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Existing theoretical approaches were considered that allow modelling of mitochondrial swelling (MS) dynamics. Simple phenomenological kinetic models were reviewed. Simple and extended biophysical and bioenergetic models that ignore mechanical properties of inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), and similar models that include these mechanical properties were also reviewed. Limitations of these models we considered, as regards correct modelling of MS dynamics. It was found that simple phenomenological kinetic models have significant limitations, due to dependence of the kinetic parameter values estimated by fitting of the experimental data on the experimental conditions. Additionally, such simple models provide no understanding of the detailed mechanisms behind the MS dynamics, nor of the dynamics of various system parameters during MS. Thus, biophysical and bioenergetic models ignoring IMM mechanical properties can't be used to model the transition between reversible and irreversible MS. However, simple and extended biophysical models that include IMM mechanical properties allow modelling the transition to irreversible swelling. These latter models are still limited due to significantly simplified description of biochemistry, compared to those of bioenergetic models. Finally, a strategy of model development is proposed, towards correct interpretation of the mitochondrial life cycle, including the effects of MS dynamics. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

PurposeThe paper aims to substantiate optimization directions of resettable fuses parameters to protect solar arrays from overcurrent.Design/methodology/approachThe method of modeling the electrophysical characteristics of resettable fuses is used.FindingsResettable fuses currently produced are of little use for protecting photovoltaic cells (PVC) in solar arrays from overcurrent. The volume fraction of the conductive filler should be about 0.15, near the percolation threshold. Thus, reducing the resistance by increasing the amount of filler is not possible. The matrix of the composite should consist of a material with a significant proportion of the crystalline phase to ensure a sharp increase in the composite's volume near the melting point. Using a polymer with a lower melting point instead of polyethylene can reduce the power required to switch a resettable fuses.Originality/valueThe possibility of using resettable fuses based on polymer composite materials with a positive temperature coefficient of resistance to protect photovoltaic solar cells from current overloads is considered. Modeling of the electrophysical characteristics of modern industrial fuses of this type based on polyethylene-nanocarbon composites has been carried out. The limits of their applicability for the protection of photovoltaic solar cells are analyzed. On the basis of the obtained results, the optimization directions of the resettable fuses parameters for use in the protection circuits of PVC of solar array are determined.

A number of valuable medicinal plants will grow in the Trans-Baikal Territory, but there is not enough information on the content of chemical elements in them, including vital and toxic ones. The aim of the work was to study the content of chemical elements in medicinal plants in one of the districts of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The concentration of 43 chemical elements in the roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata, Paeonia lactiflora and Phlojodicarpus sibiricus growing in the Nerchinsk steppe (Eastern Transbaikalia) was studied. Soil samples were taken at the plant growth sites to analyze the granulometric composition, pH, content of mobile forms N, P, K, and a number of trace elements. The ecological conditions of the habitat were noted: the height above sea level, the exposure and steepness of the slope, the type and floral composition of the plant community. The roots of the plants, after being released from the ground, were placed in cloth bags and dried. At each site, a mixed sample of 5–15 roots was taken, depending on the weight of the root. Chemical analysis of the soil and plants was carried out in certified laboratories in Moscow. Kostroma and Khabarovsk. In the roots of plants, the concentration of Ti, Cr, Sc, La, Ce, Li, Nb and a number of other elements was found to be high relative to the Clark of terrestrial plants, and the content of Mn, Tl, Se, Cd and other elements was relatively low. The concentration of toxic elements Pb, Cd and Hg did not exceed the MPC in the medicinal raw materials, and the accumulation of As exceeded the MPC in the medicinal raw materials by 4–6 times. The studies conducted in this area were conducted for the first time, they allow us to judge the quality of medicinal raw materials, and in the future, to compare the results with other areas of plant growth., В Забайкальском крае произрастает ряд ценных лекарственных растений, однако недостаточно информации по содержанию в них химических элементов, в том числе жизненно необходимых и токсичных. Целью работы было исследовать содержание химических элементов в лекарственных растениях в одном из районов Забайкальского края. Исследована концентрация 43 химических элементов в корнях сапожниковии растопыренной (Saposhnikoviadivaricata), пиона молочноцветкового (Paeonialactiflora) и вздутоплодника сибирского (Phlojodicarpussibiricus), произрастающих в Нерчинской степи (Восточное Забайкалье). На участках произрастания растений отбирались образцы почвы для анализа гранулометрического состава, pH, содержания подвижных форм N, P, K и ряда микроэлементов. Отмечали экологические условия местообитания: высоту над уровнем моря, экспозицию и крутизну склона, тип и флористический состав растительного сообщества. Корни растений после освобождения от земли помещались в тканевые мешки и подсушивались. На каждом участке отбирался смешанный образец из 5–15 корней, в зависимости от массы корня. Химический анализ почвы и растений был выполнен в сертифицированных лабораториях Костромы и Хабаровска. В корнях растений выявлена высокая относительно кларка наземных растений концентрация Ti, Cr, Sc, La, Ce, Li, Nb и ряда других элементов и относительно низкое содержание Mn, Tl, Se, Cd и других элементов. Концентрация токсичных элементов Pb, Cd и Hg не превышала ПДК в растительном сырье, а накопление As превышало ПДК в растительном сырье в 2–3 раза. Проведенные исследования в указанном районе проведены впервые, они позволяют судить о качестве растительного сырья и в дальнейшем сравнить полученные результаты с другими районами произрастания растений.

