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Abstract Background and rationale Ultraviolet-B (UVB) light induces dermal inflammation, although it is mostly absorbed in the epidermis. Recent reports suggest extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a mediator of photodamage signaling. Melatonin is reported to be a protective factor against UV-induced damage. We hypothesized that EVs derived from UVB-irradiated keratinocytes might trigger proinflammatory responses in dermal cells and tested whether melatonin can ameliorate UVB-induced inflammation. Methods We used UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, primary keratinocytes and STING knock-out mice to model production of EVs under photodamaging conditions and performed immunoblotting and ELISA to measure their effect on dermal macrophages. Results UVB-irradiated keratinocytes produce an increased number of EVs that contain higher concentrations of DNA and protein compared with controls. KC-derived EVs (KEVs) induced a STING- and inflammasome-mediated proinflammatory response in macrophages in vitro, and a pronounced inflammatory infiltrate in mouse dermis in vivo. Melatonin ameliorated KEVs inflammatory effect both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions This data suggests EVs are mediators in a crosstalk that takes place between keratinocytes and their neighboring cells as a result of photodamage. Further studies exploring EVs induced by damaging doses of UVB, and their impact on other cells will provide insight into photodamage and may help develop targeted therapeutic approaches.

Abstract TFE3 and TFEB, as the master regulators of lysosome biogenesis and autophagy, are well characterized to enhance the synaptic protein α-synuclein degradation in protecting against Parkinson’s disease (PD) and their levels are significantly decreased in the brain of PD patients. However, how TFE3 and TFEB are regulated during PD pathogenesis remains largely vague. Herein, we identified that programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) promoted pathologic α-synuclein accumulation to facilitate PD development via suppressing both TFE3 and TFEB translation. Conversely, PDCD4 deficiency significantly augmented global and nuclear TFE3 and TFEB distributions to alleviate neurodegeneration in a mouse model of PD with overexpressing α-synuclein in the striatum. Mechanistically, like TFEB as we reported before, PDCD4 also suppressed TFE3 translation, rather than influencing its transcription and protein stability, to restrain its nuclear translocation and lysosomal functions, eventually leading to α-synuclein aggregation. We proved that the two MA3 domains of PDCD4 mediated the translational suppression of TFE3 through binding to its 5’-UTR of mRNA in an eIF-4A dependent manner. Based on this, we developed a blood-brain barrier penetrating RVG polypeptide modified small RNA drug against pdcd4 to efficiently prevent α-synuclein neurodegeneration in improving PD symptoms by intraperitoneal injections. Together, we suggest PDCD4 as a PD-risk protein to facilitate α-synuclein neurodegeneration via suppressing TFE3 and TFEB translation and further provide a potential small RNA drug against pdcd4 to treat PD by intraperitoneal injections.

Abstract Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) crucially suppresses Rheb activity to prevent mTORC1 activation. However, mutations in TSC genes lead to mTORC1 overactivation, thereby causing various developmental disorders and cancer. Therefore, the discovery of novel Rheb inhibitors is vital to prevent mTOR overactivation. Here, we reveals that the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-37d can bind to lysosomal Rheb and suppress its activity independent of TSC2, thereby preventing mTORC1 activation. The binding of IL-37d to Rheb switch-II subregion destabilizes the Rheb-mTOR and mTOR-S6K interactions, further halting mTORC1 signaling. Unlike TSC2, IL-37d is reduced under ethanol stimulation, which results in mitigating the suppression of lysosomal Rheb-mTORC1 activity. Consequently, the recombinant human IL-37d protein (rh-IL-37d) with a TAT peptide greatly improves alcohol-induced liver disorders by hindering Rheb-mTORC1 axis overactivation in a TSC2- independent manner. Together, IL-37d emerges as a novel Rheb suppressor independent of TSC2 to terminate mTORC1 activation and improve abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver.

To improve the usefulness of audit opinions, on 23 March 2021, the China Securities Regulatory Commission mandated that auditors disclose overall quantitative materiality of consolidated financial statements in special explanations of modified audit opinions. This paper selects Chinese A-share companies issued with modified audit opinions for the period of 2020–2022 as the research sample and analyzes the assessment of materiality in audit practice and the informativeness of audit materiality. Our findings are as follows. (1) The most commonly used bases for materiality by auditors are profit and income, with considerable differences in the percentages applied to the different bases and variations even within the same base. (2) The higher the materiality amount, the poorer the audit quality. This negative correlation is mainly observed in scenarios where the audited companies engage in downward earnings management and where the competency of audit firms or auditors is relatively low. (3) Companies that disclose quantitative materiality in the special explanations of modified audit opinions have a lower earnings response coefficient than companies that do not disclose audit materiality. This research sheds light on the “black box” of the audit process and verifies the information value of audit materiality. The conclusions are of significant value to auditing standard-setters, investors and regulators.

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is a lethal complication of malignant tumors, with an incidence rate of 3%-5% among patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). LM poses significant challenges in diagnosis, has poor prognosis, limited treatment options, and lacks standardized criteria for evaluating therapeutic efficacy, making it a difficult aspect of NSCLC management. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), shed from tumor cells and carrying cancer-related information, holds significant value in precision oncology. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), present in the subarachnoid space of the brain, the spinal cord, and the central canal, and in direct contact with meningeal tissues, serves as the fluid medium that best reflects the genetic characteristics of LM. In recent years, CSF ctDNA has become a focal point due to its multi-omics features, playing a crucial role in the management of central nervous system (CNS) metastatic tumors. Its applications span the entire continuum of care, including aiding in diagnosis, assessing treatment response, predicting prognosis, and analyzing resistance mechanisms. This article provides a concise overview of CSF ctDNA detection techniques and their clinical applications in patients with NSCLC-LM.

To address the imbalance in the supply of grass resources caused by seasonality and regional factors, it is crucial to efficiently store and transport alfalfa. Exploring suitable grass feed processing techniques contributes to the stable transportation of grass blocks and long-term storage of nutritional components. The Central Composite Design response surface design was used to design experiments, with moisture content and compressive force as the test factors. Based on the experimental results, it was found that lower moisture content and a certain compressive force were beneficial for the stability, high density, and protein storage of alfalfa blocks. The microscopic examination of alfalfa particles revealed that a certain moisture content (15%) facilitates the formation of solid bridges between particles, leading to more stable alfalfa blocks. The final optimized process parameters were moisture content of 14.3% and compressive force of 34.8 kN. Under these conditions, the density of the molded alfalfa block was 1001 kg/m3, with R-CP at 96.96%, R-EE at 67.23%, and R-CF at 114.13%.

Numerical experiments using the WRF model were conducted to analyze the sensitivity of Typhoon Mangkhut intensification simulations to seven widely used planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes, including YSU, MYJ, QNSE, MYNN2, MYNN3, ACM2, and BouLac. The results showed that all simulations generally reproduced the tropical cyclone (TC) track and intensity, with YSU, QNSE, and BouLac schemes better capturing intensification processes and closely matching observed TC intensity. In terms of surface layer parameterization, the QNSE scheme produced the highest Ck/Cd ratio, resulting in stronger TC intensity based on Emanuel’s potential intensity theory. In terms of PBL parameterization, the YSU and BouLac schemes, with the same revised MM5 surface layer scheme, simulated weaker turbulent diffusivity Km and shallower mixing height, leading to stronger TC intensity. During the intensification period, the BouLac, YSU, and QNSE PBL schemes exhibited stronger tangential wind, radial inflow within the boundary layer, and updraft around the eye wall, consistent with TC intensity results. Both PBL and surface layer parameterization significantly influenced simulated TC intensity. The QNSE scheme, with the largest Ck/Cd ratio, and the YSU and BouLac schemes, with weaker turbulent diffusivity, generated stronger radial inflow, updraft, and warm core structures, contributing to higher storm intensity.

