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Owing to their physical and chemical properties and stimuli-responsive nature, gels and hydrogels play vital roles in diverse application fields. The three-dimensional polymeric network structure of hydrogels is considered an alternative to many materials, such as conductors, ordinary films, constituent components of machines and robots, etc. The most recent applications of gels are in different devices like sensors, actuators, flexible screens, touch panels, flexible storage, solar cells, batteries, and electronic skin. This review article addresses the devices where gels are used, the progress of research, the working mechanisms of hydrogels in those devices, and future prospects. Preparation methods are also important for obtaining a suitable hydrogel. This review discusses different methods of hydrogel preparation from the respective raw materials. Moreover, the mechanism by which gels act as a part of electronic devices is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a novel approach for detecting the folding angle (Of) of foldahle OLED TDDI panels using mutual capacitance driving. It offers the potential to reduce the number of module components, conserve space, and provide additional folding angle (Of) reference data for a wide range of applications. This method can be applied in self‐capacitive and mutual‐capacitive touch sensors, eliminating the need for additional sensors or design modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we utilized machine learning techniques to perform finger separation recognition. The research results show that using the machine learning method proposed in this article, in combination with Novatek TDDI NT36523 tablet TDDI IC, it can largely improve the resolution of finger enumeration, especially when two fingers are very close together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knob features a great physical control with the automotive display. However, the existing knob have limitations, including insufficient support for finger detection and a lack of signal CKA' and CKB'. A novel capacitive knob design has been proposed and proved effective through the simulation, offering comprehensive performance with multiple functions and a stronger signal level CKA" and CKB" using automotive in‐cell touch LCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moire is quite a well‐known phenomenon that can be found in display panels when multiple layouts are overlapped with different pitches. To verify Moire, we applied a step‐wise simulation based on ray‐tracing methodology. First, the CSF contour map was calculated as a function of key design parameters such as the angle and pitch of the metal wire. Then, the sensitivity of Moire image was verified under process variation and viewing angle dependency. A slight change of process variation and viewing angle results in an abrupt change of Moire. CSF value can be increased up to 15 times even a small angle variation such as 0.1 degree [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe an OLED on‐cell structure touch panel, which is indispensable for flexible and foldable devices. Our unique sensor pattern design has realized high signal without affecting the reflection appearance. The signal is three times higher than that of conventional patterns, making it easy to tune and realize flexible and foldable devices with high operability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their physical and chemical properties and stimuli-responsive nature, gels and hydrogels play vital roles in diverse application fields. The three-dimensional polymeric network structure of hydrogels is considered an alternative to many materials, such as conductors, ordinary films, constituent components of machines and robots, etc. The most recent applications of gels are in different devices like sensors, actuators, flexible screens, touch panels, flexible storage, solar cells, batteries, and electronic skin. This review article addresses the devices where gels are used, the progress of research, the working mechanisms of hydrogels in those devices, and future prospects. Preparation methods are also important for obtaining a suitable hydrogel. This review discusses different methods of hydrogel preparation from the respective raw materials. Moreover, the mechanism by which gels act as a part of electronic devices is described.

In this paper, LCD in‐cell self‐capacitive sensor using 3D detection driving method for proximity 50mm is proposed. Based on self‐capacitive sensor and 3D detection driving method, proximity signal is 0.249pF in our simulation system. This paper also shows that the 50mm height slug can be detected with Novatek LCD TDDI NT36523 and PCB sensor board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitive touch panels (CTPs) have the merits of being waterproof, antifouling, scratch resistant, and capable of rapid response, making them more popular in various touch electronic products. However, the CTP has a multilayer structure, and the background is a directional texture. The inspection work is more difficult when the defect area is small and occurs in the textured background. This study focused mainly on the automated defect inspection of CTPs with structural texture on the surface, using the spectral attributes of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) with the proposed three-way double-band Gaussian filtering (3W-DBGF) method. With consideration to the bandwidth and angle of the high-energy region combined with the characteristics of band filtering, threshold filtering, and Gaussian distribution filtering, the frequency values with higher energy are removed, and after reversal to the spatial space, the textured background can be weakened and the defects enhanced. Finally, we use simple statistics to set binarization threshold limits that can accurately separate defects from the background. The detection outcomes showed that the flaw detection rate of the DCT-based 3W-DBGF approach was 94.21%, the false-positive rate of the normal area was 1.97%, and the correct classification rate was 98.04%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a wearable OLED in‐cell self‐capacitive sensor using machine learning algorithm for water‐proofing is proposed. This paper also shows the experiment and the test result. The result shows that the success rate of water‐proofing on bezel can be largely improved (from 30.7% to 77.1%) by machine learning method on the wearable device with Novatek TDDI NT38350. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designs of self‐capacitance "on‐cell" touch panel were implemented in a 6.2inch foldable OLED panel with single‐layered sensor pattern. The test results showed that the self‐capacitance "on‐cell" touch panel has high sensitivity even with TFTs connected in serial of the sensor channels. Weaker retransmission effect was also found compared with its mutual‐capacitance counterpart. The self‐capacitance touch panel has shown great potential of application in future OLED display products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self-powered triboelectric touch panel has garnered considerable research attention due to its potential to reduce system energy consumption and its applications in human-machine interfaces, e-skin, and the Internet of Things. Current methods for achieving triboelectric-based touch positioning in an M × N detection pixel array typically require signal amplitude comparison across at least M + N signal channels, thereby limiting lightweight design possibilities. In contrast, our novel "resistor ladder" approach necessitates only 4 signal channels for touch positioning. This method leverages a lookup table correlating touch positions with amplitude ratios from different channels, rendering it insensitive to signal amplitude and significantly enhancing robustness. We fabricated a transparent touch panel using PET tribomaterial, where the surface roughness was enhanced through plasma treatment. The panel successfully demonstrated touch positioning for 128 taps within a 4 × 4 pixel detection array and sliding positioning using a predefined lookup table. To further enhance device robustness, a 2D convolutional neural network was implemented, which achieved an impressive touch positioning accuracy of 97.7% even under artificially introduced signal defects. This study represents an initial exploration of amplitude-insensitive touch and sliding positioning methods, significantly reducing the number of required signal channels and enhancing the robustness of triboelectric touch panels.

Designs of self‐capacitance "on‐cell" touch panel were implemented in a 6.2inch foldable OLED panel with singlelayered sensor pattern. The test results showed that the self‐capacitance "on‐cell" touch panel has high sensitivity even with TFTs connected in serial of the sensor channels. Weaker retransmission effect was also found compared with its mutual‐capacitance counterpart. The self‐capacitance touch panel has shown great potential of application in future OLED display products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel gelatin-PAA-based organic hydrogel is prepared via hydrogen bond and electrostatic interaction. • The hydrogel shows improved adhesion, self-healing, anti-freezing properties, and conductive activity. • The hydrogel-based wearable touch panel is used to write text, draw figures, and play electronic games. • The strategy can be used to prepare various functional hydrogels according to product engineering. In the realm of flexible wearable electronics and interactive technologies, the adhesive and touch-sensing properties of materials play a crucial role, especially soft ionic conductors. However, these materials face several challenges in practical application, including structural damage, loss of functionality, and device stratification, particularly in extreme environments. To address this, a novel multifunctional organic hydrogel, termed PC-OH, was designed and prepared to enhance its performance. The hydrogel exhibits self-adhesion, self-healing, anti-freezing, anti-drying, and conductive capabilities. It demonstrates outstanding self-adhesive properties on skin surfaces under air (approximately 967 J/m2) or underwater (approximately 428 J/m2) conditions, with high transparency (visible light transmittance of 87 %), anti-freezing capability (−60 °C), anti-drying capability (60 °C), rapid self-healing in air or water (within 4 s), long-term stability over a wide temperature range (−20 °C to 60 °C for up to 7 days), high extensibility (up to ∼1700 % at 60 °C and ∼1200 % at −20 °C), and conductivity over a broad temperature range (ionic conductivity of 1.93 S m−1 at 60 °C and 3.13 × 10-3 S m−1 at −30 °C). Based on these properties of PC-OH hydrogel, we constructed a capacitive touch system to demonstrate its practical application. The touch panel features high stretchability, transparency, anti-freezing, anti-dehydration, self-healing, and self-adhesive human–machine interface capabilities, enabling integration with the skin under abnormal temperature and humidity conditions. Tasks such as writing text, drawing graphics, and playing electronic games validated the significant potential of the hydrogel in touch panels, providing a solution to long-standing issues of adhesion and tactile sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Touch panels are extensively applied across various fields, serving as a critical platform for the future of human-machine interaction and the metaverse. However, touch panel development is impeded by complicated sensor systems, including electrode grids, stacked multilayers, and external power. Here, a highly sensitive self-powered vibration sensor based on the triboelectric nanogenerator (VS-TENG) is designed to realize grid-free touch recognition on arbitrary surfaces by detecting and locating an external vibration source. The VS-TENG adopts a sensing structure composed of a dual-layer copper electrode designed with a parametric surface and a fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film, enabling the detection of vibrations within the frequency range of 1–4500 Hz and sub-micron