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This article describes an acupuncture treatment technique that has proven successful in the treatment of diagnosed radiculopathy and radiculitis that have been established as chronic and severe despite multiple and varied forms of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A library of 26 indolyl sulfonamides and 12 amide and ester analogs based upon the 6-indolyl framework has been synthesized in an effort to target pancreatic cancer. The cytotoxicity of the indolyl sulfonamide compounds has been determined using a traditional (48-hour compound exposure) assay against 7 pancreatic cancer cell lines and 1 non-cancerous cell line. The potential role of the compounds as metabolic inhibitors of ATP production was evaluated using a rapid screening (2-hour compound exposure) assay developed within our laboratories. The IC50 values of the active compounds were determined using the rapid assay and six compounds displayed an IC50 value <5 μM against one or more pancreatic cancer cell lines. The ester analogs also display significant activity as potential metabolic inhibitors of ATP production with four of the six compounds displaying an IC50 value <5 μM against one or more pancreatic cancer cell lines., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Recent Bayesian theories of interoception suggest that perception of bodily states rests upon a precision-weighted integration of afferent signals and prior beliefs. In a previous study, we fit a computational model of perception to behavior on a heartbeat tapping task to test whether aberrant precision-weighting could explain misestimation of cardiac states in psychopathology. We found that, during an interoceptive perturbation designed to amplify afferent signal precision (inspiratory breath-holding), healthy individuals increased the precision-weighting assigned to ascending cardiac signals (relative to resting conditions), while individuals with anxiety, depression, substance use disorders, and/or eating disorders did not. In this pre-registered study, we aimed to replicate and extend our prior findings in a new transdiagnostic patient sample (N = 285) similar to the one in the original study. As expected, patients in this new sample were also unable to adjust beliefs about the precision of cardiac signals - preventing the ability to accurately perceive changes in their cardiac state. Follow-up analyses combining samples from the previous and current study (N = 719) also afforded power to identify group differences between narrower diagnostic categories, and to examine predictive accuracy when logistic regression models were trained on one sample and tested on the other. With this confirmatory evidence in place, future studies should examine the utility of interoceptive precision measures in predicting treatment outcomes and test whether these computational mechanisms might represent novel therapeutic targets., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV) is a viral agent recently identified in the United States (US) in 2017 in Alabama. Since its identification, CLRDV has spread to every cotton-growing state east of New Mexico. Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas comprise the westernmost border of reported CLRDV incidence, making monitoring of these states vital for proper control. Additionally, as the virus evolves, mutations that alter symptomology, such as mutations in the F-box-like motif in ORF0/P0, may occur and need to be monitored thoroughly during the growing seasons. Using High-throughput sequencing (HTS) and PCR-derived Sanger sequencing, four CLRDV genomes and 21 P0 gene isolates were sequenced from Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas from 2019 to 2021 to determine the genetic diversity among CLRDV isolates. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete genomes revealed seven clades while ORF0 gene analyses resulted in large polytomic clusters. BEAST analyses of the 114 total P0 sequences from GenBank, downloaded before 2024, revealed a lower mean substitution rate than previously reported as well as an earlier root year (1914). In addition, using all available CLRDV genome sequences, 11 likely recombination events were determined. Examination of the P0 amino acid sequences revealed 13 mutations unique to the isolates collected in this study. Based on the phylogenetic and amino acid analyses, the CLRDV isolates from Texas (TX clade) may represent evidence for the multi-introduction event hypothesis into the US. Additionally, based on our analyses in this study, we propose the Asian CLRDV isolates should be constituted as a potentially separate strain of CLRDV.

Flexible electrode materials, particularly indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET), have attracted the attention of researchers for a wide variety of applications. However, there has been limited attention to the effects of electrode flexibility during electrochemical processes. In this research article, we studied how bending commercially available ITO-PET electrodes impacts the electrodeposition process of polyaniline (PANI). Thicker ITO layers start cracking at a normalized strain of 0.10 (bending radius of 10 mm), and cracking becomes detrimental to full deposition at a normalized strain of 0.16 or higher (bending radius of 6 mm or lower). Thinner ITO layers were evaluated as electrodes in electrochemical applications; however, the higher resistance of these electrodes prevented uniform electrodeposition of PANI. In order to overcome the issues of cracking, conductive thin films and copper tape were explored as low-cost methods for electrically bridging cracks in the electrode. While conductive thin films reduced the resistance effect, copper tape was found to fully restore the original electrochemical activity as measured by chronoamperometry and enable uniform electrodeposition at a bending radius as low as 3 mm. This strategy was then demonstrated by performing electrochromic bleaching of PANI under high-strain conditions. These studies illustrate some of the limitations of ITO-PET electrodes and strategies for overcoming these limitations for future applications that require a high degree of flexibility in a transparent electrode substrate., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Endometriosis is a gynecological disorder associated with local inflammation and neuroproliferation. Increased nerve bundle density has been attributed to increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out on 12 patients presenting with all three anatomic subtypes of endometriosis (deep, superficial peritoneal, endometrioma) at surgery, with at least two surgically excised subtypes available for analysis. Immunolocalization for nerve bundle density around endometriosis using protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), as well as NGF and IL-1β histoscores in endometriosis epithelium/stroma, was performed to evaluate differences in scores between lesions and anatomic subtypes per patient. Intra-individual heterogeneity in scores across lesions was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV). The degree of score variability between subtypes was evaluated using the percentage difference between mean scores from one subtype to another subtype for each marker. PGP9.5 nerve bundle density was heterogenous across multiple subtypes of endometriosis, ranging from 50.0% to 173.2%, where most patients (8/12) showed CV ≥ 100%. The percentage difference in scores showed that PGP9.5 nerve bundle density and NGF and IL-1β expression were heterogenous between anatomic subtypes within the same patient. Based on these observations of intra-individual heterogeneity, we conclude that markers of neuroproliferation in endometriosis should be stratified by anatomic subtype in future studies of clinical correlation.