Abstract The potentiation of synaptic plasticity and serotonin generation by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is well characterized to facilitate rapid and long-lasting antidepressant actions. Therefore, the identification of the key protein that simultaneously controls both BDNF and TPH2 is important for the treatment of depression. We show here that a lack of acetyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 (ACSS2) causes impairments in BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2)-mediated serotonin generation, thereby contributing to spontaneous and chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. Conversely, D-mannose is identified as a rapid ACSS2 inducer and thus mediates rapid and long-lasting antidepressant-like effects. Mechanistically, acute and chronic D-mannose administration inhibits the phosphorylation of EF2 to increase BDNF levels and reverse the reduction of TPH2 histone acetylation and transcription. We reveal that ACSS2 promotes TPH2 histone acetylation and transcription with the requirement of AMPK activation. To elevate nuclear ACSS2 levels, D-mannose can rapidly and persistently activate AMPK via Ca2+-CAMKK2 and the lysosomal AXIN-LKB1 pathway to facilitate its fast-acting and persistent antidepressant responses. Taken together, the results presented here reveal that ACSS2 functions as a novel target to link rapid and persistent antidepressant actions and further suggest that D-mannose is a potential therapeutic agent to resist depression through its augmentation of the ACSS2 dependent BDNF and TPH2 pathways.

This study conducts qualitative research on late adolescent digital music users aged 17–19 to explore their emotional resonance and identities in digital music consumption. The findings indicate that late adolescents are highly dependent on music, with it playing a significant role in their lives, particularly in meeting emotional needs and shaping identities. Late-adolescent digital music users seek to assert themselves through unique and unconventional music tastes. The study also uncovers the coexistence of personalization and socialization in their music-listening behaviors, dividing them into “music-experienced” and “music-socialized” groups. Regarding emotional motivation, the music-experienced group listens to music for personal empathy, while the music-socialized group seeks interpersonal emotional resonance through music-based social interaction. From a practical perspective, this study suggests that the digital music industry should focus on the emotional value generated by music and balance users’ personalization and socialization needs.

Abstract Background Living a happy and meaningful life is an eternal topic in positive psychology, which is crucial for individuals’ physical and mental health as well as social functioning. Well-being can be subdivided into pleasure attainment related hedonic well-being or emotional well-being, and self-actualization related eudaimonic well-being or psychological well-being plus social well-being. Previous studies have mostly focused on human brain morphological and functional mechanisms underlying different dimensions of well-being, but no study explored brain network mechanisms of well-being, especially in terms of topological properties of human brain morphological similarity network. Methods Therefore, in the study, we collected 65 datasets including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and well-being data, and constructed human brain morphological network based on morphological distribution similarity of cortical thickness to explore the correlations between topological properties including network efficiency and centrality and different dimensions of well-being. Results We found emotional well-being was negatively correlated with betweenness centrality in the visual network but positively correlated with eigenvector centrality in the precentral sulcus, while the total score of well-being was positively correlated with local efficiency in the posterior cingulate cortex of cortical thickness network. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that different dimensions of well-being corresponded to different cortical hierarchies: hedonic well-being was involved in more preliminary cognitive processing stages including perceptual and attentional information processing, while hedonic and eudaimonic well-being might share common morphological similarity network mechanisms in the subsequent advanced cognitive processing stages.

Himalayan leucogranite is an excellent target for understanding the orogenic process of the India–Asia collision, but its origin and tectonic significance are still under debate. An integrated study of geochronology, geochemistry, and in situ Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes was conducted for a tourmaline-bearing leucogranite in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya using LA-ICP-MS, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and ICP-MS and LA-MC-ICP-MS, respectively. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircon and monazite showed that it was emplaced at ~19 Ma. The leucogranite had high SiO2 and Al2O3 contents ranging from 73.16 to 73.99 wt.% and 15.05 to 15.24 wt.%, respectively. It was characterized by a high aluminum saturation index (1.14–1.19) and Rb/Sr ratio (3.58–6.35), which is characteristic of S-type granite. The leucogranite was enriched in light rare-earth elements (LREEs; e.g., La and Ce) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g., Rb, K, and Pb) and depleted in heavy rare-earth elements (e.g., Tm, Yb, and Lu) and high field strength elements (HFSEs; e.g., Nb, Zr, and Ti). It was characterized by high I Sr (t) (0.7268–0.7281) and low ε Nd (t) (−14.6 to −13.2) and ε Hf (t) (−12.6 to −9.47), which was consistent with the isotopic characteristics of the Higher Himalayan Sequence. Petrogenetically, the origin of the leucogranite is best explained by the decompression-induced muscovite dehydration melting of an ancient metapelitic source within the Higher Himalayan Sequence during regional extension due to the movement of the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS). The significantly high lithium and beryllium contents of the leucogranite and associated pegmatite suggest that Himalayan leucogranites possess huge potential for lithium and beryllium exploration.

Researching the thermal characteristic parameters of alfalfa is of fundamental importance for accurately measuring heat transfer and distribution during the compression process. Therefore, the thermal characteristic parameters were measured using the transient plane heat source method. Additionally, the study examined the impact of moisture content and particle size on the thermal characteristic parameters of alfalfa. The experimental results indicated that the thermal conductivity of alfalfa increased with higher moisture content, and it decreased with the increase of particle size. Similarly, the specific heat capacity increased with higher water content, while the particle size had little effect on specific heat capacity. The thermal diffusion coefficient initially decreased and then stabilized with higher water content. Moreover, the influence of particle size on thermal diffusion coefficient was not significant. The obtained thermal characteristic parameters are valuable for investigating temperature changes during the densification process of alfalfa.

Abstract Background Monozygotic twins (MZTs) are associated with high risks of maternal and fetal complications. Even with the widely used elective single embryo transfer (SET), the risk of MZTs following assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments remains. However, most studies of MZTs focused on the relevant etiology, with few studies describing pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 19,081 SET cycles resulting from in-vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) and testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) performed between January 2010 and July 2020 in a single university-based center. A total of 187 MZTs were included in this investigation. The main outcome measures were the incidence, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of MZTs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to figure out the risk factors for pregnancy loss. Results The overall rate of MZTs from ART treatment in SET cycles was 0.98%. No significant difference was found in the incidence of MZTs among the four groups (p = 0.259). The live birth rate of MZTs in the ICSI group (88.5%) was significantly more favorable than in the IVF, PGT and TESA groups (60.5%, 77.2% and 80%, respectively). IVF resulted in a significantly increased risk of pregnancy loss (39.4%) and early miscarriage (29.5%) in MZT pregnancies compared to ICSI (11.4%, 8.5%), PGT (22.7%, 16.6%) and TESA (20%, 13.3%). The total rate of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in MZTs was 2.7% (5/187); however, the TESA group had the highest rate at 20% and was significantly higher than the PGT group (p = 0.005). The four ART groups had no significant effect on the occurrence of congenital abnormalities or other neonatal outcomes in newborns from MZT pregnancies. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that infertility duration, cause of infertility, the total dose of Gn used, history of miscarriages, and the number of miscarriages were not related to the risk of pregnancy loss (p > 0.05). Conclusions The rate of MZTs was similar among the four ART groups. The pregnancy loss and the early miscarriage rate of MZTs was increased in IVF patients. Neither the cause of infertility nor the history of miscarriage was correlated with the risk of pregnancy loss. MZTs in the TESA group had a higher risk of TTTS, placental effects influenced by sperm and paternally expressed genes may play a role. However, due to the small total number, studies with larger sample sizes are still needed to validate these result. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of MZTs after PGT treatment seem to be reassuring but the duration of the study was short, and long-term follow-up of the children is needed.