low-amplitude vibrations. The dual-layer electrode structure is beneficial to resist the interference from external environment. The output performance of the VS-TENG under various vibration frequencies, amplitudes, and directions, as well as its sensing capabilities when installed on panels of different materials and shapes, are systematically analyzed. The touch panel based on the VS-TENG can easily rearrange the touch resolution according to given scenarios without any physical modification to the sensor, enabling game control and vivid handwriting. This highlights its significant potential for diverse applications in the future metaverse. [Display omitted] • The VS-TENG's inner surface is parametrically designed to detect vibrations from 1-4500 Hz and sub-micron amplitudes. • The VS-TENG's dual-layer electrode design resists external interference and maintains stable performance at various angles. • Installing VS-TENGs on arbitrary panels enables excellent touch resolution through vibration signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitive touch panels (CTPs) have the merits of being waterproof, antifouling, scratch resistant, and capable of rapid response, making them more popular in various touch electronic products. However, the CTP has a multilayer structure, and the background is a directional texture. The inspection work is more difficult when the defect area is small and occurs in the textured background. This study focused mainly on the automated defect inspection of CTPs with structural texture on the surface, using the spectral attributes of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) with the proposed three-way double-band Gaussian filtering (3W-DBGF) method. With consideration to the bandwidth and angle of the high-energy region combined with the characteristics of band filtering, threshold filtering, and Gaussian distribution filtering, the frequency values with higher energy are removed, and after reversal to the spatial space, the textured background can be weakened and the defects enhanced. Finally, we use simple statistics to set binarization threshold limits that can accurately separate defects from the background. The detection outcomes showed that the flaw detection rate of the DCT-based 3W-DBGF approach was 94.21%, the false-positive rate of the normal area was 1.97%, and the correct classification rate was 98.04%.

In this work, we propose a novel active-matrix self-capacitance touch panel circuit. Each touch pixel contains only one thin film transistor. The principle of the touch event detection is to detect the voltage change, which is caused by the change of electrode capacitance. The voltage sensing by capacitance sensor is converted to capacitive digital data which compare with default value to judge whether the touch event is touched or not. The simplest structure increase maximizes the sensing pad area and reduce the parasitic effects. An array of $5\times 5$ capacitive sensing active-matrix self-capacitive touch panel based on the proposed solution is designed and implemented. The potential for high precision and high reliability is proven in the measurement results.

Touch and Display Driver Integration(TDDI) chips are widely used on smart phones and tablet PCs. Noise reduction is needed in digital raw data processing after analog‐to‐digital converters(ADC) in TDDI chips. High order digital filters are effective for digital signal noise reduction. Low time delay is required in touch panel operations. This paper proposes a method to apply an adaptive digital filter in touch panel chips with low time delay simultaneously. In this research, Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) has been increased by an average of 7.77dB in continuous finger touch at 120Hz scan frequency, with less than 1 frame delay at touch or leave operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual SiOxNy shadow elimination is a common film design used in integrated color display devices. This article studied the influence factor of SiOxNy adhesion on glass. Therefore, the issue adhesion SiOxNy on glass is particularly important. The factors of affecting adhesion mainly include the several points: glass and layer surface properties, glass surface treatment, and adding transition layer. In view of the above points, we made a of lot methods such as glass shelf life control, glass pickling treatment and SiO2 transition layer respectively. Through optimizing process improvement, the final issues ratio was down from 50% to 0.84%, and by adding the SiO2 transition we solve the issue permanently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on MM touch technology,one touch panel solution was developed which can realize both narrow border and lower cost. Firstly, three layers share one mask by cover the whole touch panel except some special hole. Secondly, both metal trace is distributed in two layers. Trace connect to pattern by C‐pad which is made by two layers of metal. Finally, by way of adding a shift, the hole of OC mask can avoid metal area, realizing that metal area still have protection, meanwhile save one mask cost. The notebook imported of this technology pass win10 certification, touch smoothly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, thin, flexible matrix sensor has been developed which can be integrated under a flexible OLED display to provide a touch/stylus digitizer functionality. To optimize sensor design, an FEA‐based model was coupled with Peratech's proprietary electromechanical modelling software to understand how force is transferred from the touch location to the sensing elements. The resultant sensor design comprised of a high‐resolution array of sensing elements at 0.98mm pitch, which allowed both finger and stylus input to be captured with high‐fidelity from 10–600g input force. Further tuning of force dynamic range was achieved through adjusting both the sensel design (number and order of material layers) and sensing materials. Electronics hardware and software algorithms were developed which processed the sensor signal and converted to a user‐experience which can meet