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New software solutions emerged to support radiologists in image interpretation in acute ischemic stroke. This study aimed to validate the performance of computer-aided assessment of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS) for detecting signs of early infarction. ASPECT scores were assessed in 119 CT scans of patients with acute middle cerebral artery ischemia. Patient collective was differentiated according to (I) normal brain, (II) leukoencephalopathic changes, (III) infarcts, and (IV) atypical parenchymal defects (multiple sclerosis, etc.). ASPECTS assessments were automatically provided by the software package e-ASPECTS (Brainomix®, UK) (A). Subsequently, three neuroradiologists (B), (C), and (D) examined independently 2380 brain regions. Interrater comparison was performed with the definite infarct core as reference standard after best medical care (thrombolysis and/or thrombectomy). Interrater comparison revealed higher correlation coefficient of (B) 0.71, (C) 0.76, and of (D) 0.80 with definite infarct core compared to (A) 0.59 for ASPECTS assessment in the acute ischemic stroke setting. While (B), (C), and (D) showed a significant correlation for individual patient groups (I), (II), (III), and (IV), except for (D) (II), (A) was not significant in patient groups with pre-existing changes (II), (III), and (IV). The following sensitivities, specificities, PPV, NPV, and accuracies given in percent were achieved: (A) 83, 57, 55, 82, and 67; (B) 74, 76, 69, 83, and 77; (C) 80.8, 85.2, 76, 84, and 80; (D) 63, 90.7, 82, 79, and 80, respectively. For ASPECTS assessment, the examined software may provide valid data in case of normal brain. It may enhance the work of neuroradiologists in clinical decision making. A final human check for plausibility is needed, particularly in patient groups with pre-existing cerebral changes.

BackgroundA neurointerventional examination of intracranial aneurysms often involves the eye lens in the primary beam of radiation.ObjectiveTo assess and compare eye-lens doses imparted during interventional and non-interventional imaging techniques for the examination of intracranial aneurysms.MethodsWe performed a phantom study on an anthropomorphic phantom (ATOM dosimetry phantom 702-D; CIRS, Norfolk, Virginia, USA) and assessed eye-lens doses with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) type 100 (LiF:Mg, Ti) during (1) interventional (depiction of all cerebral arteries with triple 3D-rotational angiography and twice 2-plane DSA anteroposterior and lateral projections) and (2) non-interventional (CT angiography (CTA)) diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. Eye-lens doses were calculated following recommendations of the ICRP 103. Image quality was analysed in retrospective by two experienced radiologists on the basis of non-interventional and interventional pan-angiography examinations of patients with incidental aneurysms (n=50) on a five-point Likert scale.ResultsThe following eye-lens doses were assessed: (1) interventional setting (triple 3D-rotational angiography and twice 2-plane DSA anteroposterior and lateral projections) 12 mGy; (2) non-interventional setting (CTA) 4.1 mGy. Image quality for depiction of intracranial aneurysms (>3 mm) was evaluated as good by both readers for both imaging techniques.ConclusionsEye-lens doses are markedly higher during the interventional than during the non-interventional diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. For the eye-lens dose, CTA offers considerable radiation dose savings in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms.

Purpose To examine radiation-doses imparted during multislice (MSCT) and cone-beam computed-tomography (CBCT) for perioperative examination of cochlear-implant insertion. Methods Radiation-doses were assessed during standardized petrous-bone CT-protocols at different MSCT ((I) single-source CT-scanner Somatom-Definition-AS +, (II) 2nd generation of dual-source CT-scanner Somatom-Definition-Flash, (III) 3rd generation of dual-source CT-scanner Somatom-Force and at the CBCT Ziehm-Vision-RFD3D ((IV) (a) RFD-3D (Standard-modifier), (b) RFD-3D (Low-dose-modifier)). Image quality was examined by two radiologists appraising electrode-array placement, quality-control of cochlear-implant surgery and complications based on real patients' examinations (n = 78). Results In MSCT-setting following radiation-doses were assessed (CTDIw; DLP): (I) 21.5 mGy; 216 mGy cm; (II) 19.7 mGy; 195 mGy cm; (III) 12.7 mGy; 127 mGy cm; in the CBCT setting radiation doses were distributed as follows: (IV) (a) 1.9 mGy; 19.4 mGy cm; (b) 1.2 mGy; 12.9 mGy cm. Overall, image quality was evaluated as good for both, MSCT- and CBCT-examinations, with a good interrater reliability (r = 0.81). Conclusion CBCT bears considerable dose-saving potential for the perioperative examination of cochlear-implant insertion while maintaining adequate image quality.