Despite most COVID-19 infections being asymptomatic, mainland China had a high increase in symptomatic cases at the end of 2022. In this study, we examine China's sudden COVID-19 symptomatic surge using a conceptual SIR-based model. Our model considers the epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, particularly variolation , from non-pharmaceutical intervention (facial masking and social distance), demography, and disease mortality in mainland China. The increase in symptomatic proportions in China may be attributable to (1) higher sensitivity and vulnerability during winter and (2) enhanced viral inhalation due to spikes in SARS-CoV-2 infections (high transmissibility). These two reasons could explain China's high symptomatic proportion of COVID-19 in December 2022. Our study, therefore, can serve as a decision-support tool to enhance SARS-CoV-2 prevention and control efforts. Thus, we highlight that facemask-induced variolation could potentially reduces transmissibility rather than severity in infected individuals. However, further investigation is required to understand the variolation effect on disease severity., Competing Interests: DH is an associate editor of the journal but has no role in the review process. Another editorial board member handles the manuscript. All other authors declared no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Two NAD(P)H-biosensing probes consisting of 1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolium and 3-quinolinium acceptors, linked by thiophene, A , and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, B , bridges are detailed. We synthesized probes C and D , replacing the thiophene connection in probe A with phenyl and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole units, respectively. Probe E was prepared by substituting probe A 's 3-quinolinium unit with a 1-methylquinoxalin-1-ium unit. Solutions are non-fluorescent but in the presence of NADH, exhibit near-infrared fluorescence at 742.1 nm and 727.2 nm for probes A and B , respectively, and generate absorbance signals at 690.6 nm and 685.9 nm. In contrast, probes C and D displayed pronounced interference from NADH fluorescence at 450 nm, whereas probe E exhibited minimal fluorescence alterations in response to NAD(P)H. Pre-treatment of A549 cells with glucose in the presence of probe A led to a significant increase in fluorescence intensity. Additionally, subjecting probe A to lactate and pyruvate molecules resulted in opposite changes in NAD(P)H levels, with lactate causing a substantial increase in fluorescence intensity, conversely, pyruvate resulted in a sharp decrease. Treatment of A549 cells with varying concentrations of the drugs cisplatin, gemcitabine, and camptothecin (5, 10, and 20 μM) led to a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular fluorescence intensity, signifying a rise in NAD(P)H levels. Finally, fruit fly larvae were treated with different concentrations of NADH and cisplatin illustrating applicability to live organisms. The results demonstrated a direct correlation between fluorescence intensity and the concentration of NADH and cisplatin, respectively, further confirming the efficacy of probe A in sensing changes in NAD(P)H levels within a whole organism., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors affirm that they do not have any identifiable financial conflicts of interest or personal relationships that might have been perceived as affecting the research presented in this paper.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), a member of the Solanaceae family, represents one of the most extensively cultivated vegetable species worldwide and traces its origin to western South America (Caruso et al. 2022). In a field survey conducted in 2023 in Bixby, Tulsa County, Oklahoma, distinct symptoms were noted in two plants: one exhibited mottling and cupping of leaves and brown discoloration on leaves, petioles, and stems, while the other displayed a downward curling of leaves. Leaf samples from both symptomatic tomato plants (labelled as K4 and K5) were collected, and total RNA was extracted individually via the TRI Reagent® method (Molecular Research Center Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA). Subsequently, the RNA samples were pooled and subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) on the NextSeq 500/550 high-output kit v2.5 (Illumina, U.S.A.) at the genomic facility, Oklahoma State University (Stillwater, OK). Total read count of 8,227,020 (average length =150.5 bp) was obtained, trimmed, and de novo assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench v22.0.1 (QIAGEN) and used for BLASTn and BLASTx analysis. Two contigs: 6,375 bp (average coverage 2,915.92, read count 142,538) and 3,564 bp (average coverage 3,035.91, read count 82,370) from the pooled sample showed 88.6% and 96.7% nucleotide identities with RNA 1 (OP292294) and RNA 2 (OP292295) of Horse nettle virus A (HNA-A) isolate MD-1, respectively. Sequences of both partial contigs (RNA 1, accession no. PP063196) and RNA 2, accession no. PP063197) were submitted to GenBank. The HTS data did not reveal any other viral or viroid sequences in these two tomato samples. To further confirm the presence of HNV-A, total RNA from K4 and K5 samples was tested individually by RT-PCR using HNV specific primers (Supplementary Table 1) based on the two partial contig sequences. The expected PCR products (491 bp and 451 bp) were obtained only from the K4 sample and none from the K5 sample. PCR products were extracted from an agarose gel, cloned into the pGEM®-T Easy vector (Promega), and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α cells (New England Bio Labs). Two clones for each PCR product were sequenced by Sanger sequencing. Nucleotide sequence comparisons and BLASTn analysis of 491 bp and 451 bp showed 86% and 97% nucleotide identity with RNA 1 and RNA 2 of HNV-A isolate MD-1 (OP292294 and OP292295), respectively. Additionally, eight more leaf samples from eight different symptomatic tomato plants were collected in the same field and tested by RT-PCR as described above. All eight samples were positive by RT-PCR, but no PCR band was obtained in the total RNA from a healthy tomato leaf used as a control. Sequences from the PCR products were identical to the obtained HTS sequences. Our results confirmed for the first time that HNV-A can infect tomatoes. Currently, HNV-A has been reported to only infect a single weed (Horse nettle, Solanum carolinense) (Zhou et al. 2023). The identification of HNV-A in tomatoes in Oklahoma suggests a potential host shift is of concern for local growers as well as tomato growers worldwide. This shift underscores the urgency for an in-depth investigation into the transmission and host specificity of HNV-A. This is the first report in the United States and the world that HNV-A could infect tomatoes naturally in a grower field.

A series of near-infrared fluorescent probes, labeled A to E, were developed by combining electron-rich thiophene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene bridges with 3-quinolinium and various electron deficient groups, enabling the sensing of NAD(P)H. Probes A and B exhibit absorptions and emissions in the near-infrared range, offering advantages such as minimal interference from autofluorescence, negligible photo impairment in cells and tissues, and exceptional tissue penetration. These probes show negligible fluorescence when NADH is not present, and their absorption maxima are at 438 nm and 470 nm, respectively. In contrast, probes C-E feature absorption maxima at 450, 334 and 581 nm, respectively. Added NADH triggers the transformation of the electron-deficient 3-quinolinium units into electron-rich 1,4-dihydroquinoline units resulting in fluorescence responses which were established at 748, 730, 575, 625 and 661 for probes AH-EH, respectively, at detection limits of 0.15 μM and 0.07 μM for probes A and B, respectively. Optimized geometries based on theoretical calculations reveal non-planar geometries for probes A-E due to twisting of the 3-quinolinium and benzothiazolium units bonded to the central thiophene group, which all attain planarity upon addition of hydride resulting in absorption and fluorescence in the near-IR region for probes AH and BH in contrast to probes CH-EH which depict fluorescence in the visible range. Probe A has been successfully employed to monitor NAD(P)H levels in glycolysis and specific mitochondrial targeting. Furthermore, it has been used to assess the influence of lactate and pyruvate on the levels of NAD(P)H, to explore how hypoxia in cancer cells can elevate levels of NAD(P)H, and to visualize changes in levels of NAD(P)H under hypoxic conditions with CoCl 2 treatment. Additionally, probe A has facilitated the examination of the potential impact of chemotherapy drugs, namely gemcitabine, camptothecin, and cisplatin, on metabolic processes and energy generation within cancer cells by affecting NAD(P)H levels. Treatment of A549 cancer cells with these drugs has been shown to increase NAD(P)H levels, which may contribute to their anticancer effects ultimately leading to programmed cell death or apoptosis. Moreover, probe A has been successfully employed in monitoring NAD(P)H level changes in D. melanogaster larvae treated with cisplatin.

Endometriosis, a chronic condition characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside of the uterus, poses substantial challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool in the field of medicine, offering opportunities to address the complexities of endometriosis. This review explores the current landscape of endometriosis diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the potential of AI to alleviate some of the associated burdens and underscoring common pitfalls and challenges when employing AI algorithms in this context. Women's health research in endometriosis has suffered from underfunding, leading to limitations in diagnosis, classification, and treatment approaches. The heterogeneity of symptoms in patients with endometriosis has further complicated efforts to address this condition. New, powerful methods of analysis have the potential to uncover previously unidentified patterns in data relating to endometriosis. AI, a collection of algorithms replicating human decision-making in data analysis, has been increasingly adopted in medical research, including endometriosis studies. While AI offers the ability to identify novel patterns in data and analyze large datasets, its effectiveness hinges on data quality and quantity and the expertise of those implementing the algorithms. Current applications of AI in endometriosis range from diagnostic tools for ultrasound imaging to predicting treatment success. These applications show promise in reducing diagnostic delays, healthcare costs, and providing patients with more treatment options, improving their quality of life. AI holds significant potential in advancing the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis, but it must be applied carefully and transparently to avoid pitfalls and ensure reproducibility. This review calls for increased scrutiny and accountability in AI research. Addressing these challenges can lead to more effective AI-driven solutions for endometriosis and other complex medical conditions.

Introduction: We propose a standardized protocol for measurement of nerve bundle density in endometriosis as a potential biomarker, including in deep endometriosis (DE), ovarian endometriomas (OMA) and superficial peritoneal endometriosis (SUP)., Methods: This was a prospective cohort of surgically excised endometriosis samples from Dec 1st 2013 and Dec 31st 2017 at a tertiary referral center for endometriosis in Vancouver, BC, Canada. Surgical data were available from linked patient registry. Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) was used to identify nerve bundles on immunohistochemistry. PGP9.5 nerve bundles were counted visually. To calculate nerve bundle density, PGP9.5 nerve bundle count was divided by the tissue surface area (total on the slide). All samples were assessed using NHS Elements software for semi-automated measurement of the tissue surface area. For a subset of samples, high power fields (HPFs) were also counted as manual measurement of the tissue surface area. Intraclass correlation was used to assess intra observer and inter observer reliability. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with random intercepts only was conducted to assess differences in PGP9.5 nerve bundle density by endometriosis type (DE, OMA, SUP)., Results: In total, 236 tissue samples out of 121 participants were available for analysis in the current study. Semi-automated surface area measurement could be performed in 94.5% of the samples and showed good correlation with manually counted HPFs (Spearman's rho = 0.781, p  < 0.001). To assess intra observer reliability, 11 samples were assessed twice by the same observer; to assess inter observer reliability, 11 random samples were blindly assessed by two observers. Intra observer reliability and inter observer reliability for nerve bundle density were excellent: 0.979 and 0.985, respectively. PGP9.5 nerve bundle density varied among samples and no nerve bundles could be found in 24.6% of the samples. GLMM showed a significant difference in PGP9.5 nerve bundle density between the different endometriosis types (X 2  = 87.6, P  < 0.001 after adjusting for hormonal therapy, with higher density in DE and SUP in comparison to OMA)., Conclusion: A standardized protocol is presented to measure PGP9.5 nerve bundle density in endometriosis, which may serve as a biomarker reflecting local neurogenesis in the endometriosis microenvironment., Competing Interests: MK is a consultant for Helix Biopharma, which has no relation to the submitted work. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Zoet, Tucker, Orr, Alotaibi, Liu, Noga, Köbel and Yong.)

