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Background and Aims: Triglycerides are the initiators of the metabolic changes that lead to atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD). The APOA5 and APOA1 genes are involved in the response and metabolism of serum lipids and lipoproteins, where single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs662799 (promoter region) and rs5070 (intronic region) have been associated with the susceptibility to dyslipidemia. Until now, few studies evaluate the association of these polymorphisms with the presentation of hypertriglyceridemia and AD among Mexican children. Therefore, the objective was to determine the association between rs662799 and rs5070 with hypertriglyceridemia and AD in a pediatric population of southeastern Mexico., Materials and Methods: A case-control analysis was performed including 268 infants aged 2-16 years, anthropometric, clinical variables, and serum lipid profiles were analyzed. DNA was extracted from blood samples and genotyping of polymorphisms was executed with the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Allele and genotypic frequencies were calculated. For genetic association analysis, logistic regression models were fitted according to models of inheritance., Results: The SNP rs662799 (C) was significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia in the overdominant model (OR=3.89, p=0.001) and AD in the dominant model (OR=4.01, p=0.001). The SNP rs5070 (T) has a protective effect against hypertriglyceridemia in the additive risk model (OR=0.68, p=0.03)., Conclusion: Polymorphism rs662799 was significantly associated with cases of hypertriglyceridemia and AD in minors in southeastern Mexico. On the other hand, rs5070 polymorphism was not associated with cases of hypertriglyceridemia or AD., (Copyright © 2022 Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by a chronic inflammation status. Altered markers such as lipid concentrations are usually found in this disease. Elevated inflammation markers have been described such as cytokines (interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-8). However, there is a lack of information about the behaviour of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), lipid coefficients, and atherogenic index in T2DM., Objective: To describe the atherogenic and inflammation parameters in a group of patients with T2DM., Materials and Methods: 42 patients with T2DM were included, all patients were surveyed on clinic history (disease history, comorbidity, smoking, and other relevant variables), measurements of haematological, biochemical, and anthropometric parameters were taken and atherogenic coefficients and inflammation ratios were calculated., Results: Inflammation markers such as interleukin 6 and 8, necrosis tumour factor, and NLR were elevated. Of the patients, 88% were classified as high risk according to the atherogenic index. Former smokers had lower levels of IL-8 and higher NLR than non-smokers., Conclusion: The atherogenic and inflammation markers such as atherogenic index, IL-8, and NLR make it possible to identify a subgroup of patients that are at risk of severe complications and mortality., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Background: type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), and abnormal fatty acid metabolism in which the CD36 receptor has been implicated in glucose and lipid dysregulation. Objective: to evaluate the contribution of polymorphism CD36 rs3211938 to metabolic profile in T2DM Mexican mestizos from western Mexico. Methods: we included 115 individuals classified as non-T2DM (NT2DM) adults and T2DM patients. Polymorphism CD36 rs3211938 was assessed by PCR-RFLP. Anthropometric and metabolic markers were measured by routine methods, and insulin and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) were measured by ELISA. Results: the distribution of genotypes between NT2DM and T2DM patients was different (p < 0.001), as was the allele frequency (p = 0.002). NT2DM TG carriers showed the lowest levels of basal insulin and HOMA-IR index in comparison with TT carriers (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). In the T2DM group TG carriers showed high BMI, WHR, and weight values (p = 0.001; p ≤ 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively), and the highest levels of basal glucose, HDL-cholesterol, ox-LDL, and HOMA-IR (p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001, and p = 0.001, respectively) in comparison with diabetic TT carriers. Conclusion: the CD36 rs3211938 TG genotype is associated with high levels of glucose, ox-LDL, HDL-cholesterol, and IR, and with increased BMI in Mexican mestizo T2DM patients from western Mexico.

