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The article discusses role of New Deal fiscal policies in the Great Expansion and money growth of the U.S. Topics discussed include progress made by the U.S. economy during 1933-37, 1932 Glass-Steagall Act that relaxed gold's grip on U.S. monetary policy by allowing the Fed to issue "Federal Reserve Bank Notes" backed by certain Treasury securities and ability of the fed to create an independent monetary policy.

The article focuses on the work of photographer Marge Schoenfeld in the midst of the Depression. It mentions his family life in the brand-new Village of Greendale, a planned community outside Milwaukee, Wisconsin built by the Works Progress Administration as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. It also mentions Eastman's Kodak camera was a box the size of a loaf of bread.

The article examines the New Deal approach of former U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Great Depression in 1933. Topics discussed include the belief of his predecessor Herbert Hoover on the implication of the leave-it-alone economic policy, importance of considering the background of Roosevelt to understand his policies, and criticism of the New Deal adoption of European-style safety nets by conservatives.

Focuses on President Franklin D. Roosevelt's (FDR) creation of the so-called New Deal during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The range of governmental agencies and work-relief projects that set the jobless to work constructing dams, bridges, highways and airports during the 1930s; The so-called New Deal as a reflection that Americans take care of their own; News stories covered by `Time' magazine during FDR's presidency.

Assesses the success of the trade-reciprocity program of the U.S. Overview of economic repercussion of the depression and its impact on international trade; Advocacy of liberal trade policy by U.S. Secretary of the State Cordell Hull; Authorization of the U.S. Congress to lower import duties by 50 percent in return for concessions by other countries; Argument pertaining to trade agreement of the U.S. with other countries, including the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Switzerland and Czechoslovakia; Assessment of the Hull tariff program; Suggestion that if international economic appeasement is really the goal, the trade-reciprocity program should be pushed with great vigor and accelerated wherever possible; View that trade-agreement program would be far more effective, if the high basic rates of the 1930 tariff schedule were revised by unilateral action.

Reports on socio-political and economic developments from the world. Focus on the gold policy proposed by the U.S. President; Blame on scientific development for the desperate condition of the American farmer; Issues related to war in the Far East; Report that Austria's labor movement has come to the end of its course as a political factor in the life of the Austrian state; Views of U.S. journalist Walter Lippmann on the U.S. neutrality and its stand in the new European War; Announcement of the creation of corporate state by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.

Focuses on the criticism of the back-to-the-land theory, a part of the economic policies in the U.S. Hopelessness surrounding the back-to-land culture; Pressure of excessive population on agricultural lands; Experience of the author as a farmer; Economic condition of pitiable nature among small farmers; Requirement of large farms and lessening of pressure upon farms; Increase in the farm population of the U.S.; Condition of the lands where people returning from cities are trying to farm.

Presents socio-political and economic news from the world. Implications of the U.S. domestic recovery program and its refusal to stabilize dollar in international exchange; Information on the proposal of the Soviet Russia to other nations at London Conference that she would buy from them 1,000 million dollars' worth of goods of many sorts if they would only provide reasonably adequate credits; Announcement of plans for wheat and cotton under new legislation by the U.S. Department of Agriculture; Information on the leasing and option schemes for cotton by the U.S. Government; Report that the U.S. Government is negotiating abroad with the other chief wheat-exporting nations to see whether an international agreement on production and an assignment of export quotas can be reached, in order to reduce the surplus hanging over world markets; Information on the use of Industrial Recovery Act in oil and cotton textile industries; Report that the long expected open break between the Austrian Government and the Nazis has at last taken place; Support of Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini to Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss' Government; Criticism of the production of the thirty-seven ships for the U.S. Navy; Report that American Ambassador to Cuba has offered to act as mediator and bring all factions together in the attempt to find some satisfactory compromise which will bring to an end the present impossible situation in Cuba; Implications of the proposed tax on all motor cars, city bridges and business by New York Mayor John P. O'Brien; Apology of the journal and the writer Lawrence Dennis on the erroneous reading of the book "The Investor Pays," by Max Lowenthal.