Introduction: Collection of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in orthopaedic patients at safety-net hospitals is challenging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the success of electronic PROM (E-PROM) collection in this setting., Methods: A retrospective review identified 207 consecutive orthopaedic patients undergoing 77 elective arthroplasty procedures and 130 trauma procedures. E-PROMs were collected through automated e-mails from an online patient engagement platform (PatientIQ) at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months postoperatively. Patients with trauma received the percentage of normal Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation (SANE) and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Physical Function (PROMIS-PF). Arthroplasty patients received the Hip/Knee SANE, Hip/Knee Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Joint Replacement (HOOS Jr/KOOS Jr), PROMIS Global Physical Health (PROMIS-G-PH), and Veterans RAND 12-Item (VR-12) Health Survey., Results: Compared with patients with trauma, arthroplasty patients were older (median difference 18.0 years; 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.0-22.0; P < 0.0001), more likely to be Hispanic/Black (proportional difference 16.9%; CI 2.8-30.3%; P = 0.02), more likely to have noncommercial or no insurance (proportional difference 34.0%; CI 23.2-43.0%; P < 0.001), and did not differ in Area Deprivation Index or E-PROM completion at each time point. E-PROMs were completed at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months by 25.1% (52 of 207), 24.6% (51 of 207), and 21.7% (45 of 207) of all patients, respectively. Trauma and arthroplasty patients had a similar rate of partial E-PROM completion. Patients who completed 3-month E-PROMs were less likely to be Hispanic/Black (PD -16.4%; CI -31.0 to -0.2%; P < 0.04); less likely to have noncommercial/no insurance (PD -20.0%; CI -35.5 to -4.5%; P = 0.01); and did not differ in age, sex, Area Deprivation Index, or procedure type., Discussion: The low collection rate of E-PROMs from orthopaedic patients at safety-net hospitals should be weighed against their costs. E-PROM collection may exacerbate disparities in PROM collection among certain patient populations., Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level III., (Copyright © 2023 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.)

We have developed two highly sensitive cyanine dyes, which we refer to as probes A and B . These dyes are capable of quick and sensitive sensing of NAD(P)H. The dyes were fabricated by connecting benzothiazolium and 2,3-dimethylnaphtho[1,2- d ]thiazol-3-ium units to 3-quinolinium through a vinyl bond. In the absence of NAD(P)H, both probes have low fluorescence and absorption peaks at 370 and 400 nm, correspondingly. This is because of their two electron-withdrawing acceptor systems with high charge densities. However, when NAD(P)H reduces the probes' electron-withdrawing 3-quinolinium units to electron-donating 1,4-dihydroquinoline units, the probes absorb at 533 and 535 nm and fluoresce at 572 and 586 nm for A and B correspondingly. This creates well-defined donor-π-acceptor cyanine dyes. We successfully used probe A to monitor NAD(P)H levels in live cells during glycolysis, under hypoxic conditions induced by CoCl 2 treatment and after treatment with cancer drugs, including cisplatin, camptothecin, and gemcitabine. Probe A was also employed to visualize NAD(P)H in Drosophila melanogaster first-instar larvae. We observed an increase in NAD(P)H levels in A549 cancer cells both under hypoxic conditions and after treatment with cancer drugs, including cisplatin, camptothecin, and gemcitabine.

Background: After endometriosis surgery, pain can persist or recur in a subset of patients. A possible reason for persistent pain after surgery is central nervous system sensitization and associated pelvic pain comorbidities. Surgery addresses the peripheral component of endometriosis pain pathophysiology (by lesion removal) but may not treat this centralized pain. Therefore, endometriosis patients with pelvic pain comorbidities related to central sensitization may experience worse pain-related outcomes after surgery, such as lower pain-related quality of life., Objective: This study aimed to determine whether baseline (preoperative) pelvic pain comorbidities are associated with pain-related quality of life at follow-up after endometriosis surgery., Study Design: This study used longitudinal prospective registry data from the Endometriosis Pelvic Pain Interdisciplinary Cohort at the BC Women's Centre for Pelvic Pain and Endometriosis. Participants were aged ≤50 years with confirmed or clinically suspected endometriosis, and underwent surgery (fertility-sparing or hysterectomy) for endometriosis pain. Participants completed the pain subscale of the Endometriosis Health Profile-30 quality of life questionnaire preoperatively and at follow-up (1-2 years). Linear regression was performed to measure the individual relationships between 7 pelvic pain comorbidities at baseline and follow-up Endometriosis Health Profile-30 score, controlling for baseline Endometriosis Health Profile-30 and type of surgery received. These baseline (preoperative) pelvic pain comorbidities included abdominal wall pain, pelvic floor myalgia, painful bladder syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, Patient Health Questionnaire 9 depression score, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 score, and Pain Catastrophizing Scale score. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was then performed to select the most important variables associated with follow-up Endometriosis Health Profile-30 from 17 covariates (including the 7 pelvic pain comorbidities, baseline Endometriosis Health Profile-30 score, type of surgery, and other endometriosis-related factors such as stage and histologic confirmation of endometriosis). Using 1000 bootstrap samples, we estimated the coefficients and confidence intervals of the selected variables and generated a covariate importance rank., Results: The study included 444 participants. The median follow-up time was 18 months. Pain-related quality of life (Endometriosis Health Profile-30) of the study population significantly improved at follow-up after surgery (P<.001). The following pelvic pain comorbidities were associated with lower quality of life (higher Endometriosis Health Profile-30 score) after surgery, controlling for baseline Endometriosis Health Profile-30 score and type of surgery (fertility-sparing vs hysterectomy): abdominal wall pain (P=.013), pelvic floor myalgia (P=.036), painful bladder syndrome (P=.022), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 score (P<.001), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 score (P<.001), and Pain Catastrophizing Scale score (P=.007). Irritable bowel syndrome was not significant (P=.70). Of the 17 covariates included for least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, 6 remained in the final model (lambda=3.136). These included 3 pelvic pain comorbidities that were associated with higher follow-up Endometriosis Health Profile-30 scores or worse quality of life: abdominal wall pain (β=3.19), pelvic floor myalgia (β=2.44), and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 depression score (β=0.49). The other 3 variables in the final model were baseline Endometriosis Health Profile-30 score, type of surgery, and histologic confirmation of endometriosis., Conclusion: Pelvic pain comorbidities present at baseline before surgery, which may reflect underlying central nervous system sensitization, are associated with lower pain-related quality of life after endometriosis surgery. Particularly important were depression and musculoskeletal/myofascial pain (abdominal wall pain and pelvic floor myalgia). Therefore, these pelvic pain comorbidities should be candidates for a formal prediction model of pain outcomes after endometriosis surgery., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We report a novel method for synthesizing red and deep red cyanine dyes with large Stokes shifts, probes A and B, for live cell NAD(P)H detection. The probes were prepared using thiophene-based organic dyes featuring a π-conjugated bridge of thiophene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene units linking the 1-methylquinolinium acceptor and formyl acceptor, respectively. These probes display weak absorption peaks at 315 nm (A) and 334 nm (B) and negligible fluorescence in the absence of NADH. However, upon the presence of NADH, new absorption and fluorescence peaks appear at 477 nm and 619 nm for probe A and at 486 nm and 576 nm for probe B, respectively. This is due to the NADH-facilitated reduction of the 1-methylquinolinium unit into 1-methyl-1,4-dihydroquinoline, which then acts as the electron donor for the probes, leading to the formation of well-defined electron donor-acceptor dye systems. Probe A has a large Stokes shift of 144 nm, which allows for better separation between the excitation and emission spectra, reducing spectral overlap and improving the accuracy of fluorescence measurements. The probes are highly selective for NAD(P)H, water-soluble, biocompatible, and easily permeable to cells. They are also photostable and were successfully used to monitor changes in NADH concentration in live cells during glycolysis in the presence of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate, treatment of FCCP and cancer drug cisplatin, and under hypoxia triggered by CoCl 2 . Furthermore, the probes were able to image NAD(P)H in Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Notably, cisplatin treatment increased the NAD(P)H concentration in A459 cells over time. Overall, this work presents a significant advancement in the field of live cell imaging by providing a simple and cost-effective method for detecting changes in NAD(P)H concentration under varying chemical stimuli.

Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is an economically valuable crop used for spice and fresh vegetable (Tripodi, and Kumar. 2019). The total acreage of peppers in Oklahoma is low (NASS, 2020), but there are numerous farms that are growing peppers for commercial production and provide fresh produce to local farmer's markets and processing industries. During a field survey in 2021, pepper plants with leaf distortion, mottling of the leaf, apical yellowing, and vein banding were observed in commercial pepper fields (Supplementary Figure 1). Seventeen leaf samples were collected from symptomatic pepper plants in Caddo County of Oklahoma. Total RNA was extracted from each sample using the Spectrum Plant total RNA kit, and screened by RT-PCR for Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) as described previously (Ali and Ali, 2015). Total RNA from two negative PCR samples (named Caddo57 and Caddo64 respectively) were analyzed by high throughput sequencing. A total read count of 45,780,855 (average length = 73.51bp) and 21,163,567 (average length = 73.86 bp) for Caddo57 and Caddo64 respectively, were assembled in de novo using CLC genomic workbench (QIAGEN) and used for BLASTn and BLASTx analysis. Three contigs: 4,259bp (average coverage 31776.33X), 4,378 (average coverage 21773.09X), and 4,206bp (average coverage 57419.46X) for Caddo57 isolate showed 90-92% nucleotide (nt) identities with partial sequences of several genes (M, G, L, P, N, X, and Y genes) of PYDV isolate (KY549567). Similarly, four contigs: 4,204bp (average coverage 57446.92X), 2,738bp (average coverage 16192X), 4,257bp (average coverage 31791X), and 1,510bp (average coverage 33051.35X) were obtained for Caddo64 isolate and showed 90-92% nt identities with the same genes of PYDV isolate (KY549567). To further confirm the presence of PYDV, total RNA from Caddo57 and Caddo64 samples were tested by RT-PCR assays using newly designed primers (Table 1) based on the contigs sequences obtained above. The expected PCR products from both isolates were directly sequenced. Using BLASTn, nucleotide sequences of both L gene (OP805375), and N gene (OP805377) for Caddo57 isolate showed 92.82% and 92.392% identities respectively with PYDV isolate (KY549567). Similarly, nucleotide sequences of L gene (OP805376) and N gene (OP805378) of Caddo64 isolate showed 92.27% and 92.08% identities respectively with PYDV isolate (KY549567). The species demarcation criteria for nucelorhabdoviruses is 50% in cognate genes (Walker et al. 2018). These results demonstrate that our isolates align with PYDV species, and do not constitute evidence for a divergent nucleorhabdovirus member. The remaining 15 samples were negative by RT-PCR assay to PYDV. Our results confirmed the presence of PYDV infecting pepper in Oklahoma. Currently, PYDV has been reported infecting potato, tobacco, marigold, pepper, tomato, and white clover. The geographical distribution of PYDV appears to be limited to the US with detection in Wisconsin, Minnesota, California, New York, and Maryland (Walker et al. 1939, Lockhart, 1989, Falk et al. 1981, Chiu et al. 1970, Hammond et al. 2017). The PYDV is naturally transmitted by aphids and leafhoppers (Ghosh et al. 2008). The recognition of PYDV in Oklahoma is of notable concern for local growers. Further studies are needed to expand upon the relationship of these PYDV isolates to the currently reported isolates in the USA. This is the first report of potato yellow dwarf nucleorhabdovirus (PYDV) infecting pepper in Oklahoma.