Summary: The spontaneous migration of bone marrow neutrophils (BMNs) is typically induced by distant tumor cells during the early stage of the tumor and critically controls tumor progression and metastases. Therefore, identifying the key molecule that prevents this process is extremely important for suppressing tumors. Interleukin-37 (IL-37) can suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine generation via an IL-1R8- or Smad3-mediated pathway. Here, we demonstrate that human neutrophil IL-37 is responsively reduced by tumor cells and the recombinant IL-37 isoform d (IL-37d) significantly inhibits spontaneous BMN migration and tumor lesion formation in the lung by negatively modulating CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) in a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-inducing lung cancer mouse model. Mechanistically, IL-37d promotes C/EBPβ ubiquitination degradation by facilitating ubiquitin ligase COP1 recruitment and disrupts C/EBPβ DNA binding abilities, thereby reducing neutrophil ATP generation and migration. Our work reveals an anti-tumor mechanism for IL-37 via destabilization of C/EBPβ to prevent spontaneous BMN migration and tumor progression.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been increasingly evidenced to be important bioactive metabolites of the gut microbiota and transducers in controlling diverse psychiatric or neurological disorders via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. However, the precise mechanism by which brain SCFAs extert multiple beneficial effects is not completely understood. Our previous research has demonstrated that the acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase short-chain family member 2 (ACSS2) is a novel target of the rapid and long-lasting antidepressant responses. Here, we show that micromolar SCFAs significantly augment both total cellular and nuclear ACSS2 to trigger tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) promoter histone acetylation and its transcription in SH-SY5Y cells. In chronic-restraint-stress-induced depression mice, neuronal ACSS2 knockdown by stereotaxic injection of adeno-associated virus in the hippocampus abolished SCFA-mediated improvements in depressive-like behaviors of mice, supporting that ACSS2 is required for SCFA-mediated antidepressant responses. Mechanistically, the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is identified as a novel partner of ACSS2 to activate TPH2 transcription. Importantly, PPARγ is also responsible for SCFA-mediated antidepressant-like effects via ACSS2–TPH2 axis. To further support brain SCFAs as a therapeutic target for antidepressant effects, d-mannose, which is a naturally present hexose, can significantly reverse the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in the chronic-restraint-stress-exposure mice and augment brain SCFAs to protect against the depressive-like behaviors via ACSS2–PPARγ–TPH2 axis. In summary, brain SCFAs can activate ACSS2–PPARγ–TPH2 axis to play the antidepressive-like effects, and d-mannose is suggested to be an inducer of brain SCFAs in resisting depression.

Abstract Despite extensive astrocyte activation in patients suffering from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), little is known about the contribution of astrocytes to HAND neuropathology. Here, we report that the robust activation of neurotoxic astrocytes (A1 astrocytes) in the CNS promotes neuron damage and cognitive deficits in HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mice. Notably, knockout of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) blunted A1 astrocyte responses, ultimately facilitating neuronal and cognitive improvement in the gp120tg mice. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a tryptophan metabolite with α7nAChR inhibitory properties, attenuates gp120-induced A1 astrocyte formation through the blockade of α7nAChR/JAK2/STAT3 signaling activation. Meanwhile, compared with gp120tg mice, mice fed with tryptophan showed dramatic improvement in cognitive performance, which was related to the inhibition of A1 astrocyte responses. These initial and determinant findings mark a turning point in our understanding of the role of α7nAChR in gp120-mediated A1 astrocyte activation, opening up new opportunities to control neurotoxic astrocyte generation through KYNA and tryptophan administration.

Systematic biases and coarse resolutions are major limitations of current precipitation datasets. Many studies have been conducted for precipitation bias correction and downscaling. However, it is still challenging for the current approaches to handle the complex features of hourly precipitation, resulting in the incapability of reproducing small-scale features, such as extreme events. In this study, we proposed a deep-learning model called PBT (Population-Based Training)-GRU (Gate Recurrent Unit) based on numerical model NWP gridded forecast data and observation data and employed machine-learning (ML) methods, such as Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Gradient-Boosted Decision Tree (GBDT), to correct the WRF hourly precipitation forecasts. To select the evaluation method, we conducted a sample balance experiment and found that when the proportion of positive and negative samples was 1:1, the Threat Score (TS) and accuracy scores were the highest, while the Probability of Detection (POD) score was slightly lower. The results showed that: (1) the overall errors of the PBT-GRU model were relatively smaller, and its root mean square error (RMSE) was only 1.12 mm, which was reduced by 63.04%, 51.72%, 58.36%, 37.43%, and 26.32% compared to the RMSE of WRF, SVM, KNN, GBDT, and RF, respectively; and (2) according to the Taylor diagram, the standard deviation (σn) and correlation coefficient (r) of PBT-GRU were 1.02 and 0.99, respectively, while the σn and r of RF were 1.12 and 0.98, respectively. Furthermore, the σn and r of the SVM, GBDT, and KNN models were between those of the above models, with values of 1.24 and 0.95, 1.15 and 0.97, and 1.26 and 0.93, respectively. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the TS, accuracy, RMSE, r and σn, the PBT-GRU model performed the best, with a significantly better correction effect than that of the ML methods, resulting in an overall performance ranking of PBT-GRU > RF > GBDT > SVM > KNN. This study provides a hint of the possibility that the proposed PBT-GRU model can outperform model precipitation correction based on a small sample of one-station data. Thus, due to its promising performance and excellent robustness, we recommend adopting the proposed PBT-GRU model for precipitation correction in business applications.

The advancement of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) is pivotal for enhancing high-impact weather forecasting and warning systems. However, due to the high spatial and temporal inhomogeneity, the moisture field is difficult to describe by initial conditions in NWP models, which is the essential thermodynamic variable in the simulation of various physical processes. Data Assimilation techniques are central to addressing these challenges, integrating observational data with background fields to refine initial conditions and improve forecasting accuracy. This study evaluates the effectiveness of integrating observations from the Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI) and ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR) in forecasts and mechanism analysis of a heavy rainfall event in the Kaifeng region of central China. Our findings reveal that jointly assimilating AGRI radiance and MWR data significantly enhances the model’s humidity profile accuracy across all atmospheric layers, resulting in improved heavy rainfall predictions. Analysis of the moisture sources indicates that the storm’s water vapor predominantly originates from westward air movement ahead of a high-altitude trough, with sustained channeling towards the rainfall zone, ensuring a continuous supply of moisture. The storm’s development is further facilitated by a series of atmospheric processes, including the interplay of high and low-level vorticity and divergence, vertical updrafts, the formation of a low-level jet, and the generation of unstable atmospheric energy. Additionally, this study examines the influence of Tai-hang Mountain’s terrain on precipitation patterns in the Kaifeng area. Our experiments, comparing a control setup (CTL) with varied terrain heights, demonstrate that reducing terrain height by 50–60% significantly decreases precipitation coverage and intensity. In contrast, increasing terrain height enhances precipitation, although this effect plateaus when the elevation increase exceeds 100%, closely mirroring the precipitation changes observed with a 75% terrain height increment.