Focuses on the American economic future in the wake of war preparations, war participation, and post-war adjustments. Report that because of extraordinary economic conditions, the first two U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt Administrations were subject to heavy financial strain; Implications of the policy of borrowing; Information on the Keynes Plan on the economic consequences of the present situation; Crisis of post-war unemployment; View that tax institutions do have inertia and that it may be advisable to begin now to prepare for full employment; Need for a simpler excess-profits tax as suggested by Senator Robert Marion La Follette; Need for modification in the personal taxation; Expansion of indirect taxation; Desirability of better federal state relations in taxation; View that nobody wants to see a complete regimentation of economic life, even in wartime; Observation that if rational and democratic government in the United States is to give way to some totalitarian regime, the refusal of the American people to tax themselves adequately and intelligently will probably be an important cause of the tragedy.

Focuses on the quarterly publication "American Affairs: The Economic Record," edited by Garet Garrett, which highlights the philosophy of the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM). Comments by Garrett that modern economic theory is foisted upon the Western world as a new gospel of totalitarianism, consisting of vague abstractions and economic myths; Views of Virgil Jordan, the president of the National Industrial Conference Board of NAM that parallel relation exists between the national socialism in Germany and the economic policy in the U.S.; Comparison between full employment and dictatorship; Effect of the Bretton Woods plan and laissez-faire on international trade and monetary stabilization; Argument against collective bargaining and social security.

The article discusses the provisions of the New Deal economic program in the U.S. The program was implemented in response to the Great Depression, while its major legislation, the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), recognizes the right of labor representatives for collective bargaining. However, labor unions and employers in the country have expressed skepticism on the effectiveness of the legislation citing the presence of several industrial conflicts.

The article examines the effectiveness of the New Deal economic program of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It reports on the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) that was passed as a support for the New Deal. It claims that positive performances of the farms, banks and monetary policies are needed to ensure the success of the program.

The article offers world news briefs on various world issues. The inconvenience brought about by the nationwide bank holiday in the U.S. has already been accepted by its citizens through their joint efforts to resolve the crisis. Japanese troops is expected to invade China proper because of domestic crisis. The hostility between the working-class parties in Germany is reported, which cause the weakening of the Communists and Socialists parties.

Focuses on the importance of central planning towards a smooth economic growth and social development in the U.S. Requirement of taking the onus of creation of an organized economic body ahead of the people of the U.S.; Critique on suggestions from various entities such as the National Industrial Council and the Economic General Staff on how to carry out this planning to work out a national economic policy; Account of the functions to be performed by the economic body in its primitive stage of being; Prime types of objections to the creation of central-planning agencies that will be made as part of the process.

The article mentions business conditions in prewar United States, factors affecting distribution costs and price controls in wartime, and the outlook for reconversion pricing. The major factors affecting the long-run upward trend for distribution costs are management efficiency, cyclical fluctuations, competition, the pattern of social, business, and market behaviors, and government control. The principles of functional integration and transfer of functions to consumer have given mail order houses, chain stores, and supermarkets a cost advantage. Topics include data for department stores taken from the "History of Macy's of New York, 1858-1919," the effect of business cycles on expense rates and gross margins, and a prediction that postwar distribution costs will rise.

The article refers to fiscal policy concept, economic stability, and the outlook for public financial administration in postwar United States. Reorganization is needed in the federal administrative agencies that develop and manage fiscal policy, as well as reformulation of objectives which protect the government's credit, establish a stabilized monetary unit, and create a system of financial institutions that provides service for business investment and personal saving. Topics include government agencies and their subagencies such as the National Housing Authority, the effect of fiscal policy on business, management of the federal debt, Bureau of the Budget, government corporations, and the Federal Reserve System's open-market operations.

The article focuses on the outlook for a federal postwar budget in the United States that could range from $15 billion to $25 billion. A comparison of prewar and estimated postwar federal expenditures shows that government spending is divided into the two categories of inescapable expenditures--the interest on the public debt, military and nonmilitary expenses, veterans' assistance, agricultural aid, and social security--and foreign and domestic discretionary expenditures. Fiscal policy is expected to continue deficit financing in order to avoid higher taxes during the transition to a peacetime economy. Topics include a tax program that would lead to a balanced budget in ten years and the role of business in providing capital for economic expansion.