industry requirements for touch panel performance. In addition, the sensor showed excellent reliability after testing to 100k bend cycles at 4mm bend radius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first theoretically simulates the change trend of Metal reflectance with various thicknesses of IZO and MoNbOxNy, and then experimentally produces an ultra‐low‐reflective Metal film layer: 60nm IZO + 45nm MoNbOxNy, with a reflectance of 4.97%. Furthermore, the reflectance uniformity is very excellent, the maximum & minimum values within the range of the average value ± 0.50%. Subsequently, this paper performed performance tests on IZO/MoNbOxNy Metal samples. The results are as follows: ① The reflectance in the whole band of 380nm ~ 780nm is stable, all within the range of 5% ~ 7%; ② Each film layer is well crystallized, and there is no abnormality in the microscopic morphology; ③ The adhesion is good; ④ The invisible performance Level is improved from Level 5 to Level 3. The indicators meet the requirements of the TP industry and can be used to make ultra‐low reflection and good invisible touch panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduced the challenges of touch‐sensor design for foldable modules with reduced thickness. Advantages of metal‐mesh touch sensor with Manhattan pattern is demonstrated for foldable application by comparing with traditional ITO touch sensor. Test results of a foldable OLED module with touch sensor of optimized pattern are presented. Comparable performance as rigid modules have been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduced the challenges of touch‐sensor design for foldable modules with reduced thickness. Advantages of metal‐mesh touch sensor with Manhattan pattern is demonstrated for foldable application by comparing with traditional ITO touch sensor. Test results of a foldable OLED module with touch sensor of optimized pattern are presented. Comparable performance as rigid modules have been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we overcome two TP sensing issue, including low ground mass and moisture touch error by changing sensor geometry and area while we were trying to reduce foldable on‐cell touch (FOCT) thickness and the design was successfully been demonstrated with high touch performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have been known for a long time to have color vision identical to humans (Grether in J Comp Psychol 29(2):167–177, 1940b; Jacobs et al. in Vis Res 36(16):2587–2594, 1996). With this study, we wonder if chimpanzees, as humans, show preferences for some colors rather than others. During a first range of experiments, we test their ability to discriminate all the colors from our set, through easy matching-to-sample tasks. The seven chimpanzees that participate in this first test show the results we can expect from chimpanzees with normal color vision. Then, six of them are tested for preferences. This range of experiments results in the existence of consistent tendencies across all the trials and situations, as chimpanzees would mostly first choose some particular colors, and conversely choose last different colors. Although the results for color discrimination are identical for all the seven chimpanzees, preference tests demonstrate four different tendencies. This study is the first step toward broader experiments, including more chimpanzee subjects, but also different species, with the only requirement of being trained to the basic use of a touch panel interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new intelligent data-driven adaptive method (IDAM) of performing automatic online searches in real time. An online implementation of the proposed IDAM achieved rapid real-time optimization of system integration scaling factors for an automatic touch panel lamination machine. The proposed IDAM combines three-level orthogonal arrays (OAs), signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), the best combined strategy, and a stepwise ratio. Three-level OA experiments with factor values are used to perform positional experiments, and SNRs are calculated for each experimental value. After the best combination of factor values (in terms of factor effect) is determined, new three-level factor values are derived by applying a stepwise ratio and used in further three-level OA experiments. These steps are repeated until the stopping criterion is met. Compared to conventional methods, the use of the IDAM in practical industrial applications, i.e., online real-time precision positioning for automatic touch panel lamination machines, reduces the number of experiments needed to obtain the system integration scaling factors that minimize the iteration count. For example, the IDAM required less than 40 online real-time experiments with a specific stepwise ratio for system integration scaling factors that met the minimum requirement of two iterations. In 50 independent experimental runs using the robust scaling factors obtained by the method, an average of 2.15 iterations was needed to achieve a positional accuracy within 5 ${\mu }\text{m}$. The main advantage of the proposed IDAM over conventional methods is its effectiveness for automatically finding robust parameters for online alignment systems in real time and with fewer experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, metal trace corrosion in the process of touch panel reliability evaluation was analyzed. The impact of different layer structure, membrane thickness and trace material on corrosion resistance of products was studied. First, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analysis microstructure of corrosion trace cross section, and uv‐vis spectrophotometer, ion chromatograph was used to analysis corrosion product chemical composition, the cause of trace corrosion was analyzed. Then, the impact of environmental humidity, trace material, OC2 film thickness, secondary black matrix coverage, SiOxNy layer on corrosion resistance of trace was studied. Experimental results indicate that humidity is the necessary condition to corrosion, corrosion does not occur