This paper is devoted to hot isostatic pressing (HIP). HIP capsule simulation software has been analysed. Abaqus has been proved the most appropriate simulation tool, which enables finite element analysis and allows users to define their own material properties via a special control program. Specific features of HIP simulation models have been evaluated. Powder densification model has been analysed and implemented. A control program has been developed to factor in elastic and plastic material behaviour. Preliminary simulations have been run for a one-element model and a capsule model.

In the current study, we tested a possible mechanism of low-and high-contrast image component discrimination by the vertebrate eye-brain system. Apparently the eye-brain system has to discriminate between the low-contrast image component formed by light scattered within the retina, due to interaction of photons with cells and their parts, and the high-contrast image component transmitted by excitons via the quantum mechanism. Presently, effects of pulsed electric fields applied to Muller cell (MC) intermediate filaments (IFs) on the efficiency of exciton propagation were explored. The effects of both pulse duration and amplitude were recorded. These experimental results show that the eye-brain system may be using signal modulation to discriminate between high-and low-contrast image components, improving our understanding of high-contrast vision in vertebrates. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Dental diseases occur in children with cerebral palsy three times higher than in healthy children. Low values of the unstimulated salivation rate (AimTo improve the effectiveness of phototheranostics methods using, namely PDT with simultaneous optical-spectral control, for the treatment of gingivitis in children with complex dental and somatic status (cerebral palsy).MethodsThe study involved 15 children (6-18 y.o.) with various forms of cerebral palsy, in particular, spastic diplegia and atonic-astatic form and with gingivitis. The degree of hemoglobin oxygenation was measured in tissues before PDT and on the 12th day. PDT was performed using laser radiation (λ = 660 nm) with a power density of 150 mW/cm2 with a five-minute application of 0.01% MB. The total light dose was 45 ± 15 J/cm2. For statistical evaluation of the results, a paired Student's t-test was used.ResultsThe paper presents the results of phototheranostics using methylene blue in children with cerebral palsy. An increase in the level of hemoglobin oxygenation from 50 to 67% (p < 0.001) and a decrease in blood volume in the microcirculatory bed of periodontal tissues were shown.ConclusionPhotodynamic therapy methods with application of methylene blue make it possible to assess the state of the gingival mucosa tissue diseases objectively in real time, and to provide effective targeted therapy for gingivitis in children with cerebral palsy. There is a prospect that they can become widely used clinical methods.