The article discusses five economic policies and suggests that the United States support a peace settlement, which has an international trade program that benefits the postwar economy in the U.S., as well as other countries. Global antirestriction policies and international collaboration have five advantages for the U.S.: food purchase agreements that support American farmers; new markets for American industrial products; support for U.S. export-trading interests via industrialization of emerging markets; raw-material purchase agreements that stabilize developing economies; and a high level of national income sustained by a domestic policy that supports America's role in international trade. Topics include cartels and statistics for imports and exports since 1901.

The article focuses on the disposal of war surpluses during the transition to a peacetime economy in the United States. The Baruch plan authorizes a Surplus Property Administrator in the Office of War Mobilization to oversee the disposal of consumer and industrial surplus products, create a Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and allow the Treasury Procurement Division to manage consumer-goods surpluses. Alternative policies are destroying surplus materials to remove them from the domestic market, keeping supplies for future use, applying overstocks such as food to relief programs in other countries, or selling items in foreign markets. Topics include the origin of surplus government property and the challenges of finding new uses for overstocks of strategic or raw materials.

The article discusses the problems with priorities system that was developed for World War II in order to ensure that raw materials were allocated to enough war industries to further the war effort. The author gives a brief summary of the priorities system as it was during the beginning of the second World War, and how it was supposed to help in the production of war goods from a shortage of raw materials. He outlines the problems with the system and assigns the two major causes of the problems as being uncertainty and lack of conformity with business practice. While the author points out several problems with the system, he also gives mention to several parts that were embraced by the war industry. He also offers suggestions on how to improve the system.

The article discusses the events leading to government regulation in the paperboard industry. The author provides a detailed account of the day-to-day operations of a paperboard mill and how it interacts with the wastepaper industry. At the time of the writing of this article, there was a surplus of wastepaper in the paperboard industry, although, the author warns that this supply should be considered temporary. If wastepaper becomes scarce, pressure will be brought by dealers to raise the ceiling prices in order to bear the cost of collection. With public cooperation, however, there will be no need to raise the price in wastepaper. The author stresses that any relaxation in the collection of wastepaper will seriously hamper the war effort in the U.S.

The article discusses the debates of the forty hour work week and patent pools in the U.S. and how they can affect the war effort during World War II if they are escalated to the level of hatred. The author looks at how many laborers are not opposed to working more than forty hours as long as they are fairly compensated for the overtime. He views this as an incentive that can greatly improve productivity for the war effort. He also mentions that many critics feel companies that have engaged in patent pools with Germany before the war, but during the reign of Adolf Hitler, can be seen as conspirators, even though many of these patented products have helped in the war effort. The author looks at how the hatred brought on by these debates can impede the effort.

The article discusses the objectives, problems, and policies of price administration in the machinery industries. Direct control of machinery prices plays a strategic role in the prevention of inflation, although it must be selective, to be consistent with the war effort, and must be administered in such a way as to maximize production of essential war goods. The author believes the best way to relieve the pricing problem is to impose price maxima, or price ceilings on specific products in individual firms because of the fact that products in machinery industries are very specific and wide ranging.

This article discusses the war demands on labor supply in the U.S. The Bureau of Labor Statistics in the U.S. has been tasked for mapping labor requirements for defense production, to avoid labor jams, to distribute production in areas that require labor reserves, to plan in advance the training programs for skilled labor, and to schedule the entire defense program, in relation to the expansion of general economic activity and avoid an over-all labor shortage that could set an upward spiral of wages and prices. The author looks at how the labor patterns were distinguished and focuses on the areas of shipbuilding and aircraft production.

The article discusses how the solution of individual priority problems in businesses has developed the administrative procedure of the Priorities Division of the Office of Production Management in the U.S. during World War II. The general pattern of the procedure are based on two principles, which are to avoid a sharp break from the system of priority ratings in order to prevent serious dislocation of industry, and to center final control in one agency, and at the same time to decentralize administration. There are several problems that face the Priorities Division, but the author notes that one whole industry should not be viewed as more important than another industry. However, the needs of one industry should take precedent over the needs of another.

