Search

【In this study, to examine genetic variability within a breed and genetic relationships between populations/breeds, we genotyped 606 birds from seven Japanese native chicken breeds at seven polymorphic loci of egg white proteins and compared those with Asian native chicken populations and commercial breeds. Genotyping of the Japanese native breeds showed that ovalbumin, two ovoglobulins and ovotransferrin were polymorphic, but ovomacroglobulin, ovoflavoprotein and lysozyme were monomorphic. The proportion of polymorphic loci ( $P_{poly}$ ) and average heterozygosity ( $\bar{H}$ ) within a population ranged from 0.286 to 0.429 and from 0.085 to 0.158, respectively. The coefficient of gene differentiation ( $G_{ST}$ ) was 0.250 in the Japanese native chicken breeds. This estimate was higher than that of Asian native chicken populations ( $G_{ST}$ = 0.083) 0.083) and of commercial breeds ( $G_{ST}$ = 0.169) 0.169). Dendrogram and PCA plot showed that Satsuma-dori, Jitokko, Amakusa-daio and Hinai-dori were closely related to each other and grouped into Asian native chickens and that Tsushima-jidori, Nagoya and Chan (Utaichan) were ramified far from other Japanese native chicken breeds. The egg white protein polymorphisms demonstrated that the population differentiation of the seven Japanese native chicken breeds was relatively large.】

Summary Trends in heterozygosity in the process of producing inbred strains of Japanese quail were examined through the characterization of protein polymorphisms based on gene frequencies of 7 polymorphic loci. The average heterozygosity (Ho) at generation 1 was 0.472 and it decreased with increasing inbreeding coefficient (F) to 0.214 at generation 5 when F was 0.594. In all generations, the observed heterozygosities of the surviving families tended to be higher than those of the families that did not survive. The frequency of heterozygotes of the Es-4 locus in surviving families was higher than that of the extinct families in each generation and the difference became conspisuous in generation 4. These results suggests that a heterozygote advantage of Es-4 locus is revealed by inbreeding.

Plumage, shank color and comb shape of 617 native chickens were recorded at four ethnic settlements in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. The frequencies of genes controlling these morphological characters were calculated from the phenotypes of all 617 birds observed. In all settlements, the frequency of dominant white (I) was low, whereas the frequencies of wild type (e+) for the extended black locus (E, e+, e) were highest. The gene frequencies of shank color (Id, id) and comb type (P, p) changed in relation to the ethnicity of the human residents.

Blood samples were collected from four native breeds (Chahua chicken, Xishuangbanna Game chicken, Wuding chicken, and Yangbi Huang chicken) in the Yunnan province of China, and their protein polymorphisms were analyzed by using electrophoresies. Out of 16 loci examined, polymorphisms were found in the following eight loci: plasma esterase, plasma amylase, plasma alkaline phosphatase, plasma albumin, plasma transferrin, plasma postalbumin, and hemoglobin. The other eight loci, erythrocyte lactate dehydrogenase, erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, erythrocyte phosphoglucomutase, erythrocyte phosphohexose isomerase, erythrocyte tetrazolium oxidase, erythrocyte malate dehydrogenase, erythrocyte esterase and hemoglobin, were monomorphic. The proportion of the polymorphic loci and the expected average heterozygosity were estimated as 0.438–0.500 and 0.141–0.174, respectively. A dendrogram was drawn according to the genetic distance, which was calculated by the Nei's genetic distance matrix, among four Chinese native breeds. The results indicated that Chahua, Wuding and Yangbi Huang chickens were genetically remote from Xishuangbanna Game chicken. Moreover, the genetic distance was calculated among the Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi and Nepalese native fowl populations, and another dendrogram was constructed. In the latter dendrogram, Chahua, Wuding and Yangbi Huang chickens were genetically closer to Sri Lankan and Bangladeshi native fowls than Xishuangbanna Game chicken.

Egg white samples from native chicken were collected in 12 local populations in Indonesia. Polymorphisms of egg white protein were analyzed by using starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 1) Polymorphism was found at 5 loci (Ov, G3, G2, TfEW and G1). 2) The variant of lysozyme was detected in only Ungaran population (qG1F=0.853, qG1S=0.147). 3) Average heterozygosities of each local population, subdivision index and genetic distance among local population were estimated as 0.028 to 0.141, 0.076 and 0.001 to 0.037 respectively. Genetic distances and degree of subdivision among local populations in Indonesia except Ungaran population were assumed as small.