This article is a continuation of research on creation of forest protective strips on the territory of sanitary protection zone with intensive influence of ash and slag dump of the Chita CHPP-1 (TGC-14). Earlier (2017-2019), plantings were made focused on reducing atmospheric pollution, improving soil properties, regulating surface runoff that prevents erosion, fixing ground cover, reducing wind speed and retaining small solid particles. The aim of the research was to analyze survival rate and health of woody and shrubby plant species in protective forest strips; to obtain linear indicators of plant growth and development in experimental plots. In the course of the research, it was found that the overall survival of plants in the experimental plots differed by year. Survival rate of woody and shrubby plant species also differed. Larix gmelinii, Betula pendula, Hippophae rhamnoides, Crataegus sanguinea, Caragana spinosa and Elaeagnus commutata had the highest survival rate in the experiment. The survival of shrubs was generally better than that of trees. Among shrub species, Caragana spinosa (92 and 81 %) and Elaeagnus commutata (95 and 86 %) were characterized by good survival in plantings in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Rosa acicularis (20 %), Spiraea media and Sorbaria sorbifolia (28 %) showed low survival in 2019. The plant survival varies significantly depending on the planting season, types of seedlings and planting technology. The use of planting material (wildfowl) with a large earthen lump increases plant survival in forest protection strips. Unfavorable factors that have a negative impact on the transplanted plants are man-made landscapes, harmful atmospheric impurities from the ash and slag dump. Moreover, competitive relations with herbaceous plants, intensive grazing of animals, insect and disease damage have an additional impact. For healthy growth of plants, it is necessary to perform care for plantings, and organizational measures (fencing of experimental plots with signal tapes). It is important to continue observations and repeat plantings to clarify the adaptive ability of plant species grown in protective plantings, improve planting technology.

Multicellular 3D tumor models are becoming a powerful tool for testing of novel drug products and personalized anticancer therapy. Tumor spheroids, a commonly used 3D multicellular tumor model, more closely reproduce the tumor microenvironment than conventional 2D cell cultures. It should be noted that spheroids can be produced using different techniques, which can be subdivided into scaffold-free (SF) and scaffold-based (SB) methods. However, it remains unclear, to what extent spheroid properties depend on the method of their generation. In this study, we aimed to carry out a head-to-head comparison of drug sensitivity and molecular expression profile in SF and SB spheroids along with a monolayer (2D) cell culture. Here, we produced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) spheroids based on human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Drug sensitivity analysis of the tested cell cultures to five different chemotherapeutics resulted in IC50 (A549-SB) > IC50 (A549-SF) > IC50 (A549-2D) trend. It was found that SF and SB A549 spheroids displayed elevated expression levels of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and proteins associated with drug resistance compared with the monolayer A549 cell culture. Enhanced drug resistance of A549-SB spheroids can be a result of larger diameters and elevated deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) that impairs drug penetration into spheroids. Thus, the choice of the spheroid production method can influence the properties of the generated 3D cell culture and their drug resistance. This fact should be considered for correct interpretation of drug testing results.

We describe 11 best practices for the successful use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology research, on the data, technology, and organizational management levels.

The article presents the results of landscape-ecological studies of the site of the natural monument “Chalk slopes with calcephil plants near town Volsk” in the Saratov region. For the first time, the facies rows of the chalk buttes of the Volsky Pre-Volga region are identified, their characteristics are presented, and the conservational risks to calciphytic diversity are indicated.

For the first time, using optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray phase analysis in combination with measurements of tensile mechanical properties, we obtained data on the structural features of the polycrystalline shape-memory eutectoid Cu-Al-Ni-(B) alloys doped by aluminum (of 10 and 14 wt% Al in total amount), nickel (of 3, 4, and 4.5 wt% Ni), and boron (0.02–0.3 wt% B) in various compositions. The effect of boron on the grain sizes, structure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of shape memory (SM) alloys has been studied. The localization of aluminum borides in the structure was investigated and an effect of grain growth inhibition in the (α + β) and β Cu-Al-Ni-B alloys was established, both in the cast state of the alloys considered and after their heat treatment.