Background: Mortality risks after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) are understudied in critical illness. We sought to identify risks of mortality in critically ill patients with TBI using time-varying covariates., Methods: This single-center, six-year (2006-2012), retrospective cohort study measured demographics, injury characteristics, and daily data of acute TBI patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Time-varying Cox proportional hazards models assessed in-hospital and 3-year mortality., Results: Post-TBI ICU patients (n = 2664) experienced 20% in-hospital mortality (n = 529) and 27% (n = 706) 3-year mortality. Glasgow Coma Scale motor subscore (hazard ratio (HR) 0.58, p < 0.001), pupil reactivity (HR 3.17, p < 0.001), minimum glucose (HR 1.44, p < 0.001), mSOFA score (HR 1.81, p < 0.001), coma (HR 2.26, p < 0.001), and benzodiazepines (HR 1.38, p < 0.001) were associated with in-hospital mortality. At three years, public insurance (HR 1.78, p = 0.011) and discharge disposition (HR 4.48, p < 0.001) were associated with death., Conclusions: Time-varying characteristics influenced in-hospital mortality post-TBI. Socioeconomic factors primarily affect three-year mortality., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Fusarium wilt is one of the most devastating diseases of cotton (Gossypium spp.). It is caused by the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend. f. sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyd. & Hans (Atkinson, 1892). To date, eight races of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum have been reported worldwide based on their diverse genetics and reactions to the host (Cianchetta, et al. 2015). Fusarium wilt symptoms appear at all developing stages. The fungus enters through the roots and colonizes the vascular system, leading to discoloration and wilting (Davis et al. 2006). During a survey in the July 2021 growing season, cotton plants showing typical wilting symptoms, stem discoloration, and root rot (Fig. 1A and B) were observed in two cotton fields in Sumner County, Kansas. In order to confirm the causal agent, root tissues and lower parts of the stems were collected from 25 diseased cotton plants and cleaned as previously described by Larren et al, (2001). Small segments (1-2 cm) of roots and stems were incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at room temperature. The isolates were purified with the single spore method and 23 of 25 isolates (92%) showed typical morphology of F. oxysporum, with a white-peach pigmentation as reported previously (Leslie and Summerell 2008). Two isolates, CK13B and CK18A, one from each of the two fields were selected, and genomic DNA was extracted with E.Z.N.A Fungal DNA Mini kit (Omega Bio-tek, Norcross, GA). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were performed as reported previously (Ortiz, et al. 2017) to amplify and sequence a portion of three nuclear genes: translation elongation factor (EF-1α), phosphate: H* symporter (PHO), and β-tubulin (BT). BLASTn analysis of CK13B sequences showed 93-98% identity with F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum isolates originating from Australia, with 93.43% (1706/1826 pb) identity of EF-1α to isolate AuSeed14 (KT323873), 95.11% (1849/1944 bp) of PHO to isolate AuK24232 (KT323909), and 97.56% (1840/1886 bp) identity of BT to isolate AusSeed14 (KT323833). Sequences of CK13B for EF1-α, PHO, and BT genes were submitted to GenBank, accession no. of ON754247, ON754248, and ON754249, respectively. The CK18A isolate showed high identity with F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum races 1, 2, and 6 lineage isolates (Ortiz et al., 2017), with 99.89% (1822/1824 bp) identity of the EF1-α gene to isolate CDR238 (KT323838) from Arkansas, 98.36% (1916/1948 bp) identity of the PHO gene to isolate CDR1131 (KT323887) from Louisiana and 98.78% (1864/1887 bp) identity of the BT gene to isolate ATCC36198 (KT323799) from Brazil. Sequences of the CK18A isolate were submitted to GenBank, accession no. ON651444, ON725043, and ON725044, respectively. Pathogenicity of both isolates was tested on G. hirsutum as previously described (Kim et al. 2005) with three replicates per isolate and a control treatment in a growth chamber. Briefly, cotton seedlings were maintained with 12 h light/dark cycle at 25-20 °C. At the first true leaf stage seedlings were uprooted, roots were cleaned by rinsing with sterile water then placed in a conidial suspension (1×106 conidia/ml) for 2 h while the healthy control seedlings were dipped in water only. Plants were put into sterile soil, and the results were observed and recorded every seven days for a period of 30 days. The inoculated plants showed the same symptoms as those observed in the fields, wilting, leaf chlorosis, and necrosis. Both isolates were re-isolated from the roots of the inoculated plants. DNA was extracted and used for PCR with the specific gene primers as listed above. The sequences matched those of the original isolates, completing the Koch's pustulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum causing Fusarium wilt disease of cotton in Kansas. These results will help growers select cultivars and design disease control strategies accordingly (Davis, et al., 2006). Further work is needed to determine the specific races in the area.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is one of the major cucurbit crops in Oklahoma, which is grown on >1,200 acres. It contributes $16 million to the state's economy (Shrefler et al., 2017; NASS, 2022). During the 2021 growing season, virus-like symptoms on watermelon plants were observed in a grower's field in Blaine County, Oklahoma. These symptoms included mottling, crinkled leaf edges, and a unique yellow mosaic pattern (Fig. 1). Leaf tissue samples were randomly collected from nine plants and total RNA was extracted using Spectrum Plant Total RNA Kit (Sigma-Aldrich). Total RNA from one sample (named BL13) was subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) on the NextSeq 500/550 High-Output kit v2.5 (Illumina, USA) at the genomic facility of Oklahoma State University. A total of 21,52,786 trimmed pair-end reads were assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench (v12.0.3) (Qiagen, Inc.) and subjected to BLASTn analysis. Of these, three contigs of 6,626 bp, 1,383 bp and 1,233 bp (average coverage 20,658X) showed 99% nucleotide (nt) sequence identity with RNA1 of a watermelon crinkle leaf-associated virus (WCLaV-2) isolate from Brazil (LC636073). The HTS data for BL13 samples also revealed three contigs of 263 pb, 567 bp and 1,066 bp that matched with cucumis melo crytpic virus isolate CmCV-HLI but was not confirmed by RT-PCR. The presence of WCLaV-2 in the BL13 sample was confirmed by RT-PCR using primers (RNA1-F: 5'-CAAAACGCCCATAAG AATAG-3'and RNA1-R: 5'- CTCCATTAATGAGAACTAGGAG-3') which amplified a 1.2 kb segment of the RNA1. The PCR product was confirmed on 1% agarose gel, cloned and three independent recombinant clones Sanger sequenced (Eurofins Genomics LLC, Louisville, KY, USA). The resulting consensus sequence (1.2 Kb) (ON453838) was subjected to a BLASTn search against the Genbank databases, resulting in 99.76% nt identity with WCLaV-2 RNA1 (Accession no. LC636073). Screening of the remaining eight symptomatic samples by RT-PCR revealed another positive sample (named BL7) for WCLaV-2. Consensus nt sequence (1.2 Kb) analysis for the virus isolate from the BL7 sample (Accession no. ON453839) shared 99.84% nt identities with WCLaV-2 RNA1 (LC636073). Total RNA from BL13 and BL7 samples, as well as the remaining seven samples, were tested against three major potyviruses (PRSV-W, WMV, and ZYMV) by multiplex RT-PCR (Rajbanshi & Ali, 2019). Both BL13 and BL7 samples were negative to all three potyviruses but the other eight samples were positive to one or two of the potyviruses. WCLaV-2 is a negative-sense ssRNA virus (family Phenuiviridae) and has been recently reported from watermelon in China (Xin et al., 2017) and Brazil (Maeda et al. 2022). In the United States, it has been reported from Florida (Hendrick et al., 2021), Georgia (Adeleke et al., 2022), and Texas (Hernandez et al., 2021). The mode of transmission of WCLaV-2 and its direct effect on watermelon fruit is not known (Xin et al., 2017; Maeda et al., 2022). Our results report for the first time the occurrence of WCLaV-2 infecting watermelon naturally in Oklahoma and show a further potential threat to watermelon production in the State. Further studies are needed to determine the incidence of WCLaV-2 in other counties of Oklahoma.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), (genus Begomovirus and family Geminiviridae) is one of the devastating viruses infecting tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicon) and could have a significant impact on tomato production worldwide (Moriones and Navas-Castillo, 2000; Rybicki, 2015; Perez-Padilla et al. 2019). TYLCV was first reported in the United States (US) in 1997 in Florida (Polston et al. 1999) and since then it has been reported in several other states but not in Oklahoma (de Sa et al. 2008). Both pepper (Capsicum spp.) and tomato are grown in >50 counties of Oklahoma for fresh produce in the local market, and for processing industries. During a survey in 2021, pepper (bell pepper cv SV3964) and tomato (cv grand marshall) plants grown in a commercial field in Bixby, Oklahoma, showed typical virus-like symptoms including yellowing, leaf curling, cupping, twisting, and mottling (Fig. 1). Estimated disease incidence was 10% in both crops. In addition, whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) were also observed on these plants. Twenty symptomatic samples from pepper (n=16) and tomato (n=4) plants, and four asymptomatic from pepper (n=2) and tomato (n=2) plants were collected and brought to the Plant Virology Lab at the University of Tulsa for further analysis Total RNA was extracted from all samples using the Spectrum Plant Total RNA Kit (Sigma-Aldrich, LOT: SLCG7913). RNA from two symptomatic samples, one each from pepper and tomato (named BX6 and BX11, respectively) were subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) on the NextSeq 500/550 high-output kit v2.5 (Illumina, USA) at the genomic facility, Oklahoma State University (Stillwater, OK, USA). A total of 22,385,404 (average length 73.6 bp) and 19,012,605 (average length 73.7 bp) trim pair-end for both samples (BX6 and BX11) were assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench (v12.0.3) (Qiagen, Inc) and subjected to BLASTn analysis. The three contigs: 393 bp (coverage 363.24X), 670 bp (coverage 489.92X), and 990 bp (coverage 112.96X) for BX6 isolate, and four contigs: 393 bp (coverage 341.64X), 668 bp (coverage 457.23X), 814 bp (coverage 107.86X), and 990 bp (coverage 93.71X), for BX11 isolate, showed from 96 to 99% nucleotide (nt) identities with movement protein, capsid protein, C3, V2, C4, AC1, AC2, AC3 protein genes of the TYLCV isolates from Australia, China, Iran, Mexico, South Korea, and the US. The HTS data did not reveal any other viral sequence in these two samples. To further confirm the presence of TYLCV in these samples, three overlapping TYLCV-specific primer pairs (Supplementary Table 1) were designed based on the alignment of complete genome sequences of TYLCV isolates present in the Genbank. Total DNA was extracted from fresh leaf tissues of BX6 and BX11 samples using the Plant DNA Kit (Omega BIO-TEK,) and used in the PCR assay. The expected PCR products (814 bp, 1,085 bp and 1,068 bp) were generated from both samples providing further evidence of TYLCV infection. To obtain the complete genome sequence, these PCR amplified DNA fragments of both isolates were gel extracted and cloned using the pGEM-T® Easy Vector system. Three independent clones of each fragment were sequenced and analyzed by Sanger sequencing. The resulting consensus sequences were used in a BLASTn search against the GenBank and had the highest identities (99-99.2%) with TYLCV sequences. The overlapping consensus nt sequence of the BX6 isolate was 2,782 nt (Accession no ON321843), whereas that of BX11 was 2,777 nt (Accession no ON785706) showed 99.2% and 99.0% nt identities with the corresponding sequence of TYLCV isolates (KX347141 and KX347142) respectively from Australia. The nt identity between BX6 and BX11 was 99.7%. Further screening by PCR of the remaining 18 symptomatic field samples (pepper, n=15 and tomatoes, n=3) revealed TYLCV infection in two pepper and all three tomato samples consistent with the greater susceptibility of tomato. None of the asymptomatic pepper and tomato samples were positive for TYLCV. DNA from both BX6 and BX11 samples was also used in the rolling circle amplification (RCA) assay (TempliPhi Amplification Kit, Cytiva) and the presence of circular TYLCV DNA was detected. Our results demonstrated the presence of TYLCV infection in these symptomatic pepper and tomato plants. This is the first report of TYLCV infecting pepper or tomato in open fields in Oklahoma. Further surveys are needed to determine the incidence of TYLCV and the presence of its vector in other counties throughout Oklahoma.

This study examined how resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data quality and availability relate to clinical and sociodemographic variables within the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. A sample of participants with an adequate sample of quality baseline rs-fMRI data containing low average motion (framewise displacement ≤ 0.15; low-noise; n = 4,356) was compared to a sample of participants without an adequate sample of quality data and/or containing high average motion (higher-noise; n = 7,437) using Chi-squared analyses and t-tests. A linear mixed model examined relationships between clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and average head motion in the sample with low-noise data. Relative to the sample with higher-noise data, the low-noise sample included more females, youth identified by parents as non-Hispanic white, and youth with married parents, higher parent education, and greater household incomes (ORs = 1.32-1.42). Youth in the low-noise sample were also older and had higher neurocognitive skills, lower BMIs, and fewer externalizing and neurodevelopmental problems (ds = 0.12-0.30). Within the low-noise sample, several clinical and demographic characteristics related to motion. Thus, participants with low-noise rs-fMRI data may be less representative of the general population and motion may remain a confound in this sample. Future rs-fMRI studies of youth should consider these limitations in the design and analysis stages in order to optimize the representativeness and clinical relevance of analyses and results., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: This study aimed to examine relationships among worked hours, stress, sleep hours, burnout, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression reported by academic medical center employees., Methods: Employees completed an anonymous electronic mental health survey with automated feedback that included self-help and professional local resources. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling., Results: Eighty percent of participants reported ( n = 693) medium/high stress, 58% reported burnout, 37%/26% screened positive for anxiety/depression, and 14% reported PTSD. Structural equation modeling attained highly significant coefficients ( P < 0.05) and excellent goodness of fit, with strong stress and PTSD positive direct associations with anxiety, burnout, and depression. The model explained 58% of variation in depression scores. A clinician only model demonstrated stronger PTSD effects, but no work hours effects., Conclusion: Workplace self-screening tools can guide employee mental health self-assessment, self-help programs, and professional resources, while also informing targets for employer programs., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None declared., (Copyright © 2022 American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.)