Reactive astrocytes are key players in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), and different types of reactive astrocytes play opposing roles in the neuropathologic progression of HAND. A recent study by our group found that gp120 mediates A1 astrocytes (neurotoxicity), which secrete proinflammatory factors and promote HAND disease progression. Here, by comparing the expression of A2 astrocyte (neuroprotective) markers in the brains of gp120 tgm mice and gp120+/α7nAChR−/− mice, we found that inhibition of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) promotes A2 astrocyte generation. Notably, kynurenine acid (KYNA) is an antagonist of α7nAChR, and is able to promote the formation of A2 astrocytes, the secretion of neurotrophic factors, and the enhancement of glutamate uptake through blocking the activation of α7nAChR/NF-κB signaling. In addition, learning, memory and mood disorders were significantly improved in gp120 tgm mice by intraperitoneal injection of kynurenine (KYN) and probenecid (PROB). Meanwhile, the number of A2 astrocytes in the mouse brain was significantly increased and glutamate toxicity was reduced. Taken together, KYNA was able to promote A2 astrocyte production and neurotrophic factor secretion, reduce glutamate toxicity, and ameliorate gp120-induced neuropathological deficits. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role that reactive astrocytes play in the development of HAND pathology and provide new evidence for the treatment of HAND via the tryptophan pathway.

This study analyzes the Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) size difference between the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) dataset and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) dataset. The TC size is defined by the near-surface 34-knot wind radius (R34). Although there is a high correlation (correlation coefficient of 0.71) between CMA and JTWC R34 values, significant discrepancies are still found between them. The JTWC tends to report larger R34 values than the CMA for large-sized TCs, while the trend is reversed for compact TCs. Despite spatial distribution discrepancies, both datasets exhibit significant similarity (spatial correlation coefficient of 0.61), particularly in latitudinal distribution; higher R34 values are observed near 25° N. An investigation of key parameters affecting R34 estimations shows that the discrepancies in R34 values between the two agencies’ estimates of TC size are primarily influenced by the size itself and latitude. There is a high correlation between R34 difference and R34 values, with a high correlation of up to 0.58 with the JTWC’s R34 values. There is also a significant correlation between R34 difference and latitude, with a correlation coefficient of 0.26 in both the CMA and JTWC datasets. Case studies of Typhoons “Danas” and “Maysak” confirm distinct characteristics in R34 estimations during different development stages, with the JTWC capturing TC intensification better, while the CMA underestimates TC size during rapid growth phases. During the weakening stage of the TC, both agencies accurately estimate the R34 values. These findings contribute valuable insights into the discrepancies and characteristics of R34 datasets, informing the selection and utilization of data for typhoon research and forecasting.

Abstract This study investigated two random forest (RF) models for the non‐iterative parametrization of surface‐layer turbulent fluxes: (a) the RF scheme, a calculation model that is directly trained using correlated variables, and (b) the RF_Li10 scheme, a random forest correction model based on the Li10 scheme (Li et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-010-9523-y). A comparison between these two new models and the Li10 scheme against an iterative scheme revealed the hierarchy of maximum relative errors in estimating stability parameters, as well as momentum and heat transfer coefficients. This hierarchy is as follows: the Li10 scheme is the greatest, followed by the RF scheme, with the RF_Li10 scheme exhibiting the least errors.

The Snf2 protein family is a group of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors (CHRs) that play an essential role in gene expression regulation. In plants, Snf2 is involved in growth, development, as well as stress resistance. However, only a very limited number of experimentally validated Snf2 have been identified and reported, while the majority remaining undiscovered in most species . In this study, we predicted 3135 Snf2 proteins and 8398 chromatin remodeling complex (CRC) subunits in diverse plant species, and constructed the Plant Chromatin Remodeling Factors Database (PlantCHRs, http://www.functionalgenomics.cn/PlantCHRs/), which provide a comprehensive resource for researchers to access information about plant CHRs. We also developed an online tool capable of predicting CHRs and CRC subunits. Moreover, we investigated the distribution of Snf2 proteins in different species and observed a significant increase in the number of Snf2 proteins and the diversity of the Snf2 subfamily during the evolution, highlighting their evolutionary importance. By analyzing the expression patterns of the Snf2 genes in different tissues of maize and Arabidopsis, we found that the Snf2 proteins may show some conservation across different species in regulating plant growth and development. Over the all, we established a comprehensive database for plant CHRs, which will facilitate the researches on plant chromatin remodeling.

Among the most biodiverse environments in the world, the Mekong River Basin has experienced extensive socio-economic development in the past few decades resulting in land use change and associated ecological and environmental stresses. To assess possible impacts on sensitive ecosystems and their services in the Lower Mekong River Basin (LMB), we examine spatial and temporal changes in forest community extent, as well as tree density and canopy coverage, in relation to carbon uptake and climate change. We employed the Mann–Kendall test to identify regions of likely significant ecological and environmental change within forest ecosystems. We developed a new approach to eliminate the classification of false positives and false negatives. We quantified the annual rate of ecological changes using Sen’s slope. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis was performed to analyze the impact of tree and leaf density changes on the regional environment, particularly with regard to net primary productivity (NPP) and surface temperature trends. Across the LMB, a total of 2.81% of forest extent has been lost. Cambodia experienced the most prominent forest loss among all countries, while Thailand and Myanmar had net forest gain. NPP trends were starkly divergent from the north to the south and declined across the majority of northern Laos. The LMB region experienced increasing trends for both daytime and nighttime temperatures except for small portions of Thailand and Vietnam. An annual 0.0876°C increase in surface temperature can be expected for every 1% decrease in tree density in forest degraded regions, while a substantial annual carbon productivity increase can be expected in reforested regions. In addition, the effectiveness of policy enforcement at the government level is critical for reforestation in LMB.

Based on the measurements conducted over the landfast sea ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica during the sea-ice growth season in 2016, various parameterization schemes in the high-resolution thermodynamic snow/ice model HIGHTSI are evaluated. The parameterization scheme of turbulent fluxes produces the largest errors compared with the parameterization schemes for other surface heat fluxes. However, the sea-ice thickness simulation is most sensitive to the differences in upward longwave radiation at the surface. In addition, the sea-ice thickness simulation during the growth season is highly sensitive to the oceanic heat flux, and a new oceanic heat flux parameterization scheme based on the bulk method is proposed. The new parameterization scheme is tested in a second year, and it significantly improves the model performance relative to the standard configuration when compared against observations. Finally, the seasonal variation in the heat budget and its influence on the sea-ice thickness variation are analyzed. The net shortwave radiation, sensible heat flux and conductive heat flux (the net longwave radiation and latent heat flux) are found to be the surface heat sources (heat sinks) during the growth season. The larger conductive heat flux and the smaller oceanic heat flux can intensify the growth of sea ice.

The measurements of morphological indicators of galaxies are often influenced by a series of observational effects. In this study, we utilize a sample of 832 TNG50 simulated galaxies with log( M _* / M _⊙ )> 9 at 0.5 < z < 3 to investigate the differences in nonparametric morphological indicators ( C , A , Gini , M _20 , A _O , and D _O ) derived from noise-free and high-resolution TNG50 images and mock images simulated to have the same observational conditions as JWST/NIRCam. We quantify the relationship between intrinsic and observed values of the morphological indicators and accordingly apply this calibration to 4733 galaxies in the same stellar mass and redshift ranges observed in JWST CEERS and JADES surveys. We find a significant evolution of morphological indicators with rest-frame wavelength ( λ _rf ) at λ _rf < 1 μ m, while essentially no obvious variations occur at λ _rf > 1 μ m. The morphological indicators of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and quiescent galaxies (QGs) are significantly different. The morphologies of QGs exhibit a higher sensitivity to rest-frame wavelength than SFGs. After analyzing the evolution of morphological indicators in the rest-frame V band (0.5–0.7 μ m) and rest-frame J band (1.1–1.4 μ m), we find that the morphologies of QGs evolve substantially with both redshift and stellar mass. For SFGs, the C , Gini , and M _20 show a rapid evolution with stellar mass at log( M _* / M _⊙ ) ≥ 10.5, while the A _O , D _O , and A evolve with both redshift and stellar mass. Our comparison shows that TNG50 simulations effectively reproduce the morphological indicators we measured from JWST observations when the impact of dust attenuation is considered.

