% w/v SA) presented good sensitivity of colorimetric behavior to ammonia. A pork spoilage test was performed to evaluate practical application of the nanofibers, and an obvious color change (dark purple to green) was observed. These results indicated GA/PPA/SA II nanofibers can be utilized as an active and intelligent multipurpose packaging material to preserve and track the freshness of pork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of citrus fruits are strongly associated with their secondary metabolites. In this study, we conducted widely targeted metabolomics analyses to compare the variability of the ingredients in four scion–rootstock combinations. A total of 376 differential metabolites were obtained by a multivariate statistical analysis, and a KEGG pathway analysis showed that the enriched metabolic pathways were mainly related to the biosynthesis of flavonoids as well as lipid metabolism. The anthocyanin-targeted metabolomic features showed that cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside), cyanidin 3-O-sophoroside, and cyanidin 3-O-xyloside were the pigments responsible for the red color of Tarocco. A lipid metabolomics analysis revealed that when Tarocco was hetero-grafted with rootstock H, there was an increase in the content of each lipid subclass, accompanied by an increase in the levels of unsaturated fatty acids, including polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acids, thus impacting the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids. Additionally, we determined their antioxidant capacity ('Trifoliate orange' (Z) > 'Citrange' (ZC) > 'Hongju' (H) > 'Ziyang Xiangcheng' (X)) using in vitro assays. Finally, we utilized a network pharmacology analysis to explore the antioxidant mechanisms and potential pharmacological ingredients; we obtained 26 core targets proteins and 42 core metabolites associated with oxidative damage, providing a basis for future preventive and therapeutic applications of these metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the uniformity of microwave heating and enhance the quality of continuous microwave drying for raspberry pulp, a self-developed programmable logic controller (PLC) control system with pulsed microwave output was implemented. The central composite experimental design method was employed to analyze the effects of four experimental factors, namely microwave duty cycle, pulse period, air velocity and drying time on the average temperature, temperature dispersion value, moisture content, moisture content dispersion value, anthocyanin retention rate, and anthocyanin retention rate dispersion value of raspberry pulp. The optimal process for pulsed microwave drying of raspberry pulp was obtained. Compared with dried pulp quality and uniformity indexes from pulsed microwave drying, commonly used feedback temperature control microwave drying, intermittent microwave drying, and continuous microwave drying processes to develop a continuous microwave drying quality optimization control system for raspberry pulp. The results showed that the magnetron from pulsed microwave drying in the form of pulse output rectangular wave form power through the PLC control system. Turning on the magnetron intermittently was more effective than continuous microwave heating. Pulsed microwave drying of raspberry pulp has better product quality and heating efficiency, lower cost and better reliability than feedback temperature control systems. The optimal process parameters for pulsed microwave drying were microwave duty cycle of 0.6, pulse period of 17 seconds, air velocity of 1.9 m/s, and drying time of 12.5 minutes. Compared with continuous microwave drying, pulsed microwave drying resulted in the highest quality of dried pulp as a 35.31%±0.55% increase in anthocyanin retention, a 33.59%±0.23% increase under feedback temperature control, a 16.42%±0.18% increase under intermittent microwave drying. Pulsed microwave drying can control the power to reduce the dried fruit pulp temperature, improve the uniformity of post-drying quality and provide a basis for the industrial production of dried raspberry products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anthocyanin accumulation in juvenile tissues can enhance the ornamental value, attract pollinators, and help improve abiotic stress. Although transcriptional regulation studies of anthocyanin have been relatively extensive, there are few reports on the mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in young tissues. This study reveals that many juvenile citrus tissues (flowers, leaves, and pericarp) undergo transient accumulation of anthocyanins, exhibiting a red coloration. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified CitWRKY75 as a candidate gene. After detecting the expression levels of CitWRKY75 in various citrus juvenile tissues, the expression trend of CitWRKY75 was highly consistent with the red exhibiting and fading. Overexpression of CitWRKY75 in tobacco significantly increased the anthocyanin content. LUC and yeast one-hybrid assay demonstrated that CitWRKY75 could bind to the promoter of CitRuby1(encoding the key transcription factor promoting anthocyanin accumulation) and promote its expression. Finally, comparing the expression levels of CitWRKY75 and CitRuby1 in the late development stage of blood orange found that CitWRKY75 was not the main regulatory factor for anthocyanin accumulation in the later stage. This study used reverse genetics to identify a transcription factor, CitWRKY75, upstream of CitRuby1, which promotes anthocyanin accumulation in citrus juvenile tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Using Paeonia qiui as the experimental material, the regulatory mechanism of PqbHLH1 gene on anthocyanin synthesis during leaf development was studied. [Method] Based on the transcriptome data obtained in the early stage, primers were designed and the bHLH1 gene was cloned from the leaves of Paeonia qiui using PCR technology. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the physicochemical properties, hydrophobicity, theoretical isoelectric points, protein secondary structure, and evolutionary relationships of the PqbHLH1 gene. Fluorescence quantitative PCR technology was used to detect its expressions in different tissues and stages. Agrobacterium mediated method was employed to overexpress it in Arabidopsis thaliana and detect the effect of overexpressing PqbHLH1 on the anthocyanins of peony leaves. [Result] The total length of the coding region of PqbHLH1 gene was 1 920 bp, encoding 639 amino acids. The PqbHLH1 protein was hydrophilic and does not contain signal peptides or transmembrane structures, and was localized in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the PqbHLH1 protein in peony ovale had the closest genetic relationship with VvMYCA1 in grapes. Fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of PqbHLH1 gene in peony leaves had a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and the expression was significant in the S6 stage of leaves. The expressions of anthocyanin synthesis structural genes PqCHS, PqF3'H, PqDFR, and PqANS showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with leaf development. In A. thaliana strains overexpressing the PqbHLH1 gene, the expressions of structural genes related to anthocyanin synthesis was significantly higher than that of wild-type Arabidopsis, and the expression trend of anthocyanin content was consistent with that of structural genes AtCHI, AtF3'H, and AtUFGT, while the expression trend of flavonol content was consistent with that of structural gene AtFLS. [Conclusion] The PqbHLH1 gene positively regulates the synthesis of anthocyanins and flavonols in peony leaves by regulating the expressions of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assembly of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) cannot be separated from the direction of qualitative character development. This is based on the role of qualitative characters in determining nutritional content and market segments. Therefore, the analysis of qualitative characters in the F 4 multiple cross cayenne pepper population needs to be done in determining the direction of line development in the next generation. The purpose of this study was to identify the inheritance pattern of qualitative traits and genotype grouping from a population of F4 multiple cross lines. The research was conducted at the Experimental Field of Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. The study was designed with the concept of observation on 90 F4 multiple cross chili lines and three parental cultivars (Dewata F1, Bara and Ungara). Observations focused on 10 qualitative characters. The analysis showed that there are two types of diversity in this population, namely centralized diversity and distributed diversity. Centralized diversity consists of leaf color, book color, leaf shape, canopy density, stem color, fruit shape, and fruit tip shape. In contrast, characters that have a diverse distribution are crown color, young and old chili fruit color. The distribution results show three main groups, namely the Dewata -Bara group (27 genotypes), the Ungara group (16 genotypes) and the rest are groups outside of these two groups. Based on the whole study, the results of this evaluation are recommended as a consideration for the selection of F5 lines in supporting the direction of releasing chili cultivars from multiple cross. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) has long been recognized as a source of natural food color additive. Microwave- and ultrasonic-assisted extraction are green and innovative processes widely used for natural dyes extraction. For this purpose, these two techniques as well as conventional extraction and their combination were proposed to extract total monomeric anthocyanins and total phenolics from roselle flowers. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction for 5 min yielded total monomeric anthocyanins of 13.47±0.22 mg/g and total phenolics of 163.23 ± 2.81 mg gallic acid/g of dried roselle flowers using 60% (V/V) aqueous ethanol and a solid/liquid ratio of 1/10 (g/mL). Microwave-assisted extraction required 10 min and microwave power of 180 W to extract higher monomeric anthocyanins and total phenolics. Conventional extraction required 24 h to obtain 14.46 ± 0.47 mg/g of total monomeric anthocyanins and 182.89 ± 2.49 mg gallic acid/g of total phenolics. The combination of ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted extraction reduced the extraction time from 24 h to 15 min and significantly (p≤0.05) increased total monomeric anthocyanin (17.36 ± 0.54 mg/g), total phenolics (208.28 ± 1.43 mg gallic acid/g), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging antioxidant activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power by 28.88, 27.60, 73.41, and 85.77%, respectively, in comparison to ultrasound-assisted extraction. Fourier transform infrared showed that all extraction procedures did not affect the structural properties of roselle anthocyanins. This finding suggests the development of the use of green and innovative combined processes such as microwave and ultrasound for improving roselle pigment extraction for potential application in food and non food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety of food products is of prime importance for consumers and manufacturers. Many means can be used to validate a food product's safety before it is consumed. This study is about the preparation, characterization and evaluation of a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) sensitive colorimetric sensor that detects volatile gases (TVB‐N) resulting from fish spoilage, thus indicating the pH variation of packaged fish products. This is performed by coating a thin layer of ink sensors on the surface of the supporting matrix (corona‐treated PET). Various visual pH indicators were prepared based on black rice anthocyanin as an FDA‐approved dye. Black rice, which contains more than 80% cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, is the most prevalent anthocyanin component. Because of its low toxicity and high concentration, it can be utilized as a natural food colourant. pH indicators based on black rice can show distinct colours in various pH: from red (low pH) to violet (4–6) and deep purple/blue (6–7), blue (7–9) to yellowish/light brown (9–13) throughout the acid–base reaction by the analyte. The ink formulation was prepared by incorporating a binder system (PVOH‐PEG) for higher surface wettability, a crosslinking agent (citric acid) for higher adhesion, an antifoaming agent (natural vanillin) and acetic acid as a pH fixing agent. Corona treatments affected substrate surface chemistry in this study. The samples with thermal treatment passed the ASTM D3330 tape test, the 8000 passages for dry sponge and the 25 passages for wet sponge through the abrasion method. Anthocyanin concentration in formulated ink based on calculation by UV–vis spectra is 0.240 mg/100 g. Sensitivity tests towards TVB‐N gases were carried out at a temperature of 4°C to evaluate the performance of colorimetric films with formulated ink along with thermal treatment (temperature: 165°C, time: 5 min) using the volatile gases emitted by the fish sample inside the package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the agricultural areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation varies widely. UV-B can affect the growth and development of plants. Turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa) is an important traditional economic crop in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but how turnip responds to UV-B and the complex molecular mechanisms underlying UV-B tolerance remains unclear. In this work, we found that landrace KTRG-B48b grew better and obtained a higher fresh weight of taproot in Lhasa and Kunming than landrace KTRG-B48a through common garden experiments. The phenotypic differences between the two landraces may be