The present study was done to evaluate and compare the genetic variability at initial generation in an experiment which was conducted to evaluate the heterosis effect in lines under different modes of selection for egg production using Jouy and Tours strains maintained in INRA. Genetic variability was analyzed for 6 lines (lines 1, 2, 3, 4, C and D) of the both strains by 10 protein loci (Hb-1, Alb, Tf, Es-D, Es-2, 6PGD, ADH, Acp, Prt and Amy). The values of Ppoly were calculated as 0.500-0.600 in Jouy strain and 0.70 in Tours strain. The values of H varied from 0.182 to 0.193 in Jouy strain and from 0.220 to 0.232 in Tours strain. Coefficients of gene differentiation (GST) among line was calculated as 0.019. This values suggests that genetic differentiation among the 6 lines is small. Based on genetic distance data, dendrograms were drawn by unweighted pair group method. Six lines were clustered in two groups. One group is composed of line 1, line 3 and line C, and the other group is composed of line 2, line 4 and line D. Based on 9 loci except Prt locus, genetic relationship among 6 lines in INRA and 6 laboratory populations in Japan was investigated. Genetic distances were calculated as 0.001-0.009 within INRA, 0.029-0.089 within Japanese stock and 0.081-0.184 between INRA stock and Japanese stock. GST calculated from gene frequency of 12 quail lines in INRA and Japan was estimated as 0.191 which is higher than the value among lines within INRA. This results suggest this genetic differentiation between INRA and Japan is larger than between lines in INRA stock and between laboratory lines in Japan. A dendrogram composed of the 12 quail lines showed two different clusters of six lines of INRA and 6 laboratory lines in Japan. These results suggest that gene constitution between quail lines in France and in Japan widely different.

In the present study, genomic DNA was prepared from dried chicken blood sample and subsequently used for analyzing DNA fingerprinting (DFP) of native and Red jungle fowl in the South Pacific Islands. These chicken genomic DNAs were sufficient in quantity and purity for multiple DFP analyses, and chicken blood could be stored for up to 3 months without physical degradation under dry condition.The DFP analyses were carried out by individual and population DFP. Similarities of DFP patterns and genetic distances among fowls in Fiji and Western Samoa were estimated using band sharing (BS) value and the mean number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site, respectively. The results of population DFP were under the influence of data in individual DFP. From the BS values and genetic distances, the native fowls in five different islands of Fiji and Western Samoa could be distinguished in each island, and the difference was consistent with geographical distribution. Fijian and Western Samoan native fowls were found to form two separate groups. The Red jungle fowls in Fiji islands were closely related to each other, but were found to be related remotely to Red jungle fowls in Kagoshima University. Therefore, DFP analysis can be used to estimate relative genetic variability and to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships in small populations genetically isolated.

The present study was conducted to clarify the changes of calpain and calpastatin activities in skeletal muscle as a function of growth rate at advancing age of commercial chickens, using male broiler and layer chickens of 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age. The body weight of broilers were significantly greater than those of layers (P

電気泳動法および測光法によって判定される血液タンパク•非タンパク多型に基づき,Nepal在来羊種(Bhyanglung, Baruwal, Kagi, Lampuchhre)の8地方集団およびBangladesh在来羊の3地方集団との類縁関係を究明するため,雲南省中央部の祿豊および路南地域における在来緬羊集団を調査した.これらの雲南の地方集団において検索された20遺伝子座位のうち7座位,すなわち,Tf, Alp, Lap,Hb-β, X-p, CatおよびLy座位で遺伝子頻度に明らかな違いがみられた.しかしそれらの集団の平均ヘテロ接合体率(H)では差がなかった.この雲南集団はNepal-やBangladeshの全集団とTf, AlpおよびME座位において遺伝子頻度が著しく異なった.また,それらは,X-p座位でBhyanglung & Baruwalの全集団と,Ke座位ではKagi, BangladeshおよびLampuchhreの大部分の集団と類似していた.雲南の両集団のH値は池の地方集団(7-18%)に比べて高く(18-19%), Bangladeshの特にJessore-KhulnaやMymensingh集団(18-20%)の値に近かった.全検索座位および多型座位の遺伝子頻度から算出されたNEIの遺伝的距離および主成分分析では,この雲南集団はチベット系のBhyanglungやBaruwal集団ではなく,インド系のKagi, BangladeshおよびLampuchhre集団と密接な関係にあった.

Oligonucleotide probes specific for simple tandem repeat sequences produce individual specific DNA fingerprints in man and animal species tested so far. In the present study, a polynucleotide (TG)n was used to investigate DNA fingerprint variability in three breeds (Thoroughbred, Tokara horse and Noma horse) in order to clarify the relationships among Japanese native horses by using DNA fingerprinting (DFP). Estimates of the probabilities of finding identical fingerprints in two unrelated individuals of different breeds were in the range from 2.1×10-1 to 3.6×10-5.Similarities in DFP patterns between individuals were estimated by using the band sharing (BS) value. From the BS values, individuals within breeds tended to be more similar to each other with regard to DFP pattern than to individuals of other breeds. Furthermore, the genetic distance among the horse breeds was estimated as the mean number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site. All individuals of three different ferent breeds were distributed into particular clusters and the Tokara horse was far from other breeds. DFP analysis can therefore be effectively used to assess the genetic relationship among breeds of horses.

