Search

The paper considers schemes of pneumatic regulators, which operation principle is based on the jet force action effect on the flat plate. The main nodes of such regulators include the plate support and the compensatory circuit of the regenerative feedback forming the basis for building pneumatic control circuits that implement the basic laws of regulation. The proposed devices are able to improve static characteristics due to their linearity. Schemes are provided of aerostatic bearing, regenerative feedback, jet-pneumatic proportional and proportional-integral controllers, precession and differentiation block, proportional integral differential controller and semi-proportional controller.

The use of the aerodynamic jet force action effect became widespread in designing the automatic sensors for physical and technical parameters of gases and liquids, converters and control devices. This technical solution provides high sensitivity and accuracy of the measured parameters in the rapidly changing processes increasing the speed of work. Introduction of sensors built on the basis of such technical solution is especially important in the automated control systems for fast technological processes, where control over various parameters should be quick and accurate. The paper considers a jet pneumatic optical pressure transducer based on the jet force action effect on a plate, which dimensions are commensurate with those for the jet cross section. Static and dynamic characteristics of the pneumatic optical transducer were determined, where the cumulative parameters were accepted as the quality factor criterion combining the measurements sensitivity with the natural frequency square. Using this criterion, optimal parameters of the sensing element were derived based on the considered aerodynamic effect.

We analyse the electric field transverse distributions in light beams with a tripled frequency and with a frequency of 2ω1–ω2, which arise in the bulk of an isotropic cubic-nonlinear medium upon the propagation of nonuniformly polarised beams of fundamental radiation with a multimode transverse structure described by a superposition of Laguerre – Gaussian modes. A relation is found between the total topological indices of the circular polarisation singularity points in the transverse sections of the generated signal beams and the corresponding total indices in the beams of fundamental radiation.

The structure of the grain product sub-complex is presented. The main provisions of the concept of development of the sub-complex at the regional level are determined. The sources of regional demand for grain, as well as the reasons for its growth or decline, have been identified. The criteria of the efficiency of the grain product sub-complex with the allocation of types of indicators, as well as additional coefficients are discussed.

Static and dynamic characteristics of rapid response pneumatic digital systems are determined with the help of pneumatic-galvanometric sensors that consist of pneumatic optical converters, electrical bridge circuits and magnetoelectric galvanometers. This paper presents theoretical and experimental studies of the pneumatic optical converter whose mode of operation is based on the jet force effect on a plate of limited dimensions commensurate with the dimensions of the contact area between the jet and the plate. The investigations are based on the equality of moments of the jet force and the counter-moment of the rod that the plate is fixed on. The sensitivity and other static characteristics of the converter (linearity, measurement rage) as well as other parameters necessary for interpreting the readings, calculating errors and calibrating the scale are determined. The natural frequency is sufficient to control dynamic processes controlled by pneumatic systems. For the design of converters, it is proposed to use the aggregate criterion of the quality factor that equals the product of the sensitivity and the natural frequency squared. The performed calculations are verified by experiments.

