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Research surrounding pornography and its impact on individual and relationship functioning is a frequent and ongoing debate in the current literature. However, recent meta-analyses and aggregated studies suggest that relationship distress is associated with higher levels of general pornography use. This may be a reason why a significant number of men and women view pornography and seek help for their use. In the present study, we explored whether participation in the OurRelationship program, a web-based relationship education program that has been empirically shown to reduce relationship distress but is not tailored to reduce general pornography use, was associated with reliable changes in pornography-related behaviors. In a sample of low-income and diverse couples (N = 314 couples; 628 individuals), we observed high completion rates (64.3%) as well as reliable, small-sized decreases in the frequency and duration of pornography use for the average couple (d = 0.12-0.13). Furthermore, post hoc analyses found that individuals who began the program viewing pornography daily reported reliability-larger decreases in pornography-related behaviors (d = 0.32-0.90) than those who viewed pornography less frequently. However, we did not see reliable changes in couples' arguments about pornography use or perceptions of problematic use. The findings were generally not moderated by gender or lifestyle changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinicians struggling to reduce their client's general pornography use may consider including a focus on improving general romantic relationship functioning.

Low-income couples are at an increased risk for relationship instability and divorce, which can have residual impacts on coparenting between the two partners. Growing evidence suggests that brief online relationship education programs can be an effective tool for alleviating relationship distress among low-income couples. However, findings remain mixed when it comes to whether benefits from relationship-focused programs not explicitly addressing coparenting spillover to coparenting among those with children. This preregistered study sought to investigate whether couples participating in an evidence-based online relationship-focused intervention, the OurRelationship program, experienced improvements in coparenting during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To expand on the existing literature, coparenting outcomes assessed included partners' gatekeeping behaviors in addition to coparenting satisfaction, given their important implications for partner involvement in parenting. We also examined the extent to which changes in coparenting were moderated by pre-post gains in relationship satisfaction, child gender, division of childcare, and pandemic disruptions. In a sample of 136 low-income couples (

Relationship difficulties are common during the transition to parenthood and may persist for years. Strategies that enhance couples' daily relational experiences early in the parenting years may serve a protective role. In general, engaging in a capitalization attempt (i.e., sharing personal good news) with one's romantic partner and perceiving the partner to be responsive are associated with better relationship outcomes among committed couples. However, it is unknown whether these relational benefits extend to the early parenting years or to other relational domains such as coparenting, which plays a central role in family functioning. The current study examined same-day associations between couples' capitalization process and relationship closeness and perceived coparenting support in a dyadic context during the first year of parenthood. A subsample of primarily non-Hispanic White coresident mixed-gender couples who participated in a randomized controlled trial of a transition to parenthood program (N = 141) completed daily diaries at 10 months postpartum for 8 consecutive days. On days when mothers shared, both partners reported greater closeness. On days when fathers shared, mothers reported greater closeness and perceived coparenting support. Furthermore, perceived partner responsiveness was associated with greater closeness for both partners and greater coparenting support for fathers. Fathers also perceived greater closeness and coparenting support on days when mothers shared about the child. Findings highlight the potential benefits of capitalization in early parenthood for both closeness and perceived coparenting support and suggest that capitalization may be a low cost, high yield strategy for enhancing new parents' daily relational experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Divorce or separation concerns have typically been identified as a common reason why couples seek treatment for their relationship. However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated the breakup process in a help-seeking sample. Using a low-income sample of individuals who broke up with their partner during a large randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of two web-based relationship education programs (NBroke up = 286), and a matched sample of individuals who did not break up (NMatched = 286; NTotal = 572), the current study sought to: (a) examine changes in individual functioning and co-parenting among those who broke up; (b) examine post-breakup differences in changes between those who did and did not break up; and (c) identify moderators of any differential post-breakup functioning between those who did and did not break up. Results revealed that web-based relationship education leads to decreases in psychological and perceived stress prior to the breakup. After matching on pre-breakup characteristics, no post-breakup differences in individual functioning or co-parenting were found between those who did and did not break up. Furthermore, few variables moderated individuals' adjustment to breaking up. Therefore, breaking up may not be as detrimental to individual well-being as once anticipated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Web-based relationship programs are effective in improving low-income couples' relationship functioning. However, little is known about: (a) whether parenting couples presenting for relationship help also have difficulties in coparenting and parenting, (b) whether relationship-focused programs can improve these two domains, and (c) whether program effects differ across baseline levels of those domains. We examined these questions in a parenting subsample (Nindividuals = 934) and a coparenting subsample (Ndyads = 342) of low-income couples participating in a randomized controlled trial of two web-based relationship education programs-the OurRelationship (OR) program and the ePREP program. Although the majority of participants were relationally distressed at baseline, most coparents (83%) reported parenting well together. Parents "often" engaged in nurturing behaviors and "hardly ever" or "sometimes" felt overwhelmed by their parenting responsibilities. Among parents who had engaged in the harsh verbal discipline (59%) and physical discipline (28%) in the past month, the average frequency was 4.08 and 5.50 times per month, respectively. Moreover, compared to waitlist control parents, parents in OR but not ePREP reported significantly greater improvements in parental nurturance and harsh verbal discipline during the program. There was no evidence of program effects on coparenting, physical discipline, or parenting stress for OR or ePREP, nor was there any evidence of baseline functioning moderating program effects. Findings suggested that most low-income parents seeking relationship help did not have severe problems in coparenting or parenting and that effective relationship programs without a focus on coparenting and/or parenting had somewhat limited effects on these domains. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Existing research demonstrated large deteriorations in parent, child, and family well-being within 2 months after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, little is known about the trajectories of families' adjustment in the following months, including what risk factors are associated with changes in families' adjustment. The current study examined (1) change in the parent, child, and family well-being over time; (2) associations of pandemic-related stressors, financial and social distancing-associated stress, with well-being between and within families; and (3) the role of local COVID-19 prevalence, prior participation in family-focused prevention, and parent gender. From April 2020 to January 2021, 393 parents from 235 families reported five times on parent mental health, child behavior problems, family relationships, and pandemic-related stressors. Findings indicate that, across all domains of well-being, there was either little change across the 8 months or a small degree of recovery followed by a shift to further deterioration. On average, parents experiencing greater pandemic-related stressors also reported poorer functioning in all domains; monthly fluctuations in pandemic-related stressors were also associated with fluctuations in parent mental health and child behavior problems. In some domains, the links between pandemic-related stressors and parent and child well-being were stronger among families living in areas with overall higher COVID-19 prevalence rates. Parents' experiences during the pandemic did not differ systematically across prior intervention participation or parent gender. Taken together, findings suggest a need for supportive interventions to help families navigate extended periods of crisis.已有的研究文献表明，在新冠疫情大流行开始后的最初两个月内，家长、孩子和家庭的福祉出现较大程度的恶化。然而，人们关于在随后几个月家庭调适的发展情况，包括哪些风险因素与家庭调适的变化相关仍旧知之甚少。本研究调查以下几方面的内容:(1)父母、孩子和家庭幸福感随时间的变化;(2)与疫情相关的压力源，包括与经济和保持社交距离相关的压力，与家庭之间和家庭内部幸福感的关联;(3)当地新冠流行情况，之前是否参与过以家庭为重点的预防措施以及父母性别的调节作用。从2020年4月到2021年1月，来自235个家庭的393名父母五次报告了父母的心理健康、儿童行为问题、家庭关系和与疫情大流行相关的压力源。研究结果表明，就幸福相关的所有领域而言，在8个月的时间里，要么没有什么变化，要么有轻微的恢复，然后转向进一步恶化。平均而言，经历更大的疫情相关压力源的父母在所有领域的福祉也较差;与疫情相关的压力源每月的波动也与父母心理健康和儿童行为问题的波动有关。在某些领域，在新冠疫情总体严重程度较高的地区，与疫情相关的压力源与父母和儿童福祉之间的联系更强。父母在疫情期间的经历没有因为之前参与过干预而存在系统差异，也没有系统性的性别差异。综上所述，研究结果表明，有必要采取支持性干预措施，帮助家庭度过较长时期的危机。.