A stand-alone system for power generation from biogas-based on a commercial SOFC module in the 1 kWe range shall demonstrate its applicability to biogas, quantify the efficiency gain compared to conventional combined heat and power technology and justify further development toward SOFC modules in the hundreds of kilowatt range. The system includes biogas cleaning, combined dry and steam reforming, electrochemical oxidation of synthesis gas, offgas burning, and heat usage for steam generation and support of the endothermic reforming reaction. The system demonstrated a performance of 1 kWe at 52% gross efficiency for a synthetic biogas containing 55 vol.% CH4 during 500 h in the lab. In addition, the performance using real biogas derived from the wastewater treatment process of a sugar plant was demonstrated for different operating points. Based on the experimentally validated results, it is possible to predict the benefit of operating larger SOFC biogas systems. Investment costs of 2.5 times compared to the conventional technology of a 75 kWe biogas unit get paid off due to higher electricity revenues over time.

A method that allows an assessment of the livability by comparing different neighborhoods with each other as well as with the best practice was developed in this paper. First of all, a set of 51 indicators comprising the categories of connectivity, traffic, public transportation and bicycle infrastructure, urban form, density, land use, open space coverage ratio, potential for PV, green roof and materials were defined. The values for these indicators were investigated for 36 neighborhoods in the city of Hamburg, Germany. Secondly, some neighborhoods were chosen as the most livable neighborhoods and the average of their results was used for indicating the best practice in Hamburg. This approach allows users to compare their chosen neighborhoods with the best practice of their own city. Thirdly, each absolute indicator value was transferred into a relative one, where 0 % represents the lowest found value and 100 % the highest one. Fourthly, each indicator was assigned with a character. If the smaller percentage the better, like percentage of buildings near a noisy street, this character is “S”. If the bigger percentage the better, like frequency of public travel, the character is “B”. If the closer to the best practice the better, like inhabitants per hectare, the character is “R”. Thus, the ideal neighborhood would show 0 % for character S, 100 % for B and the best practice for R. Finally, the results are presented in the radar charts in order to facilitate the comparison.

Traumatische Dissektionen der A. carotis sind eine leicht zu ubersehende Traumafolge mit relevanter Morbiditat und Mortalitat, die in bis zu 4 % der Falle im Rahmen eines Polytraumas auftreten sollen. Bestimmte Unfallmechanismen, Verletzungsmuster und Symptome sollten daher an das Vorliegen einer Dissektion denken lassen und Anlass zu weiterer Diagnostik sein. Die fruhzeitige Diagnose kann zur Vermeidung zerebraler Ischamien fuhren und somit moglicherweise das Outcome der Patienten positiv beeinflussen. In der vorliegenden Kasuistik wird ein 45-jahriger Patient mit zunachst nichtdiagnostizierter Karotisdissektion im Rahmen eines Verkehrsunfalls vorgestellt.

Seven patients presented with intracranial hemorrhage due to arteriovenous dural fistula. Six patients showed intracerebral hemorrhage combined with subdural hematoma and intraventricular hemorrhage in one case respectively, and one patient had infratentorial subarachnoid hemorrhage. Location of the fistulae was frontobasal (n=2), tentorium (n=2), transverse sinus (n=2), and superior sagittal sinus (n=1). Angiography revealed reflux into cortical veins in all cases. Therapy was surgery in both cases with fistula of the anterior cranial fossa with good results. An endovascular intraarterial therapy was performed in a case with circumscribed fistula of the superior sagittal sinus, this patient developed a second dural fistula during follow-up. Two patients with tentorial fistulae had primary endovascular treatment complicated by infarction of both thalami in one case and a recurrence of the fistula in the other. In the last case the fistula was closed by surgery. Out of two patients with widespread fistulae of the transverse sinus one made a good clinical recovery and the other remained unchanged. In the first case definite closure of a remnant of the fistula was refused, in the second no further therapy was recommended.

