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Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Present study aimed for detection, purification, quantification of Sind Krait (Bungarus sindanus) antivenom from chicken eggs and to determine extracted antivenom efficacy in mice. Hens' three groups were immunized by sub-lethal doses of Sind Krait venom with adjuvant paraffin oil+lecithin. Booster doses were injected subcutaneously on pectorals muscles at multiple sites after every two weeks upto eight weeks. Antibodies-IgY produced against Sind Krait venom was purified form eggs' yolk by precipitation method with PEG-6000. Purified antivenom-IgY protein contents were quantified by Nanodrop-photometer, purity accessed by SDS-PAGE, specificity checked by Ochterloneys method and titer estimated by indirect ELISA. Antivenom efficacy was assessed in albino mice. Purified antivnom-IgY exhibited single protein band 180-190 kDa on SDS-PAGE under non-reduced condition and two-bands 63 - 65 kDa and 22 - 25 kDa correspondingly under-reduced condition. Immunodiffusion exhibited sharp precipitation lines of immune-complex (venom and extracted-IgY). In all groups (G1, G2 and G3) antivenom level sharply increase from 3rd to 4th week and maintained thereafter. G2 and G3 presented high titer upto 1:2048 dilutions, while G1 showed upto 1:1024 dilutions, as tested by indirect ELISA. In neutralization assay ED50 dose of G2 and G3 obtained antivenom was 400.23 µg/mice for more than twofold LD50 dose of venom and 100% protection was at 508.84 µg/mice that completely neutralized highly lethal dose of venom. But G1 ED50 was 405.66 µg/mice and provides 100% protection at 554.21 µg/mice. Extracted antivenom, against Sind Krait venom were highly pure, and with high neutralization capacity were produced successfully from eggs yolk first time in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad inhibitoria in vitro de los extractos de Plantago major «llantén» y Piper aduncum «matico» sobre Fosfolipasa A2 (PLA2) del veneno de la serpiente Lachesis muta muta. Materiales y métodos. Esta investigación fue de tipo explicativa con diseño experimental. Se recolectaron hojas de P. major y P. aduncum en la provincia de Huarochirí en Lima, Perú. Se prepararon extractos alcohólicos diluidos en agua destilada y se realizaron los ensayos fitoquímicos, la cuantificación de fenoles y flavonoides, la cromatografía de capa fina (CCF) en celulosa y la actividad enzimática con PLA2. Se analizó la capacidad de inhibir la PLA2 con los extractos en estudio y sus fracciones. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis y comparaciones múltiples de Bonferroni. Resultados. Tanto en P. major como en P. aduncum se identificó cualitativamente la presencia de fenoles, flavonoides y taninos; además, P. aduncum presentó saponinas. La inhibición de la actividad de la PLA2 del veneno por el extracto total de P. major fue del 45,3%, y sus fracciones mostraron valores de inhibición: LLF-1 con 31,1%, LLF-2 con 66,3% y LLF-3 con 65,5%. En P. aduncum, los valores de inhibición para el extracto total fueron de 86,9%, y sus fracciones presentaron inhibiciones: MF-1 con 34,3%, MF-2 con 67,1% y MF-3 con 54,9%. El análisis estadístico demostró diferencias significativas en la inhibición de la PLA2 (p=0,009) por los extractos. Conclusión. Los ensayos realizados demostraron una asociación entre el efecto antiinflamatorio de los extractos y la inhibición de la PLA2.

El veneno de abeja melífera (VAM) es una secreción producida por las hembras de Apis mellifera L y es su mecanismo de defensa especializado para protección de la colonia. Entre los componentes químicos, se encuentran algunos compuestos bioactivos a los que se les atribuyen diversas propiedades biológicas. Ha sido utilizado con fines terapéuticos de manera complementaria o alternativa a los métodos tradicionales para diversas afecciones de la salud; sin embargo, la aplicación del VAM siempre implica un riesgo para el individuo debido a que existe la posibilidad de presentar efectos desfavorables. Actualmente los trabajos de investigación relacionado con VAM son incipientes; debido a esto, el presente trabajo presenta una revisión de los trabajos relacionados con la composición química, compuestos bioactivos y sus propiedades biológicas.

