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China remains one of the largest exporters of the vegetable in the world. The present research paper aims to scrutinize ELG or GLE hypothesis and examine the relationship between economic growth, vegetable exports and vegetable imports in China economy from 1988 to 2018 by using annual time series data and econometrics models. The empirical findings confirmed that there is a significant long-run relationship survives between selected variables in China economy. The FMOLS results show that vegetable export has a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth. There is a long-run causality running from vegetable export to economic growth but there is no short-run causality and bidirectional relationship between economic growth to vegetable import in the short run and long run. The study confirms that the growth in Chinese economy is strongly led by vegetables export. The study suggests China invests more and more capital in vegetable production, vegetable exports and its related industries rather than other agriculture crops. It enhances employment opportunities and augments economic growth at a faster rate through foreign exchange reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper investigates the impact of high U.S. maximum residue limit (MRL) standards on U.S vegetable exports to 102 countries utilizing the hierarchical model. MRL, which is one of non-tariff barriers with respect to food safety, is applied to home and foreign countries at the same time. Thus, firms in countries with higher food safety standards are expected to have a competitive advantage from the ‘signaling effect’. The results show that high MRL standards in the U.S. have a positive impact on U.S. vegetable exports, indicating the ‘signaling effect’ from the strict U.S. domestic MRL standards. The results provide policy makers with insights into how strict food safety regulations of the home country can be considered as a catalyst for increasing competitiveness in international markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyses the export performance of vegetables from India in terms of instability and concentration and also the major Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) that limit India's export prospects. The export of vegetables has grown significantly during the period from 1988 to 2016, both in quantity and value terms. Onion ranked top among all the major vegetables exported from India both in terms of quantity and value and the country accounted for 9.4 per cent share in the world export of onions. The export of the major vegetables from India also showed declining instability and increasing commodity as well as geographic diversification. The most stable markets for major vegetables exported from India were Nepal, Belgium, Pakistan, Mauritius, Oman, UAE, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Major NTMs include differential Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for pesticides, equivalence agreement on organic products, protocol on phyto-sanitary measures and organic certification mostly required by the developed countries, which are to be negotiated strategically for better export prospects and sustainability. The inherent issues on the supply side also need to be addressed for maintaining the already achieved growth in the export of vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent contributions to the theoretical and empirical trade literature emphasize the channels by which exporting occurs and the duration and survival rates of trade relationships. However, for agricultural trade, few studies have considered the factors affecting export survival. This article identifies factors affecting the duration of fresh fruit and vegetable exports to the U.S. market, including U.S. sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) policy regulations. The main findings can be summarized as follows. First, our preferred model with exporter binary variables indicates that changes in U.S. commodity prices and exporter gross domestic product have the largest impact, whereas U.S. production variability and exporter experience have the lowest impacts on the hazard rate of export duration. Second, SPS treatment requirements have persistent impacts on trade duration. Water treatment requirements quadruple the average hazard rate in the first year of a spell of service, and while the hazard rate does diminish over time, it is still nearly three times the average hazard rate, even after the fourth year of the spell of service. Similarly, a combination treatment of fumigation and cold treatment/refrigeration more than triples the average hazard rate in the first year of the spell of service, but this effect diminishes more quickly over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study objectives are to identify determinants of commodity trade flows and analyze the effects of major Regional Free Trade Agreements on specific vegetable and fruit trade. The RFTAs are evaluated to identify the extent to which free trade associations lead to trade expansion. Using panel data from 1999 to 2008 covering 48 countries, the study found that per capita income, population, and per capita production capacity are significant determinants of fruits and vegetable trade flows. The results show that NAFTA and EU enhanced vegetable and fruit trade through trade creation and limited trade diversion. The ASEAN association generated insignificant trade expansion. The effects of the MERCOSUR association are inconclusive and generally commodity-specific. The findings reveal that the exchange rate uncertainty significantly impairs commodity flows. However, unlike previous findings, our study suggests that the negative impact is not uniform and may vary by sector, commodity, and exchange rate uncertainty measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the long run term and the short run term impacts of