Due to various barriers, most relationally distressed couples do not seek couple therapy With the COVID-19 pandemic, many of these barriers are further exacerbated, while the need for relationship services has increased To increase the reach of couple therapy both during and after the pandemic, we propose a stepped-care model that utilises technology as a precursor to couple therapy and acts as an integral component of it In this paper, we first introduce the OurRelationship program – an evidence-based online relationship program that improves both relationship and individual functioning in several large-scale, nationwide trials We then describe how therapists can incorporate this program into an abbreviated, eight-session course of couple therapy We expect this integration will be useful to couple therapists from a variety of theoretical orientations and will address numerous common barriers to treatment including cost, scheduling difficulties and geographic distance from the therapist Practitioner points: Couple therapists can leverage technology to increase their reach both during and after the COVID-19 pandemic The online OurRelationship program improves relationship and individual functioning in several nationwide clinical trials The OurRelationship program can be integrated into an eight-session course of couple therapy to serve couples who would otherwise be unable or unwilling to attend therapy © 2020 The Association for Family Therapy and Systemic Practice

Home quarantine may lead to families developing a variety of psychological distress. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychological status of children and their parent during 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China. Data were collected from children (n = 1360) and their parent (n = 1360) in China using online survey during February 2020. Demographic information, media exposure, and psychological status including anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed using self-report measures. The results indicated that, for children, 1.84% experienced moderate anxiety, 2.22% experienced depression and 3.16% met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD; for parent, 1.18%, 0.01% and 3.60% experienced moderate anxiety, severe depression, and moderate depression, respectively, and 3.53% met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Moreover, excessive media exposure (β = −0.08 ~ 0.13, ps

Cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (CBCT for PTSD; Monson & Fredman, 2012) is efficacious in improving PTSD symptoms and relationship adjustment among couples with PTSD. However, there is a need for more efficient delivery formats to maximize engagement and retention and to achieve faster outcomes in multiple domains. This nonrandomized trial was designed to pilot an abbreviated, intensive, multi-couple group version of CBCT for PTSD (AIM-CBCT for PTSD) delivered over a single weekend for 24 couples that included an active-duty service member or veteran with PTSD who had deployed in support of combat operations following September 11, 2001. All couples completed treatment. Assessments conducted by clinical evaluators 1 and 3 months after the intervention revealed significant reductions in clinician-rated PTSD symptoms (ds = -0.77 and -0.98, respectively) and in patients' self-reported symptoms of PTSD (ds = -0.73 and -1.17, respectively), depression (ds = -0.60 and -0.75, respectively), anxiety (ds = -0.63 and -0.73, respectively), and anger (ds = -0.45 and -0.60, respectively), relative to baseline. By 3-month follow-up, partners reported significant reductions in patients' PTSD symptoms (d = -0.56), as well as significant improvements in their own depressive symptoms (d = -0.47), anxiety (d = -0.60), and relationship satisfaction (d = 0.53), relative to baseline. Delivering CBCT for PTSD through an abbreviated, intensive multi-couple group format may be an efficient strategy for improving patient, partner, and relational well-being in military and veteran couples with PTSD.