Objective. To evaluate the in vitro inhibitory activity of Plantago major "llantén" and Piper aduncum "matico" extracts on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from the venom of the snake Lachesis muta muta. Materials and methods. We carried out an explanatory study with experimental design. Leaves of P. major and P. aduncum were collected in the province of Huarochirí in Lima, Peru. Then, we prepared alcoholic extracts diluted in distilled water and conducted phytochemical assays, quantification of phenols and flavonoids, thin layer chromatography (TLC) on cellulose and enzymatic activity with PLA2. The ability to inhibit PLA2 with the extracts under study and their fractions was analyzed. The Kruskal Wallis test and Bonferroni multiple comparisons were used during statistical analysis. Results. Phenols, flavonoids and tannins were qualitatively identified in both P. major and P. aduncum; in addition, P. aduncum presented saponins. The inhibition of PLA2 activity of the venom by the total extract of P. major was 45.3%, and its fractions showed the following inhibition values: 31.1% for LLF-1, 66.3% for LLF-2 and 65.5% for LLF-3. The inhibition values for the total extract of P. aduncum were 86.9%, and its fractions showed the following inhibition rates: 34.3% for MF-1, 67.1% for MF-2 and 54.9% for MF-3. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the inhibition of PLA2 (p=0.009) by the extracts. Conclusion. The tests demonstrated an association between the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts and PLA2 inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social networks are critical to the success of behavioral interventions in conservation because network processes such as information flows and social influence can enable behavior change to spread beyond a targeted group. We investigated these mechanisms in the context of a social marketing campaign to promote a wildlife poisoning hotline in Cambodia. With questionnaire surveys we measured a social network and knowledge and constructs from the theory of planned behavior at 3 points over 6 months. The intervention initially targeted ∼11% (of 365) of the village, but after 6 months ∼40% of the population was knowledgeable about the campaign. The likelihood of being knowledgeable nearly doubled with each additional knowledgeable household member. In the short term, there was also a modest, but widespread improvement in proconservation behavioral intentions, but this did not persist after 6 months. Estimates from stochastic actor‐oriented models suggested that the influences of social peers, rather than knowledge, were driving changes in intention and contributed to the failure to change behavioral intention in the long term, despite lasting changes in attitudes and perceived norms. Our results point to the importance of accounting for the interaction between networks and behavior when designing conservation interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CES Medicina is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Los artrópodos con glándulas productoras de veneno capaces de ocasionar accidentes de importancia en humanos han sido poco estudiados en Ecuador desde los puntos de vista epidemiológico, clínico o bioquímico a pesar de contar el país con una elevada diversidad de artrópodos en general. Se han producido accidentes severos en la regiones costera y amazónica del país a consecuencia de la mordedura de arañas (Phoneutria Perty) y picadura de hormigas “congas” (Paraponera clavata (Fabricius) y escorpiones (Tityus asthenes Pocock), los cuales han pasado desapercibidos en importancia sanitaria probablemente debido a su prevalencia en áreas rurales. No se han reportado accidentes por mordedura de arañas del género Loxosceles Heinecken & Lowe o por escolopendras (Clase Chilopoda, Orden Scolopendromorpha) o por contacto con orugas del orden Lepidoptera (familia Saturniidae) aunque existen en el país especies potencialmente tóxicas pertenecientes a estos grupos. Esta revisión contiene los resultados de un curso preparado por los estudiantes de Biología de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de Guayaquil, con la finalidad de presentar, por vez primera, el estado del conocimiento sobre artrópodos venenosos en Ecuador pertenecientes a las clases Arachnida, Chilopoda e Insecta junto con las perspectivas de investigación sobre estos grupos de importancia médica en Biotecnología y Evolución. Palabras claves: Arañas, Ecuador, escolopendras, escorpiones, insectos, veneno.

Este proyecto fue elaborado con el objetivo de lograr implementar un aplicativo que pudiera identificar los tipos de serpientes localizados tanto en sitios urbanos como rurales, brindando un detalle sobre su nivel de peligrosidad como su beneficio hacia el ecosistema, también si estos se encuentran en peligro de extinción. De esta manera permitir que los individuos puedan contactar a una organización sobre protección ambiental y preservar la especie. En casos de ataques poder brindar información a los centros de salud para aplicar el debido antídoto. En este artículo se presenta el desarrollo del prototipo en una forma metodológica el cual se hizo una revisión bibliográfica y de proyectos relacionados para diseñar una propuesta conceptual. Para el desarrollo de este prototipo se utilizaron librerías de visión artificial la cual mediante imágenes guardadas en una red neuronal se identificaron las serpientes venenosas o no. Además, se realizaron pruebas para validar el algoritmo de visión artificial que identifica los tipos de serpientes.