The European Directive 2010/31 claims that from 2020 on, only (nearly-) zeroenergy buildings may be built. To reach this, buildings have to be optimised energetically. The remaining energy demand has to be covered by renewable energy sources (PV, geothermal etc.) gained nearby, e.g. on site. Comparable predefined plot and office building sizes are investigated for all main climate zones around the globe. Each case study leads to a different energy demand, even though, the same energy generation systems have been applied being PV for power and geothermal energy for heating and cooling. The analysis investigates first, whether the limiting factor to reach a nearly-zero-energy building is in the PV or the geothermal system. Furthermore, in all case studies, the balance between the usable floor area and the surface area for renewable energy sources (roof surface area for PV, plot size for geothermal) is investigated. From this, the maximum numbers of storeys (which can be heated/ cooled) are given per location. Furthermore, consequences for the urban pattern of nearly-zero-energy buildings (like street width and building heights) are highlighted. The main outcome is a correlation between simulated data for the energy demand and climate data. If the architectural optimization follows the local climatic needs, linear equations appear between the simulated energy demand and the climate data for a scenario of optimised buildings. The equations for annual heating or cooling demand and heating or cooling degree hours are given.

In an architecture master course (MA), students were invited to investigate whether a feasible Zero-Energy-Urban-Quarter can be achieved and under which set of design rules. The requirements of the task were to design living quarters for 6500 inhabitants with a density of 100 inhabitants per hectare. Each group of students had to select a plot of land located in any of the big German cities. Throughout the semester, a sequence of 4 presentations took place, where the topic was investigated and observed. The presentations commenced with the analysis of the urban situation and a first proposal of the building arrangements, main transport axes, primary (private) central facilities, secondary (groups such as housing communities), as well as public areas. After justifying the selection of a representative type building, it had to be further detailed and investigated as a passive house. This dealt with aspects, such as construction, materials, U-values, thermal bridges, air tightness, as well as floor plans and the installation of a mechanical ventilation system. Detailed energy calculations were made using the well-introduced PHPP (Passivhaus-Projektierungs-Paket) tool. After the final optimization of the prototype building, the investigation turned its focus back on aspects of urban planning. The final arrangement of the building, definition of areas for solar technology systems and secondary territories as well as a description of possible alternatives, completed the design process. The results of this investigation concluded that it is possible to design ZeroEnergy-Urban-Quarters in Germany, with a maximum density of 100 inhabitants per hectare.

The history of Mexico City is bound to water. The city was founded within a lacustrine environment. But the alterations made by humans transformed a basin rich in water into a water scarce one, causing an imbalance in its radiant energy system and its water cycle. For this research, the analysis is based on the lakes desiccation as a crucial factor prompting the warming in the basin of Mexico, along with the urban growth. Based on that precondition this research investigates: If the original water and energy elements of the Valley of Mexico could be partially restored by the creation of microclimates, then the water cycle and the energy balance in the urban environment would stabilize. The possibilities will be explored through the analysis of the reintroduction of water elements in the urban environment of Mexico City, which seek to demonstrate three key factors. First the essential function of water as a thermostat and driver of human thermal comfort. Second the water as the basis of the natural radiant energy cycle restoring the growth of vegetation and biodiversity in the basin. Third its function as a stabilizer and generator of urban energy balance processes and vice versa, of radiant energy as the engine to achieve fundamental phases of the water cycle. Its complementary character will be strengthened by the proposal of design strategies that lead into a water and energy balance in Mexico City through the creation of microclimates for an effective adaptation to the environment and the climate changes caused by global warming.