––A long-term study of the typomorphism of native gold under exogenous conditions gave an insight into its evolution in time and space. The morphology, internal structure, and chemical composition of native gold change depending on the duration of its occurrence under near-surface conditions and on the thermodynamic parameters of the environment. Along with the known facts of gold transformation in the exogenous environment, we consider some of the first identified aspects of the evolution of native gold in weathering crusts and the hydrodynamic, eolian, and anthropogenic environments. Additional attention is given to the transformation of gold in ancient gold-bearing conglomerates under lithostatic pressure and in metamorphic strata depending on the P–T environmental conditions. The paper is based on the results of field work, experiments, and analytical studies of the mineralogy of native gold. The objects of study were gold placers of the eastern Siberian Platform, Tuva, and Mongolia, gold-bearing conglomerates of the Timan Ridge, anthropogenic gold placers of the Yenisei Ridge, kaolinite and laterite weathering crusts of Salair, Kazakhstan, and the Republic of Guinea, and the collections of placer gold from the A.E. Fersman Museum (Moscow), the Central Research Institute of Geological Prospecting for Base and Precious Metals (Moscow), the Moscow Mining Academy, and ZAO VNESHMET (Moscow). In the course of experimental studies, we investigated for the fist time the mechanical transformation of gold particles under the impact of sand–air flow in the eolian conditions and under the lithostatic pressure of the overlying strata on ancient gold-bearing conglomerates. We also used a number of mineralogical and geochemical methods to study the typomorphic features of native gold. The evolution of gold under exogenous conditions depends on the ambient environment. Examination of weathering crust has revealed gold nano- and microparticles resulted from the decomposition of sulfides, tellurides, and other unstable gold-containing compounds. Newly formed gold nano- and microparticles in the form of finest crystals, dendrites, and globules are deposited on the surface of primary endogenous gold. The gold formed in weathering crust is spongy and nodular; the fineness of primary endogenous gold increases, the content of impurity elements in it decreases, and a high-fineness porous shell forms at the edges of the gold particles. In the hydrodynamic environment, placer gold, independently of its form (hemihedral, euhedral, interstitial, etc.), flattens and undergoes a simple deformation, but its chemical composition and internal structure change little; they depend on the stage of ore formation and on the mineragenic type of the gold ore source. We have established that the chemical composition and internal structure of gold change during its long occurrence in the environment and under its repeated redeposition from ancient (Precambrian) to younger (Quaternary) deposits. Based on the obtained results of experimental and mineralogical studies, we have proved that eolian processes change not only the shape of native gold but also its chemical composition and microhardness. In the eolian environment, placer gold of different shapes tends to become a globule with a film-fibrous surface. The change in the shape of gold is accompanied by an increase in its fineness, a decrease in the content of impurity elements, and, as a result, decrease in the gold microhardness. In ancient conglomerates (ancient fossil placers), placer gold subjected to the lithostatic pressure of overlying deposits transforms into pseudo-ore gold. In metamorphic strata with constant temperatures and pressures, gold becomes refined. The identified indicators of placer gold of different exogenous environments make it possible to reconstruct the geologic and geomorphologic conditions of gold placer formation, namely, to determine the genetic type of placers (related to weathering crusts, alluvial, eolian, etc.) and to define the source areas (intermediate or primary sources). This helps to find a more correct technique for the search for gold placer and ore deposits.

The yield of crops depends on the effective use of solid mineral fertilizers. The effectiveness of the mineral fertilizers themselves depends on the method and quality of their application (uniform distribution and place of supply to the roots of plants). In recent years, the Russian market has a large number of imported machines and equipment for the application of solid mineral fertilizers, which creates certain difficulties in their maintenance and operation and the lack of a policy for the production of domestically made machines. The main advantage of trailed and semi-mounted machines designed for fertilizer application is a large bunker volume, reduced load on the tractor and the width of the grip. The article describes the technology of mineral fertilizers, considers the need for trailed and semi-mounted machines with the corresponding cost of working time and determine the book value of machines at the manufacturer. In the study of existing technologies of fertilizer application, the volume and timing of application, the required number of vehicles, as well as technical, operational and technical and economic indicators, five baseline options were considered, differing from one another by the degree of consideration of the real situation. As a result, the estimated number of machines required for each option was obtained. Based on the study, it was concluded that for the qualitative use of solid mineral fertilizer application technology, it is necessary to reduce the loss of working time, reduce vehicle downtime for operational reasons, provide agricultural producers with high-performance spreaders and loaders.

—Integrated geological and geochemical studies were performed for lignite from the Yenisei middle reaches, represented by carbonized fragments of trees with high germanium contents. Geochemical characteristics of terrigenous sediments with Ge-bearing lignite are determined. The chemical and mineral compositions, textures, and structures of carbonized wood fragments were studied. Scanning of individual cross sections of lignite fragments has revealed a regular distribution of germanium and impurity elements. Consistent patterns of the formation of Ge-containing lignites have been established, as well as the processes of their posthydrothermal transformation, which led to the impoverishment of the primary contents of the valuable component and to the input of a number of impurity elements. The latter formed rims over the lignite fragments and microveinlets with sulfide mineralization. The hypothesis has been put forward that germanium mineralization formed in lignites of the Kas basin, in particular, the Serchanskoe deposit.