The present work scrutinizes the construction of the trans protagonists in the TV series Veneno (2020). First, a semiotic analysis of the characters and their environment is carried out, centered on three levels (person, role, and actant). Second, an analysis sheet is outlined to apply it in each of the episodes. Finally, the main characteristics are observed through a study of some key scenes. This way, it is concluded how the TV series analyzed perpetuates a canonical construction of the trans collective except for certain positive aspects depicted through Valeria's character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A principal função do rodenticida é exterminar o respectivo animal, que é um dos principais disseminadores de várias doenças no ambiente urbano importantes para a saúde pública, como a leptospirose. No entanto, na maioria das vezes, essa substância acaba intoxicando animais de estimação e podem ser causadas acidentalmente, quando o tutor não realiza o manejo correto do veneno de rato, ou intencionalmente, quando se destina a causar intoxicação do animal, causando várias sintomatologias em que o prognóstico não é favorável. Devido à alta variedade de sintomas, sua gravidade e alta incidência de casos de intoxicação, foi realizado um levantamento epidemiológico da casuística em uma clinica particular na cidade de Belém/ PA.

Se realizó un estudio entomológico y clínico-epidemiológico descriptivo de la serie de casos de erucismo ocurridos entre 2015 y 2018 en el Municipio de San Ignacio, Misiones, Argentina, debido al aumento extraordinario de accidentes informados por fuentes no sistemáticas. Con el fin de conocer la etiología, aspectos epidemiológicos, sintomatología y lesiones, se realizaron entrevistas con encuestas semiestructuradas y se colectaron las orugas causantes de accidentes. Se recopilaron 719 casos de erucismo y se identificó a Podalia orsilochus, agente etiológico inédito hasta la fecha en Argentina, como la principal responsable (91%; n=653) y otras seis especies de Megalopygidae y Saturniidae. Se constató que el erucismo tiene riesgo estacional y febrero es el mes con mayor cantidad de accidentes. La tasa de casos urbanos triplicó la de los rurales, relacionados al contacto con plantas en un 49%. La inoculación del veneno de las cerdas generó un síndrome dérmico tipo histamínico, con neuritis difusa, adenopatía, manifestaciones sistémicas, persistencia de síntomas, lesiones petequiales y necrosis en el área de contacto. La última con dos tipos de secuelas: cicatriz e hipercromía. El 68% de los afectados demandó atención sanitaria, siendo la población más afectada los adultos y jóvenes, quienes sufrieron incapacidad laboral entre dos y tres días. En conclusión, se describe el evento emergente de erucismo, reconociendo por primera vez a Podalia orsilochus, los aspectos epidemiológicos y morbilidad inmediata evidencian la necesidad de intensificar la difusión de prevención, monitoreo entomológico y vigilancia clínico-epidemiológica que permita identificar estos eventos sanitarios y adecuar en tiempo-espacio las acciones preventivas y de atención adecuadas.

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is assumed that the entry of capital into the field, with the use of pesticides and transgenic seeds, from modernization of agriculture. This process, being one of the ones that helped to legitimize land concentration, reinforces expropriation and is harmful to health, being unequal and excluding. In Brazil, legislation and government officials regulate and allow a policy that encourages the increase in the use of pesticides and transgenic seeds, bringing an increase in poisoning, cancer, respiratory, reproductive, endocrine problems, etc. With this, the article aims to apprehend the modernization process of Brazilian agriculture, understand this from the use of pesticides and highlight its typology and the risks to health and the environment. For this, a quantitative approach is taken, based on a critical reading of the data collected from the supplying agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En el presente trabajo estudiamos cómo se utilizó la acusación de practicar magia para difamar a la reina Fredegunda de Neustria (545-597), una de las personalidades más carismáticas de la historia merovingia. Dicha acusación fue una de las maneras más eficaces de relegar a un individuo al ámbito de la alteridad y la marginalidad. Fredegunda fue acusada de acudir a remedios mágicos para mantenerse en el poder y deshacerse de sus rivales políticos, mientras que otras veces, paradójicamente, nos es presentada como una activa y cruenta perseguidora de la brujería. El autor de casi todas las noticias relacionadas con este tema es Gregorio de Tours, quien en sus Historiae jamás desaprovechó una oportunidad para cargar contra ella.