Toxoplasma encephalitis was confirmed by biopsy in three patients with bone marrow (BMT) or peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation (PBSCT). All had MRI before antimicrobial therapy. The intensity of contrast enhancement was very variable. One patient had one large, moderately enhancing cerebral lesion and several smaller almost nonenhancing lesions. The second had small nodular and haemorrhagic lesions without any enhancement. The third had late cerebral toxoplasmosis and showed multiple lesions with marked contrast enhancement. The moderate or absent contrast enhancement in the two patients in the early phase of cerebral toxoplasmosis may be related to a poor immunological response, with a low white blood cell count in at least one patient. Both received higher doses of prednisone than the patient with late infection, leading to a reduced inflammatory response. In patients with a low leukocyte count and/or high doses of immunosuppressive therapy, typical contrast enhancement may be absent.

The Late Maunder Minimum (LMM; 1675-1715) delineates a period with marked climate variability within the Little Ice Age in Europe. Gridded monthly mean surface pressure fields were reconstructed for this period for the eastern North Atlantic-European region (25°W-30°E and 35-70°N). These were based on continuous information drawn from proxy and instrumental data taken from several European data sites. The data include indexed temperature and rainfall values, sea ice conditions from northern Iceland and the Western Baltic. In addition, limited instrumental data, such as air temperature from central England (CET) and Paris, reduced mean sea level pressure (SLP) at Paris, and monthly mean wind direction in the Oresund (Denmark) are used. The reconstructions are based on a canonical correlation analysis (CCA), with the standardized station data as predictors and the SLP pressure fields as predictand. The CCA-based model was performed using data from the twentieth century. The period 1901-1960 was used to calibrate the statistical model, and the remaining 30 years (1961-1990) for the validation of the reconstructed monthly pressure fields. Assuming stationarity of the statistical relationships, the calibrated CCA model was then used to predict the monthly LMM SLP fields. The verification results illustrated that the regression equations developed for the majority of grid points contain good predictive skill. Nevertheless, there are seasonal and geographical limitations for which valid spatial SLP patterns can be reconstructed. Backward elimination techniques indicated that Paris station air pressure and temperature, CET, and the wind direction in the Oresund are the most important predictors, together sharing more than 65% of the total variance. The reconstructions are compared with additional data and subjectively reconstructed monthly pressure charts for the years 1675-1704. It is shown that there are differences between the two approaches. However, for extreme years the reconstructions are in good agreement.

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is a rare malignant soft tissue tumour that can be difficult to diagnose correctly, especially preoperatively. We describe four cases of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of the extremities diagnosed by a multimodal approach. The cytological examination of fine-needle aspirates showed small and round, mildly pleomorphic cells lying in sheets and cords, but also dispersed within a myxoid and metachromatic intercellular substance. Histological, electron microscopic and immunocytochemical examination also yielded findings compatible with the diagnosis of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated a t(9;22)(q22;q12) in two tumours and a t(9;17)(q22;q11) in the third and fourth. The translocation t(9;22)(q22;q12) has been described repeatedly in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma but never in other tumours; hence, the detection of this pathognomonic chromosome abnormality in short-term cultured cells from fine-needle aspirates verified the diagnosis in two of the cases. The t(9;17)(q22;q11) found in the last two cases probably represents a new cytogenetic subgroup of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma as it, too, is unknown in other contexts. The multimodal approach taken in these four cases enabled a definite diagnosis of a rare malignant tumour whose cytological and histological features alone are usually not sufficiently distinct to rule out other differential diagnostic possibilities.

The dimensions of multibilayer stacks of lipids with terminal diene groups were studied before and after polymerization at variable hydration by means of X-ray diffraction, gravimetry, and infrared spectroscopy. The short-range hydration force acting between the bilayers of lipids with phosphatidylcholine and -ethanolamine headgroups is not affected by lipid polymerization. Consequently, contributions to the interbilayer repulsion which are caused by the mobility of individual molecules are obviously negligible at distances of less than a few tenths of nanometers. The polymerized lamellae become essentially incompressible in the direction parallel to the membrane surface owing to intermolecular covalent bonds. The infrared frequencies of the methylene stretching bands of the lipids correlate linearly with the area per molecules within the membrane plane. Consequently, infrared spectroscopy in combination with the osmotic stress technique represents a convenient method to estimate lateral compressibility q...