Cognitive behavioral conjoint therapy (CBCT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a 15-session conjoint treatment for PTSD designed to improve PTSD symptoms and enhance intimate relationship functioning. Numerous studies of CBCT for PTSD document improvements in patient PTSD and comorbid symptoms, partner mental health, and relationship adjustment. However, little is known about its effectiveness in real-world clinical settings. Using an intention-to-treat sample of couples who participated in CBCT for PTSD in an outpatient U.S. Veterans’ Affairs (VA) PTSD clinic (N = 113), trajectories of session-by-session reports of veterans’ PTSD symptoms and both partners’ relationship happiness were examined. Across sessions, there were significant reductions in veteran-rated PTSD symptoms, d = −0.69, and significant increases in veteran- and partner-rated relationship happiness, ds = 0.36 and 0.35, respectively. Partner ratings of veterans’ PTSD symptoms increased before significantly decreasing, d = −0.24. Secondary outcomes of veteran and partner relationship satisfaction, ds = 0.30 and 0.42, respectively; veteran and partner depressive symptoms, ds = −0.75 and −0.29, respectively; and partner accommodation of PTSD symptoms, d = −0.44, also significantly improved from pre- to posttreatment. The findings suggest that CBCT for PTSD was effective for decreasing PTSD and comorbid symptoms in veterans, as well as for improving relationship functioning and partners’ mental health, among a sample of real-world couples seeking treatment in a VA PTSD specialty clinic.

This study examined family processes on the adjustment of adolescents from single-mother households using a dyadic approach. Participants included 107 noncohabiting Black parental dyads of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Each parent completed measures of positive parenting, parent-child relationship quality, parental depressive symptoms, coparenting relationship quality, and adolescent adjustment. Data were analyzed using the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) and extended mediational model (APIMeM) within a structural equation modeling framework. APIM demonstrated significant actor effects from parent-child relationship quality and parental depressive symptoms to both adolescent externalizing and internalizing problems as well as significant partner effects from parent-child relationship quality to adolescent externalizing problems for both mothers and fathers. Additionally, APIMeM revealed significant indirect actor and partner effects from parent-child relationship quality to externalizing behavior through one's own and one's coparent's coparenting relationship quality for both parents. Indirect actor effects were also observed from positive parenting to externalizing behavior through one's own perception of coparenting relationship quality for both parents. Both APIM and APIMeM models found a significant gender difference for the direct effect from positive parenting to externalizing problems. Specifically, the association was negative for mothers in both models; whereas it was nonsignificant (APIM) and positive (APIMeM) for fathers. This study highlights the unique contributions of mother's and father's parent and coparent factors on one's own, and one's coparent's, perception of adolescent adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective Large numbers of United States service members and veterans are enrolling in colleges and universities. Many are experiencing posttraumatic stress symptoms secondary to their military service, and these symptoms are associated with academic dysfunction. However, little is known about the mechanism(s) through which posttraumatic stress increases risk for academic difficulties. The goal of the current study was to evaluate perceived interpersonal relationship quality as a mediator of this association. Method The current study investigated the indirect effect of posttraumatic stress on academic dysfunction through three indices of perceived interpersonal relationship quality (i.e., family distress, family support, and social network support) in a clinical sample of 2,120 student service members and veterans. Participants were further divided into four groups based on relationship status and gender (i.e., partnered women, nonpartnered women, partnered men, and nonpartnered men), and moderation by group was examined. Results For all four groups, there were significant indirect effects of posttraumatic stress on academic dysfunction through greater family distress and lower social network support. Further, the overall indirect effect of posttraumatic stress on academic dysfunction was stronger for partnered women compared with the three other groups and was attributable to the stronger path from family distress to academic dysfunction for partnered women. Conclusions Poor perceived relationship quality may be a modifiable risk factor for academic dysfunction among student service members and veterans experiencing military-related posttraumatic stress. Partnered women may be especially well-suited to interventions that enhance the interpersonal context of posttraumatic stress as a way to optimize academic outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are associated with parental aggression towards children, but little is known about the relation between parents' PTSD symptoms and their risk for perpetrating child physical abuse during the early parenting years, when the potential for prevention of abuse may be highest.To examine direct associations between mothers' and fathers' PTSD symptoms and child abuse potential, as well as indirect effects through couple relationship adjustment (i.e., conflict and love) in a high-risk sample of parents during the perinatal period, most of whom were first-time parents.From March 2013 to August 2016, data were collected from 150 expecting or new parental dyads in which the mother was participating in a home visiting program.Data were analyzed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model.For mothers and fathers, there were direct associations between PTSD symptom severity and child abuse potential (βs = .51, ps.001), and this association for fathers was stronger at higher levels of mothers' PTSD symptoms (β = .15, p = .03). In addition, parents' own and their partners' PTSD symptoms were each indirectly associated with parents' own child abuse potential through parents' report of interparental conflict (standardized indirect effects = .052-.069, ps = .004) but not love.Addressing parents' PTSD symptoms and relationship conflict during the perinatal period using both systemic and developmental perspectives may uniquely serve to decrease the risk of child physical abuse and its myriad adverse consequences.