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the major cash crops grown in the United States (U.S.) with a total acreage of over 11.5 million acres in 2021 (NASS, 2021). In Oklahoma, cotton represents an important economic crop and was grown on 490,000 acres during the 2021 growing season (NASS, 2021). In 2021, during a survey of a cotton field in Beckham County of Oklahoma, cotton plants showed typical virus-like symptoms including mosaic, yellow ring spots, discoloration and short internodes (Supplementary Fig. 1). Thirteen symptomatic and five asymptomatic samples were collected from cotton plants and brought to the University of Tulsa for further processing. Total RNA was extracted from all samples using the Spectrum Plant Total RNA Kit (Sigma-Aldrich). Total RNA from two symptomatic samples (named EC3 and EC4) were subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) on the NextSeq 500/550 High-Output kit v2.5 (Illumina, USA) at the genomic facility, Oklahoma State University (Stillwater, OK, USA). A total of 17,542,322 and 22,572,118 trimmed pair-ends reads for both samples were assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench (v12.0.3) (Qiagen, Inc) and subjected to BLASTn analysis. Two contigs of 556 bp and 1062 bp (average coverage 2,799X) for sample EC3 showed 99% and 91% nucleotide (nt) identities with 3'-UTR, 5'-UTR and P1A gene respectively of the Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) RNA1 of isolates WA-AM1 (MW495243.1), and IA-1-2017 (MT563078.1) respectively. The other two contigs, 221 bp and 561 bp (average coverage 23,070X) for sample EC4 showed, 100% and 96% nt identities with 3'-UTR, protease, and RdRp genes of TRSV RNA1, isolates WA-AM1 and YW (MT042825.1) respectively. The HTS data did not reveal any other viral sequence in these two cotton samples. To further confirm the presence of TRSV in these samples, previously designed specific primers to TRSV (Forward: 5'-GGAAATTAACTGGGATGATTT-3' and Reverse: 5'-GAGCTCCAACCTTAAAACCA-3') for RNA1, targeting the P1A and helicase genes, and another primer pair (Forward: 5'-GCATCCTCCCATGTTTTCT-3' and Reverse: 5'-GGGACAAACACGACACTA-3') for RNA2, targeting the coat protein and 3'-untranslated region, of TRSV were tested by RT-PCR assay. The sizes of amplified PCR products obtained from both isolates (EC3 and EC4) on 1% agarose gel were approximately 1,000 bp for RNA1 and 1,100 bp for RNA2. The amplified PCR products were cloned and three independent recombinant clones for each primer set were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. The resulting consensus sequences were used in a BLASTn search against the Genbank and matched with TRSV sequences. Consensus nt sequences analysis specific to RNA1 of EC3 isolate (Accession no. OM563300) and EC4 isolate (Accession no OM563301) showed 97% nt identities with TRSV isolate IA-1-2017. Consensus nt sequences specific to RNA 2 of EC3 isolate (Accession no. OM630605) and EC4 isolate (Accession no OM5630606) showed 92% and 90% nt identities with the corresponding sequences of WA-AM1 and IA-1-2017 isolates respectively. Further screening of the remaining 11 symptomatic samples resulted in two more positive TRSV samples that were co-infected with Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV), six were positive to only CLRDV, and three were negative to both viruses by RT-PCR assay using the above TRSV specific primers and CLRDV specific primers AL674F/1407R (Avelar et al. 2019). None of the asymptomatic cotton samples were positive by RT-PCR to TRSV or CLRDV. Our results confirmed the presence of TRSV infection in these symptomatic cotton plants. The presence of TRSV could pose a new threat to cotton crops in Oklahoma and the U.S. due to its wide host range (Adam and Antoniw, 2005), and transmission through many vectors including nematodes, (Keinath et al. 2017), and seed (Hill and Whitman, 2014). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of TRSV infecting cotton naturally in the U.S. and in the world.

Daily interactions between parents and children play a large role in children's emotional development and mental health. Thus, it is important to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying this association within the context of these dyadic social interactions. We suggest that examining cross-brain associations, coordinated brain responses, among parents and children increases our understanding of patterns of social and emotion-related processes that occur during parent-child interactions, which may influence the development of child emotion regulation and psychopathology. Therefore, we extend the Parent-Child Emotion Regulation Dynamics Model (Morris et al., in: Cole and Hollenstein (eds) Dynamics of emotion regulation: A matter of time, Taylor & Francis, 2018) to include cross-brain associations involved in dyadic emotion regulation during parent-child social emotional interactions and discuss how this model can inform future research and its broader applications., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The total synthesis of two decahydroquinoline poison frog alkaloids ent- cis - 195A and cis - 211A were achieved in 16 steps (38% overall yield) and 19 steps (31% overall yield), respectively, starting from known compound 1 . Both alkaloids were synthesized from the common key intermediate 11 in a divergent fashion, and the absolute stereochemistry of natural cis - 211A was determined to be 2 R , 4a R , 5 R , 6 S , and 8a S . Interestingly, the absolute configuration of the parent decahydroquinoline nuclei of cis - 211A was the mirror image of that of cis - 195A , although both alkaloids were isolated from the same poison frog species, Oophaga ( Dendrobates ) pumilio , from Panama.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen have shown initial promise in producing antidepressant effects. This is perhaps due to these drugs being peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists, in addition to their inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes. Some, albeit mixed, evidence suggests that PPARγ agonists have antidepressant effects in humans and animals. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, pharmacologic functional magnetic resonance imaging (ph-fMRI) study aimed to elucidate the impact of ibuprofen on emotion-related neural activity and determine whether observed effects were due to changes in PPARγ gene expression. Twenty healthy volunteers completed an emotional face matching task during three fMRI sessions, conducted one week apart. Placebo, 200 mg, or 600 mg ibuprofen was administered 1 h prior to each scan in a pseudo-randomized order. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected at each session to isolate RNA for PPARγ gene expression. At the doses used, ibuprofen did not significantly change PPARγ gene expression. Ibuprofen dose was associated with decreased blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and fusiform gyrus during emotional face processing (faces-shapes). Additionally, PPARγ gene expression was associated with increased BOLD activation in the insula and transverse and superior temporal gyri (faces-shapes). No interaction effects between ibuprofen dose and PPARγ gene expression on BOLD activation were observed. Thus, results suggest that ibuprofen and PPARγ may have independent effects on emotional neurocircuitry. Future studies are needed to further delineate the roles of ibuprofen and PPARγ in exerting antidepressant effects in healthy as well as clinical populations., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Carotenoids color many of the red, orange and yellow ornaments of birds and also shape avian vision. The carotenoid-pigmented oil droplets in cone photoreceptors filter incoming light and are predicted to aid in color discrimination. Carotenoid use in both avian coloration and color vision raises an intriguing question: is the evolution of visual signals and signal perception linked through these pigments? Here, we explore the genetic, physiological and functional connections between these traits. Carotenoid color and droplet pigmentation share common mechanisms of metabolic conversion and are both affected by diet and immune system challenges. Yet, the time scale and magnitude of these effects differ greatly between plumage and the visual system. Recent observations suggest a link between retinal carotenoid levels and color discrimination performance, but the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. Therefore, we performed a modeling exercise to ask whether and how changes in droplet carotenoid content could alter the perception of carotenoid-based plumage. This exercise revealed that changing oil droplet carotenoid concentration does not substantially affect the discrimination of carotenoid-based colors, but might change how reliably a receiver can predict the carotenoid content of an ornament. These findings suggest that, if present, a carotenoid link between signal and perception is subtle. Deconstructing this relationship will require a deeper understanding of avian visual perception and the mechanisms of color production. We highlight several areas where we see opportunities to gain new insights, including comparative genomic studies of shared mechanisms of carotenoid processing and alternative approaches to investigating color vision., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2021. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)