Lacustrine strata-bound magnesite deposits associated with Alpine-type ultramafic rocks are hydrothermal in origin. The magnesite ores of the Kamado deposit are unconformably underlain by mid-Jurassic marine carbonate and ultramafic rocks of the Bangong-Nujiang ophiolite suite and are in fault contact with hanging wall rocks composed of siliceous sinter. Three types of cryptocrystalline magnesite ores can be identified in Kamado: (1) strata-bound massive magnesites, representing the main ore type in the upper part; (2) banded ores in the lower part; and (3) some vein and stockwork ore in the ultramafic wall rocks. Integrated scanning electron microscopy, C–O isotope analysis, and geochemical analyses were carried out on the Kamado deposit. The results indicate that: (1) the orebody is composed of magnesite, with accessory minerals of aragonite, opal, and chromite; (2) the siliceous sinter and relatively high B (32.0–68.1 ppm) and Li (14.7–23.4 ppm) contents of the magnesite ores reflect long-term spring activity in Kamado; (3) the light carbon (δ13CV-PDB: −4.7 ± 0.3‰ to −4.1 ± 0.6‰) and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ18OV-SMOW: +12.3 ± 0.3 to +16.3 ± 0.1‰) of the stockwork ores in the foot wall rocks indicated that the carbon in fractures in the ultramafic rocks is from a mixture of marine carbonate and oxidized organic-rich sedimentary rocks, reflecting a typical “Kraubath-type” magnesite deposit; and (4) the relatively heavy carbon isotopic (δ13CV-PDB: +8.7 ± 0.4‰ to +8.8 ± 0.3‰) composition of the banded magnesite ores in the lower segment may have formed from heavy CO2 generated by anaerobic fermentation in the lakebed. Additionally, the carbon isotopic (δ13CV-PDB: +7.3 ± 0.3‰ to +7.7 ± 0.7‰) composition of the massive magnesite ores in the upper segment indicates a decline in the participation of anaerobic fermentation. As this economically valuable deposit is of the strata-bound massive ore type, Kamado can be classified as a lacustrine hydrothermal-sedimentary magnesite deposit, formed by continuous spring activities under salt lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, with the Mg mainly being contributed by nearby ultramafic rocks and the carbon mainly being sourced from atmosphere-lake water exchange, with minor amounts from marine carbonate strata.

A simulation and sensitivity test of a rainstorm over Bosten Lake area of Xinjiang province on August 14， 2020 were done based on WRF4.0， and the mesoscale structure characteristics were analyzed.The results show that： （1）the rainstorm process was driven by the Iranian high pressure system， the Centra Asian trough moved eastward， and merged with the West Siberian trough in the Central Tianshan Mountains， forming a large trough from north to south.The Bosten Lake area was located in the center of the trough， and the southwest airflow in front of the trough was strong， which provided a favorable large-scale circulation background for the formation and development of the rainstorm process.（2） During the rainstorm， the water vapor was transported from the upper part of the Central Asia to the lower part of the mountain.（3）Atmospheric upward motion， favorable coupling situation of vorticity and divergence at high and low levels， existence of low-level jet and release of unstable energy in the atmosphere jointly triggered the occurrence of the rainstorm.（4） The sensitivity tests showed that， the Kuruktag Mountain had a significant impact on precipitation.When the height of the mountain decreased， the rainfall increased and the precipitation range increased.

Abstract This study evaluates the uncertainties of turbulent flux calculation using eddy covariance (EC) and wavelet analysis (WA) methods. First, a non‐stationary data set is concocted by adding periodic waves and random perturbations which mimic the large eddies, turbulent intermittency, and asymmetry into an observational stationary data set, and the theoretical “true” fluxes are used to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of these methods. Results show that EC and Morlet‐wavelet generate biases ranging 50%–100% of the “true” values at different non‐stationarity grades, whereas the Mexican hat (Mexhat) wavelet has a bias of about half of them. Furthermore, there is a high correlation of the Mexhat‐derived fluxes to the benchmark values, the regression slopes of the values of these two can be improved to almost 1 by adding a correction coefficient. The results suggest the potential of using the Mexhat‐wavelet method to calculate turbulent fluxes with high accuracy under non‐stationary conditions.

Abstract Introduction To evaluate whether the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in pregnant women was related to endometriosis (EM), ovulation and embryo vitrification technology. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on the clinical data of 3674 women who were treated with IVF / ICSI in the Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and maintained clinical pregnancy for more than 20 weeks. All pregnancies were followed up until the end of pregnancy. The follow-up consisted of recording the course of pregnancy, pregnancy complications, and basic situation of newborns. Results Compared with NC-FET without EM, HRT-FET without EM was found to have a higher incidence of HDP during pregnancy (2.7% V.S. 6.1%, P0.05). In total frozen-thawed embryo transfer (total-FET), the incidence of HDP in the HRT cycle without ovulation (HRT-FET) was observed to be higher than that in the NC cycle with ovulation (NC-FET) (2.8% V.S. 6.1%, P0.05). Conclusion EM does not seem to have an effect on the occurrence of HDP in assisted reproductive technology. During the FET cycle, the formation of the corpus luteum may play a protective role in the occurrence and development of HDP. Potential damage to the embryo caused by cryopreservation seems to have no effect on the occurrence of HDP.

To give consideration to both chip density and device performance, an In0.53Ga0.47As vertical electron–hole bilayer tunnel field effect transistor (EHBTFET) with a P+-pocket and an In0.52Al0.48As-block (VPB-EHBTFET) is introduced and systematically studied by TCAD simulation. The introduction of the P+-pocket can reduce the line tunneling distance, thereby enhancing the on-state current. This can also effectively address the challenge of forming a hole inversion layer in an undoped InGaAs channel during device fabrication. Moreover, the point tunneling can be significantly suppressed by the In0.52Al0.48As-block, resulting in a substantial decrease in the off-state current. By optimizing the width and doping concentration of the P+-pocket as well as the length and width of the In0.52Al0.48As-block, VPB-EHBTFET can obtain an off-state current of 1.83 × 10−19 A/μm, on-state current of 1.04 × 10−4 A/μm, and an average subthreshold swing of 5.5 mV/dec. Compared with traditional InGaAs vertical EHBTFET, the proposed VPB-EHBTFET has a three orders of magnitude decrease in the off-state current, about six times increase in the on-state current, 81.8% reduction in the average subthreshold swing, and stronger inhibitory ability on the drain-induced barrier-lowering effect (7.5 mV/V); these benefits enhance the practical application of EHBTFETs.