The couple and coparenting relationships are demonstrated to be prospectively and bidirectionally associated over months to years during the early parenting years. However, little is known about these associations at the daily level within the first year of parenthood, when coparenting first emerges. The goal of the current study was to examine the association between couples' daily feelings of relationship closeness and coparenting support in first-time parents and determine directionality of these effects using a dyadic daily diary design. At 10 months postpartum, heterosexual couples (N = 141 dyads) completed daily diaries for 8 consecutive days. An autoregressive cross-lagged model was incorporated within an Actor Partner Interdependence Modeling framework to examine at the daily level: (a) within-person cross-day associations between relationship closeness and coparenting support, (b) cross-partner cross-day associations within relationship closeness and coparenting support, (c) cross-partner cross-day associations between relationship closeness and coparenting support, and (d) gender differences in these associations. Results revealed a prospective, within person bidirectional link between daily relationship closeness and perceived coparenting support for both mothers and fathers. Additionally, an indirect effect from mothers' experiences of coparenting support to fathers' relationship closeness through fathers' experiences of coparenting support was found at the daily level. Findings highlight the interdependent nature of the couple and coparenting relationship at the daily level during the first year of parenthood and suggest that mothers' feeling supported by their coparenting partners may facilitate a "virtuous cycle" between coparenting support and relationship closeness early in the coparenting relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Low-income couples are at increased risk for relationship instability and divorce. In response, online relationship education programs such as ePREP and OurRelationship have been developed to more easily reach this population. A previous trial indicated that these programs promote relationship functioning (Doss et al., 2020) and individual well-being (Roddy et al., 2020a). However, given that these effects were notably larger than previous studies of in-person relationship education and approached effect sizes observed in couple therapy, it is possible that the magnitude of these effects was somewhat spurious; therefore, these findings need replication. The current manuscript seeks to replicate these programs' previous effects on relationship functioning and determine whether these effects are stable. Using a sample of 671 low-income couples seeking relationship help (N = 1337 individuals) and Bayesian estimation, the current study replicated previous findings that the OurRelationship and ePREP programs offered with four coaching calls produced reliable improvements in relationship functioning relative to a 6-month waitlist control group. There were no statistically reliable differences between the two active interventions. Bayesian analyses indicated that the effects of the two online programs were larger than the average effects of in-person relationship education for low-income couples reported in previous studies, roughly equivalent to efficacy studies of in-person relationship education reported in previous studies, smaller than those that resulted from the OurRelationship program delivered to distressed couples without an income requirement and smaller than couple therapy.Las parejas de bajos recursos tienen mayor riesgo de inestabilidad en las relaciones y de divorcio. En respuesta a esto, se han desarrollado programas de educación sobre las relaciones, como ePREP y OurRelationship, con el fin de llegar más fácilmente a esta población. Un ensayo previo indicó que estos programas promueven el funcionamiento de las relaciones (Doss et al., 2020) y el bienestar individual (Roddy et al., 2020a). Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta que estos efectos fueron notablemente mayores que los de estudios previos de la educación presencial sobre las relaciones y que abordaron tamaños del efecto observados en la terapia de pareja, es posible que la magnitud de estos efectos fuera de alguna manera falsa, por lo tanto, estos resultados necesitan repetirse. En el presente manuscrito se busca reproducir los efectos previos de estos programas en el funcionamiento de la relación y determinar si estos efectos son estables. Utilizando una muestra de 671 parejas de bajos recursos que buscaban ayuda para las relaciones (N = 1337 personas) y el cálculo bayesiano, el presente estudio reprodujo los resultados anteriores que ofrecieron los programas OurRelationship y ePREP con cuatro llamados de capacitación, generando mejoras fiables en el funcionamiento de la relación respecto de un grupo de referencia en lista de espera de seis meses. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente fiables entre las dos intervenciones activas. Los análisis bayesianos indicaron que los efectos de los dos programas virtuales fueron mayores que los efectos promedio de la educación presencial sobre las relaciones para parejas de bajos recursos informados en estudios previos, aproximadamente equivalentes a los de los estudios de eficacia de la educación presencial sobre las relaciones informados en estudios previos, menores que los obtenidos del programa OurRelationship impartido a parejas con distrés sin requisitos de ingresos, y menores que los de la terapia de pareja.

Cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (CBCT for PTSD) is associated with improvements in patients' PTSD symptoms, partners' psychological distress, and relationship satisfaction. However, little is known about whether CBCT for PTSD is associated with changes in other relationship domains that have theoretical and clinical relevance to the relational context of PTSD. The current study is a secondary analysis of relational outcomes from an uncontrolled, within-group trial designed to examine whether an abbreviated, intensive, multi-couple group version of CBCT for PTSD (AIM-CBCT for PTSD) delivered in a retreat during a single weekend was associated with improvements in PTSD symptoms and relationship satisfaction. In this investigation, we examined whether AIM-CBCT for PTSD is also associated with improvements in ineffective arguing, supportive dyadic coping by partner, joint dyadic coping, and partners' accommodation of patients' PTSD symptoms. Participants were 24 couples who included a post-9/11 U.S. service member or veteran with PTSD. At 1- and 3-month follow-up, patients reported significant reductions in couples' ineffective arguing (ds = -.71 and -.78, respectively) and increases in supportive dyadic coping by partners relative to baseline (ds = .50 and .44, respectively). By 3-month follow-up, patients also reported significant increases in couples' joint dyadic coping (d = .57), and partners reported significant reductions in their accommodation of patients' PTSD symptoms (d = -.44). Findings suggest that AIM-CBCT for PTSD is associated with improvements in multiple relationship domains beyond relationship satisfaction but that these may be differentially salient for patients and partners.La terapia cognitivo-conductual conjunta para el trastorno por estrés postraumático (TCC para el TEPT) está asociada con mejoras en los síntomas de TEPT de los pacientes, en el distrés psicológico de sus parejas y en la satisfacción con la relación. Sin embargo, se sabe poco acerca de si la TCC para el TEPT está asociada con cambios en otros aspectos de la relación que son de interés teórico y clínico para el contexto relacional del TEPT. El presente estudio es un análisis secundario de los resultados relacionales de un ensayo intragrupal no controlado diseñado para analizar si una versión grupal multipareja, intensiva y abreviada de la TCC para el TEPT (MIA-TCC para el TEPT) practicada en un retiro durante un solo fin de semana estuvo asociada con mejoras en los síntomas de TEPT y en la satisfacción con la relación. En esta investigación, analizamos si la MIA-TCC para el TEPT también está asociada con mejoras en las discusiones ineficaces, en el afrontamiento diádico comprensivo de la pareja del paciente, en el afrontamiento diádico conjunto y en la adaptación de las parejas de los pacientes a sus síntomas de TEPT. Los participantes fueron 24 parejas en las que había un miembro o veterano de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos que prestó servicio con posterioridad al 11/9 y que tenía TEPT. En el seguimiento del mes y de los tres meses, los pacientes informaron reducciones significativas de las discusiones ineficaces de la pareja (ds = -0.71 y -0.78, respectivamente) y aumentos del afrontamiento diádico comprensivo de sus parejas en relación con el momento basal (ds = 0.50 y 0.44, respectivamente). En el seguimiento de los tres meses, los pacientes también informaron aumentos significativos del afrontamiento diádico conjunto de las parejas (d = 0.57), y sus parejas informaron reducciones significativas de su adaptación a los síntomas de TEPT de los pacientes (d = -0.44). Los resultados sugieren que la MIA-TCC para el TEPT está asociada con mejoras en varios aspectos de las relaciones aparte del de la satisfacción en la pareja, pero que estos pueden tener una importancia diferente para los pacientes y sus parejas.认知-行为联合治疗方法来治愈创伤后应激障碍（CBCT治疗PTSD）可以改善患者的PTSD症状、缓解伴侣的心理痛苦和提高关系满意度。然而，对于CBCT治疗PTSD是否与其他关系领域的变化相关却知之甚少，而这些关系领域与PTSD的关系背景具有理论相关性和临床相关性。本研究旨在对关系结果进行二次分析，来自一项非控制的组内试验，研究的是在一个周末的疗养中，提供的CBCT治疗PTSD（AIM-CBCT治疗PTSD）是否与PTSD症状和关系满意度的改善有关，治疗用的是简略的、密集的、多对夫妻集体版本。在这项调查中，我们研究了AIM-CBCT治疗PTSD是否也与这几项有关：无效争吵、伴侣的支持性对立应对、联合对立应对和伴侣对患者PTSD症状的适应性的改善。参与者是24对夫妇，其中包括一名9/11后的美国军人或患有创伤后应激障碍的老兵。在1个月和3个月的随访中，患者报告了夫妻无效争吵显著减少(ds分别为-0.71和-0.78)，而伴侣的支持性伴侣应对相对于基线(ds分别为0.50和0.44)有所增加。到3个月随访时，患者也报告说伴侣共同的对立应对能力显著增加（ds = 0.57），伴侣报告说对患者PTSD症状的迁就显著减少（ds = -0.44）。研究结果表明，AIM-CBCT治疗PTSD与关系满意度以外的多个关系领域的改善有关，但患者不同和伴侣不同，这些关系领域的改善其显著性也会不同。.

Cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy (CBCT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has demonstrated efficacy for improving PTSD and comorbid symptoms and relationship adjustment. To enhance treatment efficiency and scalability, we developed a 2-day, abbreviated, intensive, multicouple group version of CBCT for PTSD (AIM-CBCT for PTSD). Prior work demonstrated that AIM-CBCT for PTSD wasassociated with reductions in PTSD and comorbid symptoms in a sample of 24 post-9/11 active duty military or veteran couples who received the treatment in a retreat format over a single weekend. The current study investigated secondary outcomes regarding trauma-related cognitions, psychosocial impairment, and insomnia. For trauma-related cognitions, reductions were nonsignificant and small at 1-month follow-up, ds = -0.14 to -0.32. However, by 3-month follow-up, there were significant, medium effect size reductions in total trauma-related cognitions, d = -0.68, and negative views of self and others, ds = -0.64 and -0.57, respectively, relative to baseline. There was also a nonsignificant, small-to-medium effect-size reduction in self-blame, d = -0.43, p = .053, by 3-month follow-up. For psychosocial impairment, there were significant and medium-to-large and large effect size reductions by 1- and 3-month follow-ups, ds = -0.73 and -0.81, respectively. There were nonsignificant, small effect size reductions in insomnia at both 1- and 3-month follow-ups relative to baseline, ds = -0.30 and -0.34, respectively. These findings suggest that AIM-CBCT for PTSD is associated with reductions in maladaptive posttraumatic cognitions and psychosocial impairment but that adjunctive interventions may be needed to address insomnia.

OBJECTIVE Web-based relationship interventions have been shown to improve relationship functioning for low-income couples, with gains maintained up through 12 months (Doss et al., 2020; Roddy et al., 2020). However, little is known about mechanisms of improvements and maintenance for these programs. METHOD A sample of 742 low-income couples (Mage = 33; 55% non-Hispanic White; 52% married; Mdn annual household income = $27,000) were randomly assigned to the OurRelationship (OR) program, the ePREP program, or a waitlist control group. Couples were repeatedly assessed over 6 months on two relationship outcomes (satisfaction and breakup potential) and five relationship mechanisms (positive and negative communication, relationship problem intensity and confidence, and emotional support) with self-report measures. RESULTS Intervention couples, compared with the control couples, experienced significantly greater improvements in all mechanisms by the end of the program (Mean |d| = 0.58). Those with greater improvements in mechanisms also reported greater improvements in both relationship outcomes. From post- to 4-months follow-up, only prepost improvements in negative communication significantly predicted maintenance of gains in satisfaction. In contrast, prepost improvements in all mechanisms significantly predicted maintenance of reductions in breakup potential, with the largest effect via improvements in emotional support. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that both programs improve targeted mechanisms during the intervention period and support the role of these constructs as mechanisms of improvements in broader relationship functioning. Moreover, findings on mechanisms of maintenance highlighted the importance of including an emphasis on communication and emotional support to better maintain program gains. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