Several interleukin 6 gene (IL6) polymorphisms are implicated in susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It has not yet been established with certainty if these polymorphisms are associated with the severe radiographic damage observed in some RA patients, particularly those with the development of joint bone ankylosis (JBA). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between severe radiographic damage in hands and the -174G/C and -572G/C IL6 polymorphisms in Mexican Mestizo people with RA. Mestizo adults with RA and long disease duration (>5 years) were classified into two groups according to the radiographic damage in their hands: a) severe radiographic damage (JBA and/or joint bone subluxations) and b) mild or moderate radiographic damage. We compared the differences in genotype and allele frequencies of -174G/C and -572G/C IL6 polymorphisms (genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) between these two groups. Our findings indicated that the -174G/C polymorphism of IL6 is associated with severe joint radiographic damage [maximum likelihood odds ratios (MLE&#95;OR): 8.03; 95%CI 1.22-187.06; P = 0.03], whereas the -572G/C polymorphism of IL6 exhibited no such association (MLE&#95;OR: 1.5; 95%CI 0.52-4.5; P = 0.44). Higher anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody levels were associated with more severe joint radiographic damage (P = 0.04). We conclude that there is a relevant association between the -174G/C IL6 polymorphism and severe radiographic damage. Future studies in other populations are required to confirm our findings.

Objective . To evaluate the association of -174G/C IL-6 polymorphism with failure in therapeutic response to methotrexate (MTX) or leflunomide (LEF). This prospective, observational cohort included 96 Mexican-Mestizo patients with moderate or severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA), initiating MTX or LEF, genotyped for IL-6 -174G/C polymorphism by PCR-RFLP. Therapeutic response was strictly defined: only if patients achieved remission or low disease activity (DAS-28 < 3.2). Results . Patients with MTX or LEF had significant decrement in DAS-28 ( p < 0.001); nevertheless, only 14% and 12.5% achieved DAS-28 < 3.2 at 3 and 6 months. After 6 months with any of these drugs the -174G/G genotype carriers (56%) had higher risk of therapeutic failure compared with GC (RR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07-1.56). By analyzing each drug separately, after 6 months with LEF, GG genotype confers higher risk of therapeutic failure than GC (RR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.05-2.3; p = 0.003), or CC (RR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.07-3.14; p = 0.001). This risk was also observed in the dominant model (RR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.03-1.72; p = 0.02). Instead, in patients receiving MTX no genotype was predictor of therapeutic failure. We concluded that IL-6 -174G/G genotype confers higher risk of failure in therapeutic response to LEF in Mexicans and if confirmed in other populations this can be used as promissory genetic marker to differentiate risk of therapeutic failure to LEF., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Background: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a frequent complication in progressive systemic sclerosis (SSc), being present in 25% to 90% of cases., Objectives: To evaluate whether serum levels of procollagen typei and iii aminoterminal propeptide (PINP and PIIINP) correlate with severity and patterns of ILD in Mexican women with SSc., Methods: Thirty three SSc patients were assessed for disease characteristics and anti-topoisomerase antibodies (topoi), and also underwent pulmonary function tests and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Nineteen patients had ILD+SSc, and 14 had no lung involvement (no ILD-SSc); data were compared with those from 45 healthy controls. PINP and PIIINP were assessed in all 3 groups., Results: Patients with SSc had higher PINP and PIIINP vs controls (P=.001, P<.001, respectively). Compared to no ILD-SSc patients, those with ILD+SSc had longer disease duration in years (P=.005), higher modified Rodnan skin score (P<.001), higher Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability-Index scores (P<.001), higher topoi U/mL (P<.001), PINP (49.28±28.63 vs. 32.12±18.58μg/L, P=.05), and PIIINP (4.33±1.03 vs. 2.67±1.26μg/L, P<.001) levels. ILD severity based on total HRCT correlated with PINP (r=.388, P=.03) and PIIINP (P=.594, P<.001). On adjusted analysis, ILD severity was associated with disease duration (P=.037), PIIINP (P=.038), and topoi (P=.045)., Conclusions: PINP and PIIINP are useful markers for severe ILD+SSc, suggesting they could play a role in the follow-up of this complication in SSc., (Copyright © 2014 SEPAR. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