Os venenos de serpentes são reconhecidos como uma fonte promissora de substâncias farmacologicamente ativas e potencialmente úteis para o desenvolvimento de novas drogas antimicrobianas. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a atividade antimicrobiana do veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus contra várias bactérias. A determinação da atividade antibacteriana foi realizada pelo método de microdiluição em placas e a ação na estrutura do envelope bacteriano pelo ensaio violeta de cristal. As proteínas do extrato bruto foram separadas por eletroforese e caracterizadas quanto à sua atividade proteolítica. O veneno de C. d. terrificus apresentou ação antimicrobiana frente bactérias gram-positivas e gram-negativas. Os valores de MIC foram definidos para Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (62.5 μg/ mL), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (125 μg/mL) e Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 (≤ 500 μg/mL). Para Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium ATCC 14028 e Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, o decréscimo no crescimento bacteriano não foi detectado visualmente, mas foi estatisticamente significante. O teste do cristal violeta demonstrou que o veneno bruto aumentou a permeabilidade das células bacterianas e o perfil de proteína secretada está em consonância com relatos anteriores. Os resultados sugerem que as proteínas com atividade lítica contra bactérias no veneno de C. d. terrificus merecem atenção para uma melhor caracterização, uma vez que podem trazer reforços para o escasso arsenal terapêutico empregado para combater a multirresistência microbiana.Palavras-chave: veneno de cascavel, ação antimicrobiana, envelope celular, atividade proteolítica.

The Viperidae venoms are composed of a mixture of constituents with enzymatic and non-enzymatic actions, which act on ultrastructural components of cells and tissues. Here, the number of mitochondria, mitochondrial area and the number of mitochondrial cristae from adrenal glands cortex treated with snake venoms were tested after 3, 6 and 24 hours of venom injections. The mitochondria quantitative changes showed a statistically significant decrease, in the number of mitochondria past 3, 6 and 24 h. There was an increase in the mitochondrial area after 6 h, where Crotalus vegrandis venom did not present significant differences with Crotalus pifanorum or Bothrops venezuelensis venoms. After 24 h, there was an escalation of mitochondrial area in all tested venoms. The number of mitochondrial cristae after 3 h did not present important differences with the control treatment. After 6 h, the number of mitochondrial cristae initiated to decrease under the activities of the 3 venoms action, until 24 h of observation. In the qualitative observations it was possible to witness an intense damage of the mitochondria, with loss and swelling of membranes, disappearance of cristae and the appearance of myelin figures, which started at 3 h after the Crotalus and Bothrops venoms injections. These damages probably were due to cytotoxic effects of phospholipases, metalloproteases and/or other proteolytic activities present in Viperidae snake venoms, being more evident in Crotalus venoms. As far as we know, these results define a novel finding that suggest that Viperidae snake venoms are extremely toxic to mammalian mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Mexico, especially in certain regions, there are frequent cases of scorpion sting (from the ar., Al-'aqrab, the scorpion) and scorpionism; although the clinical presentation is known, empirical treatment is highly variable, and there are some controversial medical therapies. It is prudent that general practitioners and doctors of any specialty have notions about this health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the evening of January 9th, 2020, an adult female of Sicarius thomisoides was found under a rock feeding on a gecko Phyllodactylus gerrhopygus. The observation was made at Mamiña, Tamarugal province in northern Chile. This find is the first documented case of a sicariid preying on a vertebrate. Specifically, this event corresponds to a particular case of intraguild predation, since these species are insectivorous and use similar microhabitats in northern Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-amino acid oxidases (SV-LAAOs, EC 1.4.3.2) are flavo-enzymes that catalyse the stereo specific oxidative transamination of L-amino acids to a-keto acids with production of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These enzymes are widely distributed in many different organisms, including snakes from the Elapidae, Viperidae and Crotalidae families, and present as the major component of many of their venoms. The Lansberg's hognose viper (Porthidium lansbergii hutmanni) (Plh) venom characterization and purification included an arrangement of SDSPAGE and 2D electrophoresis, MALDI TOF/TOF and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In this work, 8 peptides from SV-LAOOs from Plh snakes were named as PLH1-LAAO, PLH2-LAAO, PLH3-LAAO, PLH4-LAAO, PLH5-LAAO, PLH6-LAAO, PLH7-LAAO and PLH8-LAAO. This paper summarises the physic-chemical properties and structural characteristics of various SV-LAAOs peptides from Plh snake venom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caimans of the species Caiman latirostris, which are widely distributed in South America, are opportunistic predators. They show ontogenetic variation in diet, with young individuals initially feeding on invertebrates and then gradually adding vertebrates in their diets as they grow up. However, due to inexperience, young individuals may end up eating dangerous prey, such as poisonous amphibians. The intoxication caused by eating an individual of Rhinella diptycha may produce local irritation to the caiman, and even lead it to death shortly after ingestion. To avoid this threat, some animals use particular feeding strategies, such as starting to eat the prey's posterior part, or eating only its viscera. In this note, we report the first case of a predation event of an adult individual of the poisonous toad R. diptycha by a young individual of C. latirostris that we observed in a pond of the Southeast of Brazil. The caiman waited until the toad was dead before starting swallowing slowly, from the anterior part of the body. We did not observe any sign that the caiman was affected by the prey ingestion, even some hours later after ingestion. Our register suggests that the caiman may be tolerant or adapted to eat this poisonous prey and encourage research on the causes and mechanisms of this tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gerion: Revista de Historia Antigua is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista ADM is the property of Asociacion Dental Mexicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this work, the poison of Phymactis papillosa collected in Ancón bay has been studied biochemically. The venom was obtained by hypotonic shock and then lyophilized. Electrophoretic analysis of the soluble poison showed the presence of 5 protein bands with molecular weights between 5 and 25.1 kDa. The soluble venom was fractionated by filtration chromatography on a Sephadex G-50 column, yielding four protein peaks (I, II, III and IV). In the soluble venom and collected fractions was measured protease activity, phospholipase, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase; as well as hemolytic and neurotoxic activity. Proteolytic activity on casein was found in the soluble venom and peaks I and III. Was not detected phospholipase activity, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Hemolytic activity on human red cells tested, was found in the soluble venom and peak II. Finally, the soluble venom as the peak III showed be neurotoxic when injected into white mice intraperitoneally. It is concluded that the soluble venom of P. papillosa has proteolytic, hemolytic and neurotoxic activity.