An increasing body of work documents the roles of religion and spirituality in Black American marriages. We built on this research to examine religious coping as a potential cultural resource for Black marriages using a dyadic analytic approach with longitudinal data. Specifically, we investigated the effects of positive (i.e., sense of spiritual connectedness) and negative (i.e., spiritual tension or struggle) religious coping on trajectories of marital love reported by wives and husbands in 161 Black, married, mixed-gender couples, and we tested the potential moderating role of spouse gender. At baseline, spouses reported on their religious coping, and they rated their marital love at baseline and during two additional home interviews conducted annually. Data were analyzed using growth curve modeling within an Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling framework. Husbands who reported more positive religious coping at baseline exhibited relatively high and stable marital love over time, whereas those who reported less positive religious coping reported less love at baseline and exhibited declines in love over time. Wives who reported less negative religious coping at baseline were higher in marital love initially but showed declines over time, whereas those who reported more negative religious coping at baseline were lower in marital love initially but showed increases in love over time. Results highlight the importance of further research on the role of religion and religious coping in Black couples' marital experiences and suggest differential roles of positive and negative religious coping for men's and women's marital love. Clinical and policy implications are discussed.Cada vez más investigaciones documentan los papeles que desempeñan la religión y la espiritualidad en los matrimonios afroestadounidenses. Utilizamos estas investigaciones como punto de partida para analizar el afrontamiento religioso como posible recurso cultural para los matrimonios de color usando un método analítico diádico con datos longitudinales. Específicamente, investigamos los efectos del afrontamiento religioso positivo (p. ej.: la sensación de conexión espiritual) y negativo (p. ej.: la tensión o la lucha espiritual) en las trayectorias del amor conyugal informado por esposas y esposos en 161 parejas de color, casadas y de género mixto, y evaluamos el posible rol moderador del género del cónyuge. En el momento basal, los cónyuges informaron sobre su afrontamiento religioso y calificaron su amor conyugal en el momento basal y durante otras dos entrevistas en el hogar realizadas anualmente. Se analizaron los datos usando el modelo de curva de crecimiento dentro de un marco del modelo de interdependencia actor-pareja. Los esposos que informaron un afrontamiento religioso más positivo en el momento basal demostraron un amor conyugal relativamente alto y estable con el paso del tiempo, mientras que los que informaron un afrontamiento menos positivo indicaron menos amor en el momento basal y demostraron disminuciones en el amor con el paso del tiempo. Las esposas que informaron menos afrontamiento religioso negativo en el momento basal tuvieron un amor conyugal más alto inicialmente, pero demostraron disminuciones con el paso del tiempo, mientras que aquellas que informaron un afrontamiento religioso más negativo en el momento basal tuvieron menos amor conyugal inicialmente, pero demostraron aumentos del amor con el paso del tiempo. Los resultados destacan la importancia de realizar más investigaciones sobre el papel que desempeñan la religión y el afrontamiento religioso en las experiencias conyugales de las parejas de color, y sugieren que el afrontamiento religioso positivo y negativo desempeña distintos roles en el amor conyugal de los hombres y las mujeres. Se comentan las implicancias clínicas y políticas.有越来越多的研究记录了宗教和精神信仰在美国黑人婚姻中的作用。本研究利用长期研究的数据为基础进行二元分析，研究宗教应对作为黑人婚姻的潜在文化资本。具体来说，我们调查了积极的（即精神联系感）和消极的（即精神紧张或斗争）宗教应对，有161对黑人、已婚、男女异性夫妇的妻子和丈夫参与本研究，他们报告的婚姻爱情轨迹受宗教应对的影响。我们测试了配偶性别的潜在调节作用。在基线阶段，配偶报告了他们的宗教应对方式，他们对他们的婚姻爱情进行了基线评估，并在每年进行的另外两次家庭调查中进行了评估。在行为者-伴侣相互依存模型框架内，使用增长曲线模型对数据进行分析。那些在基线时报告了更积极的宗教应对方式的丈夫随着时间的推移表现出相对较高和稳定的婚姻爱情，而那些表现出较少积极宗教态度的丈夫在基线时表现出较少的爱情，并且随着时间的推移表现出爱情的下降。基线时报告消极宗教应对较少的妻子，最初的婚姻爱情较高，但随着时间的推移表现出下降；而基线时报告消极宗教应对较多的妻子，最初的婚姻爱情较低，但随着时间的推移表现出爱情的增加。结果强调了进一步研究宗教和宗教应对在黑人夫妇婚姻经历中的作用的重要性，并提出了积极和消极的宗教应对对男性和女性婚姻爱情的不同作用。本研究也讨论临床和政策方面的影响。.

When service members manifest symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), intimate partners may engage in behaviors to accommodate their partners' experiences (e.g., helping service members avoid situations that could make them uncomfortable, not expressing own thoughts and feelings to minimize PTSD-related conflict), which may inadvertently serve to maintain or increase PTSD symptoms over time. In a sample of 274 male service member/female civilian couples, we evaluated hypothesized bidirectional pathways between self-reported service member PTSD symptoms and partner accommodation, assessed four times over an approximately 18-month period. A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model disaggregating between and within effects revealed that, on average, couples in which the service member had higher levels of total PTSD symptoms also scored higher in partner accommodation, between-couple correlation, r = .40. In addition, at time points when service members' PTSD symptoms were higher relative to their own average symptom level, their partners' level of accommodation was also higher than their personal average, within-couple correlation r = .22. Longitudinally, service member PTSD symptom scores higher than their personal average predicted subsequent increases in partner accommodation, β = .19, but not vice versa, β = .03. Overall, the findings indicate both stable and time-specific significant associations between service member PTSD symptoms and partner accommodation and suggest that higher levels of PTSD symptoms are a significant driver of later increases in partner accommodation. These findings add further support for treating PTSD in an interpersonal context to address the disorder and concomitant relational processes that can adversely impact individual and relational well-being.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are associated with disruptions in both couple functioning and parenting, and limited research suggests that, among military couples, perceptions of couple functioning and parenting stress are a function of both one's own and one's partner's mental health symptoms. However, this work has not been generalized to civilian couples, and little is known about the associations between PTSD symptoms and family adjustment in specific family developmental contexts. We examined PTSD symptoms' associations with perceived couple functioning and parenting stress within a dyadic context in civilian couples who had participated in a randomized controlled trial of a universal, couple-based transition to parenthood program and at least one member of the couple reported having experienced a Criterion A1 traumatic event. Results of actor-partner interdependence models revealed that parents' own and partners' PTSD symptoms were negatively associated with perceived couple functioning; contrary to expectation, the association of partners' PTSD symptoms with perceived couple functioning was strongest among men who received the intervention. A parent's own PTSD symptoms were positively associated with parenting stress for both men and women and were unexpectedly strongest for men who received the intervention. Partner PTSD symptoms were also positively associated with increased parenting stress for both men and women. Findings support a dyadic conceptualization of the associations between spouses' PTSD symptoms and family outcomes during the transition to parenthood and suggest that participating in a couple-based, psychoeducational program during this phase in the family life cycle may be particularly salient for men.