The present study was conducted to know the correlation between both the calpain and calpastatin activities in the skeletal muscle and fractional growth rate (FGR) in normal growth condition using male Satsuma native fowl. FGR was expressed as the ratio of daily gain calculated by the daily gain during 2-3 weeks of age to body weight at 2 weeks of age. The 14 experimental birds with same initial body weight at 2 weeks of age (110g/bird) were selected from 175 birds.The mean of body weight at 3 weeks of age (g) and FGR (%/day) were 207.5±11.9 and 12.66±1.54, respectively. Calpain activities in units/g muscle and units/mg extractable muscle protein were 1.023±0.093 and 0.024±0.004, respectively. The calpastatin activities in units/g muscle and units/mg extractable muscle protein were 0.287±0.027 and 0.013±0.003, respectively. The correlation coefficient between calpain activity in units/g muscle and FGR was -0.66. But, there was no significant correlation between either activities of calpain (units/mg extractable muscle protein) and calpastatin (units/g muscle and units/mg extractable muscle protein) and FGR.

The origin of the domestic fowl and its relationship to the jungle fowl is a continuing interest to the scientists working with poultry. The present study was conducted in order to clarify the relationships among the domestic and jungle fowls using DNA fingerprinting (DFP). These DFP analyses were carried out by mixing equal amounts of DNA from several individuals of a particular population, resulting in a DFP parttern characteristic of the population. Similarities of DFP pattern between breeds or species of fowl were estimated using band sharing (BS) value. From the BS values, the Japanese native stocks and Chinese native stocks were found to form two separate groups, respectively. BS values between Green Jungle Fowl and all other stocks were generally low. Genetic distance among the domestic and jungle fowls was estimated as the mean number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site. The results indicated that Red Jungle Fowl was relatively close to the domestic fowls. On the other hand, Green Jungle Fowl was found to be related most remotely to the domestic fowls. Thus, DFP analysis with mixed DNA could be effectively used to assess the genetic relationship among the stocks of fowls.

The present study was conducted to analyze biochemical marker genes and to clarify genetic variation in 4 Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) strains (MGS/Sea, MON/Jms Gbs, Kwl: Mongolian Gerbil and Hos: Mongolian gerbil) maintained in Japan. Cellulose acetate, starch gel or agar gel electrophoresis was used. Of the 23 kinds of proteins detected, variation was found only in liver acid phosphatase (Acp2); no variation in other proteins was found within or among strains. The results suggest that these 4 Mongolian gerbil strains are genetically similar. A strain difference was found in the Acp2 locus of liver acid phosphatase. The Kwl: Mongolian Gerbil strain had a band of Acp2 locus, whereas MGS/Sea, MON/Jms and Hos: Mongolian gerbil strains did not.

中国雲南省の黄牛4地方品種(昭通牛,文山牛,大理牛,版納牛)の乳蛋白変異を調査した.薄層ポリアクリルアミドゲルの等電点電気泳動で81試料を同時検索した結果,β-ラクトグロブリンに5種類の分子(A,B,E,Y,Z),αS1ーカゼインに3種類の分子(B,C,X),βーカゼインに4種類の分子(A1,A2,A3,B),κ-カゼインに3種類の分子(A,B,Y)が検出できた.品種間に主要な遺伝子タイプの違いはなく,頻度の分化が認められた.平均へテロ接合率で推定した品種内の変異性は昭通牛(36%)と文山牛(45%)で高く,版納牛(20%)で低かった.類縁関係を主成分分析で推定したとにろ,黄牛をインド系牛とヨーロッパ系牛の中間型とみなす考えを支持する結果が得られた.また,黄牛の品種によりインド系牛やヨーロッパ系牛に対する近縁性に違いがあることが予想された.

Chymotrypsinogen is a principal precursor of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes. We previously isolated a cDNA clone for human prechymotrypsinogen from a human pancreatic cDNA library. In the present study, we used this cDNA sequences to isolate genomic DNA clones. Three overlapping cosmid clones spanning approximately 65-kb genomic sequences were isolated from a human cosmid library. The genomic DNA clones were characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and by hybridizing them to subfragments of the cDNA. The sequence tagged sites for human chymotrypsinogen gene were created by designing two oligonucleotides. Furthermore, the isolated genomic clones were confirmed to be localized on chromosome 16q23 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and G-banding analysis.