when humidity is zero. The corrosion resistant ability of Aluminum alloy than pure aluminum. Increase the film thickness, enhancement secondary black matrix coverage, add SiOxNy layer can greatly increase the corrosion resistant ability of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay mainly studied the capacitance of OGS touch panels of two different sensor patterns. First, the effects of channel width on capacitance are researched. And then the contributions of dummy layers to the capacitance are further explored. In the experiment, the pattern pitch is 4*4mm, and take the areas of channel as variables. In order to obtain the self‐capacitance and mutual‐capacitance of pattern channel, the simulations are performed by Q3D Extractor software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On‐cell touch (OCT) is one of the critical techniques for thickness reduction and thus flexibility improvement of flexible active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) displays. In this work, an equivalent circuit model is established in order to speed up the iteration of OCT designs as well as to understand the impacts of design and process variations. This work provides implications for the implementation of OCT and highlights the necessity of such a hybrid methodology in OCT design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This thesis takes the metal mesh touch panels as the research objects, firstly discusses the factors that affect the optical invisibility of metal electrode. In order to obtain the best production conditions for the optical invisibility, various parameters of design and process are researched through the software simulation and experiment. Finally, the effects of new technology on the metal mesh invisibility are also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the metal adhesion of metal trace structure and line‐width size on the organic film (insulating OC material) for touch panel was studied. At present, pure aluminum and pure copper processes can achieve the low cost and high performance requirements of the touch panel design. The influencing factors of pure aluminum trace's adhesion on organic film were studied: ➀there was no significant difference in the comparative pull‐out force between OC and inorganic film on the 3M tape used for cross‐cut test; ➁the stress directivity of the organic film and the inorganic film was tested on silicon wafer, and the adhesion mechanism was analyzed;➂ the effect of different line widths and structure on adhesion was test; ➃in order to achieve the adhesion of metal trace in the touch panel (≧4B), it is necessary to optimize the structure designed of the organic insulating layer and SiNxOy layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of zoo‐based touchscreen studies of animal cognition around the world. Such studies have contributed to the field of comparative cognition despite the fact research has only been performed at a relatively small number of institutions and with a narrow range of species. Nonetheless, zoo‐based touchscreen studies are increasingly recognized as both having the potential to be enriching for captive animals by providing them with opportunities for choice, as well as potentially being a tool with which to measure changes in welfare. Zoo‐based touchscreen research on public display also has the potential to impact zoo visitors; encouraging them not only learn more about the cognitive abilities of animals, but also potentially promoting increased respect for these species. Given the lack of a comprehensive review of this scope of specialized research, and the broad potential impacts on animals and programs, here we discuss the history, implementation, and potential outcomes of touchscreen research in zoo settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A force-sensing based floor panel is designed for indoor localization applications. • Corresponding localization algorithms and calibration schemes are designed and realized. • Positioning accuracy can be up to ±1 cm over a 1 m span. • Demos in robot localizations, center of gravity measurement, and data fusion are done for promoting applications. Abstract Accurate position detection of indoor objects is crucial for many intelligent life applications and can be realized by various approaches. In certain applications, indoor position detection can be performed using some forms of touch-based floor sensing systems to avoid problems faced by using vision or inertial navigation approaches. The present study develops a floor panel test stage (1 × 1 m2) and its associated localization schemes based on rigid body statics for evaluating the feasibility and the positioning performance on determining the indoor locations of moving objects such as mobile robots. The motion signals are detected by four load cells located at the panel corners and are used to determine the position of the applied forces by means of rigid body statics. Essential tests are performed to examine the system performance. Noticed that due to the existence of boundary reaction moments, traditional predictions based on rigid body statics may not be sufficient and a calibration procedure is required. In parallel, for accommodating different possible scenarios, the corresponding associated localization schemes for estimating the force-applied locations based on the readout history and algorithms are also proposed and realized. The results indicate that the localization accuracy is approximately ± 1 cm over a 1 m span after calibration. Although the method is essentially static, it can still detect object motion provided the motion frequency less than 2 Hz. Furthermore, demonstrations are also presented to highlight other possible applications such as center of gravity measurement of objects and the fusion of multiple localization schemes in indoor environment. Finally, an indoor localization demonstration based on both wiimote IR LED and this smart floor is presented to elucidate the possible application of this work in sensor fusion for indoor motion control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]