mechanism-based. Transcriptomes was used to analyze the differences between KTRG-B48a and KTRG-B48b. The relative expression levels of anthocyanin synthesis genes were upregulated significantly after UV-B treatment. In addition, KTRG-B48b produced less hydrogen peroxide and superoxide than KTRG-B48a. The high expression levels of anthocyanin-related genes can increase accumulation of anthocyanin, which can decrease reactive oxygen species accumulation and improved plant adaptation to the living environment of strong UV-B radiation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, we proposed a model for turnip anthocyanin biosynthesis under strong UV-B radiation. Our results can provide an overview of the transcriptome response of turnip to UV-B tolerance, thus expanding our understanding the functions of anthocyanins biological in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Our findings shed light on the regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in chickpea seed coats. Expression of R2R3-MYB transcription factors CaLAP1 and CaLAP2 enhanced the anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins content in chickpea. The seed coat color is a major economic trait in leguminous crop chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are two classes of flavonoids that mainly contribute to the flower, seed coat and color of Desi chickpea cultivars. Throughout the land plant lineage, the accumulation of anthocyanins and PAs is regulated by MYB and bHLH transcription factors (TFs), which form an MBW (MYB, bHLH, and WD40) complex. Here, we report two R2R3-MYB TFs in chickpea belonging to the anthocyanin-specific subgroup-6, CaLAP1 (Legume Anthocyanin Production 1), and CaLAP2 (Legume Anthocyanin Production 2), which are mainly expressed in the flowers and developmental stages of the seeds. CaLAP1 and CaLAP2 interact with TT8-like CabHLH1 and WD40, forming the MBW complex, and bind to the promoter sequences of anthocyanin- and PA biosynthetic genes CaCHS6, CaDFR2, CaANS, and CaANR, leading to anthocyanins and PA accumulation in the seed coat of chickpea. Moreover, these CaLAPs partially complement the anthocyanin-deficient phenotype in the Arabidopsis thaliana sextuple mutant seedlings. Overexpression of CaLAPs in chickpea resulted in significantly higher expression of anthocyanin and PA biosynthetic genes leading to a darker seed coat color with higher accumulation of anthocyanin and PA. Our findings show that CaLAPs positively modulate anthocyanin and PA content in seed coats, which might influence plant development and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The light plays a key role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. However, the molecular basis of anthocyanin synthesis in grape skins irradiated at night with supplemental white light (W), red light (R), blue light (B), and blue light for 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, and 12 h (B3, B6, B9, and B12) is not known. In the present study, the total anthocyanin content in grape skins was significant under different light (DL) and blue-light time (DT) treatments, and the best result was obtained with B9. Analysis of RNA-seq data determined that the key genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, PAL, CHS, DFR, GT, CFIP, VIT_14s0068g00920, VIT_06s0009g02860, and VIT_06s0004g08150, were significantly up-regulated under night-time supplemental light treatments, which led to the significant expression of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, which were significantly expressed, promoting the accumulation of anthocyanin. The B caused significant expression of PAL (VIT_08s0040g01710), CFIP (VIT_13s0067g03820, VIT_13s0067g02870) and DFR (VIT_18s0001g12800), which may be one of the reasons for the better effect of B compared to W anthocyanin enrichment in grape skins. The DT treatment resulted in significant expression of GT (VIT_11s0052g01600), Peroxidase, VIT_09s0018g01190, and VIT_11s0037g00570. In addition, many TFs such as bHLH, MYB, ERF, WRKY, C2H2, MYB-related, and NAC were found to be involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins under light regulation. These results provide new insights into plants' nocturnal supplemental-light regulation of anthocyanin accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Green extraction primarily emphasizes developing new extraction techniques that consume less energy. It involves using safe, non‐toxic alternative solvents and sustainable natural resources to ensure the production of safe and high‐quality extracts. Red onion skin is an important source of anthocyanins, a subgroup of phenolic compounds. Anthocyanins are an important group of natural pigments that have attracted a lot of attention due to their health benefits. However, the instability and high sensitivity of these pigments have limited their use in food and cosmetics. Therefore, in this study, various modern green extraction methods were used, including solvent extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction, subcritical water extraction, microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE), pulsed electric field extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and high hydrostatic pressure‐assisted (HHPAE) extraction, to specifically extract and purify anthocyanins. The extraction efficiency, specifically targeting anthocyanins, showed the highest efficiency with HHPAE (81.84%) and the lowest with MAE (40.01%). Measurement of total anthocyanin content revealed that HHPAE and SFE methods yielded the highest anthocyanin concentrations, with 248.49 and 244.98 mg/L, respectively. Identification of anthocyanin by LC–MS revealed that the main anthocyanidins in red onion peel are pelargonidin, cyanidin, delphinidin, and petunidin. These results indicate that innovative green extraction methods, particularly HHPAE and SFE, can effectively replace conventional techniques due to their superior efficiency and enhanced preservation of anthocyanin compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In the early 1900s, Erwin Baur established Antirrhinum majus as a model system, identifying and characterising numerous flower colour variants. This included Picturatum/Eluta, which restricts the accumulation of magenta anthocyanin pigments, forming bullseye markings on the flower face.We identified the gene underlying the Eluta locus by transposon‐tagging, using an Antirrhinum line that spontaneously lost the nonsuppressive el phenotype. A candidate MYB repressor gene at this locus contained a CACTA transposable element. We subsequently identified plants where this element excised, reverting to a suppressive Eluta phenotype. El alleles inhibit expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, confirming it to be a regulatory locus. The modes of action of Eluta were investigated by generating stable transgenic tobacco lines, biolistic transformation of Antirrhinum petals and promoter activation/repression assays.Eluta competes with MYB