Cinema is one of the most influential media of communication accessible to population, thus constituting a valuable resource for the dissemination of any kind of message. However, sometimes it can also lead to misinterpretations and a loss of veracity contemptible at all. In this paper, the plot of The Name of the Rose is analyzed from a scientific perspective, taking into account all the toxicological aspects of the poisonings that occur and framing them in their historical context, in order to clarify if the authors have remained true to reality or have opted for a more attractive fiction.

Official history affirms that the West directly inherited the cultural legacy of Greece and Rome. But if most of the Greek and Latin manuscripts they were destroyed at the sacking of the Library of Alexandria in 391, the archives of Rome were devastated in several occasions between 410 and 476 by Visigoths and Heruls, and the little classic vestiges that were in Athens were devastated by Justinian I in 529, which was the connection that managed to transmit that Literature and could be taken advantage of it in a period previous to the Renaissance? The salvation of the literary masterpieces was made during eight hundred years of active and responsible task of compilation by the Arabs during the line of time that oscillates between 6504450 in that were rescued, translated and relayed towards the four cardinal points. The Arab scientists, like Archimedes or Heron, never separated of the empirical knowledge, on the contrary, they deepened it. The Arab scientific movement not only interpreted the knowledge of the old ones but it developed the new science where the reason sustained the faith and vice versa. This was the essential base that allowed to construct to the Renaissance and the Illustration, 'that made possible Modernity as well. In this context, it was of capital importance the translation to the Arab of the work of Dioscorides since it was not only very useful for the pharmacology and medicine in the Muslim world but that through this one the recipes of the Greek physician of Nero turned back to Latin Europe where were received like a panacea.

El uso de mecanismos de defensa aposemáticos por depredadores venenosos es ignorado frecuentemente. Por este motivo, se realiza una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica para dar a conocer en un lenguaje accesible los conceptos teóricos clave que conducen la evolución del aposematismo, y se presenta su diversidad en serpientes a través de varios ejemplos. En términos ecológicos, el aposematismo es un mecanismo antipredatorio en el que las presas utilizan diversos tipos de señales para advertir a potenciales depredadores de su peligrosidad o no palatabilidad debido a la presencia de un mecanismo secundario de defensa. Su éxito dependerá no sólo de factores y características relacionados con los organismos involucrados, sino también de la presencia de terceros, que incluyen los que pretendan beneficiarse de este sistema.