Abstract Background Lenabasum is a cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) reverse agonist that demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro in dermatomyositis (DM) and is currently being investigated for therapeutic potential. The purpose of our study is to investigate CB2R distribution as well as the effects of lenabasum in DM. Methods Immunohistochemistry staining (IHC) was utilized to examine immune cell and cytokine production changes in lesional DM skin biopsies from lenabasum and placebo-treated patients. CB2R expression in various immune cell populations within DM skin was investigated with image mass cytometry (IMC), whereas flow cytometry elucidated CB2R expression in DM peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as cytokine production by CB2R-expressing cell populations. Results After 12 weeks of lenabasum treatment, IHC staining showed that CD4+ T cells, CB2R, IL-31, IFN-γ, and IFN-β cytokines were downregulated. IFN-γ and IFN-β mRNA decreased in lesional DM skin but not in PBMCs. IMC findings revealed that CB2R was upregulated in DM lesional skin compared to HC skin and DM PBMCs (p

Abstract Cities in warmer climate zones have experienced extreme heat and unbearable drought conditions due to climate change. Developing a practical and integrated framework to tackle the trade‐off between land surface temperature (LST) reduction and water conservation is essential for heat mitigation and resilience planning. We developed a multi‐objective framework of spatial optimization for priority areas that considers environmental justice. We identified the priority areas (i.e., residential districts, socio‐economically disadvantaged neighborhoods, hotspot regions, and opportunity areas) using ECOSTRESS‐based LST, actual evapotranspiration (ETa, as a proxy to outdoor water use [OWU]), Landsat‐based LST and ETa changes (2000–2020), and the evaporative stress index. The configuration of vegetation was spatially optimized to achieve the highest co‐benefits by equally balancing both objectives. We found that LST decreased and OWU increased as the vegetation percentage rose from 25% to 45%. The trade‐off between heat reduction and water conservation indicates that LST is not significantly reduced, as OWU reaches above the mid‐level if we focus mainly on LST reduction. The associated green space configurations suggest that grass coverage gradually increases as tree coverage decreases slightly in unmanaged soil. Overall, hotspot regions have a higher potential to lower LST by consuming less water than other areas with the same percentage of new vegetation. Based on this perspective, we suggest that urban planners and city managers prioritize hotspot regions by considering environmental justice and co‐benefits to ensure highly efficient LST amelioration and OWU conservation.

Introduction: The Abunabu antimony mining area is located between the Indus–Yarlung Tsangpo suture and the southern Tibetan detachment system. Ore deposits in the mining area provide an excellent opportunity to understand the nature and genesis of antimony mineralisation in the Tethys Himalayan metallogenic belt.Methods: In this study, we analysed the He–Ar and S isotopic compositions of stibnite-hosted fluid inclusions as a basis for investigating the sources of ore-forming fluids in the Abunabu mining area and the Tethys Himalayan metallogenic belt.Results: The analysed stibnites have 4He contents of 0.016 × 10−7–1.584 × 10–7 cm3 STP/g, 40Ar contents of 1.37 × 10−7–2.94 × 10–7 cm3 STP/g, 40Ar/36Ar ratios of 303.8–320.7, and 3He/4He (Ra) ratios of 0.021–0.351. These isotopic features indicate that the ore-forming fluids were primarily metamorphic fluids of crustal origin, with small amounts of magmatic-derived materials and modified air-saturated water with low 40Ar*/4He ratios. The δ34S values of stibnite vary within a narrow range of −4.9‰ to −3.5‰, with a mean value of −4.31‰, indicating a deep magmatic origin.Discussion: On the basis of these results and a compilation of data for sulphide deposits in the metallogenic belt, we infer that compositional variations in the He and Ar isotopes of the ore-forming fluids of each antimony deposit in the Tethys Himalayan metallogenic belt are independent of each other. This suggests that antimony deposits in the belt had similar ore-forming fluid sources and mixing processes and that differences in the metallogenic tectonic setting within the belt emerged only in the later stages of deposit evolution. Our new results and compiled data also show that antimony–gold deposits and lead–zinc–antimony polymetallic deposits in the Tethys Himalayan metallogenic belt differ in their sulphur isotopic compositions and that multiple sulphur sources were involved in each of these types of deposit.

IntroductionLuteal-phase ovarian stimulation has been proved to be feasible for producing competent oocytes/embryos and achieving live births, yet there is no standardized stimulation protocol for luteal-phase ovarian stimulation (LPS). The aim of this study was to explore the optimal timing of gonadotropin initiation in the LPS protocol for poor ovarian responders.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study conducted in the reproductive medicine center of a tertiary hospital. A total of 327 poor responders fulfilling Bologna criteria underwent LPS with IVF/ICSI treatment. HMG and letrozole were administrated after ovulation. Patients were stratified into three groups according to the gonadotropin start day: early, early-mid, and mid-late luteal phase. A freeze-all strategy was performed for all cycles. The duration of ovarian stimulation, total gonadotropin dose, number of oocytes retrieved, implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and live birth rate after frozen/thawed embryo transfer cycles were included for evaluation.ResultsThe group accepted ovarian stimulation in the earlier phase tended to have a shorter duration of ovarian stimulation [8 (7,10) in early luteal group, 9 (8,10.25) in early-mid luteal group, and 11 (10,12) in mid-late luteal group; P 9 days) was more likely to occur in the early-mid and mid-late luteal groups, with the adjusted odds ratios 0.584 (0.327-1.042) and 0.116 (0.049-0.271), respectively (P-trend

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is the most common acquired autoimmune bleeding disorder. Abnormally increased levels of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) protein associate with thrombocytopenia and therapeutic outcome in ITP. Previous studies proposed that a natural inhibitor of HMGB1, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA), could be used for its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects, although its ability to correct immune balance in ITP is unclear. In this study, we showed that plasma HMGB1 correlated negatively with platelet counts in ITP patients, and confirmed that 18β-GA stimulated the production of regulatory T cells (Treg), restored the balance of CD4+ T-cell subsets and enhanced the suppressive function of Treg through blocking the effect on HMGB1 in patients with ITP. HMGB1 short hairpin RNA interference masked the effect of 18β-GA in Treg of ITP patients. Furthermore, we found that 18β-GA alleviated thrombocytopenia in mice with ITP. Briefly, anti-CD61 immune-sensitized splenocytes were transferred into severe combined immunodeficient mice to induce a murine model of severe ITP. The proportion of circulating Treg increased significantly, while the level of plasma HMGB1 and serum antiplatelet antibodies decreased significantly in ITP mice along 18β-GA treatment. In addition, 18β-GA reduced phagocytic activity of macrophages towards platelets both in ITP patients and ITP mice. These results indicate that 18β-GA has the potential to restore immune balance in ITP via inhibition of HMGB1 signaling. In short, this study reveals the role of HMGB1 in ITP, which may serve as a potential target for thrombocytopenia therapy.

A group of control (CTL) plus ten sensitivity numerical experiments have been conducted to investigate the sensitivity of planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes in simulating the asymmetric precipitation distribution of typhoon Lekima (2019) during landfall. The simulated track and intensity are quite sensitive to the choice of the PBL scheme. In CTL that applies the Mellor–Yamada Nakanishi and Niino (MYNN) PBL and the surface layer scheme, the observed eyewall replacement 6 h prior to landfall and the asymmetric precipitation during landfall have been simulated well. However, in the PBL1 experiment that applies the Yonsei University (YSU) PBL scheme and the Revised Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5) Monin–Obukhov surface layer scheme, no double eyewall is simulated. PBL1 and the other sensitivity experiments also simulate more axisymmetric precipitation distribution. PBL1 simulates intensification just before landfall, sustains intensity longer after landfall, but then dissipates quite rapidly. Such differences from CTL are due to larger enthalpy flux, higher PBL height (which is almost unchanged in CTL), and eddy diffusivity extending more into the free atmosphere in PBL1. These factors lead to outward expansion of the radius of maximum wind, larger radial inflow, larger axisymmetric tangential wind in the boundary layer, and larger updrafts in the eyewall. After landfall, larger momentum flux and larger friction velocity in PBL1 enable the more rapid dissipation. The intensification before landfall in PBL1 makes the axisymmetric component stronger. Asymmetry developed in the outer eyewall, and PBL1 was less successful in simulating the eyewall replacement that affects the degree of rainfall asymmetry. These results indicate that the model PBL schemes largely influence the simulated tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and structure including asymmetric rainfall distribution during landfall.