activators for promoter cis‐elements, and also by titrating essential cofactors (bHLH proteins) to reduce transcription of target genes. Eluta restricts the pigmentation established by the R2R3‐MYB factors, Rosea and Venosa, with the greatest repression on those parts of the petals where Eluta is most highly expressed.Baur questioned the origin of heredity units determining flower colour variation in cultivated A. majus. Our findings support introgression from wild species into cultivated varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus carica is an economically important horticultural plant. Due to its abundant secondary metabolites, F. carica has gained interest for its applications in medicine and as a nutritional supplement. Both external and internal factors affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites in F. carica. The assembly of the F. carica genome has facilitated functional analysis of key genes and transcription factors associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, particularly anthocyanin. In this review, we summarize the various types and functions of secondary metabolites, with a particular focus on flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenes. We also explore the factors influencing their biosynthesis and accumulation, including varieties, tissue, environmental factors (e.g., light), stresses (e.g., high temperature, low temperature, drought, nutrient deficiencies, salinity), hormonal treatments, and developmental factors. Furthermore, we discuss the involvement of structural genes and transcription factors in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, specifically anthocyanin and furanocoumarins, knowledge of which will promote the breeding and genetic engineering of novel F. carica varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal plant Abrus precatorius L. was traditionally used in the Siddha and Ayurvedic systems of medicine in India. The Indian center of origin holds a vast variability in its seed color. The objective of this study was to assess the total monomeric anthocyanin, flavonol, as well as the antioxidative potential, protein content and ash content among the accessions. A total of 99 accessions conserved in the Indian National Genebank were used in this study. The methods used for the estimation of total monomeric anthocyanin, flavonol, as well as the antioxidative potential, protein content and ash content were the pH differential method, Oomah method, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential, Dumas method and gravimetric method, respectively. The completely black colored accession was recorded with highest total monomeric anthocyanin (51.95 mg/100 g of cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalent) and flavonol content (66.41 mg/g of quercetin equivalent). Red + black colored accessions have recorded the maximum value with respect to antioxidants (14.18 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent). The highest amount of protein content was found in a completely white colored accession (20.67%) and the maximum ash content was recorded in red + black colored accession (4.01%). The promising accessions identified can be used by pharmaceutical companies in drug development and in curing degenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Featured Application: A Design of Experiments approach and multivariate analysis can help to understand the complex relationship between the chemical profile and the extraction conditions in the preparation of liqueurs such as the myrtle alcoholic drink. Preparation of myrtle liqueur through ethanol-based extraction is a widely employed methodology. Nevertheless, optimization of existing processes is possible, especially through a modern statistical multivariate approach. In this context, a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was used to quantitatively assess for the first time the effect of the time, ethanol concentration, temperature, and the ratio between the Myrtus communis berries' weight and the extractant volume (v/w) on the amounts of anthocyanins, volatile compounds and dry residues in the liqueur. The kinetic profile relative to the volatile fraction variation during the process was described by gas chromatography (GC), while spectrophotometric analysis allowed quantification of the total anthocyanins and total polyphenols. Multiple response analysis showed that the maximum efficiencies in terms of the considered parameters (desirability function) were reached by setting the temperature to 25 °C and the ethanol percentage to 96% after 20 days of processing. Some hints as to the chemical instability and not negligible sensitivity of anthocyanins in relation to the experimental conditions for longer extraction times were also observed. The statistical model represents a novel tool for industrial production of myrtle liqueur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hg(II), poses a significant threat to both the environment and overall well‐being. The present indicator utilizes anthocyanin extract from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), RSE, and incorporates it into bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNF) to detect Hg(II) ions. Through examination of the CIE Lab color variables, it is determined that the binding of Hg(II) leads to a discernible alteration in the color. The visible color changes as the Hg(II) concentration increases. ATR‐FTIR(Attenuated Total Reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and SEM(scanning electron microscopy) are utilized to analyze the bacterial cellulose nanofibers containing anthocyanin. The selectivity of the proposed sensor is assessed by conducting experiments with different types of metal ions including Co2+, Al3+, Na+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Mg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+. The outcomes indicate that the sensor exhibits a remarkable ability to distinguish and respond specifically to Hg(II) ions. This particular sensing technique allows for the precise and reliable detection of Hg(II), with a detection limit of 0.72 ppm, by simply observing with the naked eye. For the effective treatment of a tap water sample, the BCNF‐RSE film provides successful results in the detection of Hg(II) ions. This innovative metallochromic sensor offers a promising solution for the on‐site, cost‐effective, portable, easy to use, and real‐time detection of Hg(II) ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of anthocyanins, as well as their potential phytoestrogenic activity, which could have positive effects on human health. These compounds have shown effectiveness against conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol, which are known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, including stroke. Stroke is currently the second leading cause of death globally, and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) accounts for 20% of all strokes, and it often causes cognitive