Calpain activity was determined by western blot analysis of steady-state concentrations of m-calpain (calpain requiring millimolar Ca2+ for activation) and also by northern blot analysis of steady-state concentrations of mRNA encoding m-calpain in three lines of quail: a random-bred control line (RR) and two lines selected for body weight, one for increased body weight (LL) and another for decreased body weight (SS). The m-calpain activities in skeletal muscle were higher in the SS line and lower in the LL line. From western blot analysis, enzyme levels of calpain were almost the same for all three lines. At the level of gene expression, the mRNA concentration encoding m-calpain was higher in the LL and lower in the SS line. These results suggest that the regulation of calpain activity in skeletal muscle is a three-step process, regulation at the transcription level, regulation at the enzyme level, and regulation of the activation of calpain.

卵白蛋白質の多型を指標にして,ネパール在来鶏集団の遺伝的特性を明らかにするために,ネパールの4地域(Jomson, Solu-Khumbu, PokharaおよびBiratnagar)において合計101個の卵白サンプルを採取した.1) Biratnagar地区で採取された19個の卵白サンプルのうち,7個のサンプルはフラボプロテインを欠損する無色卵白であった.2) オボアルブミン(Ov),オボグロブリン(G2およびG3),コンアルブミン(TfEW),ポストコンアルブミン(Pc)およびリゾチーム(G1)の各座位について遺伝子構成を検討した.ネパール在来鶏集団はオボアルブミン,オボグログリン(G2およびG3),コンアルブミンにおいて多型が観察され,ボストコンアルブミンおよびリゾチーム座位においては多型が観察されなかった.3) 表現型出現頻度に基づいて,ヘテロ接合体率,集団の分化指数および集団間の遺伝距離を計算すると,それぞれ,0.113～0.2217,0.0419および0.011～0.023の範囲にあった.

本研究は63世代にわたって体重の大(LL)および小(SS)の2方向へ選抜したウズラ系統ならびにそれらの対象群として維持してきた無作為交配集団(RR)について,血液中のパラサイロイドホルモン(PTH)およびCa++の濃度を測定し,その系統間差について検討を行った.血中PTH濃度はNichals Institute, co. Ltd.のintact PTHキットにより,またCa++濃度は原子吸光法により測定した.ウズラの血中Ca++濃度では雄で274,304および323ppm/ml,雌では868,891および949ppm/mlであり,系統間(P

体重について大小2方向に選抜されたウズラの系統を用いて,骨格筋におけるm-calpainおよびactin遺伝子のm-RNAの発現量の系統間の違いについて分析を行った.供試個体は幼若期の23日齢に屠殺され,ただちに胸筋を採取し,液体窒素で凍結した.全RNAはguanidinium thiocyanateで拙出し,またpoly (A) +RNAはoligo (dT) -cellulose columnで分離した.プローブとして,ヒトβ-actinのPst I断片(2.0kb)とニワトリm-calpainのPst I断片(1.1kb)を用いた.actinとm-calpainのm-RNAは,いずれも体重大系統(LL),対照系統(RR)および体重小系統(SS)の順に高いシグナルを示した,これらの結果から,ウズラの筋肉組織におけるm-calpainおよびactinのいずれの遺伝子においてもm-RNAの発現量には系統間で違いが存在することが明らかとなった.また,いずれの系統においても,actinの発現量がm-calpainの発現量に比べて高かった.

This study was conducted in order to estimate the genetic parameters of Calcium Activated Neutral Protease (CANP) activity in the skeletal muscle of Satstuma native fowl (a Japanese native chicken stock). The CANP activity was measured at three weeks of age with alkali-denatured casein as substrate. Genetic parameters of CANP activity in the crude extract of breast muscle were estimated from sib-analysis. Variations among sire families of the CANP activity were both statistically significant (P

体重大小選抜(LLおよびSS)ならびに無作為交配(RR)のウズラ系統を用いて,それらの系統の筋肉蛋白質代謝回転速度を明らかにし,さらに筋肉蛋白質代謝回転速度と関連を有すると思われる筋肉内のカルシウム依存性中姓プロテアーゼ活性値およびそのインヒビター活性値について分析を行なった.LL, RRおよびSS系統の筋肉蛋白質の分解速度は3週齢で2.1,4.0および9.5%/day,また8週齢で1.4,2.1および3.7%/dayと評価された.筋肉蛋白質の合成速度は3週齢で4,4,7.3および12.3%/day,また8週齢で3.2,2.8および3.9%/dayと計算された.これらの結果から,体重の小さい個体は大きい個体に比べて,相対的に高い代謝速度を有することが示唆された.LL, RRおよびSS系統のm-CANP活性値(unit/mg extractable muscle protein)は3週齢で0.503,0.788および1.146,また,8週齢で0.134,0,224および0.275と評価された.一方,CANPインヒビター活性値を測定すると,LL, RRおよびSSの各系統3週齢で0.196,0.150および0,098,また8週齢で0,157,0.120および0.079と評価された.これらの結果から,m-CANPおよびCANPインヒビター活性値は筋肉蛋白質の分解速度および体重と関連を有し,これらの活性値は体重の選抜に伴い変化したことを示唆している.