The question of at what resolution the large eddy simulations (LESs) of a tropical cyclone (TC) high wind area may converge largely remains unanswered. To address this issue, LESs with five resolutions of 300 m, 100 m, 60 m, 33 m, and 20 m are performed in this study to simulate a high wind area near the radius of maximum wind of Typhoon Chanthu (2021) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The results show that, for a limited area LES, model grid resolution may alter the local turbulence structure to generate significantly different extreme values of temperature, moisture, and winds, but it only has a marginal impact on the median values of these variables throughout the vertical column. All simulations are able to capture the turbulent roll vortices in the TC boundary layer, but the structure and intensity of the rolls vary substantially in different resolution simulations. Local hectometer-scale eddies with vertical velocities exceeding 10 m s−1 are only observed in the 20 m resolution simulation but not in the coarser resolution simulations. The ratio of the resolved turbulent momentum fluxes and turbulent kinetic energies (TKEs) to the total momentum fluxes and TKEs appears to show some convergence of LESs when the grid resolution reaches 100 m or finer, suggesting that it is an acceptable grid resolution for LES applications in TC simulations.

In the summer heat season, the performance of greenhouse cooling system is the key factor of the greenhouse crop pollination and fruit formation. Scientific design of greenhouse cooling system and intelligent control of cooling equipment can ensure the normal growth of greenhouse crops and save energy. In this paper, the thermal equilibrium theory of greenhouse is analyzed, and the thermal environment model of glass greenhouse is established based on the theory of engineering thermophysics combined with greenhouse environmental regulation. This study uses CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation technology to simulate the change of greenhouse temperature field and perform experimental analysis, and designs an intelligent greenhouse temperature control cooling system scientifically. It provides reference for the design of IOT (Internet of Things) cooling system in glass greenhouse in theoretical analysis and engineering practice.

Anxiety is a future-oriented unpleasant and negative mental state induced by distant and potential threats. It could be subdivided into momentary state anxiety and stable trait anxiety, which play a complex and combined role in our mental and physical health. However, no studies have systematically investigated whether these two different dimensions of anxiety share a common or distinct topological mechanism of human brain network. In this study, we used macroscale human brain morphological similarity network and functional connectivity network as well as their spatial and temporal variations to explore the topological properties of state and trait anxiety. Our results showed that state and trait anxiety were both negatively correlated with the coefficient of variation of nodal efficiency in the left frontal eyes field of volume network; state and trait anxiety were both positively correlated with the median and mode of pagerank centrality distribution in the right insula for both static and dynamic functional networks. In summary, our study confirmed that state and trait anxiety shared common human brain network topological mechanisms in the insula and the frontal eyes field, which were involved in preliminary cognitive processing stage of anxiety. Our study also demonstrated that the common brain network topological mechanisms had high spatiotemporal robustness and would enhance our understanding of human brain temporal and spatial organization.

Wrist reconstruction after en bloc resection of bone tumors of the distal radius has been a great challenge. Although many techniques have been used for the reconstruction of long bone defects following en bloc resection of the distal radius, the optimal reconstruction method remains controversial. This is the first review to systematically describe various reconstruction techniques. We not only discuss the indications, functional outcomes, and complications of these reconstruction techniques but also review the technical refinement strategies for improving the stability of the wrist joint. En bloc resection should be performed for Campanacci grade III giant cell tumors (GCT) as well as malignant tumors of the distal radius. However, wrist reconstruction after en bloc resection of the distal radius represents a great challenge. Although several surgical techniques, either achieving a stable wrist by arthrodesis or reconstructing a flexible wrist by arthroplasty, have been reported, the optimal reconstruction procedure remains controversial. The purpose of this review was to investigate which reconstruction methods might be the best option by analyzing the indications, techniques, limitations, and problems of different reconstruction methods. With the advancement of imaging, surgical techniques and materials, some reconstruction techniques have been further refined. Each of the techniques discussed in this review has its advantages and disadvantages. Wrist arthrodesis seems to be preferred over wrist arthroplasty in terms of grip strength and long‐term complications, while wrist arthroplasty seems to be superior to wrist arthrodesis in terms of wrist motion. All things considered, wrist arthroplasty with a vascularized fibular head autograft might be a good option because of better wrist function, acceptable grip strength, and a relatively lower complication rate. Moreover, wrist arthrodesis is still an option if the fibular head autograft reconstruction fails. Orthopaedic oncologists should familiarize themselves with the characteristics of each technique to select the most appropriate reconstruction method depending on each patient's situation.

The atmospheric boundary layer is distinguished from the rest of the atmosphere due to its unique characteristics, i [...]

Helitrons, a novel type of mysterious DNA transposons discovered computationally prior to bench work confirmation, are components ubiquitous in most sequenced genomes of various eukaryotes, including plants, animals, and fungi. There is a paucity of empirical evidence to elucidate the mechanism of Helitrons transposition in plants. Here, by constructing several artificial defective Helitron (dHel) reporter systems, we aim to identify the autonomous Helitrons (aHel) in maize genetically and to demonstrate the transposition and repair mechanisms of Helitrons upon the dHel-GFP excision in maize. When crossing with various inbred lines, several transgenic lines produced progeny of segregated, purple-blotched kernels, resulting from a leaky expression of the C1 gene driven by the dHel-interrupted promoter. Transcription analysis indicated that the insertion of different dHels into the C1 promoter or exon would lead to multiple distinct mRNA transcripts corresponding to transgenes in the host genome. Simple excision products and circular intermediates of dHel-GFP transposition have been detected from the leaf tissue of the seedlings in F1 hybrids of transgenic lines with corresponding c1 tester, although they failed to be detected in all primary transgenic lines. These results revealed the transposition and repair mechanism of Helitrons in maize. It is strongly suggested that this reporter system can detect the genetic activity of autonomic Helitron at the molecular level. Sequence features of dHel itself, together with the flanking regions, impact the excision activity of dHel and the regulation of the dHel on the transcription level of the host gene.

A high self-control capacity is related to better environmental adaptability and happy and healthy life. Neuroimaging studies have elucidated that the anterior cingulate, the prefrontal cortex, and the orbitofrontal cortex are involved in self-control. However, few studies integrated all three measurements, namely, age, human brain, and self-control, into a single quantitative model and examined whether self-control ability increased or decreased with age. In this study, we collected 65 participants’ data including structural MRI and Tangney’s Self-Control Scale to explore age dependence of cortical volume (CV) and self-control from young adult to middle-aged, as well as whether a non-linear association in the tridimensional model of age-brain-self-control was necessary to explain all the data in this study. We showed that self-control increased with age, but CV decreased with age. In a linear model, our mediation analyses revealed that CV in the right cingulate cortex mediated the increase of self-control; we also constructed a general non-linear model of age-brain-behavior and proved that the inverted development of human brain morphology and self-control abilities happened when morphology decays with age at a relatively smaller rate. Our study indicated that healthy aging in terms of increasing self-control is achievable, and our quantitative linear model of self-control laid theoretical foundations for studies on non-linear associations in age-brain-behavior.