vegetables exports on economic growth of Tunisia. In order, to achieve this purpose, annual data were collected from the reports of World Bank for the periods between 1970 and 2015, was tested by using Correlation Analysis, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillip-Perron (PP) stationary test, co integration analysis of Vector Error Correction Model. According to the result of the analysis, vegetables exports have a positive effect on economic growth in the long run term and in the short run term. These results provide on evidence that vegetables exports, thus, are seen as source of economic growth in Tunisia. For this reason, it is very important to refine investment in this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lot of vegetables and fruits, which have been grown in Latvia or were imported from foreign countries, become waste, often due to unconformity to the marketing standards or biodegradation process fouling during storage. Waste biomass piles emissions during storage that contributes to global warming. It is appropriate to use such biomass as raw material for anaerobic digestion. This article shows the results of studies on evaluation of suitability of vegetable and fruit waste biomass for the production of biogas. Anaerobic digestion was investigated in 0.75 L digesters, operated in batch mode at a temperature of 38 ± 1.0 °C. The average biogas yield per mass unit of dry organic matter added (DOM) from digestion of pumpkin biomass was 1.095 L g-1DOM and the specific methane yield was 0.422 L g-1DOM. Average biogas yield from digestion of marrow biomass was 0.768 L g-1ODM and the methane yield was 0.274 L g-1DOM. Average biogas yield from digestion of apple biomass was 1.020 L g-1DOM and the methane yield was 0.451 L g-1DOM. All investigated wastes can be a very good source for biogas production. Anaerobic digestion may be a solution to treat waste biomass from food production facilities or supermarkets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the trade effects of New Zealand restricting, for biosecurity reasons, the countries from which particular fruit and vegetable products can be imported. We propose a new index to quantify the extent to which fruit and vegetable exports from each region are constrained by these restrictions. This index is validated econometrically and simulations are undertaken to determine expected imports if all fruit and vegetable products could be imported from all countries. In this counterfactual scenario, we expect increased fruit and vegetable imports from Europe, Middle East and Africa, the Americas (excluding the United States), and East Asia at the expense of imports from Oceania, Australia, the United States, South East Asia and South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of sustainability has become an increasingly relevant topic for governments, companies, and researchers. As a result, the number of studies in this field has increased substantially, with a special focus on agribusiness. This study aims to analyze the performance of vegetable export enterprises in Mexico, taking into account the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. To achieve this objective, a survey was designed and administered to vegetable exporters in the northwest of Mexico, and indicators were created that allowed each of the dimensions of sustainability to be evaluated. Additionally, a semi-structured interview was designed and conducted in a specific export company. The results indicate that performance is strongly oriented towards economic goals and that the social and environmental aspects of sustainability are not prioritized. In conclusion, one can claim that there is an imbalance among the three dimensions of sustainability within the companies studied, with performance primarily focusing on financial and economic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP) negotiations influence the global economic position of both the European Union (EU) and the United States (U.S.). Agricultural issues are an important part of the negotiation. There have been several analyses of the aggregate impacts of a T-TIP agreement. This report analyzes the commodity impacts on trade for fresh vegetables and beef. Vegetables represent the situation where the U.S. is a growing net importer and the EU has substantial potential for expanding exports to the U.S. in this highly competitive marketplace. Beef represents the situation where sanitary and phytosanitary restrictions on hormone use in production have prohibited consumer choices from being revealed in the marketplace for both the EU and the U.S. The authors provide insight into where the comparative advantages lie in freer trade situations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The high number of seed companies that are active on the Italian market provides our agriculture with the most appropriate varieties. Italy is particularly suited for growing seed crops: thanks to its favourable environmental conditions and also to the high level of professional skills of companies and farmers, Italy plays a leading role in the multiplication and export of vegetables, rice and sugarbeet seeds. In many cases, seeds grown in Italy are exported for conditioning and then re-imported for distribution to the end users. In 2014 the annual turnover for seed sales in Italy was approximately EUR 680-700 million, at wholesale level and excluding the incidence of chemical seed treatment. The difference between the value of seed imports and exports has been negative in the last few years of an average amount of approximately EUR 100 million. At the moment there are about 300 seed companies trading on the Italian market (220 for agricultural plant species and 80 for vegetable species). Seed multiplication is also a great income opportunity for farmers: every year approximately 15,000 Italian farmers devote around 220,000 ha to grow seed crops. The use of high quality seed today