The article studies the rational approach to the organization of provision of spare parts of freight of region motor transport enterprises. Increasing the reliability of the operation of cargo vehicles, which perform international transportation over long distances, is complicated by the use of regional motor transport enterprises rolling stock production countries of the European Union. Most of these cars have been used for several years. Their purchase is by chance a casual event. Restoration of efficiency of these vehicles, after a sudden refusal during long-distance traffic on an international route, is a difficult event, which causes significant violations of the value and timing of cargo delivery and time of repair. The development of transport production can be made stable if timely investment of funds for the planned acquisition by the company of cars with rational technical characteristics is possible. In different conditions, internal funds of motor transport enterprises or external resources, as well as leasing, are used. Lack of investment leads to degradation of the enterprise, and the accidental updating of the motor transport enterprises rolling stock scenario does not include the mechanism for timely receipt of the required number and range of spare parts in the motor transport enterprises. It is proposed to significantly reduce the negative consequences caused by sudden failures of the enterprises of motor transport, due to the implementation of pre-emptive technical impacts before long distances, which in turn is impossible without the use of modern intellectual approaches to the provision of spare parts. Such approaches will allow to follow the logistic concept of minimization of spare parts reserves with the provision of a given level of reliability indicators.

Sometimes programmers face the task of analyzing the work of a compiled program. To do this, there are many different tools for debugging and tracing written programs. One of these tools is the analysis of the application through system calls. With a detailed study of the mechanism of system calls, you can find a lot of nuances that you have to deal with when developing a program analyzer using system calls. This paper discusses the implementation of a tracer that allows you to analyze programs based on system calls. In addition, the paper describes the problems that I had to face in its design and development. Now there are a lot of different operating systems and for each operating system must be developed its own approach to implementing the debugger. The same problem arises with the architecture of the processor, under which the operating system is running. For each architecture, the analyzer must change its behavior and adjust to it. As a solution to this problem, the paper proposes to describe the operating system model, which we analyze. The model description is a configuration file that can be changed depending on the needs of the operating systems. When a system call is detected the plugin collects the information downloaded from the configuration file. In a configuration file, arguments are expressions, so we need to implement a parser that needs to recognize input expressions and calculate their values. After calculating the values of all expressions, the tracer formalizes the collected data and outputs it to the log file.

Целью работы явились теоретические и практические разработки по системному применению органических удобрений и мероприятий для поддержания бездефицитного баланса гумуса в севообороте, представляющие научно-прикладной интерес для повышения эффективности растениеводства. Органические удобрения являются одним из основных средств производства Российского земледелия, средством, получаемым из собственных источников, которые уже в течение нескольких столетий улучшают плодородие почвы и повышают её продуктивность. Они играют решающую роль в поступлении органических и питательных веществ в почву. В современном земледелии постоянно осуществляется воспроизводство всех показателей плодородия почв до приведения их в состояние, близкое к параметрам модели плодородия для данного типа и вида почв. Однако первостепенное значение принадлежит воспроизводству наиболее важных из них. Таким важным интегральным показателем является наличие в почве сельскохозяйственного назначения органического вещества гумуса. Оно в этом случае рассматривается как вещественно-энергетическая и структурно-экологическая основа плодородия почвы. Эффективное развитие земледелия неразрывно связано с системным применением удобрений и постоянным совершенствованием технологий их внесения при возделывании сельскохозяйственных культур. Для решения этой задачи предлагается разработанная авторами методика применения органических удобрений в системе задач по производству продукции растениеводства и мероприятий для поддержания бездефицитного баланса гумуса в севообороте. При составлении баланса питательных веществ учитываются дозы внесения органических удобрений и вынос по основной удобряемой культуре. Приводятся схема по балансу питательных веществ с использованием удобрений в севообороте, а также классификационная характеристика качества навоза и химический состав соломы. В выводах показано, что основным показателем эффективности питательных веществ является количество валовой продукции, полученной от действия удобрений.The aim of the work was the theoretical and practical development of systematic use of organic fertilizers and measures to maintain a deficit-free balance of humus in crop rotation-those of scientific and applied interest to improve the efficiency of crop production. Organic fertilizers are one of the main means of production of the Russian agriculture, the means received from own sources which within several centuries improves fertility of the soil and increases its productivity. They play a crucial role in the flow of organic and nutrient substances into the soil. In modern agriculture is constantly carried out reproduction of all indicators of soil fertility to bring them into a state close to the parameters of the fertility model for this type and type of soil. However, the reproduction of the most important of them is of paramount importance. Such an important integral indicator is the presence in the soil of agricultural organic matter humus. In this case it is considered as a material-energy and structural-ecological basis of soil fertility. The effective development of agriculture is inextricably linked to the systematic use of fertilizers and the continuous improvement of technologies for their application in the cultivation of agricultural crops. To solve this problem, the authors propose a method of application of organic fertilizers in the system of tasks for the production of crop production and measures to maintain a deficit-free balance of humus in crop rotation. When drawing up the balance of nutrients, the doses of organic fertilizers and the removal of the main fertilized culture are taken into account. The scheme on the balance of nutrients with the use of fertilizers in crop rotation, as well as the classification characteristics of the quality of manure, and the chemical composition of straw are presented. The conclusions show that the main indicator of the effectiveness of nutrients is the amount of gross output obtained from the action of fertilizers.