A chymotrypsinogen showing the phenotype AA of chymotrypsin was purified from quail pancreas, and its chromatographic behavior, molecular weight, and electrophoretic mobility were very similar to those of another chymotrypsinogen, showing the aa phenotype of chymotrypsin. However, after activation, this chymotrypsinogen from AA showed band 5 of chymotrypsin, while the other chymotrypsinogen from aa did not. Peptide mapping demonstrated that the molecular structures of the two chymotrypsinogens are different. It was recognized that chymotrypsin variants result from activated products of different molecular structures of chymotrypsinogens.

1. 1. A chymotrypsinogen from pancreas of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was purified by acid extraction, salt fractionation and chromatographic separation on CM-cellulose and Sephadex G-100, and gave a single protein band on SDS-PAGE. 2. 2. Quail chymotrypsinogen had a mol. wt of 26, 100 calculated from amino acid composition data, an isoelectric point of 7.68, a Km of 3.1 mM and K0 of 40.7 sec−1 for tyrosine ester substrate. 3. 3. The activated chymotrypsinogen of quail had a maximum activity at pH 7.0–8.0 and at 45°C, and was stable at pH 4.0–6.0 below 55°C. 4. 4. Comparison of quail and bovine chymotrypsinogens indicates that the activities of the enzymes from quail and bovine are more constant than their physical characteristics.

本研究では卵用種,肉用種および日本在来種のニワトリについて,4週齢時における筋肉蛋白質代謝回転速度の分析を行なった.筋肉蛋白質代謝回転速度は糞尿中のNτ-MHの排泄量より推定した.卵用種,肉用種および在来種の筋肉蛋白質の合成速度(Ks)はそれぞれ6.2-6.8%/day,7.3-8.9%/dayおよび8.8-12.6%/day;また分解速度(Kd)はそれぞれ4.6-5.1%/day,2.8-3.0%/dayおよび6.1-7.7%/dayと評価された.また,在来鶏は一般に合成速度および分解速度共に高い値を示す傾向にあり,Kdは卵用種および肉用種の約2倍の値を示した.Ks/Kd値は卵用種,肉用種および在来種において,それぞれ1.22-1.48,2.61-2.97および1.40-1.68と評価された.筋肉蛋白質の蓄積効率と考えられる(Ks-Kd)/Ksは卵用種,肉用種および在来種でそれぞれ17.7-32.4%,61.6-66.3%および28.8-40.5%と計算され,ブロイラーは他の鶏種に比較して蓄積効率が高いことが示された.筋肉蛋白質代謝回転速度のこれらの鶏種間のちがいは,それぞれの鶏種の産肉性や飼料利用性の実態をよく反映している.

A genetic variation was found in pancreatic proteinase of Japanese quail. In eight bands of proteinase isozymes, the variation of band 5 (presence or absence) was detected among quails. Band 5 was identified as a chymotrypsin. The presence and absence of band 5 are controlled by a pair of allelic genes (Prt-5A and Prt-5a) on an autosomal locus, and gene Prt-5A, causing expression of band 5, is dominant to gene Prt-5a, a null allele for band 5. Zymograms of proteinases and their zymogens were also compared; no variation of chymotrypsinogen; corresponding to chymotrypsin Prt 5 were detected. It is suggested that the Prt-5 variant of chymotrypsin may be formed during activation of chymotrypsinogen.

Fractional rates (% X day-1) of synthesis and degradation were determined by measuring the output of N tau-methylhistidine (MeHis) in the excreta at 4 and 8 weeks of age in the chicken. At 4 weeks of age, the fractional rate of synthesis of the meat-type stock was twice that of the egg-type stock (White Leghorn), but the fractional rates of synthesis at 8 weeks of age were similar (4.1-5.1% X day-1) among stocks. The fractional rate of degradation (1.3-1.5% X day-1) of the meat-type stock at 8 weeks of age was less than half the rate of the egg-type stock (2.9% X day-1). The fractional rates of synthesis and degradation at 4 weeks of age in the Satsuma native fowl were relatively high compared with those in the other stocks. In particular, the rate of degradation (8.6% X day-1) at 4 weeks of age was approximately twice that of other stocks. These results show that fractional rates of synthesis and degradation of muscle protein in the chicken differ among genetically diverse groups. The effect of changes in rates of synthesis and degradation on the change in fractional growth rate also differed. From regression coefficients (bks . FGR and bKd . FGR) of these rates in skeletal muscle protein on the fractional growth rate, it was recognized that the change in growth rate accompanies the changes in both synthesis and degradation in White Leghorn and commercial broilers but only the change in synthesis in White Plymouth Rock (dw) and Satsuma native fowl.