Progress in the creation of large scale, artificial quantum coherent structures demands the investigation of their nonequilibrium dynamics when strong interactions, even between remote parts, are non-perturbative. Analysis of multiparticle quantum correlations in a large system in the presence of decoherence and external driving is especially topical. Still, scaling behaviour of dynamics and related emergent phenomena are not yet well understood. We investigate how the dynamics of a driven system of several quantum elements (e.g., qubits or Rydberg atoms) changes with increasing number of elements. Surprisingly, a two-element system exhibits chaotic behaviours. For larger system sizes a highly stochastic, far from equilibrium, {\em hyperchaotic} regime emerges. Its complexity systematically scales with the size of the system, proportionally to the number of elements. Finally, we demonstrate that these chaotic dynamics can be efficiently controlled by a periodic driving field. The insights provided by our results indicate the possibility of a reduced description for the behaviour of a large quantum system in terms of the transitions between its qualitatively different dynamical regimes, which are controlled by a relatively small number of parameters, and may prove useful in the design, characterization and control of large artificial quantum structures., 17 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables

Статья посвящена выявлению и научному обоснованию социально-экономических факторов, влияющих на уровень преступности в сфере незаконного оборота наркотических средств, посредством теоретического метода. Проанализированы статистические данные уровня преступности и социально-экономические показатели регионов с целью проверки гипотезы. Выявлено, что уровень преступности в сфере незаконного оборота наркотиков не имеет зависимости от уровня средней заработной платы на территории данных регионов, размера прожиточного минимума, уровня безработицы на данных территориях, а также численности студентов, обучающихся по программам бакалавриата, специалитета, магистратуры на десять тысяч человек населения.

Nidoviruses comprise the most complex grouping among other viruses with respect to their multiplicity, phylogeny, systematics, species identification, genetic relationships within a taxon, progressive variability. Like other single-stranded RNA viruses, nidoviruses have a relatively high ability to mutate and recombine, which allows them to quickly adapt to new hosts and new ecological niches. Although most of the known representatives of nidoviruses are associated with terrestrial hosts, more and more data has recently appeared on nidoviruses recovered from aquatic organisms. This review is the analysis of current data on the representatives of the order Nidovirales associated with aquatic animals. They are all included in the eight families based on the current classification of viruses. The most studied among them are members of the families Coronaviridae, Tobaniviridae and Roniviridae. Representatives of the other families of aquatic animal nidoviruses were identified using metagenomic deep sequencing (metagenomics), but their effect on the host organism has not yet been adequately studied. Data on the distribution of nidoviruses among aquatic animals in different global aquatic systems are presented, clinical signs of the disease are described, a brief description of nidoviruses and their genomes is given. Nidoviruses of aquatic animals as the earliest members of the animal kingdom are supposed to have played a possible role in the evolution of terrestrial animal nidoviruses. Therefore, aquatic animal nidoviruses could play a significant role in the formation of new natural reservoirs unknown to science, as well as in their interspecies transfer between marine, freshwater and terrestrial hosts.