В статье используется системный подход при рассмотрении проведения полевых работ посадочными и уборочными комплексами. Установлено, что для полноценного использования возможностей посадочных и уборочных комплексов при минимальных затратах механизированные работы необходимо проводить при максимальных значениях коэффициентов использования сменного времени. В табличной форме представлены значения коэффициентов использования сменного времени для условий Нечернозёмной зоны России. Выбор стратегии проведения работ определяют скорость созревания, погодные условия, наличие технических средств. Предлагаются численные составы посадочных и уборочных комплексов в расчёте на 1 га, которые представляются в табличной форме при агрегатировании с тракторами класса 1,423. Оценка эффективности функционирования комплексов должна строиться с учетом деятельности всех подсистем по выполнению плана работ. Такой оценкой ежедневной работы комплекса может служить коэффициент напряженности работ, равный отношению сумм фактически выполненных работ к запланированным,. В выводах установлены пути совершенствования механизированных процессов на посеве и уборке зерновых культур, а в качестве оптимального варианта выбран вариант максимального использования времени смены за счет внедрения новых организационнотехнических форм. В итоге разработана математическая модель функционирования посевных и уборочных комплексов при производстве зерновых культур для Нечернозёмной зоны России, которая может быть использована и для других регионов.The article uses a systematic approach when considering the management of planting and harvesting subcomplexes. It has been established that in order to fully utilize the capabilities of planting and harvesting complexes while minimizing the cost function, it should be carried out at maximum values of utilization factors of replaceable time. The tabular form presents the values of the utilization factors of the replaceable time for the conditions of the Nonchernozem zone of Russia. The choice of work strategy determines the speed of ripening, weather conditions, the availability of technical means. The numerical compositions of the planting and harvesting complexes are calculated for 1 ha and are presented in tabular form for the composition of the aggregates when aggregated with tractors of class 1,4,2,3. Evaluation of the functioning of the complexes should take into account the activities of all subsystems for the implementation of the work plan. Such an assessment of the daily work of the complex can serve as a coefficient of work intensity, equal to the ratio of the amounts of work actually performed to the planned, calculated per machine i. The conclusions set out ways to improve the processes at sowing and harvesting grain crops, and as the main option, an option was chosen to improve the use of shift time by introducing new organizational and technical forms. As a result, a mathematical model of the functioning of sowing and harvesting complexes in the production of grain crops for the Nonchernozem zone of Russia has been developed, which can be used for other regions.

Among existing approaches to software analysis one stands out: dynamic binary analysis, implemented with dynamic binary instrumentation (DBI). Instrumentation allows to perform analysis by inserting user-defined instructions into examined code flow. DBI frameworks allows to perform analysis in the absence of original source code, as well as providing functionality to change and supplement analysis conditions on-the-go. These capabilities provide performing analysis of any complexity and for any software. However, analysis quality and ease of use of dynamic binary instrumentation directly depends on implemented functionality in a chosen framework. One of the key features, allowing convenient analysis process is a possibility to specify and to narrow instrumentation target from operating system to smaller and more precise entities in system, like: process, thread, memory range. This ability is called selective instrumentation. Having this feature analyst may switch freely between whole system instrumentation and selective instrumentation both ways, which allows to benefit from both approaches while using the same framework. Whole system instrumentation affords the most comprehensive overview of all running applications in the system and the system itself. However the downside is a noticeable slowdown of the analyzed system, which can lead to malfunctioning of the system, and excessive amount of data that needs to be processed and analyzed. Selective instrumentation allows one to specify the area of interest for analysis routines. This can be performed at the right time and for specific entities, which provides a more accurate result depending on the goals. In this paper we are going to look through existing approaches for selective instrumentation and define their flaws. Then we will propose an approach for instrumentation of processes, threads, fibers and memory, and will describe test implementation for ARM and x86 architectures. In the last part of the paper we will describe application examples of developed selective instrumentation approaches.