represents not only a simple means to start a new cultivation, with a healthy, well identified and traced product, but an efficient way to transfer plant breeding results to farmers, in order to cope with the need of innovation and sustainability. Through the purchase and planting of certified seeds farmers support and strengthen variety research and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domain of governance has largely been extolled by Nations, States or governmental and intergovernmental actors especially in upholding Nations' sovereignty and values. While this still holds, governance complexity has been reinforced by establishment of global value chains such as in food and agriculture commodities increasingly being influenced and controlled by non-state actors in different parts of the world by both corporate and retail actors through private governance mechanisms. These mechanisms often fall short of universal standards and the resultant effect is ramified through proliferation of standards that result to state of governance that is constantly being redefined as 'codes of colours'. This paper thus seeks for an alternate dimension based on Foucault's governmentality theory. The quest for this overarching theory is based on its mediatory role that regulates the excesses of private interests in regulations while not prioritizing any state's sovereignty but views governance inclusively to both the State and non-state actors; this view promotes the broader understating of global value chains in the global economy of the 21st century. The paper's methodology is based on literature review pertinent to governance theory, value chain governance, governmentality as its key variables in light of the agrifood sector. It applies the value chain discourse and governmentatity in light of the Kenya's Horticultural export and strategic positioning to the EU market. This paper's novelty in light of the discourse and building on the body of knowledge and for the plausible ways and means to re-articulate value chain governance in the global economy while creating a viable alternative between the States, and Non-State actors for the benefit of both the upstream agents and downstream customers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the implications entailed by the current EU food safety regulation on Italian firms importing fresh fruit and vegetables from Southern Mediterranean Countries. Its specific objectives are to identify the main benefits and difficulties of compliance with food safety regulation perceived by domestic operators and to provide recommendations on suitable policy intervention tools. The study was developed in three steps. Firstly, we provided an overall assessment of the compliance capacity of fruit and vegetables imported from Southern Mediterranean Countries, by means of secondary data gathered from the European Food Security Agency and the Italian Ministry of Health. Secondly, we formulated a set of research hypotheses on the main factors affecting compliance capacity according to the relevant scientific literature. Thirdly, based on these hypotheses, we carried out a direct survey on key players involved in fruit and vegetable imports in Italy, using a Delphi approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing concerns with the application of highly toxic pesticides and the growing world demands for food direct our attentions to the food safety as well as to the global arrangement of food production. In China, expansion of its vegetable exports brought the attention of policy planners to the international food safety regulations. This paper reported the findings from the investigation about a relationship between trades of food and food safety, by focusing on the relationship between Chinese vegetable exports and the maximum residue limits of pesticides (MRLs) regulation set by the importing countries and exporting country. The revealed trade’s behavior showed that impacts of MRLs should be seen through two types of information, one was the extent of coverage of regulation measured by the number of pesticides placed under the control, and the other was the regulated residue levels. Probably because the achieved vegetable production growth was supported by the extensive use of many kinds of pesticides, the expanding of the number of regulated pesticides in importing markets, was more likely to act as a barrier to China’s vegetable exports compared to the effect of stringency increase of MRLs level. Importing countries’ GDP reflecting the market potential showed significantly positive effects on Chinese vegetable exports, while the effects of vegetable production and tariff rate on exports were weakened after years of improvement of productivity and worldwide policy environment. Our results verified the export promoting effect of stringent regulations in exporting country on its trade. These findings strongly suggested that Chinese authorities need to move fast to catch-up to the growing concerns of international importers both from relevant policy planning and implementing, to capture economic growth in the medium-long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the issue of international food supply chain organization faced to food safety standards. The case of Moroccan fruit and vegetable supply chain is taken as an example. The dynamics of Moroccan food safety legislation and regulatory systems and the measures taken to facilitate export ex-ante compliance capacity with target market requirements are analysed. The results of a direct survey on producers/exporters in the Souss Massa Region are presented. Operators are classified according to the typology of vertical linkages in producers/exporters, pure exporters, and cooperatives. The relations among the typology of operators, targets markets, prevailing modes for food safety governance, and compliance costs and benefits with food safety standards are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area