We evaluated the association between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) and anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin antibodies (anti-MCV) with the presence of extra-articular (ExRA) manifestations in 225 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Ninety-five patients had ExRA and 130 had no ExRA. There was no association of anti-CCP and anti-MCV levels with the presence of ExRA as total group (P = 0.40 and P = 0.91, resp.). Making an analysis of individual manifestations, rheumatoid nodules were associated with positivity for rheumatoid factor (RF); (P = 0.01), anti-CCP (P = 0.048), and anti-MCV (P = 0.02). Instead, RF, anti-CCP, or anti-MCV were not associated with SS, chronic anemia, or peripheral neuropathy. Levels of anti-CCP correlated with the score of the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-Di) (r = 0.154, P = 0.03), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); (r = 0.155, P = 0.03), and RF (P = 0.254, P < 0.001), whereas anti-MCV titres only correlated with RF (r = 0.169, P = 0.02). On adjusted analysis, ExRA was associated with longer age (P = 0.015), longer disease duration (P = 0.007), higher DAS-28 score (P = 0.002), and higher HAQ-DI score (P = 0.007), but serum levels of anti-CCP and anti-MCV were not associated. These findings show the need to strengthen the evaluation of the pathogenic mechanisms implied in each specific ExRA manifestation.

Determination of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) plays a relevant role in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To date, it is still unclear if the use of several tests for these autoantibodies in the same patient offers additional value as compared to performing only one test. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of using two assays for ACPA: second-generation anti-citrullinated cyclic peptides antibodies (anti-CCP2) and anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin (anti-MCV) antibodies for the diagnosis of RA. We compared three groups: RA (n = 142), chronic inflammatory disease (CIRD, n = 86), and clinically healthy subjects (CHS, n = 56) to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios (LR) of these two assays for the presence of RA. A lower frequency of positivity for anti-CCP2 was found in RA (66.2%) as compared with anti-MCV (81.0%). When comparing RA versus other CIRD, sensitivity increased when both assays were performed. This strategy of testing both assays had high specificity and LR+. We conclude that adding the assay of anti-MCV antibodies to the determination of anti-CCP2 increases the sensitivity for detecting seropositive RA. Therefore, we propose the use of both assays in the initial screening of RA in longitudinal studies, including early onset of undifferentiated arthritis.

Objective: There is a lack of information about the genotype frequencies of IL-6 -174G/C and -572G/C polymorphisms in Mexicans with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the IL-6 -174G/C and -572G/C polymorphisms in Mexican mestizo with RA., Methods: We included 137 patients with RA and 102 healthy controls. Patients were assessed for clinical characteristics. IL-6 -174G/C and -572G/C polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR-RFLP analysis. Allele and genotype frequencies and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were computed. Odds ratios (ORs) were computed to identify the risk for RA associated with the presence of GG genotype in comparison with the GC or CC genotypes., Results: The genotype -174GG occurred at a higher frequency in cases and controls (77.4% versus 78.4%, P = 0.845). We found similar results for the genotype -572GG (54% in patients versus 60.8% in controls, P = 0.295)., Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate the association of -174G/C and -572G/C polymorphisms of the IL-6 gene with RA in Mexican mestizo patients. These two polymorphisms were not associated with RA in the studied sample. Additional studies are required to evaluate if these IL-6 polymorphisms have relevance to the development of more severe disease.

Glucocorticoids are frequently used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in order to alleviate symptoms of joint inflammation, retard erosions and to treat extra-articular manifestations, although these drugs may increase the risk of bone mineral loss and osteoporotic fractures. To date, in Mexico there are no studies that identify the frequency of patients with RA with corticosteroids, receiving therapy for osteoporosis. Therefore, we evaluated the prevalence and factors related to the prescription of antiresorptives in 520 Mexican patients with RA. We used a multivariate model to identify variables associated with antiresorptives prescription. We identified that although 79% of patients were under treatment with glucocorticoids, only 13% received antiresorptive agents as preventive therapy for osteoporosis. The multivariate analysis identified that higher proportions of antiresorptive drugs prescriptions were associated with female patients (OR 11.40, 95% CI: 1.5-84.3, P = 0.02), an age of 40 years or more (OR 3.22, 95% CI: 1.3-8.3, P = 0.02) and to consume a lower number of cointerventions with other drugs (OR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2, P = 0.03). Corticosteroid treatment was not associated with the prescription of antiresorptives (P = 0.31). In conclusion, a low proportion of Mexicans with RA receive antiresorptive therapy independently regardless of whether they consume or not chronically corticosteroids. Additional strategies should be evaluated to encourage the prevention and early treatment for osteoporosis in patients with RA.