This paper presents the results of research on the use of the jet force action effect for physical and technical gases parameters monitoring systems and devices. Authors considered and proposed the impulse mode of physical and technical gases parameters control based on the jet force action effect, which provides high accuracy and sensitivity measurements, and presented possible control devices based on the use the impulse mode of physical and technical gases parameters control: the density sensor used for single-component gases parameters control and the sealing capacity control sensor used for binary mixtures parameters control. For each device were determined static characteristics and the physical, technical and design parameters, which ensure a high level of sensors accuracy and sensitivity.

The article presents the experience of using software emulators as a tool for dynamic analysis of binary code: as a machine instruction tracer, and as a smart interactive debugger. We provide a description of deterministic replay implemented in the QEMU emulator to supply the stated functionalities.

The title compound was synthesized and isolated in two crystal modifications. The structure of the orthorhombic modification was determined by the X-ray powder diffraction method and the structure of the monoclinic modification was determined using the X-ray single-crystal diffraction technique. The molecules in both polymorphs are E,E isomers. Intermolecular H3C...NO2 contacts and their role in the formation of the polymorphic modifications are analyzed.

The crystal and molecular structures of 2-[1-(2-aminoethyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene]-2-nitroacetonitrile [C7H11N5O2; space group P21/n; Z = 4; a = 7.4889 (8), b = 17.273 (2), c = 7.4073 (8) Å, β = 111.937 (6)°], (I), and 2,6-diamino-5-hydroxy-3-nitro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-one monohydrate [C6H6N6O4·H2O; space group P21/n; Z = 4; a = 17.576 (3), b = 10.900 (2), c = 4.6738 (6) Å, β = 92.867 (8)°], (II), have been determined from X-ray, synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction data using various methods. The structures were originally solved from Guinier photographs with a grid search procedure and the program MRIA using a priori information from NMR and mass spectra on the possible geometry of the molecules. Because the conformation of molecule (I) changed during the bond-restrained Rietveld refinement, solvent water was found in (II) and, moreover, as both Guinier patterns were corrupted by texture, high-resolution texture-free synchrotron data were collected at the BM16 beamline, ESRF, to confirm the original results. Using the set of |F| 2 values derived from the synchrotron patterns after full-pattern decomposition procedures, the structures of (I) and (II) were solved by direct methods via SHELXS96, SIRPOW.92 and POWSIM without any preliminary models of the molecules, and by Patterson search methods via DIRDIF96 and PATSEE with the use of rigid fragments from each of the molecules. The neutron patterns allowed (I) and (II) to be solved using the grid search procedure and correct initial models of the molecules including H atoms. The results obtained from powder patterns measured on different devices demonstrate the high level of reproducibility and reliability of various powder software and equipment, with a certain preference for synchrotron facilities.

The paper presents the results of an investigation of the height variations of dynamic processes in the 80–110 km height region, carried out in Kazan, U.S.S.R. (56°N, 49°E) by the radiometeor method during the MAC/EPSILON campaign. Experimental results show that the largest values of vertical wind gradients, as well as zonal and meridional temperature gradients can be found at heights of ~ 83 km. At heights of 80 ⩽ h ⩽ 100 km, we can observe energy absorption of IGW and tides which are the major sources of turbulent energy in the above-mentioned height interval. Using the effects of IGW energy absorption, values of the turbulent eddy diffusion coefficient K l ranging from 1600 to 4400 m 2 /s were calculated for October 1987. The energy dissipation rate ϵ was estimated to be from 0.1 to 0.4 W/kg.

The stresses appearing in two Fe-based amorphous alloys with different phosphorus contents owing to surface crystallization during annealing have been studied experimentally for the first time. The stress-induced anisotropy was measured and calculated using the experimental values. These data coincide well for the alloy with a lower phosphorus concentration. The deviation for the other alloy was explained by structural transformations during annealing. The transformations and structure of the surface layers were investigated by the Mossbauer effect.