Mitochondria have been widely accepted as the main source of ATP in the cell. The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is important for the maintenance of ATP production and other functions of mitochondria. The electron transport chain (ETC) generates an electrochemical gradient of protons known as the proton-motive force across the IMM and thus produces the mitochondrial membrane potential that is critical to ATP synthesis. One of the main factors regulating the structural and functional integrity of the IMM is the changes in the matrix volume. Mild (reversible) swelling regulates mitochondrial metabolism and function; however, excessive (irreversible) swelling causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. The central mechanism of mitochondrial swelling includes the opening of non-selective channels known as permeability transition pores (PTPs) in the IMM by high mitochondrial Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mechanisms of reversible and irreversible mitochondrial swelling and transition between these two states are still unknown. The present study elucidates an upgraded biophysical model of reversible and irreversible mitochondrial swelling dynamics. The model provides a description of the PTP regulation dynamics using an additional differential equation. The rigidity tensor was used in numerical simulations of the mitochondrial parameter dynamics with different initial conditions defined by Ca2+ concentration in the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum. We were able to estimate the values of the IMM rigidity tensor components by fitting the model to the previously reported experimental data. Overall, the model provides a better description of the reversible and irreversible mitochondrial swelling dynamics. Funding Agency USA NIGMS NIH SC1GM128210 Institute for Functional Nanomaterials (USA NSF) 1002410 PR NASA EPSCoR (USA NASA Cooperative Agreement) NNX15AK43A info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Temperature dependences of IR exciton properties in Muller cell (MC) intermediate filaments (IFs) isolated from porcine retina were studied. It was found that the widths of the spectral emission bands in the 2500 cm-1 and 5000 cm-1 energy ranges grow with temperature. It was found that temperature effects on the bandwidth may be described by thermal activation of the low-frequency vibrational modes of the IFs. The average activation energies for the two IR bands were estimated. Considering the dynamics of IR emission, its buildup time was independent on the sample temperature, while its decay time decreased with temperature. Thus, the emission decay rate increased exponentially with the sample temperature. The mechanisms explaining the observed temperature effects were proposed and discussed. Taking into account that MC IFs are capable of transmitting ATP hydrolysis energy within and between cells, with these properties being apparently common for all IFs, these IFs may be used by cells for physical energy transport and communications. As presently reported, temperature effects upon IR exciton spectra should not affect these proposed physiological functions to any significant extent. Therefore, the currently reported data are important for improving our understanding of the physical communication mechanisms operating within and between cells. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The author previously proved that the automaton permutation group AS2 generated by elements of infinite order. The question remains open on the generation of AS2 by elements of the second order. The article provides an example subgroup of AS2 generated by involutions containing a homomorphic prototype of the entire AS2.

Key Points: • First ever measurements with a high‐accuracy single‐particle soot photometer of black carbon (BC) concentrations in Arctic snowpack • Topography and BC emission flux strongly influenced latitudinal variations of mass concentrations and size distributions of BC • Measured BC mass concentrations 2–25 times lower than previously reported show the importance of revalidating climate models Black carbon (BC) deposited on snow lowers its albedo, potentially contributing to warming in the Arctic. Atmospheric distributions of BC and inorganic aerosols, which contribute directly and indirectly to radiative forcing, are also greatly influenced by depositions. To quantify these effects, accurate measurement of the spatial distributions of BC and ionic species representative of inorganic aerosols (ionic species hereafter) in snowpack in various regions of the Arctic is needed, but few such measurements are available. We measured mass concentrations of size-resolved BC (CMBC) and ionic species in snowpack by using a single-particle soot photometer and ion chromatography, respectively, over Finland, Alaska, Siberia, Greenland, and Spitsbergen during early spring in 2012–2016. Total BC mass deposited per unit area (DEPMBC) during snow accumulation periods was derived from CMBC and snow water equivalent (SWE). Our analyses showed that the spatial distributions of anthropogenic BC emission flux, total precipitable water, and topography strongly influenced latitudinal variations of CMBC, BC size distributions, SWE, and DEPMBC. The average size distributions of BC in Arctic snowpack shifted to smaller sizes with decreasing CMBC due to an increase in the removal efficiency of larger BC particles during transport from major sources. Our measurements of CMBC were lower by a factor of ~13 than previous measurements made with an Integrating Sphere/Integrating Sandwich spectrophotometer due mainly to interference from coexisting non-BC particles such as mineral dust. The SP2 data presented here will be useful for constraining climate models that estimate the effects of BC on the Arctic climate. Plain Language Summary Black carbon (BC) particles, commonly known as soot, are emitted from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. They efficiently absorb solar radiation and thus heat the atmosphere. BC particles emitted at midlatitudes and in the Arctic are deposited onto snow in the Arctic, accelerating snowmelt in early spring by absorbing solar radiation. These processes contribute to warming in the Arctic. Calculations of this warming effect by using numerical models need to be validated by comparison with observed BC concentrations in snowpack. However, there are very few accurate records of concentrations of BC in snow because of technical difficulties in making these measurements. We developed a new laser-induced incandescence technique to measure BC concentrations in snowpack and applied it for the first time in six Arctic regions (Finland, Alaska, North and South Siberia, Greenland, and Spitsbergen). The BC concentrations we measured were highest in Finland and South Siberia, which are closer to large anthropogenic BC sources than the other regions, where our measured BC concentrations were much lower. On average, our BC concentrations were much lower than those previously measured by different techniques. Therefore, previous comparisons of modeled and observed BC concentrations need to be re-evaluated using the present data.