They exist so many superstitions involving the feminine sphere, which set the feminine up as the heart of a wide variety of collective imaginaries. This article analyzes one of those myths: the female that owns a poison with damaging efects on the environment, that is the menstrual flow. It makes every woman into a powerful wizard by nature, a being commanded by irrationality opposite to the objective and scientific spirit, which is distinctive of men. We can found this idea in some medical texts, from the very first “scientific” text in the Classical Antiquity, enduring even in the scientific works by the medical auctoritates up to the Renaissance and in current medical textbooks.

El Loxoscelismo es producido por la picadura accidental de la araña del género Loxosceles, de distribución mundial. El envenenamiento puede ocasionar lesiones dermonecróticas y menos frecuentemente una enfermedad sistémica, que puede ser fatal El mecanismo de acción del veneno es multifactorial. Las características dermonecróticas resultan de efectos directos del veneno sobre las células y componentes de la membrana basal, como también sobre la matriz extracelular. La interacción inicial entre el veneno y los tejidos, causa activación del complemento, migración de polimorfonucleares neutrófilos, liberación de enzimas proteolíticas, citoquinas, agregación plaquetaria, y alteraciones del flujo sanguíneo que resultan en edema e isquemia, con desarrollo de necrosis. No hay un tratamiento definitivo para el loxoscelismo, sin embargo el uso precoz del antiveneno específico, disminuye el tamaño de la lesión y limita la enfermedad sistémica Presentamos un caso de loxoscelismo cutáneo-visceral con insuficiencia renal, y evolución desfavorable.

Introdução: O Brasil é o maior consumidor mundial de agrotóxicos, que é um sério problema de saúde pública pela exposição da população e do ambiente a estes produtos. Objetivo: Caracterizar as intoxicações por agrotóxicos no Tocantins no período 2010–2014. Método: Estudo descritivo e exploratório, tendo como fonte de dados secundários o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), utilizando-se variáveis selecionadas. Resultados: No total das intoxicações exógenas, o sexo feminino é o mais afetado e nas intoxicações, já por agrotóxicos, é o masculino, principalmente a categoria ocupacional dos “trabalhadores da agropecuária diversos”. As faixas etárias mais atingidas por agrotóxico de uso agrícola são: 20–29 anos e 30–39 anos. Os agentes tóxicos mais referidos foram os inseticidas (29,28%) e os herbicidas (27,07%). As atividades mais frequentes foram a pulverização (29,28%) e a diluição (15,47%); e as principais vias de exposição/contaminação foram a digestiva e a respiratória. Quanto à exposição/contaminação, as mais presentes foram a acidental (49,17%), a tentativa de suicídio (32,60%) e a ambiental (14,64%). Conclusões: Os dados revelam uma situação preocupante que demanda atenção dos gestores no enfrentamento deste problema de saúde pública. Esse cenário é desafiador especialmente no componente assistencial, nas vigilâncias sanitárias, epidemiológica e em saúde ambiental e do trabalhador.

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Introduction: In Angola poisonings by land animal poisons are very frequent, the one produced by snake bites, continues to be a serious public health problem; fundamentally affecting agricultural workers and children. Objective: To describe the ocular manifestations caused by the venom of a cusp-shaped Naja in a patient treated at the Center for Research and Information on Medicines and Toxicology. Case report: HEA: ENJ patient, male, 49 years old, the same goes to the External Consultation because a year ago he was working in the field and was cusp in his eyes by a CuspideraNaja, at that time he was assessed in the Body of Guard by the Toxicology and Ophthalmology Specialist. The Ophthalmologist indicated treatment with antibiotic eye drops, antiinflammatories, ocular hypotensive and antihistamines, for 10 days and was cited for reconsultation at 24 hours, 48 hours and 10 days, at which time the patient did not attend the consultation. Go again to be evaluated by the Toxicology Specialist because he had no improvement, it was decided to consult the case with the Ophthalmology Specialist because the patient reported the following symptoms: progressive decrease in visual acuity, pain in eyeball movements, photophobia, tearing and red eye. Conclusions: This patient still continues with follow-up by specialists, due to the time of evolution of his disease the prognosis is reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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