There are well-documented associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and intimate relationship impairments, including dysfunctional communication at times of relationship conflict. To date, the extant research on the associations between PTSD symptom severity and conflict communication has been cross-sectional and focused on military and veteran couples. No published work has evaluated the extent to which PTSD symptom severity and communication at times of relationship conflict influence each other over time or in civilian samples. The current study examined the prospective bidirectional associations between PTSD symptom severity and dyadic conflict communication in a sample of 114 severe motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors in a committed intimate relationship at the time of the accident. PTSD symptom severity and dyadic conflict communication were assessed at 4 and 16 weeks post-MVA, and prospective associations were examined using path analysis. Total PTSD symptom severity at 4 weeks prospectively predicted greater dysfunctional communication at 16 weeks post-MVA but not vice versa. Examination at the level of PTSD symptom clusters revealed that effortful avoidance at 4 weeks prospectively predicted greater dysfunctional communication at 16 weeks, whereas dysfunctional communication 4 weeks after the MVA predicted more severe emotional numbing at 16 weeks. Findings highlight the role of PTSD symptoms in contributing to dysfunctional communication and the importance of considering PTSD symptom clusters separately when investigating the dynamic interplay between PTSD symptoms and relationship functioning over time, particularly during the early posttrauma period. Clinical implications for the prevention of chronic PTSD and associated relationship problems are discussed.

The transition to parenthood has been identified as a significant relationship stressor. Many couples report declines in relationship satisfaction and difficulty with individual stress and co-parenting&mdash, problems that have been associated with both child temperament as well as emotional and behavioral problems. Several parenting and relationship interventions have been developed to buffer against these difficulties. In the current study, we report secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial of brief (6-hr) interventions that focused on improving either relationship satisfaction or co-parenting, delivered during pregnancy and the early postpartum period. In this trial, 90 opposite-sex couples (180 participants), who were pregnant with their first child, and were assessed as being at high risk for declines in relationship satisfaction, were randomized to receive either (1) a relationship intervention, (2) a co-parenting intervention, or (3) an information control. At 12 months postpartum, couples who received either the relationship or co-parenting intervention rated their infants as having lower negative emotionality and as having fewer externalizing symptoms compared to the information-only control. Lower externalizing symptoms at 12 months were, in turn, associated with reduced externalizing symptoms at 24 months postpartum. Whereas, lower ratings of child negative emotionality at 12 months were associated with reduced internalizing symptoms at 24 months postpartum. These results indicate that brief relationship or co-parenting interventions delivered during the transition to parenthood have secondary benefits for child mental health.

In recent years, same-gender group-based relationship education has emerged as a viable intervention to prevent relationship distress among same-gender couples. However, many of these programs are conducted in metropolitan areas and lack the ability to reach rural populations. The current study sought to investigate whether two wide-reaching web-based heteronormative relationship education programs could positively impact same-gender relationships. In a sample of 49 same-gender couples, heteronormative relationship education had small (Cohen's d = 0.16-0.39) but reliably positive effects on key areas of relationship functioning and perceived stress relative to a waitlist control group. Additionally, when same-gender couples were matched with different-gender individuals with similar baseline characteristics, no reliable differences between the two groups emerged even though the program effects were sometimes half as large for same-gender couples. Finally, same-gender participants were as satisfied with the program as the matched different-gender individuals. Though the results of the present study indicate that heteronormative relationship education can be helpful for same-gender couples, additional tailoring should be undertaken to ensure that same-gender couples experience as much benefit as possible. Estimates from the current study could be used in future studies to detect what might be small-sized differences.En los últimos años, la capacitación en relaciones grupal y del mismo sexo ha surgido como una intervención viable para prevenir el distrés relacional entre parejas del mismo género. Sin embargo, muchos de estos programas se realizan en áreas metropolitanas y no pueden llegar a las poblaciones rurales. El presente estudio tuvo como finalidad investigar si dos programas de capacitación heteronormativa en relaciones, por Internet y de amplio alcance podrían tener un efecto positivo en las relaciones del mismo género. En una muestra de 49 parejas del mismo género, la capacitación heteronormativa en relaciones tuvo efectos pequeños (d de Cohen = 0.16-0.39) pero fiablemente positivos en áreas clave del funcionamiento relacional y del estrés percibido respecto de un grupo control en lista de espera. Además, cuando las parejas del mismo género se igualaron con personas de diferente género con características iniciales similares, no surgieron diferencias fiables entre los dos grupos, aunque los efectos del programa fueron a veces de la mitad para las parejas del mismo género. Finalmente, los participantes del mismo género estuvieron tan satisfechos con el programa como las personas de diferente género con quienes se las igualó. Aunque los resultados del presente estudio indican que la capacitación heteronormativa en relaciones puede ser útil para parejas del mismo género, deberían realizarse más adaptaciones para garantizar que las parejas del mismo género tengan todos los beneficios posibles. En futuros estudios podrían usarse cálculos del presente estudio para detectar las posibles diferencias pequeñas.近年来，基于同性别群体的伴侣关系教育已经成为防止同性关系困扰的一种可行的干预手段。然而，这些项目中有许多是在大都市地区进行的，它们缺乏覆盖农村人口的能力。本研究试图调查两个广泛使用的基于网络的异性关系教育项目，考察它们是否能对同性关系产生积极的影响。在49对同性别伴侣的样本中，与候补组相比，异性关系教育对人际关系功能和可感知的压力的影响较小(Cohen's d = 0.16-0.39) ，但在关键领域有可靠的积极影响。此外，当同性伴侣与具有相似基线特征的不同性别个体进行匹配时，两组之间没有出现可靠的差异性，即使项目效果有时只有同性伴侣的一半。最后，同性别的参与者与匹配的异性恋参与者一样，对此教育项目感到满意。虽然本研究的结果显示异性恋关系教育对同性伴侣是有帮助的，但是为了确保同性伴侣能够得到尽可能多的益处，我们还需要做一些更多的修订调适。从本研究中得出的估计可以用于未来的研究，以发现可能存在的小规模差异。.