Chromosome banding analysis of solid tumors often yields incomplete karyotypes because of the complex rearrangements encountered. The addition of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods has helped improve the accuracy of solid tumor cytogenetics, but the absence of screening qualities from standard FISH approaches has proved a severe limitation. We describe the cytogenetic analysis of ten solid tumors using G-banding followed by cross-species color banding (RxFISH), a FISH-based screening technique giving a chromosome-specific banding pattern based on the genomic homologies between humans and gibbons. The addition of RxFISH analysis in all cases led to the identification of previously unidentified intra- as well as interchromosomal rearrangements, thus giving a much more certain and detailed karyotype. In two gastric stromal sarcomas, a tumor type for which no cytogenetic data were hitherto available, numerical chromosomal aberrations dominated, but one of the tumors also carried an unbalanced 7;17-translocation with the same breakpoint in chromosome 17 as that seen in endometrial stromal sarcomas.

We retrospectively identified opportunistic CNS infections in 655 patients who had undergone allogeneic, syngeneic or autologous BMT or PBSCT between 1990 and 1997. Twenty-seven patients (4%) developed CNS infections. All CNS infections occurred in allogeneic BMT or PBSCT patients. The most common CNS infections were toxoplasma encephalitis (74%) and cerebral aspergillosis (18%). Furthermore, we identified one patient with candida encephalitis and one patient with viral encephalitis. Overall mortality of patients with opportunistic CNS infection was 67%. There were two different groups of toxoplasma encephalitis with a different appearance on MR imaging. The first group showed edema, but no gadolinium enhancement, whereas the second group exhibited typical MRI appearances with the exception of frequent hemorrhagic transformation. The first group had a significant shorter latency between BMT and onset of CNS infection (mean 45 days vs 180 days, P = 0.02), a significant higher daily dose of corticosteroids as treatment for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (P = 0.01), more severe GVHD and a higher mortality (71% vs 36%). This study shows that the most common CNS infections in our patient population are toxoplasma encephalitis and cerebral aspergillosis, that there are two distinct subgroups of toxoplasma encephalitis and that CNS infections occur after allogeneic BMT only.

Following acute and severe trauma of the cervical spine 28 patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fracture or dislocation had been diagnosed by computed tomograpy (CT) or plain films in 16 patients whereas in 12 patients no bone injury had been detected. MRI revealed discoligamental injury in 12/16 patients with fracture and in 7/12 of the patients without fracture. MRI was considered to be necessary in 6/12 patients who underwent surgery in the first group and in 5/7 patients with surgery of the second group.

Male breast cancer is 100 times less frequent than its female counterpart and accounts for less than 1% of all cancers in men. Although men with breast cancer also often have gynecomastia, it is still unknown whether gynecomastia per se predisposes the male breast to malignant disease. We describe the cytogenetic analysis of three gynecomastias and four breast cancers in men. No chromosome abnormalities were detected in two cases of gynecomastia, with no other concomitant breast disease. The third gynecomastia sample, taken from a site where a breast carcinoma had previously been removed, had a t(2;11)(p24;p13) as the sole chromosome change; this is the first time that an abnormal karyotype has been described in gynecomastia. All four cancers had clonal chromosome abnormalities. Several cytogenetically unrelated clones were found in the breast tumor and in a metastasis from case 1. In the carcinoma of case 2, a single abnormal clone was found, characterized by loss of the Y chromosome, monosomy 17, and a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 18. In the carcinoma of case 3, a clone with loss of the Y chromosome as the sole change dominated, accompanied by the gain of an X chromosome in a subclone. In the lymph node metastasis examined from case 4, a single clone carrying trisomies for chromosomes 5 and 16 was detected. Our findings, especially when collated with data on the six karyotypically abnormal breast carcinomas in men described previously, indicate that gain of the X chromosome, gain of chromosome 5, loss of the Y chromosome, loss of chromosome 17, and del(18)(q21) are nonrandom abnormalities in male breast carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 23:16–20, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Background As causal therapy of Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome is not yet possible, there are many different therapeutical approaches. It seemed expedient to investigate the efficacy of super-selective angiography in treating Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome after this technique proved effective in other therapeutic settings. This method is known to be efficient in controlling tumor bleeding. Patients Between March 1993 and September 1995, eight patients with an average age of 57 years were treated by super-selective intraarterial embolization. Results In all cases epistaxis occurred on both sides. Unilateral embolization was performed in ten cases and bilateral embolization in five cases. In two of three patients with nasal packing the embolization permitted removal of the packing. Nevertheless nosebleeds reoccurred on an average of 3.5 days after therapy. Two of eight patients showed long-term improvement after therapy. They suffered fewer nosebleeds than before. Complications included one patient who suffered from partial hemiparesis after embolization, which lasted 1.5 hours and was completely reversible. Another patient died because of pulmonic bleeding caused by manifestation of the disease in this organ. Often patients complained of facial pain or headache which occasionally lasted for a few weeks. Conclusions Endovasal embolization obviously is an alternative to artery ligation in emergency cases whereas the long-term success is currently impaired by formation of new anastomoses. Further development of this technique is necessary.