ニワトリ末梢リンパ球を用いて変異原性試験を行なう際の基礎情報を得る目的で,その細胞周期について分析を行なった.供試鶏には白色レグホン種を用いた.培養は,尺側皮静脈より採取した血液を分離した後,BrdUを含む培地で行なった.培養開始後24～72時間までの期間,経時的にコルセミドを加え細胞分裂の状態を調べた.培養開始後24時間では,中期細胞はほとんど観察されなかったが,分裂指数は徐々に増加の傾向を示し42時間後に11.25%に達した.その後44時間まで幾分減少したが,再び増加を始め,66時間で13.95%と培養期間中最も高い値を示した.66～72時間では分裂指数の低下が認められた.BrdU-Giemsa染色法により増殖動態を分析すると,24～36時間までは1回目の分裂中期細胞が大部分(100～80%)を占めていたが,42時間以降極端に減少し72時間ではほとんど観察されなくなった.2回目の分裂を示す細胞は30時間より出現しはじめ42時間でピーク(57.25%)に達した後,減少していった.3回目以上の分裂に移行した細胞は36時間以後に観察され,時間の経過とともに増加を続け,72時間では分裂中期細胞の86%を占めるに至った.

ウズラの近交系における蛋白質多型の特性を明らかにする目的で,酸性ホスファターゼ型(試験I)と,ヘモグロビン型(試験II)を標識として,近交系におけるこれらの座位のヘテロ有利性の有無について検討を行なった.2つの座位のヘテロ有利性の検討については,それぞれ独立に近交系を作出して試験を行なった.近交系の作出にあたっては酸性ホスファターゼ型,あるいはヘモグロビン型について,ヘテロ型同志のFull-sib交配を行なった.また,ヘテロ有利性の有無については,各座位の表現型の分離比(理論比,1:2:1)を調べることによってたしかめた.1. 酸性ホスファターゼ型を標識とした試験Iと,ヘモグロビン型を標識とした試験IIにおける各世代の8週齢時生存率をみると,近交0世代では,いずれも80%前後であるが,以後,世代が進むとともに減少する傾向が見られた.試験IIでは,第4世代で家系が絶滅したが,試験IIではFull-sib 9世代まで維持することができ,現在,世代の更新中である.2. 酸性ホスファターゼ型について,ヘテロ型同志のFull-sib交配(AB×AB)による各世代の表現型の分布をみると,Full-sib 2世代目をのぞいて,AA:AB:BBがほぼ1:2:1の比率で分離した.3. ヘモグロビン型を標識として,ヘテロ型同志のFull-sib交配(AB×AB)を9世代続けた結果,いずれの世も,AA:AB:BBが,ほぼ1:2:1の比率で分離した.また,BB型は他の表現型に比較して,ややC-値(観察値/期待値)が劣る傾向が見られた.4. 近交度を高めることにより,酸性ホスファターゼおよびヘモグロビンの各座位のヘテロ効果を期待したが,上述のように,いずれの座位においてもほぼ1:2:1の比率で分離したことから,両座位のヘテロ効果は現われないものと思われる.

1978年から1979年の2年間に鹿児島県の農家で肥育された3,431頭の肥育成績に基づいて,黒毛和種種雄牛の産肉能力評価に関する現場後代検定の可能性について検討を行なった.10頭以上の肥育牛を生産した種雄牛について,導入時体重,導入時日齢,導入時日齢当り体重,肥育日数,終了時体重,1日平均増体量,脂肪交雑およびロース芯面積のいずれの産肉形質においても種雄牛間差が認められ,1%水準で有意であった.脂肪交雑および1日平均増体量に関して種雄牛の評価を偏差値により行ない,4つのグループに分類した.分析された7形質に関する遺伝率のうち,導入時体重,ロース芯面積および脂肪交雑は,それぞれ0.4～0.6,0.5～0.6および0.3～0.5と評価され,年次間で比較的安定した遺伝率を示したが,その他の形質の遺伝率は低く年次間でかなり異なる値を示した.1978年と1979年の2年間に共通に用いられた種雄牛について,各形質に関する種雄牛の順位相関を分析した結果,導入時体重,脂肪交雑およびロース芯面積で0.609,0.765よび0.767を示し1%水準で有意であった.脂肪交雑と1日平均増体量との遺伝相関は-0.35,父平均値間の相関は-0.29で負の関係を示した.1日平均増体量と肥育日数とは,遺伝相関で-0.79の負の高い相関がみられた.ロース芯面積と肥育日数ならびに脂肪交雑との遺伝相関は,それぞれ0.45および0.37と評価された.以上の結果から,黒毛和種種雄牛の産肉能力評価について,一般農家の肥育データに基づく現場後代検定が可能であることが示された.