Neuronal brain network is a distributed computing system, whose architecture is dynamically adjusted to provide optimal performance of sensory processing. A small amount of visual information needed effortlessly be processed, activates neural activity in occipital and parietal areas. Conversely, a visual task which requires sustained attention to process a large amount of sensory information, involves a set of long-distance connections between parietal and frontal areas coordinating the activity of these distant brain regions. We demonstrate that while neural interactions result in coherence, the strongest connection is achieved through coherence resonance induced by adjusting intrinsic brain noise.

We present a brief overview of the structural and phase transformations and mechanical properties of bulk binary TiNi shape memory alloys, which demonstrate attractive commercial potential. The main goal of this work was to create a favorable microstructure of bulk alloys using both traditional and new alternative methods of thermal and thermomechanical processing. It was found that the implementation of an ultrafine-grained structure by different methods determined an unusual combination of strength, ductility, reversible deformation, reactive resistance of these alloys to subsequent tensile or torsion tests at room temperature, and, as a consequence, the highly reversible effects of the shape memory and superelasticity. It is shown that the alloys Ti49.8Ni50.2 and Ti49.4Ni50.6 are incapable of aging, and, after being subjected to ECAP, were characterized by their high strength (σu up to 1200 MPa) and ductility (δ up to 60–70%). A combined treatment of multi-pass rolling and HT of the Ti49.5Ni50.5 and Ti49Ni51 alloys prone to aging have provided even greater strength (σu up to 1400–1500 MPa) with slightly lower ductility (25–30%). The microstructure, phase composition, and martensitic transformations in Ti-Ni alloys with varying Ni concentrations ranging from 50 to 51 wt.% were investigated by TEM, SEM, and X-ray methods. The mechanical behavior of the alloys was studied during tensile and torsion tests.

An extended biophysical model was obtained by upgrading the previously reported one (Khmelinskii and Makarov, 2021). The upgraded model accommodates variations of solute transport rates through the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) within the mitochondrial population, described by a Gaussian distribution. However, the model may be used for any functional form of the distribution. The dynamics of system parameters as predicted by the current model differed from that predicted by the previous model in the same initial conditions (Khmelinskii and Makarov, 2021). The amount of change varied from one parameter to the other, remaining in the 1–38% range. The upgraded model fitted the available experimental data with a better accuracy (R = 0.993) compared to the previous model (R = 0.978) using the same experimental data (Khmelinskii and Makarov, 2021). The fitting procedure also estimated the Gaussian distribution parameters. The new model requires much larger computational resources, but given its higher accuracy, it may be used for better analysis of experimental data and for better prediction of MS dynamics in different initial conditions. Note that activities of individual mitochondria in mitochondrial populations should vary within biological tissues. Thus, the currently upgraded model is a better tool for biological and bio-medical applications. We believe that this model is much better adapted to the analysis of MS dynamics in vivo.