has promoted the friendly bilateral economic cooperation, and ASEAN ha become one of the largest vegetable export markets for China. Using constant maket share (CMS) model, this paper analyzes the export competitiveness of vegetables from China to ASEAN and the main influencing factors. The results show that competitiveness is the main factor in promoting the export growth of vegetables from China to ASEAN, and compared with demand effect and structure effect, competitiveness effect makes the greatest contribution to export growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement and IPPC risk management framework, measures should be based on evidence. There is however, no specific guidance about quality of evidence or treatment of uncertainty under these agreements. Uncertainty in qualitative Pest Risk Assessments (PRA) is largely dependent on the quality and reliability of information. USDA Guidelines for PRA of Imported Fruit and Vegetable Commodities (2012) and NAPPO Regional Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (RSPM) No. 40 include supplements on the evaluation of evidence. The supplements establish a framework for assessing the quality and reliability of scientific evidence. Reliability of evidence addresses the quality of information sources, the methodology used, and the degree of consensus regarding the data, rated from low to high depending on the publication sources. Applicability refers to pertinence of the information to a particular situation and is rated from low to high based on the degree of extrapolation of biological information and environmental conditions in the publication source in relation to the actual scenario in the PRA. The rating for uncertainty associated with the quality of evidence is found in a matrix that combines ratings for applicability and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals of this paper are to analyze the quantities and traded values in the international markets for Chilean agro-industrial products based on fruit and vegetables for the period 2002-2011, identify the main target markets for these exports and to determine their participation globally. One concludes that the share of the Chilean exports in the world agroindustry of fruit and vegetables is still discreet, particularly if the country wants to make real the slogan of "Chile as a Food Power". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total vegetable exports from India were around US$464 million in 2010–2011, including 2.12% of agricultural exports and 12.8% of horticultural exports. India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world and 24th in export of vegetables. Major destinations of India’s fresh vegetable exports are the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Nepal, Sri Lanka, the United Kingdom, and Saudi Arabia, together accounting for 55% of total vegetable exports from India. This study was undertaken to determine export competitiveness, comparative advantage in exports, and market share of selected Indian-grown fresh vegetables. India has a comparative advantage in exporting onion (Allium cepaL.) and peas (Pisum sativumL.) compared to other vegetables. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.), onion, and potato (S. tuberosumL.) formed the major portion of exported vegetables, constituting 45% of total area under vegetable cultivation and 50% of total vegetable production in India. Bangladesh was the most stable market for export of tomatoes from India. Maldives, Nepal, and Mauritius were stable markets for export of potato. The UAE and Bangladesh were stable markets for onion exports from India. India still has a huge potential to be utilized in fresh vegetable exports, particularly for cabbage (Brassica oleraceaL. var.capitata), cauliflower (B. oleraceaL. var.botrytis), tomato, and eggplant (S. melongenaL.). New emerging markets can be encouraged and existing markets in Singapore, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Mauritius strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper simulated the influence of technological progress based FDI on China's agriculture through theoretical analysis and CGE model. The results show: With the East Asian regional economic cooperation, there were increasing FDI based on free trade area to China gradually, The technological progress of agriculture and their factors sectors would promote their production and exports. Vegetables, meat and milk exports increased significantly, while real wages and aggregate consumer value dropped; The elasticity of economic indicators to technological progress based on agricultural factors sector were relatively large, The lager technological progress of agricultural sector, the greater regional differences in output growth, while the technological progress of agricultural factors sectors led to even more regional development unbalanced compared to agricultural sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale specialization in monoculture production for export markets infringes upon the agricultural and food systems and security of the populations of exporting countries that adopt export-oriented policies because it: (a) entails adopting production patterns that over-exploit and deteriorate the natural and human resources of agricultural regions; (b) subordinates producers and consumers in agroexporting countries to the interests of transnational intermediary companies and the regulations of foreign government agencies that prioritize the interests of their own citizens; and (c) restricts the right of domestic consumers to access a nourishment that is sufficient, healthy and culturally acceptable. The study of this Mexican case allows us to better understand the agricultural and food situation that is currently emerging in developing countries that choose to broadly apply neoliberal policies. Mexico has one of the most open agricultural sectors and is a leading international