This article focuses on prices in a free economy that may be regulated for a coordinated defense effort. For such a unified, coordinated defense effort, those forces in a free economy need to be temporarily restrained. Typically, increases in price directly increase production volume, which is important to procure armament materials. However, increased demand for goods will cause inflationary prices in certain areas. Information on how inflation is caused and how it can be prevented is included. The authors stress the need for businesses to sacrifice certain aspects of a free market so that the government can control the economy needed in a defense effort.

The article focuses on advancements in monetary control, policy and theory during the 1930s in the United States. The study of business cycles and economic theory during the period led to the developing belief that monetary measures might help to moderate fluctuations in business cycles and prevent depressions or stimulate recovery. Several monetary policies and their effects on investment are discussed, including interest rate manipulation and the issuance of securities. Data from the United States Treasury Department concerning corporate activity during the period is presented.

The article presents various proposals that will help meet the legitimate credit and finance needs of small businesses in the United States. Several pieces of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal legislation aimed at encouraging the recirculation of private capital are detailed. A discussion of government-sponsored studies indicating the economic necessity of "risk" capital investment in small businesses is presented. Details related to a 1932 United States Chamber of Commerce study indicating the inadequacies of the long-term loan servicing of commercial banks are presented.

The article examines the arguments advanced in favor of the deficit spending theory, both as a recovery measure and as a quasi-permanent part of a government's fiscal policy. The author highlights the errors in the arguments and the dangers of deficit spending. The author considers spending and investment outlets, government spending to remedy deficient private spending, and the burden of a growing government debt. The author asserts that continued use of deficit spending increases the burden to taxpayers who are responsible for financing the debt and leaves less money for legitimate government expenditures. The author argues that deficit spending can be utilized as a tool when necessary, but careful analysis of the circumstances and conditions of its use are essential.

The article relates the discussion among economists regarding public and business policy as it relates to unemployment and the need for public spending, and the economic consequences of that public spending. The article addresses the causes of unemployment, how the state can provide employment for the unemployed, and the economic ramifications of state action. The author considers the feasibility of full employment, the relationship between savings, investment, and the interest rate, and government action that might facilitate further employment such as reduction of the interest rate, wage reductions, and public subsidy for private investment. The author examines several "dangers" of public expenditure, including inflation, increasing public debt, and competition for investment resources.

The article examines the industrial loan policy of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in comparison to the loan policies of commercial banks. The article suggests that while the RFC is more liberal in its appraisal of credit risk and loan maturity policy, it is not an effort to make loans where banks would not. The article examines the criteria for lending considered by the RFC, such as prospects for future earning, financial position, collateral requirements, ability and character of the applicant, business proposed, purpose of the loan, customer relationship, size of the loan, and maturity of the loan. The article argues that the RFC's loan program is essentially a supplementary source of credit, designed to meet a demand for inherently sound loans where banks cannot.

The article examines the statistics related to the volume of world trade, specifically focusing on the changes that have occurred since the depression as it reflects on U.S. trade participation. The article presents the levels of U.S. trade against that of other countries, compares U.S. imports and exports regionally and with selected countries and U.S. exports of materials useful for war purposes, as well as reviews trade with those countries with which the U.S. has established trade agreements. The article considers war preparation in other nations and drought conditions in the U.S. as they relate to trade and presents several conclusions based on the statistics reviewed, including that the U.S. has not regained pre-depression levels and trade agreements appear to benefit trade activity.

The article examines the impact the Robinson-Patman Act has had on manufacturers' cost accounting operations and requirements. The difficulty has centered on the provisions that make cost the only basis for price differentials, requires equal treatment of all buyers on products of equal grade, and legally requires companies to account for price differentials. The following issues have arisen: determining grade and quality differences; fixing and establishing quantity limits on which to grant price differentials; and the establishment of proportionately equal terms. The author notes that the Federal Trade Commission fails to acknowledge the factor of opinion and judgment in cost determination, which now solely rests on accounting data.