Purpose: To investigate and describe the demographics, academic background, and scholarly activity of Diagnostic Radiology (DR) residency program directors in the United States., Methods: A list of all DR residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and corresponding program directors (PD) was obtained from ACGME website. Information about each PD was obtained from publicly available sources including program websites, Healthgrades and Doximity. Demographic and academic data including age, sex, educational background, subspecialty, tenure, interval between residency completion and appointment as PD, terms served, additional degrees, academic rank, prior leadership positions and metrics of scholarly activity were recorded. Nonparametric statistics including Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to compare differences between groups. Results are considered statistically significant at p < 0.05., Results: A total of 197 PDs were included in the study of which 139 (70.6%) were male. Average age of PDs was 47.56 years (SD 8.29, median 45, range 35-77). There was no significant difference in median age of male vs female PDs (45 vs 44.5, p = 0.655). Majority of PDs attended American medical schools (181/197, 91.9%), and 16/197 attended international medical schools. Nine PDs received DO degrees (9/197, 4.6%). Academic rank was available for 137 PDs, of which 4 (2.9%) were instructors, 63 (46.0%) were assistant professors, 47 (34.3%) were associate professors and 23 (16.8%) were professors. Fellowship information was available for 183 PDs, of which the most common subspecialties were neuroradiology (24.5%), musculoskeletal radiology (15.8%), abdominal radiology (10.3%), and interventional radiology (9.8%). Female PDs had a significantly higher median publications (13.5 vs 6.0, p = 0.003), median citations (133 vs 37, p = 0.19) and median h-index compared to male PDs (6 ± 3, p = 0.005)., Conclusion: Radiology PDs are mostly males who graduated from US allopathic medical schools. Female PDs had significantly higher scholarly metrics compared to male PDs. Twenty three percent PDs were appointed in the last 1 year., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Low liquid-loading flow frequently occurs during the transport of gas products in various industries, such as in the Oil & Gas, the Food, and the Pharmaceutical Industries. Even small amounts of liquid can have a significant effect on the flow conditions inside the pipeline, such as increased pressure loss, pipe wall stresses and corrosion, and liquid holdup along the pipeline. However, most studies that analyze this type of flow only use atmospheric pressures and horizontal 1-in or 2-in pipes, which do not accurately represent the range of operating conditions present in industrial applications. Therefore, this study focused on modeling low liquid-loading flow in medium-sized (6-10 in) pipes, using CFD simulations and experimental data from the University of Tulsa, and then applying it to real operating conditions from a Colombian gas pipeline. An acceptable difference was observed between experimental and CFD data, both for the liquid holdup (18%) and for the pressure drop (12%). Variables like pressure drop and wall shear stress increase with phase velocity, operating pressure, and pipe inclination. Liquid holdup increases with liquid velocity but decreases with all other factors. The relation of flow variables with phase velocities is of particular interest: Doubling the gas velocity decreased holdup 70% and increased pressure drop tenfold. On the other hand, the presence of the liquid phase seems to be more influential on process variables than its exact flowrate; the introduction of the liquid phase to a single-phase gas causes an increase in pressure loss by a factor of three, but doubling the liquid velocity only increases the pressure loss by a further 30%., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2020 The Author(s).)

A series of poly(ethylene oxide)-LiOTf electrolyte films were prepared using a variety of hydrocarbon templates as nanofillers, resulting in observable nanophase separation in the polymer electrolyte. Upon partial extraction of the nanofiller template, an enhanced conductivity over 2 orders of magnitude was measured using ac impedance. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to characterize the porosity, composition, and mass loss of template-extracted and nonextracted film samples., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.)

Background: Caenorhabditis elegans is a model organism used to study gene, protein, and cell influence on function and behavior. These studies frequently require C. elegans to be immobilized for imaging or laser ablation experiments. There are a number of known techniques for immobilizing worms, but to our knowledge, there are no comprehensive studies of the various agents in common use today., New Method: This study determines the relationship between concentration, immobilization time, exposure time, and recovery likelihood for several immobilization agents. The agents used in this study are 1-Phenoxy-2-propanol, levamisole, sodium azide, polystyrene beads, and environmental cold shock. These tests are conducted using a humidified chamber to keep chemical concentrations consistent. Each of these agents is also tested to determine if they exhibit stress-related after effects using the gcs-1 , daf-16 , hsp-4 , hif-1 , hsp-16.2, and tmem-135 stress reporters., Results: We present a range of quick mount immobilization and recovery conditions for each agent tested. This study shows that, under controlled conditions, 1-Phenoxy-2-propanol shows significant stress from the daf-16 reporter. While 1-Phenoxy-2-propanol and sodium azide both create stress related after effects with long term recovery in the case of the hsp-16.2 reporter., Comparison With Existing Methods: This study shows that commonly used concentrations of immobilizing agents are ineffective when evaporation is prevented., Conclusions: To improve reproducibility of results it is essential to use consistent concentrations of immobilizing agents. It is also critically important to account for stress-related after effects elicited by immobilization agents when designing any experiment., (© 2020 The Authors.)

The cognitive-buffer hypothesis proposes that more harsh and unpredictable environments favour animals with larger brains and resulting greater cognitive skills. Comparisons across taxa have supported the hypothesis, but it has rarely been tested within a species. We measured brain size, as inferred from head dimensions, for 1141 cliff swallow specimens collected in western Nebraska, 1982-2018. Cliff swallows starving to death during unusual late-spring cold snaps had significantly smaller brains than those dying from other causes, suggesting that brain size in this species can affect foraging success and that greater cognitive ability may confer advantages when conditions exceed normal environmental extremes. Brain size declined significantly with the size of the breeding colony from which a specimen came. Larger brains may be favoured in smaller colonies that represent more unpredictable and more challenging social environments where there is less public information on food sources and less collective vigilance against predators, even in relatively normal conditions. Our results provide intraspecific support for the cognitive-buffer hypothesis and emphasize the potential evolutionary impact of rare climatic events.

Appetite change is a defining feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), yet little neuroscientific evidence exists to explain why some individuals experience increased appetite when they become depressed while others experience decreased appetite. Previous research suggests depression-related appetite changes can be indicative of underlying neural and inflammatory differences among MDD subtypes. The present study explores the relationship between systemic inflammation and brain circuitry supporting food hedonics for individuals with MDD. Sixty-four participants (31 current, unmedicated MDD and 33 healthy controls [HC]) provided blood samples for analysis of an inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein (CRP), and completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan in which they rated the perceived pleasantness of various food stimuli. Random-effects multivariate modeling was used to explore group differences in the relationship between CRP and the coupling between brain activity and inferred food pleasantness (i.e., strength of the relationship between activity and pleasantness ratings). Results revealed that for MDD with increased appetite, higher CRP in blood related to greater coupling between orbitofrontal cortex and anterior insula activity and inferred food pleasantness. Compared to HC, all MDD exhibited a stronger positive association between CRP and coupling between activity in striatum and inferred food pleasantness. These findings suggest that for individuals with MDD, systemic low-grade inflammation is associated with differences in reward and interoceptive-related neural circuitry when making hedonic inferences about food stimuli. In sum, altered immunologic states may affect appetite and inferences about food reward in individuals with MDD and provide evidence for physiological subtypes of MDD., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

How parents manifest symptoms of anxiety or depression may affect how children learn to modulate their own distress, thereby influencing the children's risk for developing an anxiety or mood disorder. Conversely, children's mental health symptoms may impact parents' experiences of negative emotions. Therefore, mental health symptoms can have bidirectional effects in parent-child relationships, particularly during moments of distress or frustration (e.g., when a parent or child makes a costly mistake). The present study used simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of parent-adolescent dyads to examine how brain activity when responding to each other's costly errors (i.e., dyadic error processing) may be associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. While undergoing simultaneous fMRI scans, healthy dyads completed a task involving feigned errors that indicated their family member made a costly mistake. Inter-brain, random-effects multivariate modeling revealed that parents who exhibited decreased medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex activation when viewing their child's costly error response had children with more symptoms of depression and anxiety. Adolescents with increased anterior insula activation when viewing a costly error made by their parent had more anxious parents. These results reveal cross-brain associations between mental health symptomatology and brain activity during parent-child dyadic error processing., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Breeding colonies of birds represent groups of individuals that associate during one breeding season, at least partially dissociate for the non-breeding season, and may re-associate the next year through collective settlement at another breeding site. Little is known about the extent to which colonial birds maintain group integrity when occupying different sites in different years or the benefits of long-term associations among colonial individuals. For cliff swallows ( Petrochelidon pyrrhonota ) in western Nebraska, USA, we examined ecological correlates and potential benefits associated with group integrity. Using a dataset of over 25,000 individuals, we found that associations between dispersing cliff swallows were greater than would be predicted by purely random settlement among colony sites. The extent of group integrity varied widely among sites, with birds seeming to settle together more often at sites with fewer ectoparasites and at colonies similar in size and closer in physical proximity to the one they had previously occupied. Some associations of birds lasted three years in which they used a different site each year. Successful colonies had higher levels of group integrity among their settlers than did colonies that failed completely. Cliff swallows that were known to have settled with at least one conspecific from the previous year's site had a higher survival the next year than those not known to have settled with past residents. The results are consistent with cliff swallows choosing colonies based in part on parasite load and with sorting among colonies based on the birds' preferences for colonies of certain sizes.