Traumatic dissection of the carotid artery is an easily overlooked consequence of trauma with notable morbidity and mortality which can be observed in up to 4% of cases involving multiple trauma. Certain mechanisms and patterns of injury as well as specific symptoms should serve as indicators of a dissection and should therefore result in further diagnostic measures. An early diagnosis is of major relevance. This report describes the case of a 45-year-old victim of a traffic accident who showed symptoms of a dissection which had initially not been diagnosed.

Cytogenetic analysis of short-term cultures from 15 cases of benign proliferative breast disease (PBD), 10 diffuse PBD and 5 papillomas, and 15 fibroadenomas of the breast revealed clonal chromosome abnormalities in 7 diffuse PBD lesions, 4 papillomas and 5 fibroadenomas. The remaining 14 cases had a normal female chromosome complement. Cytogenetically unrelated abnormal clones were seen in 4 fibroadenomas and 2 PBDs. A single abnormal clone was found in 9 PBDs and I fibroadenoma. Three clonal abnormalities were seen as recurrent changes in 6 cases, namely interstitial deletions of 3p with 3p 12–14 as the minimally common deleted segment (in I papilloma, I diffuse PBD with atypia and I mixed-pattern lesion with both papilloma and atypical diffuse PBD features), r(9)(p24q34) (in I diffuse PBD and I fibroadenoma), and del(l)(q12) (again in I diffuse PBD and I fibroadenoma). Intriguingly, 6 of the 16 abnormal cases had chromosome changes that have been seen repeatedly as primary abnormalities in breast carcinomas: der(16)t(l;16)(q10;p10), del(3)(p12p14), and del(l)(q12). We conclude that some of the chromosome anomalies frequently found in breast carcinomas are also present in PBD and fibroadenomas. These aberrations may be accepted as early, neoplasia-relevant mutations. However, they do not seem to be sufficient by themselves to unleash a malignant process. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

In an architectural master’s course we examined the chances to reach a Zero (Cooling)-Energy-Building for different (hot) climatic locations, deduced design rules and developed proposals for prototypical buildings. Firstly, the climate of each location was analysed, along with vernacular and best practice buildings. Thus, first design rules were developed taking the respective climate into consideration. Then a typical office with common use was chosen and adapted by defining facades, size and placement of windows, shading systems, ventilation strategies and construction techniques. Afterwards, this office was simulated (TRNSYS) and the resulting indoor temperatures assessed by EN 15251 naturally ventilated (“Type Alpha”) and air conditioned (“Type Beta”). It was examined, whether the first rules already lead to a good solution or the optimisation through simulations is the main key. In the three locations (Cape Town, Madrid and San Salvador) the ZCEB standard was achieved, both for Beta and Alpha buildings. In the Alpha buildings active cooling could be completely avoided by passive measures, whereas in Beta buildings cooling energy was needed. But for both building types an energy demand for heating, cooling, artificial light and ventilation is remaining. To reach a zero energy building it has to be covered by renewable energies which were gained from the surface of the building (PV) or its direct surrounding (e.g. geothermal energy). This sets (new) limits to the maximum number of floors and the minimal size of the estate leading to adapted rules for urban planning. Eco-Architecture IV 361 www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line) WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, Vol 165, © 201 WIT Press 2 doi:10.2495/ARC120321 Designing a ZCEB does not necessarily mean that an architect has to compromise a high amount of creativity. It is but a different approach which can also lead to interesting, aesthetical and environmental buildings.