The article discusses the relationship between cost and pricing, particularly the difficulties, limitations, and dangers of the cost standard as it relates to the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 as amended in 1935, the Robinson-Patman Act of 1936, the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 as amended in 1938, and the Bituminous Coal Act of 1937. The author argues that the legislation relies more heavily on accounting rather than economic views of cost. The author holds that a more economic model must be adopted that considers the restricted role of cost in short-run price determination, takes into account the factors influencing total output of goods, and recognizes problems presented by variations in cost.

The article discusses the difficulty of stabilizing the bituminous coal industry in the U.S. The article outlines the difficulties faced by the industry that are not a factor in other energy industries, such as unchangeable operating conditions, wages and collective bargaining agreements, and freight rates. The article addresses the efforts to exert control over the industry with the result being the passage of the Guffey-Vinson Act and formation of the National Bituminous Coal Commission within the Department of the Interior. The article outlines the provisions of the Guffey-Vinson Act, which established minimum and maximum prices and establishes a procedure for determining price. Further discussion of current problems of control and the effect of price regulation are considered.

The article discusses the American sugar system under Federal Government control, as part of the New Deal, from the economic-statistical point of view. The author looks at how the U.S. federal government, under the new sugar system, directs what the domestic and Cuban market price shall be, determines the total amount of tons of sugar which will be delivered each year, and sets the amount of bounties. This being so, a great bulk of the annual gross income is determined by government action. Furthermore, he explains how the gross income has been divided by the government between the different areas and the manner in which it has distributed each area's income among the workers in the system.

The article discusses different specific functions of the newly formed Unemployment Trust Fund in the U.S. Treasury including the provisions that may be drawn on by the unemployed during depression, the stabilization of bank credit, and the control of public debt. The author looks at how the Unemployment Fund is expected to accumulate and how the accumulation is expected to be a funding source for the needs of unemployed people. Also, the Secretary of the Treasury is expected to invest the fund in guaranteed securities which has the potential to balance bank credit. Other provisions under the fund are included in the article.

The article discusses the data needed to surmise a judgment on whether relief expenditures should be reduced or continued on at least the existing level. There are many arguments for each side, however, the authors feel that sufficient data is yet to be compiled in order to make an educated guess on reemployment in the U.S. To start analyzing the data, they looks at the current unemployment volume in the country, and compare those figures with that of the size of the combined Works Program and general relief loads. Using this data and information of the type of worker on relief, they speculate the possibilities of reemployment.

The article discusses the 100% money proposal in the U.S. in 1937. The proposal says that banking "on the factional reserve principal" should be abolished. It stems from the view that banks have usurped the U.S. government's power over the control of currency. Proponents say when banks alternate between lending and collecting, they play a major role in producing economic booms and depressions. The 100% proposal is a complaint against repetitive lending and borrowing. Analysts say the plan fails to differentiate between time deposits and demand deposits.

The author discusses the U.S. Robinson-Patman Act of 1936. The legislation prohibits anticompetitive acts by producers, specifically focusing on price discrimination. It was initiated in response to practices in which U.S. chain stores were able to purchase goods at lower prices than other retailers. He compares the Robinson-Patman legislation as an amendment to the earlier legislation as defined in the Clayton Act. He finds fault with the legislation's attempt to further the powers of the federal government over matters which he believes are best solved intrastate. He fears that the Robison-Patman Act will lead to more legislation which disrupts U.S. business' growth.

The article discusses the waiting period as outlined in the U.S. Securities Act. The legislation called for a twenty-day interval between the filing and the effective dates of a registration statement. The waiting period is designed to give the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission time to examine the statements for their accuracy, sufficiency, and their likelihood of misleading investors. The Securities Act was aimed at protecting U.S. investors. Critics of the law say the waiting period is an unnecessary delay for legitimate transactions.

The article discusses the successive series of financial crises, starting with mortgage holders unable to meet their monthly mortgage payments to thrift institutions unable to meet the demands of their investors or borrowers, that precipitated the creation of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. The article discusses the programs offered by the board, including the Federal Home Loan Bank System, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, the Federal Savings and Loan System, the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, and the Federal Investment in Shares of Thrift Institutions. The objectives of board to encourage recovery and accelerate the development of the private thrift institutions are discussed, as is the author's suggestion that government support of this industry is appropriate.