本研究は,鶏の血液蛋白質型を遺伝標識として,家鶏と野鶏との関連および家鶏の品種の相互関係を明らかにすることを目的として,野鶏ならびに家鶏の蛋白質型から遺伝子頻度を推定し,さらに種や品種相互間の遺伝的距離を求め,また集団での遺伝的変異性の量を推定した.1) 鶏の血漿および赤血球に含まれる14種の酵素蛋白質合計18座位について,電気泳動法により分析を行った結果,血漿エステラーゼ(Es-1),アミラーゼ(Amy-1),アルカリ性ホスファタゼ(Akp-akp, Akp-2),アルブミン(Alb),トランスフェリン(Tf),赤血球ボスホグルコン酸脱水素酵素(6-PGD),エステラーゼ(Es-8)の8産位に多型が検出された.しかし他の10座位は,すべてmonomorphicであった.2) 多型が検出された座位のうち6-PGDは,本研究により新たな変異が検出されたもので,インドネシア在来鶏において,3つの表現型AA, ABおよびBBが観察されたが,他の実用鶏,日本鶏,フィリッピン在来鶏および野鶏はすべてBB型であった.Albは,従来AlbA,B,C遺伝子による6つの表現型が報告されているが,本研究における緑えり野鶏においてBDとDD型が新たに観察さらた.3) 種の異なる野鶏間の交雑から得られたF1個体における蛋白質型の種々の遺伝子座の表現型は,家鶏の表現型と全く一致し野鶏特有のバンドは検出されなかった.4) 遺伝的距離は,野鶏では灰色野鶏とセイロン野鶏とが近く,これらはまた赤色野鶏とも比較的近いが,緑えり野鶏とはいことが判明した.家鶏では薩摩鶏と尾長鶏九連子鶏と大冠桂チャボ,インギー鶏とインドネシア在来鶏,白色コーニッシュと白色プリマスロックなどがそれぞれ近いことが確かめられた.5) 遺伝的変異性を定量した結果は,っぎのとおりである.実用鶏:Ppoly=0.2222, H=0.0336～0.1090, Ne=1.03～1-12;日本鶏:Ppoly=0.1111～0.2778, H=0.0464～0.0866, Ne=1.05～1.09;インドネシア在来鶏:Ppoly=0.4444, H=0.1050, Ne=1.12;野鶏:Ppoly=0.1667～0.3333, H=0.0672～0.1364, Ne=1.07～1.16.

Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using 15 Japanese and one Indonesian native breeds of domestic fowl and four species of jungle fowl. Gene frequencies at four blood group and seven electrophoretic loci were examined.The gene frequencies at some loci showed geographical trends, and the frequencies of some alleles were different between the domestic fowl and jungle fowl. The average genetic distances between the domestic fowl and jungle fowl were small for Red Jungle Fowl, intermediate for Gray Jungle Fowl, and very large for Ceylonese and Green Jungle Fowls.Cluster analyses of 15 Japanese native breeds of chickens showed that these breeds could be divided into five groups: the first group consisting of Hinai-dori, Koeyoshi, Tomaru and Shamos; the second of Chabos, Satsuma-dori and Nagoya; the third of Totenko and Onaga-dori; the 4th and 5th of Tosa-jidori and Shokoku, respectively. Indonesian native fowl showed a close relationship to the second group.

The validation of the urinary excretion of N tau-methylhistidine (N tau-MH) by quail as an index of the muscle protein turnover rate was tested using the criterion of the rate of recovery of radioactivity in urine following an intraperitoneal dose of L-[3-14C] methylhistidine. A genetic study on muscle protein turnover in quail was conducted using three genetically diverse lines (LL, large body size; SS, small body size; RR, random-bred control line) selected for body size. When L-[3-14C] methylhistidine was administered to 20-week-old male and female coturnix quail by direct intraperitoneal injection, approximately 90% of the L-[3-14C] methylhistidine was recovered by 96 hr postinjection. Recoveries were low in the egg and muscle. These results show that N tau-MH released from myofibrillar protein is not reutilized and the excretion of N tau-MH is a satisfactory index of muscle protein breakdown. In all lines, the amount of urinary N tau-MH excretion and fractional synthesis (Ks) and degradation (Kd) rates at the high growing period were higher than those at the low growing period. The Ks and Kd are significantly different among selected lines at both 3 and 6 weeks of age. At 3 weeks of age, the fractional rate of synthesis of the LL line (13.2%/day) was higher than that of the RR line (11.5%/day), whereas the SS (8.1%/day) was lower than that of the RR line (11.5%/day). The fractional rates of degradation of both the LL line (4.1%/day) and the SS line (5.6%/day) were lower than that of the RR line (7.0%/day) at 3 weeks of age. From these results, it was recognized that selection for body size gave rise to the changes in the muscle protein turnover rate.