impairment and gait abnormalities in older adults. Anthocyanins and their metabolites can cross the blood–brain barrier and affect signaling pathways, gene expression, and protein function at the molecular level. In addition to their ability to enhance vascular flow, anthocyanins can also help mitigate the risk factors associated with CSVD by counteracting oxidative stress in the body. These findings exploring the potential benefits of anthocyanins for individuals with CSVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Based on our previous research, a full-length cDNA sequence of HvANS gene was isolated from purple and white Qingke. The open reading frame (ORF) in the purple variety Nierumuzha was 1320 base pairs (bp), encoding 439 amino acids, while the ORF in the white variety Kunlun 10 was 1197 bp, encoding 398 amino acids. A nonsynonymous mutation was found at the position of 1195 bp (T/C) in the coding sequence (CDS) of the HvANS gene. We carried out a series of studies to further clarify the relationship between the HvANS gene and anthocyanin synthesis in Qingke. Results: The conservative structural domain prediction results showed that the encoded protein belonged to the PLN03178 superfamily. Multiple comparisons showed that this protein had the highest homology with Hordeum vulgare, at 88.61%. The approximately 2000 bp promoter sequence of the HvANS gene was identical in both varieties. The real-time fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR) results revealed that HvANS expression was either absent or very low in the roots, stems, leaves, and awns of Nierumuzha. In contrast, the HvANS expression was high in the seed coats and seeds of Nierumuzha. Likewise, in Kunlun 10, HvANS expression was either absent or very low, indicating a tissue-specific and variety-specific pattern for HvANS expression. The subcellular localization results indicated that HvANS was in the cell membrane. Metabolomic results indicated that the HvANS gene is closely related to the synthesis of three anthocyanin substances (Idaein chloride, Kinetin 9-riboside, and Cyanidin O-syringic acid). Yeast single hybridization experiments showed that the HvANS promoter interacted with HvANT1, which is the key anthocyanin regulatory protein. In a yeast two-hybrid experiment, we obtained two significantly different proteins (ZWY2020 and POMGNT2-like) and verified the results by qRT-PCR. Conclusions: These results provide a basis for further studies on the regulatory mechanism of HvANS in the synthesis of anthocyanins in Qingke purple grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chakhao is a popular pigmented black rice variety with remarkably high anthocyanin content. Due to its susceptibility to various biotic and abiotic stresses, its production has remained low. Here, two genes, Pi54 blast-resistant and OsSPL14, high-yielding genes of rice, were pyramided in a Chakhao landrace by crossing with CR Dhan 307. From a total of 147 F4 lines developed, 32 were identified with the positive alleles of both genes, of which 16 were black grain coloured, and their total anthocyanin content ranged from 30.19±2.19 to 240.31±2.62 mg 100 g-1 dried weight. Among these, ChM 68 F4 line had the highest anthocyanin content (240.31 ± 2.62 mg 100 g-1 of powdered grain) with more 118.96 mg 100 g-1 anthocyanin than the recipient parent, CHK13 (121.35±3.32 mg 100 g-1), making it a promising line to be released as a highyielding and durable blast-resistant Chakhao variety in Manipur [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosylation plays important roles in the structural diversity and stability of plant natural products. The free anthocyanins in plants are unstable and usually form stable anthocyanins under the catalysis of uridine diphosphate dependent glycosyltransferases（UGTs）. In recent years, more and more reports about anthocyanin glycosylation have been reported, and various enzymes involved in anthocyanin glycosylation have been found in different plants. This paper mainly reviews the research progress in the structural characteristics, metabolic pathways, biochemical processes, molecular identification, and transcriptional regulation of UGTs related to anthocyanin modification in plants, aiming to provide insights into investigating plant anthocyanin glycosylation modification and its regulatory process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waxy corn (Zea mays var. ceratina) is a pigmented corn rich in anthocyanins. Numerous studies have proved various biological activities of anthocyanins, and one of them is antioxidants. Antioxidants will donate electrons to stop or reduce rampaging free radicals in target particles. Several methods have been used to improve pigmented waxy corn's anthocyanin content, and one of them is conventional breeding through the reciprocal cross. Thus, this research investigates the effects of reciprocal cross on the anthocyanin content and its antioxidant activity in waxy corn. The total anthocyanin content (TAC) was determined using the pH differential method. On the other hand, the total phenolic content (TPC) was analyzed by the Folin- Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Then, the antioxidant activity was assayed through 2,2-Diphenyl-2-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. The results indicated that hybrid BL 1-7 x BL 1-8 had the highest TAC and TPC at 71.43 mg/100g and 7.04 mg of GAE/g, respectively. BL 1-7 x BL 1-8 had the lowest IC50 values which are 133.68 ug/mL for DPPH assay and 17.13 ug/mL for ABTS assay. It is an exciting finding from this study to utilize inbred BL 1-7 as maternal plant for enhancement of anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, TAC and TPC were significantly correlated with DPPH and ABTS activity. These correlations helped to add more information on the relationship between phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. The information obtained from this study is useful for making smart selection of inbreds that will result in new waxy corn hybrids that are full of health advantages and provide functional foods like natural colorants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant constituents. Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments found in higher plants that show a wide variety of colors ranging from red through purple to blue. The blue color of the flowers is mostly attributed to anthocyanins. However, only a few types of anthocyanidin, chromophore of anthocyanin, exist in nature, and the extracted pigments are unstable with the color fading away. Therefore, the wide range and stable nature of colors in flowers have remained a mystery for more than a century. The mechanism underlying anthocyanin-induced flower coloration was studied using an interdisciplinary method involving chemistry and biology. Furthermore, the chemical studies on flavonoid pigments in various edible plants, synthetic and biosynthetic studies on anthocyanins were conducted. The results of these studies have been outlined in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the potential protective impact of anthocyanin against tissue damage and oxidative stress provoked by varicocele within the testes of adult rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 male rats were divided into four groups as follows: a control group undergoing a sham procedure, a varicocele group without intervention (V), a varicocele group treated with anthocyanin (VA), and a group receiving anthocyanin treatment alone. Following a 56-day treatment period, the indicators of oxidative stress were gauged in the blood plasma, while histological modifications were evaluated utilizing the hematoxylin and eosin staining technique. Results: In the varicocele group treated with anthocyanin, we observed noteworthy enhancements in Johnsen score, epithelium thickness, and seminiferous tubule diameter compared to the untreated varicocele group. Treatment groups exhibited substantial elevations in testosterone levels and antioxidant enzyme levels. Furthermore, there was a reduction in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), an established marker of oxidative damage, and a decline in histological damage in the treatment groups. Conclusions: The outcomes underscore the potential safeguarding influence of anthocyanin against testicular damage stemming from varicocele induction, suggesting its beneficial role in countering oxidative stress and tissue impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanin can improve the stress tolerance and disease resistance of winter wheat to a certain extent, so timely and accurate monitoring of anthocyanin content is crucial for the growth and development of winter wheat. This study measured the ground-based hyperspectral reflectance and the corresponding anthocyanin concentration at four key growth stages—booting, heading, flowering, and filling—to explore the spectral detection of anthocyanin in winter wheat leaves. Firstly, the first-order differential spectra (FDS) are obtained by processing based on the original spectra (OS). Then, sensitive bands (SBS), the five vegetation indices for optimal two-band combinations (VIo2), and the five vegetation indices for optimal three-band combinations (VIo3) were selected from OS and FDS by band screening methods. Finally, modeling methods such as RF, BP, and KELM, as well as models optimized by genetic algorithm (GA), were used to estimate anthocyanin content at different growth stages. The results showed that (1) among all the models, the GA_RF had incredible performance, VIo3 was the superior parameter for estimating anthocyanin values, and the model GA_RF of FDS data based on VIo3 for the filling stage (Rv2 = 0.950, RMSEv = 0.005, RPDv = 4.575) provided the best estimation of anthocyanin. (2) the first-order differential processing could highlight the degree of response of SBS, VIo2, and VIo3 to the anthocyanin values. The model performances of the FDS were better than that of OS on the whole, and the Rv2 of the optimal models of FDS were all greater than 0.89. (3) GA had optimizing effects on the RF, BP, and KELM, and overall, the GA models improved the R2 by 0.00%-18.93% compared to the original models. These results will provide scientific support for the use of hyperspectral techniques to monitor anthocyanin in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate change and consequent degradation of soil and water resources have led to difficult conditions for farmers; thus, they should make intelligent decisions to face these statuses. Managing soil nutrient and mineral uptake by plants and its feasibility under harsh environment must be considered. Therefore, the present research was conducted to investigate the response of pomegranate variety Shishe Kab to Thiobacillus bacteria (B) and sulfur (S) fertilization. Treatments included sulfur fertilization (three levels: 0, 500 and 1000 g−1 tree) and inoculation with Thiobacillus bacteria (two levels: inoculated and non-inoculated). Totally, sulfur fertilization and inoculation with bacteria improved physiological and biochemical aspects and fruit production of pomegranate. Supplying S decreased soil pH, which the lowest value (5.2) was recorded in 500 g S tree−1 when accompanied with bacteria. Soil electrolyte leakage (EL) increased, when sulfur incorporated or when bacteria added to the soil. The interactive effects of B × S was significant on fruit diameter and weight, chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoid and potassium content, which were improved, although non-inoculated plants also showed high values of potassium content. Anthocyanin and total carbohydrate improved when bacteria inoculation was done; however, total acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) showed a significant decrease. The EL variable significantly decreased and tissue water content increased in this experiment, when inoculation or sulfur fertilization was used. The results obtained from present study emphasized on the necessity of using sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria in increasing growth and yield and also chilling tolerance of pomegranate trees. From the experiment we found that supplying sulfur alone or accompanied with Thiobacillus bacteria gave the amazing results, lead to increase plant growth and development, yield increase and biochemical changes that are helpful under harsh environmental conditions, specifically cold and freezing stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phaseolus vulgaris L., commonly known as the common bean, is an important legume crop, responsible for 85% of global bean production. Nevertheless, soil salinity represents a significant challenge that severely impairs its productivity. Soil salinity represents one of the most detrimental constraints on crop growth and production. Conversely, beans are regarded as one of the most susceptible crops to salinity stress. However, the detrimental effects of salinity on crops can be significantly mitigated by the use of certain substances. Salinity exerts a significant negative influence on the primary plant processes, including photosynthesis and the production of photoassimilates, which ultimately results in a reduction in plant production. The application of an appropriate quantity of salicylic acid (SA) enhances the plant's tolerance to abiotic stresses, thereby reducing the destructive effects of stress and increasing tolerance to abiotic stresses. It has been demonstrated that the external application of salicylic acid can induce the tolerance of crop plants to a range of abiotic stresses, including salt, drought, heat, cold, and heavy metals. Furthermore, SA can be an effective substance against plant abiotic stresses, as it can regulate a variety of phytohormones, and it may play a key role in free radical scavenging and nutrient uptake. Furthermore, the utilization of biochar represents an efficacious approach to mitigating the consequences of abiotic stresses, such as salinity. Biochar, a carbon-rich material, is employed to enhance soil carbon sequestration, reduce CO₂ emissions, and augment soil microbial diversity and activity. It has been postulated that biochar has the capacity to adsorb some of the toxic ions, such as Na and Cl, thereby reducing the toxic effects of salinity. Materials and Methods A two-year glasshouse study was conducted using a randomized complete block design, with four replicates in each treatment. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran over two consecutive years (2022-2023). The experiment included three levels of salicylic acid (SA): SA0 (0 mM), SA0.5 (0.5 mM) and SA1 (1 mM), four levels of biochar, including no biochar application as the control treatment (B0), recommended biochar (Rb) by application of 2.5% biochar. The treatments included 5% (w/w) of modified biochar with phosphoric acid (PA), 1.25% of modified biochar with sulfuric acid (Sb), and salt stress (SS) using NaCl in three levels: SS0 (distilled water), SS4 (4 dS m -1), and SS8 (8 dS m -1). In this experiment, the salinity treatment was applied in two stages: at the planting time and when the seedlings had fully established themselves in the soil. Salicylic acid was applied foliarly at two stages: early and late flowering, according to the predetermined levels. Results and Discussion Salinity had a detrimental impact on the biochemical attributes of bean plants, yet this effect was alleviated by the application of the SA treatment. Furthermore, salt stress resulted in a reduction in relative water content, membrane stability index, leaf area and photosynthetic pigments, which in turn led to a reduction in current photosynthesis and remobilisation of photoassimilates. Nevertheless, the application of biochar and the use of SA were found to alleviate the negative effects, resulting in a higher grain yield compared with the control plants, i.e. at the absence of biochar and SA application at the end of the experiment. The combined application of biochar and SA resulted in a higher relative water content, photosynthetic pigments and an enhanced rate of photosynthesis. The greatest accumulation of chlorophyll-a and carotenoids was observed in response to the application of SA1 without biochar in non-stress conditions. Furthermore, the lowest photosynthetic rate was observed in response to SS8. Moreover, the greatest anthocyanin accumulation was observed in response to the addition of biochar to the soil in the absence of SA under salt stress conditions. Our research has demonstrated that the combined application of biochar and SA can significantly mitigate the adverse effects of salinity stress on common beans. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that SA significantly enhanced grain yield of plants under both saline and non-saline soils. The results indicate that the excessive use of biochar and SA may lower the mentioned effectiveness, as the biochar increases soil porosity, which negatively impacts water availability. Furthermore, application of high doses of SA has been shown to have a negative impact on the biochemical and enzymatic attributes of the plant under salinity conditions. Conclusions Although the study on the effects of biochar and SA on common beans under salinity stress provides valuable insights, it is important to consider the limitations of the study. Consequently, the findings may not be directly extrapolated to the natural agricultural settings, where multiple environmental factors interact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliot (chokeberry) is a natural medicinal plant with a rich content of phenolic compounds such as procyanidins, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids. Chokeberry fruits are gaining worldwide popularity due to the strong bioactivities of their phenolic constituents, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and liver-protective effects. In the present study, total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents of chokeberry juice were determined via the Folin-Ciocalteu method, a spectrophotometric method based on AlCl3 complexation, and pH differential method, respectively. Anthocyanin content was determined as 1.14% (equivalent to cyanidin-3-glucoside), while phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured as 5060.87 and 331.03 mg per 100 g of freeze-dried juice (equivalent to gallic acid and quercetin), respectively. The hepatoprotective effects of chokeberry fruit juice were evaluated using a zebrafish in vivo model for acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury. Zebrafish is an emerging in vivo liver injury model that enables hepatoprotective bioactivity screening of samples on live organisms. The APAP-induced liver injury model was established by treating zebrafish larvae with 5 mM APAP from 2 days post fertilization (dpf) to 5 dpf. The hepatoprotective effect of chokeberry was evaluated via exposure to 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL of fruit juice. While chokeberry fruit juice did not cause any toxicity up to 100 µg/mL, it successfully reduced the injury induced by APAP when applied at 1 µg/mL concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first report evaluating the hepatoprotective effects of chokeberry using zebrafish in vivo liver injury model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color of red-skinned pear (Pyrus spp.) is primarily attributed to accumulation of anthocyanins, which provide nutritional benefits for human health and are closely associated with the commercial value of fruits. Here, we reported the functional characterization of a R2R3-MYB repressor PyMYB107, which forms an 'activator-repressor' loop to control anthocyanin accumulation in the red-skinned pear. PyMYB107 overexpression inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis in both pear calli and fruits, while virus-induced gene silencing of PyMYB107 increased anthocyanin accumulation in pear fruits. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PyMYB107 decreased anthocyanin accumulation in tomato, strawberry and tobacco. PyMYB107 can competitively bind to PybHLH3 with PyMYB10/MYB114, thereby suppressing the transcriptional activation of key anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, PyANS and PyUFGT. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that mutations within the R3 domain and EAR motif of PyMYB107 eliminated its repressive activity. Additionally, PyMYB107 exhibited a comparable expression pattern to PyMYB10/MYB114 and was transcriptionally activated by them. Our finding advanced comprehension of the repression mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation, providing valuable molecular insights into improving quality of pear fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green manuring is the process by which vegetative crops are incorporated into the soil, and it plays a good substitutable role in reducing chemical fertilizer applications while enhancing soil fertility. Field experiments were conducted at Lingao City of Hainan Province in 2020 and 2021, to evaluate the effects of in situ incorporation of different green manures (fallow (as control), rice, sesbania, and stylosanthes) on soil physical and chemical properties, nitrogen (N) uptake, grain yield, and the grain anthocyanin content in colored rice. Treatments included colored rice cultivated with previous fallow (T0), with previous rice straw manure (T1), with previous sesbania manure (T2), and with previous stylosanthes manure (T3). The seedlings of the colored rice variety Suixiangheinuo were transplanted 23 days after the incorporation of green manure. Our results indicated that both the grain yield and grain anthocyanin content of colored rice were significantly increased when green manure was incorporated into the soil compared to that of the control. Therein, grain yields of T1, T2, and T3 were increased by an average of 12.7%, 29.0%, and 24.5%, respectively, across 2 years in comparison with those of T0. And grain anthocyanin content in colored rice under T1, T2, and T3 was increased by 7.2%–7.5%, 13.9%–24.2%, and 9.8%–20.6%, respectively. In addition, in situ incorporation of leguminous green manure in the soil significantly increased soil fertility and partial factor productivity for N fertilizer. The above results suggested that colored rice crops should be followed in rotation with leguminous green manure, which was beneficial to increasing both grain yield and grain anthocyanin content of colored rice. This research elucidated that the incorporation of leguminous green manure sustained the production of colored rice in tropical regions, which was beneficial to reconcile the relationship between rice production and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, there are no reports on the HvbHLH gene family in the recent barley genome (Morex_V3). Furthermore, the structural genes related to anthocyanin synthesis that interact with HvANT2 have yet to be fully identified. Methods: In this study, a bioinformatics approach was used to systematically analyze the HvbHLH gene family. The expression of this gene family was analyzed through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and the gene with the most significant expression level, HvANT2, was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in different tissues of two differently colored varieties. Finally, structural genes related to anthocyanin synthesis and their interactions with HvANT2 were verified using a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay. Results: The study identified 161 bHLH genes, designated as HvbHLH1 to HvbHLH161, from the most recent barley genome available. Evolutionary tree analysis categorized barley bHLH TFs into 21 subfamilies, demonstrating a pronounced similarity to rice and maize. Through RNA-Seq analysis of purple and white grain Qingke, we discovered a significant transcription factor (TF), HvANT2 (HvbHLH78), associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis. Subsequently, HvANT2 protein-motifs interaction assays revealed 41 interacting motifs, three of which were validated through Y1H experiments. These validated motifs were found in the promoter regions of key structural genes (CHI, F3'H, and GT) integral to the anthocyanin synthesis pathway. These findings provide substantial evidence for the pivotal role of HvANT2 TF in anthocyanin biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysanthemums are among the world's most popular cut flowers, with their color being a key ornamental feature. The formation of these colors can be influenced by high temperatures. However, the regulatory mechanisms that control the fading of chrysanthemum flower color under high-temperature stress remain unclear. This study investigates the impact of high temperatures on the color and biochemical responses of purple chrysanthemums. Four purple chrysanthemum varieties were exposed to both normal and elevated temperature conditions. High-temperature stress elicited distinct responses among the purple chrysanthemum varieties. 'Zi Feng Che' and 'Chrystal Regal' maintained color stability, whereas 'Zi Hong Tuo Gui' and 'Zi lian' exhibited significant color fading, particularly during early bloom stages. This fading was associated with decreased enzymatic activities, specifically of chalcone isomerase (CHI), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), indicating a critical period of color development under heat stress. Additionally, the color fading of 'Zi Lian' was closely related to the increased activity of the peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Conversely, a reduction in β-glucosidase (βG) activity may contribute significantly to the color steadfastness of 'Zi Feng Che'. The genes Cse_sc027584.1_g010.1 (PPO) and Cse_sc031727.1_g010.1 (POD) might contribute to the degradation of anthocyanins in the petals of 'Zi Hong Tuo Gui' and 'Zi Lian' under high-temperature conditions, while simultaneously maintaining the stability of anthocyanins in 'Zi Feng Che' and 'Chrystal Regal' at the early bloom floral stage. The findings of this research provide new insights into the physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which chrysanthemum flower color responds to high-temperature stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effective method of the enrichment and purification of anthocyanin in black wolfberry and mulberry, and identify the structure of anthocyanin, the black wolfberry and mulberry extracts were purified by macroporous resins. The adsorption and desorption abilities of different types of the resins for anthocyanins were compared. LX-20SS was optimized as the resin for the purification of anthocyanins from black wolfberry. The purification conditions were as follows: The mass ratio of resin to crude anthocyanin powder of black wolfberry was at 10:1, and the elution concentration of ethanol was 70%, and the flow rate was 3 mL/min. After the purification, the content of anthocyanin reached 144.18±3.40 mg/g. DM-21 was optimized as the resin for the purification of mulberry anthocyanin. The purification conditions were as follows: The mass ratio of resin to crude anthocyanin powder of mulberry was at 20:3, and the elution concentration of ethanol was 30%, and the flow rate was 1 mL/min. The content of anthocyanin reached 112.44±2.24 mg/g after purification. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis for anthocyanin structures in black wolfberry and mulberry showed that the main anthocyanin in black wolfberry was petunidin-3-O-rutinose (p-coumaroyl)-5-O-glucoside, which accounted for more than 95% of the total anthocyanin. In addition, there are two main types of anthocyanins in mulberry, corresponding to cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3- rutinoside, which accounted for 63.58% and 36.42% of the total anthocyanins respectively. The results provided references for the development of black wolfberry and mulberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]