The coupling of thioamides and donor/acceptor-substituted diazocarbonyl compounds is reported for the first time. The present report provides a mild, catalytic method that couples thioamides and donor/acceptor-substituted diazocarbonyl compounds to form enamino esters and enaminones. Unlike traditional methods for the synthesis of enamino esters and enaminones from thioamides, both N-alkyl thioamides and thiocarbamates are suitable substrates in this coupling reaction. Copper(I) bromide catalyzes the reaction and provides enamino esters and enaminones chemo- and diastereoselectively in less time than Rh 2 (OAc) 4 or Ru(PPh 3 ) 3 Cl 2 catalysts., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Background: ReliefF is a nearest-neighbor based feature selection algorithm that efficiently detects variants that are important due to statistical interactions or epistasis. For categorical predictors, like genotypes, the standard metric used in ReliefF has been a simple (binary) mismatch difference. In this study, we develop new metrics of varying complexity that incorporate allele sharing, adjustment for allele frequency heterogeneity via the genetic relationship matrix (GRM), and physicochemical differences of variants via a new transition/transversion encoding., Methods: We introduce a new two-dimensional transition/transversion genotype encoding for ReliefF, and we implement three ReliefF attribute metrics: 1.) genotype mismatch (GM), which is the ReliefF standard, 2.) allele mismatch (AM), which accounts for heterozygous differences and has not been used previously in ReliefF, and 3.) the new transition/transversion metric. We incorporate these attribute metrics into the ReliefF nearest neighbor calculation with a Manhattan metric, and we introduce GRM as a new ReliefF nearest-neighbor metric to adjust for allele frequency heterogeneity., Results: We apply ReliefF with each metric to a GWAS of major depressive disorder and compare the detection of genes in pathways implicated in depression, including Axon Guidance, Neuronal System, and G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling. We also compare with detection by Random Forest and Lasso as well as random/null selection to assess pathway size bias., Conclusions: Our results suggest that using more genetically motivated encodings, such as transition/transversion, and metrics that adjust for allele frequency heterogeneity, such as GRM, lead to ReliefF attribute scores with improved pathway enrichment., Competing Interests: Not applicable.Not applicable.The authors declare that they have no competing interest.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

A variety of arenes and heteroarenes are brominated in good to excellent yields using N -bromosuccinimide (NBS) under mild and practical conditions. According to mechanistic investigations described within, the reaction is speculated to proceed via activation of NBS through a visible-light photoredox pathway utilizing erythrosine B as a photocatalyst. A photo-oxidative approach effectively amplifies the positive polarization on the bromine atom of the NBS reagent. This increase in the electrophilic nature of NBS results in drastically reduced reaction times and diversion from competing light-promoted reactive pathways., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Alternative synthetic methodology for the direct installation of sulfonamide functionality is a highly desirable goal within the domain of drug discovery and development. The formation of synthetically valuable N -sulfonyl imines from a range of aldehydes, sulfonamides, and PhI(OAc)₂ under practical and mild reaction conditions has been developed. According to mechanistic studies described within, the reaction proceeds through an initial step involving a radical initiator (generated either by visible-light or heat) to activate the reacting substrates. The reaction provides a synthetically useful and operationally simple, relatively mild alternative to the traditional formation of N -sulfonyl imines that utilizes stable, widely available reagents.

Metal releases from the Tri-State Mining District (TSMD) that is located in southwestern Missouri, southeastern Kansas, and northeastern Oklahoma, have contaminated floodplain soils within the Neosho and Spring river watersheds of the Grand Lake watershed. Since the Oklahoma portion of the watershed lies within ten tribal jurisdictions, the potential accumulation of metals within plant species that are gathered and consumed by tribal members, as well as the resulting metal exposure risks to tribal human health, was a warranted concern for further investigation. Within this study, a total of 36 plant species that are commonly consumed by tribes were collected from floodplain areas that were previously demonstrated to have elevated soil metal concentrations relative to reference sites. A significant, positive correlation was shown for metal concentrations in plant tissues versus soil (n = 258; Cd: R = 0.72, p = 0.00; Pb: R = 0.52, p = 0.00; and Zn: R = 0.70, p = 0.00). Additionally, a significant difference in metal concentration distributions existed between reference and impacted plant samples (n = 210, p = 0.00 for all metals). These results proved that floodplain soils are a major contamination pathway for metal accumulation within plants, and the source of metal contamination is the result of mining releases from the TSMD. Metal accumulation within plants was found to vary according to specific metal and plant species. The lowest dietary exposure out of all plant organs sampled were associated with fruit, whereas the highest was associated with roots, stem/leaves, and low-lying leafy greens. Metals in plants were compared to weekly dietary intake limits established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Based on specific serving sizes established within this study for tribal children and adults, many plant species had sufficient concentrations to warrant tribal consumption restrictions within the floodplains of Elm Creek, Grand Lake, Lost Creek, Spring River, and Tar Creek. Importantly, these results highlighted the necessity for the issuance of plant consumption advisories for tribal communities in the watershed. A consumption restriction guide on the number of allowable servings of each species per week at specific streams was developed within this study for tribal children and adults. Results also demonstrated that soil metal concentrations do not need to be exceptionally elevated relative to reference sites in order for plants to accumulate sufficient metal concentrations to exceed dietary limits for one serving. Therefore, the exposure risk associated with the consumption of plants cannot be accurately predicted solely from metal concentrations within soils, but must be based on metal concentrations within specific plant tissues on a site-by-site basis. A weekly consumption scenario was created within this study in order to better understand the potential metal dietary exposures to child and adult tribal members who consume multiple servings of multiple plant species per day, as well as benthic invertebrates and fish from the watershed. These findings demonstrated that plants pose a greater consumption exposure risk for tribal members than benthic invertebrates or fish. Therefore, without the consideration of exposure risks associated with the consumption of plants within future human health risk assessments, tribal health risks will be severely underestimated.

In 2013, we published the first report of a novel potyvirus isolate, which was tentatively named squash chlorosis mottling virus (SqCMV), from an infected squash plant (Cucurbita pepo) collected in the Homestead area of Florida. The purpose of the current work was to further characterize the virus isolate based on molecular properties, and to determine its relationship to other potyviruses. The complete genome sequence of the virus was 10,292 nucleotides (nt), consisting of a 5'-UTR (182 nt), a complete ORF (10,098 nt) encoding a polyprotein of 3,365 amino acids, a motif for the PIPO protein and a 3'-UTR (112 nt), but excluding the poly-(A) tail. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome and amino acid sequences revealed that the virus from Florida clustered with the type isolate of the newly described potyvirus zucchini tigré mosaic virus (ZTMV) sharing 82-90% nucleotide and 83-86% amino acid identities, respectively. Recombination analysis confirmed one major recombination event in the putative P1 coding region of the virus with the putative parental sequences predicted to resemble to ZTMV-Venezuela and France isolates. In addition, genetic diversity analysis indicated that the CP gene was under the highest selection pressure compared to other genes. Together, these results suggest that SqCMV and ZTMV are both representative isolates of the same species, Zucchini tiger mosaic virus. We present the first complete genome sequence of the ZTMV-HFL isolate from the USA.

Population diversity was examined in individual and natural mixed infections of Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolates in two systemic hosts, cowpea and Nicotiana benthamiana. Isolates of CCMV and CMV obtained from a cowpea field in Arkansas were separated biologically in cowpea and tobacco plants, respectively. After separation, individual and mixed cultures of both viruses were serially passaged ten times by mechanical inoculation in cowpea and N. benthamiana . High-fidelity reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (HiFi RT-PCR) of RNA 3, followed by cDNA cloning and sequence analysis was used to assess the quasispecies cloud size of CCMV and CMV populations in passages zero and ten of each host species. The levels of population variation were generally higher in individual infections of CCMV-Car1 and-Car2 isolates, and the CMV-Car2 isolate compared with mixed infections, in both host species, although the significance of the differences varied depending on how mutations were counted. There were no significant differences in the levels of population variation in individual and mixed infections of the CMV-Car1 isolate. Partially fixed mutations were observed in both individual and mixed infections of the CCMV-Car2 isolate in N. benthamiana and CMV-Car1 and-Car2 isolates in both cowpea and N. benthamiana .