Cytogenetic analysis of short-term cultures from 26 primary bronchial large cell carcinomas and 1 metastasis from a primary large cell carcinoma revealed clonal chromosome abnormalities in 20 tumors and a normal karyotype in 6. No outgrowth was obtained in 1 case. Simple aberrations were present in 3 tumors; in 1, the only change was a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1 and 6, in another the sole anomaly was a supernumerary marker ring chromosome and in a third loss of the Y chromosome was the only clonal change. The remaining 17 tumors had complex karyotypes. The chromosomes most frequently involved in structural rearrangements were chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 17. The bands most frequently affected were 1q11-12, 1p13, 7q11, and 17p11-13. The rearrangements led to repeated losses of 1p, 1q, 3p, 6q, 7q and 17p and gains of 5q and 7p. The emerging karyotypic picture of large cell lung carcinomas indicates more similarities with adenocarcinomas than with other pathologic subgroups of lung cancer.

Cytogenetic analysis of short-term cultures of one non-secreting and one prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma revealed simple clonal numerical abnormalities in both tumors. The karyotype of the non-secreting adenoma was 48,XX,+4, +9[42] 49,XX ,+4,+9, +20[2] 46,XX[6] . In the prolactin-secreting adenoma, three aberrant clones were detected, giving the karyotype 45,X, −Y[20] 47,XY , +Y[6] 45,XY , −21[3] 46,XY[21] . One cell had the chromosome complement 46,X,−Y,+9; no other nonclonal aberrations were detected. The only hitherto published case of pituitary adenoma analyzed by banding techniques (Rey et al. [1986]: Cancer Genet Cytogenet 23:171–174) also had only numerical clonal changes that included extra copies of chromosome 9. We conclude that pituitary adenomas may be karyotypically characterized by numerical aberrations and that trisomy 9 seems to be the best candidate for a primary chromosomal anomaly.

An embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma was analyzed cytogenetically. In primary cultures fed a serum-containing medium, 11 clones with karyotypic abnormalities were found. One had trisomy 8 only. The other 10 clones had trisomy 8 as well as additional evolutionary changes that included trisomy for part or all of chromosome 2, isochromosomes for the short and long arms of chromosome 11, isochromosomes for the long arm of chromosome 8, and extra copies of chromosome 8, some of which had an interstitial deletion in 8q. In those primary cultures that had grown in a chemically defined, serum-free medium and in all passaged cultures, trisomy 8 was the only aberration. Our findings and a survey of published information point to gain of one chromosome 8 as a frequent primary karyotypic abnormality in embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. Trisomy for part or all of chromosomes 2 and 11 and additional gains of chromosome 8 material seem to be common secondary changes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Cytogenetic analysis of short-term cultures from seven pulmonary hamartomas revealed an abnormal karyotype in six of them. The most characteristic aberration was an exchange of material between 6p21 and 14q24, found in three tumours. Abnormalities of either 6p or 14q were seen in another two hamartomas. Other regions that were rearranged more than once were 12q (three times) and 17p (twice), sometimes in exchange with 6p or 14q and giving rise to complex derivative chromosomes. Only one tumour had aberrations that did not involve 6p, 12q, 14q, or 17p. These results-together with the data on three previously reported pulmonary hamartomas, two of which also had t(6;14)-show that recombinations between 6p21 and 14q24 are common, and hence probably pathogenetically important. The data support the view that these tumours are genuine neoplasms rather than developmental anomalies. The coexistence of a common 14q24 breakpoint in uterine leiomyomas and pulmonary hamartomas indicates that a gene important in the genesis of both tumours exists in this band. Images Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4