ATP production by mitochondria isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was accelerated upon both direct and indirect mitochondrial photo-activation (MPA). The extent of direct MPA was dependent on the wavelength of excitation light. Direct MPA was created by light in cytochrome c spectral absorption bands (440, 520 and 550 nm), this light was absorbed producing electronically excited cytochrome c, and the excitation energy of the latter was used in the ATP production chain. The activity of cytochrome c was tested with 600 nm light, where cytochrome c does not absorb, and thus ATP production rate remained the same as in darkness. Note that ATP production rates were significantly larger under light at 550, 520 and 440 nm. Therefore, photo-activation of cytochrome c was the first step of MPA synthesis of ATP. Indirect MPA of ATP production also proceeded via electronically excited cytochrome c, by energy transfer from electronically excited Co/BN film to cytochrome c located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Co/BN excitons were generated by photons absorbed by the Co/BN film, which was not in contact with the mitochondrial sample. Next, these excitons propagated along the Co/BN film to the part of the film that was in contact with the mitochondrial sample. There the exciton energy was transferred to cytochrome c located in the IMM, producing electronically excited cytochrome c. Thus, excited cytochrome c was generated in a way different from that of direct MPA. Next, the energy of excited cytochrome c was used in activated ATP synthesis, with virtually the same effect for 519 and 427 nm excitation. Thus, the first step of ATP synthesis in indirect MPA was the exciton energy transfer from Co/BN film to cytochrome c located in the IMM, producing an electronically excited cytochrome c molecule. A phenomenological mechanism of direct and indirect MPA was proposed, and the model parameters were obtained by fitting the model to the experimental data. However, more information is needed before the detailed mechanism of ATP synthesis activation by electronically excited cytochrome c could be understood. The present results support the earlier proposed hypothesis of indirect MPA of ATP production in vertebrate retina in daylight. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Presently we report that enzymatic oxidation of ethanol (EtOH) by ADH1A alcohol dehydrogenase is strongly accelerated in presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by up to the factor of 20 in vitro. This result provides a different look on the role of ATP in functioning of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH), which until presently were a textbook example of enzymes not requiring ATP and successfully operating without it. However, ATP is available in every living cell and will activate reactions conducted by ADH enzymes in vivo. Therefore, the body of published literature describing properties of numerous ADH enzymes requires a thorough revision. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The use of extreme events theory for the analysis of spontaneous epileptic brain activity is a relevant multidisciplinary problem. It allows deeper understanding of pathological brain functioning and unraveling mechanisms underlying the epileptic seizure emergence along with its predictability. The latter is a desired goal in epileptology which might open the way for new therapies to control and prevent epileptic attacks. With this goal in mind, we applied the extreme event theory for studying statistical properties of electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings of WAG/Rij rats with genetic predisposition to absence epilepsy. Our approach allowed us to reveal extreme events inherent in this pathological spiking activity, highly pronounced in a particular frequency range. The return interval analysis showed that the epileptic seizures exhibit a highly-structural behavior during the active phase of the spiking activity. Obtained results evidenced a possibility for early (up to 7 s) prediction of epileptic seizures based on consideration of EEG statistical properties.

We discuss analytically found expressions, which relate the values of two parameters characterizing the topological type of linear and circular polarization singularities in nonparaxial light fields to the values of the complex amplitude components of the electric field and their first spatial derivatives. The necessary conditions are described for the formation of light pulse at the doubled frequency in the bulk of an isotropic gyrotropic medium with a frequency dispersion of quadratic nonlinearity and they impose constraints on the spatial transverse structure of the non-uniformly polarized incident radiation pulse and its time structure. The electric field of a light beam reflected from the surface of an isotropic gyrotropic medium with spatial dispersion of quadratic nonlinearity is investigated in the case of an arbitrary structure and geometry of incidence of non-uniformly polarized fundamental light beams. The ranges of the parameters of an elliptically polarized Gaussian beam and a medium with local and nonlocal cubic nonlinearity are determined, at which the lines of circular polarization singularity appear in cross sections of self-focused beam.

Dynamic light scattering and electron absorption spectroscopy are used to study aggregation and disaggregation of mono-, di-, and tricationic chlorins (compounds I-III) as potential photosensitizers (PSs) for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) in water and aqueous solutions of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The average particle size and the nature of particle distribution are determined. Nanoaggregate compounds I-III are formed at the CPS values in the interval of 0.7-1.2 mmol/kg, the particle size increases during the storage of the solution. The size distribution of dispersed phase particles is monomodal only for the PSs with high water solubility. According to the absorption spectra, large (200–300 nm) PS aggregates are destroyed as a result of minor PVP additives, whereas small aggregates are not completely destroyed even in the presence of a 100-fold molar excess of the polymer surfactant.