Associations between depressive symptoms and relationship distress are well-established, but little is known about these linkages among Black couples, or about the role of sociocultural factors in these processes. In this study, we applied a dyadic analytic approach, Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling (APIM), to address 2 goals: to assess the prospective, bidirectional associations between depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction over a 1-year period in a racially homogenous sample of 168 heterosexual Black couples, and to explore whether these associations were moderated by husbands' and wives' experiences of racial discrimination and/or the centrality of race in their personal identities. Findings revealed that depressive symptoms predicted relative declines in marital satisfaction reported by both self and partner for both husbands and wives. Moderation analyses indicated that, when wives reported greater racial centrality, their depressive symptoms predicted relative declines in husbands' marital satisfaction. In contrast, when wives reported lower racial centrality, their depressive symptoms were not associated with husbands' satisfaction. Together, the findings highlight the interdependence between spouses' mental health and relationship satisfaction and the role of sociocultural factors in these linkages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Cross-sectional research has suggested that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity may be an important predictor of family violence perpetration; however, causal inference is limited by the absence of studies designed to prospectively predict family violence by PTSD symptoms. In the current study, PTSD symptoms were assessed among 250 trauma-exposed heterosexual couples 10 months after having their 1st child. The number of acts of psychological and physical intimate partner aggression (IPA) and parent-to-child aggression (PCA) that occurred during the past year was assessed at 10 and 24 months postpartum to account for stability in family violence perpetration when prospectively predicting perpetration. Longitudinal actor-partner interdependence models revealed that women's and men's PTSD symptoms positively predicted increases in the frequency of their own perpetration of psychological and physical IPA as well as psychological PCA. Additionally, partners' PTSD symptoms prospectively predicted psychological and physical IPA perpetration but not psychological or physical PCA perpetration, suggesting that partners' PTSD symptoms may directly impact dyadic processes during incidents of IPA but may not generally affect the family environment in a way that potentiates all forms of aggression. No significant gender differences were revealed. Overall, results of the current study largely support existing research and theory while clarifying inconsistencies that have emerged when examining cross-sectional associations. Further, the current results highlight the potential utility of PTSD treatment as an avenue for aggression prevention and intervention efforts during the early parenting years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The couple and coparenting relationship are theorized to influence one another in a reciprocal manner over time. Empirical evidence demonstrates cross-sectional associations between the two as well as prospective predictions of coparenting by relationship quality and vice versa. However, less is known about the longitudinal reciprocity between the couple relationship and coparenting from the perspective of both parents. The current study sought to examine longitudinal associations between relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining across the transition to parenthood from a dyadic perspective. Participants were 164 cohabitating heterosexual couples expecting their first child assessed during pregnancy and at 6 and 36 months after birth. Actor Partner Interdependence Modeling (APIM) was used to examine, for both men and women, (1) stability over time in relationship quality and coparenting; (2) reciprocal associations between relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining; as well as (3) the gender differences in those associations. Moderate rank-order stability in relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining across the first three years of parenthood was demonstrated. For women, but not men, findings suggested longitudinal reciprocal associations between relationship quality and coparenting support/undermining. Specifically, our findings suggested that prenatal relationship quality sets the stage for coparenting functioning after birth for both men and women but that coparenting functioning is then connected to subsequent feelings about the romantic relationship only for women.

The current study examined parenting stress (disaggregated into personal distress and child rearing stress) at 12 months postpartum as a mediator of the longitudinal association between parental negative affectivity at 6 months postpartum and harsh parenting at 3 years postpartum for first-time parents with a child transitioning from late toddlerhood to the early preschool years. Analyses were conducted using Mediation for Actor Partner Interdependence Modeling in a sample of 164 couples who participated in a randomized controlled trial of a universal, couple-based transition to parenthood program. There were indirect actor effects of negative affect on a parent's own harsh parenting through both dimensions of parenting stress, with a stronger mediating effect for personal distress than child rearing stress. There were also indirect partner effects of negative affect on one's partner's harsh parenting through the partner's parenting stress, with a stronger indirect partner effect from mothers' negative affect to fathers' harsh parenting than vice versa. Specifically, the mediating effect of personal distress was found for both mothers and fathers, whereas the mediating effect of child rearing stress was found from mothers' negative affect to fathers' harsh parenting only. Findings highlight the importance of a dyadic approach in examining the longitudinal association between negative affect and harsh parenting and suggest that reducing parenting stress in the first year postpartum may decrease the risk of future harsh parenting among couples in which one or both partners experience negative affectivity. (PsycINFO Database Record

Social relationships are seen to be vital to human functioning, both in terms of psychological functioning and physical health. Relationships are a cornerstone of well-being. For instance, having positive relationships has been linked to greater happiness, life satisfaction and physical health outcomes. Meaning in life, or the perception that one's life is significant and has a purpose, is another prominent cornerstone of well-being. As such, social relationships and meaning in life should have reciprocal associations. In this paper, cross-cultural theory and empirical research will be reviewed to explore the role of family, romantic and friendship relationships in supporting meaning in life. Further, we will discuss the implications of the current research and propose new directions for future research. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.904097 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14330237.2014.904097