exporter of several fruits and vegetables; but at the same time it is a net importer of basic foods for its domestic population. This case study is analyzed from the perspectives of plantation-oriented agricultural practices and global commodity chains; however, neither of these perspectives considers the problems of environmental degradation and food security, both of which are studied in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global food marketing network is being constantly reshaped, providing opportunities and challenges for information and communication technology ( ICT) to develop and improve international trade in food products. A gravity model of international trade is employed to see if ICT positively affects bilateral international trade in fruit and vegetables between member Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC) economies. We examine if the use of the Internet, mobile telephones, and fixed telephone lines determine the value of bilateral trade. Empirical results for the importance of ICT differ markedly between importing activities and exporting activities in the international value chain of fruit and vegetables in APEC countries. Changes in ICT levels in the import sector of the value chain have no effect on international trade in fruit and vegetables. However, in the export sector, growth in some ICT products has significant positive effects on trade in fruit and vegetables between APEC countries. Surprisingly, the strongest impact was discerned for the traditional form of ICT, fixed telephone lines, but this impact probably reflects the fact that fixed telephone lines are a proxy variable for the general level of infrastructure development. Of the two digital ICTs, mobile telephony and the Internet, only the Internet had a significant impact on trade levels. The further development of the Internet and its diffusion should make exporters in APEC countries more competitive in the fruit and vegetables value chain, and boost their trade values in these products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian vegetable industry is a significant contributor to the national economy and regional development, generating employment opportunities both on-farm and along the farm-to-market chain. However, the high cost structure of the industry has negatively affected its competitiveness and production is declining, resulting in the relocation of some processing facilities to other countries and increasing imports. These outcomes threaten the future viability of the industry and impact on food-safety-conscious consumers in Australia. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review policy issues along the producer to consumer chain and discuss how key stakeholders could be affected by alternative policy options. The current context of the vegetable industry shows that Australia faces a challenge to find appropriate policy solutions to achieve global competitiveness and secure the interests of its stakeholders while at the same time adopting a market-based policy approach to its food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirically assessing sanitary and phytosanitary regulations has proven difficult because most data sources indicate whether a regulation exists but provide no information on the type or importance of the respective measure. In this article, we construct a novel database of U.S. phytosanitary measures and match these to 47 fresh fruit and vegetable product imports from 89 exporting countries over the period 1996–2008. A product-line gravity equation that accounts for zero trade flows is developed to investigate the trade impact of different pest-mitigation measures. While the results suggest that phytosanitary treatments generally reduce trade, the actual restrictiveness of these measures diminishes dramatically as exporters accumulate experience, and it vanishes when exporters reach a certain threshold. The results have important policy implications considering the number of empirical studies that find a negative impact of non-tariff measures on trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether the Pesticides Initiative Program has significantly affected the export performance of Senegal's horticulture industry. We apply two main microeconometric techniques, difference-in-differences and matching difference-in-differences, to identify the effect of the Pesticides Initiative Program on exports of fresh fruits and vegetables. We use a unique firm-level dataset containing data on sales, employment, and exports by product and destination markets, as well as firm enrolment year, over 2000–2008. The results suggest that while the program had no significant effect on exports pooled over all products and destinations, it had a positive effect when considering fresh fruits and vegetables exports to the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Compliance with regulations on pesticide residues in food is a major health and safety issue, as well as a signal about the complex set of ecological, social, and regulatory relationships. This article presents a multiscale analysis of data from analytical chemistry tests of pesticide residues conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on fresh vegetables from 1996 to 2006. Empirical findings include: (1) domestic vegetables have lower adverse (illegal) residue rates than imported produce; (2) adverse rates vary greatly by country of export and do not correspond to a nation's relative wealth or region; (3) intensity of testing (tests per kilogram of vegetables imported) varies considerably by country; (4) vegetables with high adverse rates are generally minor crops or vegetables with above-ground edible portions, and (5) fourteen pesticides out of 476 account for two thirds of all violations. Based on this analysis, and primary and secondary data on farmers' pesticide use, I develop a political ecological framework to explain high violation rates and to create hypotheses about countries with high violation rates: Guatemala, Spain, Jamaica, and China. I propose two hypotheses for high levels of violative residues. First, farmers face a cost and price squeeze and, where there is little exporter control, respond by using more effective and more highly residual pesticides like the organophosphates. Second, in other commodity chains, continued residue problems in the U.S. market are a by-product of production aimed at compliance with other regions' regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the safety of imported foods from China to the U.S. It mentions that 80 percent of seafood and 60 percent of vegetable and freshfruits consumed in the U.S. are imported in which China is the third largest of food exporter to the U.S. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only inspects one percent of imported food. It cites that the food safety in importing food from China cannot be assured.

In this paper there are analyzed the exports and imports of vegetables and fruits, trying to answer the question whether vegetables and fruits are competitive on external market or not. Romania has a negative balance in its foreign exchanges of these products. The main reasons why imports are needed are that production does not cover the domestic consumption, Romania has not specific climatic condition for producing the whole range of fruits and vegetables, and the output is produced only in a short period of the year, during summer and autumn, compared to the consumption which is expressed continuously. These conclusions have strong implications for macro economic levels. Policy makers may use these results in their efforts of elaborating strategies for fruits and vegetables sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light brown apple moth is an exotic pest that was confirmed in California in March 2007. It is a tortricid leaf-roller moth native to Australia, which has a broad range of plant hosts with the capacity to cause damage across a wide array of crops, natural areas and ornamental plants. California and federal agencies have issued quarantine orders affecting production and retail nurseries, and potentially fruit and vegetable exports. It is found thus far primarily in nurseries near urban areas. Eradication efforts are under way to prevent its spread into California crop areas and throughout the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the vegetable market of the USA takes place a dynamic competition between growers-packers from nations of very different development levels. The paper focuses on the Mexican eggplant exported to the USA. Basing on this study we could rethink some important concepts currently used in the research on this topic. Particularly, following Van Sickle and other scholars, I take the market share as competitiveness indicator and basing on them I try to determine the current positioning of the Mexican vegetables within the USA market, comparing also eggplant with other conspicuous vegetables exported from Mexico. This issue is explained by several factors, like technological innovations, performances, costs, marketing strate-gies, and, particularly, following the food safety regulations. This study confirms the hypothesis posited by authors like Friedland and Bonanno, who underly the global nature of the competition within the vegetable markets. Finally, basing on the study I suggest some reflections questioning the concept "international division of labor". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Kenya, exports of fresh vegetables have grown rapidly in the past decade, but the employment impact of this business has been changing as a result of market conditions in the major export destination, the United Kingdom. Continued rapid growth in overall exports, an increase in post-harvest processing, a switch from smallholder production to exporters' own plantations, and price shocks such as tariff changes and shifts in transport costs. A simulation exercise demonstrates that the positive impact on employment of continued export growth and increased post-harvest processing is much greater than any likely reduction in employment resulting from the shift away from smallholder production. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico has recently expanded its exports of tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers to the United States. In order to evaluate possibilities for further expansion, a linear programming production model for specific regions in Mexico was constructed and tested. Various equilibrium situations were analyzed to appraise possible future trends. Special features of the model were the inclusion of risk, demand functions for all crops, and allowance for both competitive and monopolistic supply structures. It was concluded that rising wage rates and fighter supply controls would halt Mexico's expansion of export winter vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the expansion of world trade in temperate fruits in the Southern Hemisphere in the 1980s. Factors which contributed to the trade expansion; Possibility of competition with the Northern Hemisphere.

World trade models for the product classes fresh fruits, dried fruits, processed fruits, fresh vegetables, and processed vegetables are estimated and used to project the impact on export prices and trade patterns likely to arise after the European Economic Community enlargement with Greece, Portugal, and Spain. The results indicate that current world trends in import demands and export supplies if continued, and in the absence of enlargement, will cause marked declines of export prices for four of the above product categories (except dried fruits). The enlargement will not significantly modify these price projections, but it will divert a significant part of European Community imports of these products to the three new member countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]