In order to choose the proper method for evaluating the antithrombin activity in samples of chitosan polysulphate (CP) with different polymerization degrees and sulphation degrees, we estimated the ability of direct anticoagulants to depress the coagulability of recalcified sheep blood using the third international heparin standard (A1 - in vitro system) and determined such activity on pharmacodynamic curve (A2 - in vivo system). The curve admits the kinetics of CP elimination to be nonlinear in case of intravenous injection to rabbits, as it is observed in heparin: Ct = C(o)exp(-K(e)lt), where Ct is the CP concentration at the time moment t; C(o) is the CP concentration at the injection moment; Kel is the elimination constant. Besides, it is assumed that there is a linear approximation of the anticoagulant effect on the dose, which finally makes it possible to calculate the specific activity A2: T = KTCt+T(in), where T is the time of clot formation at different time intervals after CP injection; T(in) is the time of clot formation prior to CP injection. T value was assessed in two tests: blood coagulation time (BCT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). No correlation was observed between A1 and A2. At the same time, the values of Kel and the period of semi-elimination, with the use of the biospecific cetylpyridinium chloride electrophores for the quantitative determination of CP in rabbit's blood taken at different time intervals after injection, showed a close correlation (r = .94, P < .05) between the same parameters, obtained with the help of the rectilinear pharmacodynamic plot in BCT test. Thus, experimentally, it was proven that the assumption of the CP nonlinear elimination and the CP effect-dose dependence was true, which is necessary for A2 calculation. Relatively low molecular weights (MW 61-82 kDa, polymerization degree 188-252 ) and high sulphation patterns (sulphur amounts 15.6-16.9%, sulphation degree 1.58-1.86) were slowly cleared and there was more antithrombin activity (30-52 IU/mg). We recommend the use of in vivo system for evaluating the antithrombin activity of the CP derivatives.

Recent experimental results and theoretical investigations are reported concerning sum- and difference frequency generation in the bulk of acentric optically - active liquids comprised of chiral molecules (chiral liquids) as well as SHG and THG of femtosecond pulses reflected from the surface of such liquids. Frequency dependence of second-order optical nonlinearity was studied, for the first time. Dramatic resonant enhancement (more than two orders of magnitude) of multiple - wave mixing processes due to excitation of surface electromagnetic waves at the metallic diffraction gratings are also detected and theoretically explained. Several novel nonlinear optical effects are investigated which are characteristic for the acentric isotropic liquids and solids with natural optical activity, including magnetic field induced SHG, optical rectification, photo-galvanic and photo-refractive effects, BioCARS process.

Protein C (PC) is an anticoagulant protein which, being activated by thrombin, degrades factors V/Va and VIII/VIIIa and releases a tissue-type plasminogen activator. Some Agkistrodon snake venoms contain PC activators which, in experiments, exert an anticoagulant action. An antithrombotic effect of the PC activator from the venom of A. blomhoffi ussuriensis on the model of thrombus formation in the arterio-venous shunt in rats was under investigation. Administration of the PC activator resulted in a dose-dependent prolongation of the thrombus formation time and a decrease in plasma PC activity, which were accompanied by a decrease in factor V activity and APTT prolongation. No reliable changes in the t-PA level, ADP- and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation were observed. Platelet adhesion to glass beads diminished. We assume that the antithrombotic effect of the PC activator from the A. blomhoffi venom in the platelet-dependent thrombosis model is caused by PC activation and subsequent factor V inactivation as well as by platelet adhesiveness reduction.

IN October 1967 the Monitor System IFVE 67, a system for automating programming based on FORTRAN [1–5] for the MINSK-22 computer, was put into operation at the Institute of High-Energy Physics. The system includes dispatching, loading, control-diagnostic programs, input-output programs, a library of standard programs and a translator. The translator itself comprises rather less than half the whole system. FORTRAN was chosen as the basic language for automating programming at the institute for the following reasons. Firstly, there exists abroad a large library of programs written m FOTRAN, considerably exceeding in volume the libraries of programs in other algorithmic languages. The difficulty of merely composing programs for processing experimental data, which are the most important for the institute, far exceeded the difficulty of constructing a translator from FORTRAN. Secondly, FORTRAN provides for the possibility of working with large groups of relatively independent programs (separate translation of subroutines, presence of the operators COMMON etc). Thirdly, FORTRAN contains an extensive group of input-output format operators, and comparatively easily permits the insertion into programs of blocks written in languages close to machine code. Thus, FORTRAN can form the single basis for programming practically any problem arising at the institute. For comparison, we may mention that ALGOL, which is similar to FORTRAN, cannot in its present form serve as a basis for programming large groups of programs, since it is inferior to FORTRAN on the points enumerated above.