4種の野鶏すなわち赤色野鶏,灰色野鶏,セイロン野鶏および緑襟野鶏について,末梢リンパ球培養法により染色体数および核型の同定を試みた.血液は,採血後400-500rpmで分離を行ない,基礎培地としてRPMI-1640,分裂促進剤としてPHAを用い,39°C 5% CO2+95% Airの条件下で培養した.分析は重なりが少なく分散のない分裂中期細胞を各野鶏とも100個選び各々の細胞を写真にとり染色体数および核型を調べた.4種の野鶏はすべて2n=78の染色体数を示し,さらに核型においても4種間に著しい違いは認められなかった.78本の染色体は11対の大型染色体群と28対の微小染色体群に分類できた.大型染色体群はメタセントリック,サブメタセントリsックおよびアクロセントリックより構成されていた.一方,微小染色体群は非常に小さく個々の同定は困難であったが,おそらくアクロセントリックであろうと思われた.これらの結果より,野鶏の染色体はこれまで報告されている家鶏のものとほぼ同じであることが示唆された.

In order to clarify the relationship between three types of Indonesian native pigs (Bali, Batak of North Sumatra, and Toraja of South Sulawesi) and seven populations of Asian wild boars (Honshu, Kyushu, and Amami of Japan, Taiwan, Sumatra and Sulawesi of Indonesia, and Thai), the multivariate craniometric comparisons using 10 mandibular measurements were carried out in the present study. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Seven populations of Asian wild boars were separated into three groups by sizes: small, medium, and large, based on the discrimination by the first principal component acceptable as a size vector. The second principal component, acceptable as a shape vector, also contributed some towards the discrimination of the small-sized group from the other groups. (2) There is a complete overlapping of the principal component chart between the Batak native pigs and Toraja native pigs, both of which are short-eared. These two pigs occupy the intermediate situation between the small-sized wild boar and the medium-sized one, when they are projected into the axis of the first component. On the other hand, when they are projected into the axis of the second component, these two pigs fell in the medium-sized group of the wild boar. The Bali native pig, which is a Hainun type of the native pig, is probably to be separated both from the wild boars and from other native pigs. (3) The proportion of the ramus of the mandible to the body of the mandible seems to be an important discriminator in its shape, since the eigenvectors of measurements belonging to the ramus of the mandible show negative values, whereas those belonging to the body of the mandible show positive ones, in the second component.

育成初期における日本ウズラの筋肉蛋白質代謝回転速度について遺伝的パラメータの分析を行なった。代謝回転速度はNτ-methylhistidine (Nτ-MH)の排せつ量により測定し,遺伝的パラメータは両親の分散共分散成分により推定した。ウズラの育成期におけるNτ-MH排せつ量,筋肉蛋白質の分解速度(Kd)および合成速度(Ks)は2週齢においては父内母家系間で,4週齢においては父家系間で有意差が見られ,両親の分散成分によるそれぞれの形質の遣伝率は2週齢で.49±.36, .55±.25および.60.26, 4週齢で.46±.25, .65±.16および.25±.21と推定された。各形質間の遺伝相関係数を計算した結果,Ksと平均一日増体量,成長速度および飼料効率との間は2週齢および4週齢共に正の高い相関を示し,KsがKdに比べて,成長や飼料効率と深い関連を有していることが示唆された。これらの結果から,筋肉蛋白質代謝回転速度は遺伝的支配を受けていることが明らかとなり,さらに,それらの代謝速度を選抜の指標として利用し得ることが示唆された。

日本在来鶏12品種(小国,東天紅,声良,薩摩鶏,軍鶏,蜀鶏,比内鶏,桂チャボ,真黒チャボ,土佐地鶏,岐阜地鶏および河内奴),赤色野鶏および灰色野鶏,計185個体について,肢部と頭部それぞれ8部位,計16部位の生体計測を行ない,多変量解析法によって品種間の比較を試み,以下のことが明らかにされた.(1) 16計測部位のうち,脛足根骨,足根中足骨,上腕骨および尺骨の最大長ならびに足根中足骨周囲長の5計測部位が,品種の大きさと形の識別に,もっとも有効である.(2) 赤色野鶏,灰色野鶏および岐阜地鶏は主成分分析図上において,一群を形成する.(3) 薩摩鶏と声良は,雌雄とも大きさについて軍鶏に近い蜀係を示すが,形については薩摩鶏は軍鶏より小国に近い.(4) 東天紅は主成分分析図上で,小国に近い位置をとる.(5) 土佐地鶏は,大きさではチャボの2品種に近い関係を示すが,形ではチャボとは離れ,岐阜地鶏と河内奴に近い位置にある.