Wellbeing refers to cognitive and emotional appraisal of an individual’s life and social functioning, which is of great significance to the quality of life of an individual and society. Previous studies have revealed the neural basis of wellbeing, which mostly focused on human brain morphology or network-level connectivity. However, local-to-remote cortical connectivity, which plays a crucial role in defining the human brain architecture, has not been investigated in wellbeing. To examine whether wellbeing was associated with local-to-remote cortical connectivity, we acquired resting-state images from 60 healthy participants and employed the Mental Health Continuum Short Form to measure wellbeing, including three dimensions, namely, emotional wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, and social wellbeing. Functional homogeneity (ReHo) and seed-based functional connectivity were used to evaluate local-to-remote cortical connectivity in these participants. For local connectivity, our results showed that ReHo in the right orbitofrontal sulcus was significantly positively correlated with psychological wellbeing but negatively correlated with social wellbeing. For remote connectivity, connectivity within the right orbitofrontal cortex and interhemispheric connectivity of the orbitofrontal sulcus were both positively associated with psychological wellbeing; functional connectivity between the right orbitofrontal sulcus and the left postcentral sulcus was positively associated with social wellbeing. Our results showed that wellbeing was indeed associated with local-to-remote cortical connectivity, and our findings supplied a new perspective of distance-related neural mechanisms of wellbeing.

Abstract The current study used seven optimization algorithms such as stochastic gradient descent (SGD), root mean square propagation (RMSprop), adaptive grad (AdaGrad), adaptive delta (AdaDelta), adaptive moment estimation (Adam), adaptive maximum (Adamax), and Nesterov‐accelerated adaptive moment estimation (Nadam) and eight learning rates (1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, le‐05, le‐06, and le‐07) to investigate the effects of these learning rates and optimizers on the forecasting performance of the convolutional neural network (CNN) model to forecast hourly typhoon rainfall. The model was developed using antecedent hourly typhoon rainfall within a 500 km radius from each typhoon center. Results showed that too‐large and too‐small learning rates would result in the inability of the model to learn anything to forecast hourly typhoon rainfall. The CNN model showed the best performance for learning rates of 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 to forecast hourly typhoon rainfall. For long‐lead‐time forecasting (1–6 hr), the CNN model with SGD, RMSprop, AdaGrad, AdaDelta, Adam, Adamax, Nadam optimizers and learning rates of 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 showed more accurate forecasts than the existing models. Therefore, this study recommends that future work may consider the CNN model as an alternative to the existing model for disaster warning systems.

Abstract Capturing TC intensity change remains a great challenge for most state‐of‐the‐art operational forecasting systems. Recent studies found TC intensity forecasts are sensitive to three‐dimensional ocean dynamics and air‐sea interface processes beneath extreme winds. By performing a series of numerical simulations based on hierarchical atmosphere‐wave‐ocean (AWO) coupling configurations, we showed how atmosphere‐ocean and atmosphere‐sea wave coupling can affect the intensity of super typhoon Mangkhut (2018). The AWO coupled model can simulate TC‐related strong winds, oceanic cold wake, and wind waves with high fidelity. With atmosphere‐ocean (AO) coupling implemented, the simulated maximum surface wind speed is reduced by 7 m s−1 compared to the atmosphere‐only run, due to TC‐induced oceanic cold wakes in the former experiment. In the fully coupled AWO simulations, the wind speed deficit can be completely compensated by the wave‐air coupling effect. Further analyses showed that, in the AWO experiment, two mechanisms contribute to the improvement of TC intensity. First, in the high wind scenario (>28 m s−1), the surface drag coefficient reaches an asymptotic level, assisting extreme wind speed to be maintained within the eyewall. Second, the wind speed distribution is modulated and becomes broader; higher wind within the TC area helps to offset the negative effect due to leveling off of the heat exchange coefficient as wind speed increases. Overall, the simulated TC in the AWO run can extract 8–9% more total heat energy from the ocean to maintain its strength, compared to that from the AO experiment.

The surface energy budget over the Antarctic sea ice from 8 April 2016 through 26 November 2016 are presented. From April to October, Sensible heat flux (SH) and subsurface conductive heat flux (G) were the heat source of surface while latent heat flux (LE) and net radiation flux (Rn) were the heat sink of surface. Our results showed larger downward SH (due to the warmer air in our site) and upward LE (due to the drier air and higher wind speed in our site) compared with SHEBA data. However, the values of SH in N-ICE2015 campaign, which located at a zone with stronger winds and more advection of heat in the Arctic, were comparable to our results under clear skies. The values of aerodynamic roughness length (z0m) and scalar roughness length for temperature (z0h), being 1.9 × 10−3 m and 3.7 × 10−5 m, were suggested in this study. It is found that snow melting might increase z0m. Our results also indicate that the value of log(z0h/z0m) was related to the stability of stratification. In addition, several representative parameterization schemes for z0h have been tested and a couple of schemes were found to make a better performance.

Abstract Background Closure of large skin-soft tissue defects following soft tissue sarcoma (STS) resection has been a great challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel, simple, and cheap skin-stretching device (bidirectional regulation-hook skin closure system, BHS) for closing large skin-soft tissue defects resulting from the removal of STS and the complications associated with the use of the BHS. Methods From January 2017 to September 2018, 25 patients with STS underwent BHS therapy after tumor resection. BHS was used for two main clinical applications: securing wound closure after high-tension suture closure and delayed wound closure. We described a detailed reconstruction procedure regarding this therapy. Wound closure and complications associated with BHS therapy were recorded. We also analyzed tumor recurrence and metastases. Results All patients were observed for 16–36 months with an average follow-up of 25.6 months. During the follow-up period, no significant functional restriction was observed and the final scar was aesthetically acceptable. Superficial wound infection occurred in six patients, wound edge ischemia in two patients, and small skin tears in two patients. Two patients developed pulmonary metastasis, two patients had a local recurrence, and one patient died of pulmonary metastasis. Conclusions BHS therapy can effectively close large skin-soft tissue defects following STS resection and obtain acceptable functional results, without severe complications. However, larger studies are required to further evaluate the effectiveness, indications, and complications of BHS therapy.

In rice, OsABA8ox encodes abscisic acid (ABA) 8′-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the committed step of ABA catabolism. The contribution of ABA catabolism in root development remains unclear. We investigated the role of OsABA8ox2 in root growth and development and drought response. GUS staining results showed that OsABA8ox2 was expressed mainly in roots at seedling stage and was strongly expressed in the meristematic zone of the radicle. OsABA8ox2 expression in roots was markedly decreased after 0.5 h polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment and increased after 0.5 h rehydration, implying that OsABA8ox2 is a drought-responsive gene. OsABA8ox2 knockout mediated by the CRISPR-Cas9 system increased drought-induced ABA and indole-3-acetic acid accumulation in roots, conferred increased ABA sensitivity, and promoted a more vertically oriented root system architecture (RSA) beneficial to drought tolerance. OsABA8ox2 overexpression suppressed root elongation and increased stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Consequently, OsABA8ox2 knockout dramatically improved rice drought tolerance, whereas OsABA8ox2 overexpression seedlings were hypersensitive to drought stress, suggesting that OsABA8ox2 contributes to drought response in rice. Compared with wild type, functional leaves of OsABA8ox2 knockout seedlings showed higher ABA levels, whereas overexpression lines showed lower ABA levels, suggesting that OsABA8ox2, as an ABA catabolic gene, modulates ABA concentration through ABA catabolism. OsABA8ox2 and OsABA8ox3 were both localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Together, these results indicate that OsABA8ox2 suppresses root elongation of rice seedlings, increases water transpiration, and contributes to drought response through ABA catabolism, and that OsABA8ox2 knockout dramatically improves rice drought tolerance. They highlight the key role of ABA catabolism mediated by OsABA8ox2 on root growth and development. OsABA8ox2, as a novel RSA gene, would be a potential genetic target for the improvement of rice drought tolerance.

The South African quality protein maize (QPM) cultivars have the desired high lysine content and kernel hardness due to o2 mutation and the introgression of modifiers of o2 (Mo2) QTLs, respectively. Here, the authors assemble the genome of a QPM line and identify candidate genes underlying Mo2 QTLs.