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Membrane separation technology has played an enormous role in water treatment. However, the surface of the separation membrane has low wettability, and it is easy to cohere with oil droplets during the oil-water separation process, which affects the efficiency of water treatment. To improve its separation property, this article reports the continuous deposition of tannic acid (TA) titanium ([Ti.sup.IV]) complex interconnected networks with high adhesion and long-term stability on the surface of polypropylene (PP) membranes to achieve oil-water separation. The hydrophilic TA-Ti nanostructured coating shows high adhesion and long-term stability on non-polar surfaces of the PP membrane. Notably, after modification, the membrane can be used to separate hexadecane-in-water emulsions under gravity force, with a separation efficiency of over 99% and a water flux of 227 L[m.sup.-2] [h.sup.-1]. Compared with some membranes modified with polyphenols, this easy-to-prepare TA-Ti@PP membrane can achieve better separation performance with only gravity actuation. Furthermore, the modified membrane has superior reusability and excellent chemical stability (salt/acid/alkali resistance), and it has great potential in the field of oil-in-water and wastewater treatment. KEYWORDS gravity-driven separation, hydrophilicity, PP membranes, stable coating, 1 | INTRODUCTION With the rapid advancement of industrialization, the safety of water resources has become a global concern. Because of the continuous occurrence of oil spills at sea, a [...]

Author(s): M. A. Morosanova [sup.1], E. I. Morosanova [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.14476.30, 0000 0001 2342 9668, Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, , Moscow, Russia There [...], The influence of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on the interaction of triphenylmethane dyes (pyrocatechol violet, eriochrome cyanine R, and chrome azurol S) with silica-titania xerogels has been studied. For all the studied triphenylmethane dyes (TPMD) the formation of colored complexes of CPC and TPMD with titanium(IV) embedded in silica-titania xerogels has been observed using solid phase spectrophotometry. Maximal absorbance increase has been observed for pyrocatechol violet (PV) complexes. The procedure for CPC determination has been proposed using silica-titania xerogel - PV system (analytical range 0.01-0.56 mM, limit of detection 3.6 [mu]M). The recovery test of the proposed solid phase spectrophotometric CPC determination procedure has been used for the procedure validation. The procedure has been applied for the determination of CPC in treated waste water, and cationic surfactants in terms of CPC in working solutions of disinfectants Alaminol and Catamine AB.

Byline: Samir. Delibegovic The use of smaller ports in surgery is the next step in the evolution of minimally invasive procedures. We present findings, using a novel flexible needle made [...]

Midclavicular fractures are common clinically, accounting for about 76% of all clavicular fractures. Nondisplaced or minimally displaced midclavicular fractures respond well to conservative treatment. (1) However, recent studies have revealed [...], Background: Midclavicular fractures are common clinically, accounting for about 76% of all clavicular fractures. Recent studies have revealed a previously unrecognized incidence of nonunion and malunion after conservative treatment of more severe midclavicular fractures. Our aim was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of midclavicular fractures treated with titanium elastic nails. Methods: From February 2005 to February 2007, 41 patients with displaced midclavicular fractures received open reduction and internal fixation with a titanium elastic nail inserted through the sternal end of the clavicle. We evaluated the visual analogue scale (VAS), the Constant score and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scale to determine outcomes. Results: A mean follow-up of 14.5 months (range 7-24 mo) revealed radiographic fracture union in all patients with an average clinical healing time of 2.2 months. Mean subjective pain 3 days after surgery was significantly lower than the day before surgery (p < 0.001). The mean range of motion 3 days after surgery was significantly improved compared with the day before surgery (p < 0.001). The nails were removed in all patients a mean of 7.2 months (range 5.4-9.5 mo) after surgery, and no fractures recurred. The mean postoperative DASH score was 2.5 (range 0.5-8.0) and the mean postoperative Constant score was 95.2 (range 86.5-97.0). Conclusion: Limited open reduction and internal fixation with titanium elastic nails is a safe and minimally invasive surgical procedure for the treatment of displaced midclavicular fractures in adults and achieves good functional results and high patient satisfaction. Contexte: Les fractures medioclaviculaires sont frequentes et representent quelque 76% du total des fractures de la clavicule. Des etudes recentes ont revele une incidence auparavant non reconnue de non-consolidation et de mauvaise consolidation apres un traitement conservateur de fractures medioclaviculaires plus graves. Nous voulions evaluer l'issue clinique des fractures medioclaviculaires reduites au moyen de clous elastiques en titane. Methodes: De fevrier 2005 a fevrier 2007, 41 patients victimes d'une fracture medioclaviculaire deplacee ont subi une intervention ouverte de reduction et de fixation interne au moyen d'un clou elastique en titane insere par l'extremite sternale de la clavicule. Nous avons evalue l'echelle visuelle analogue (EVA), le score de Constant et l'echelle des incapacites du bras, de l'epaule et de la main (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand--DASH) pour determiner les resultats. Resultats: Un suivi moyen a 14,5 mois (intervalle de 7 a 24 mois) a revele a la radiographie une consolidation de la fracture chez tous les patients dont la duree moyenne de guerison clinique s'est etablie a 2,2 mois. La douleur subjective moyenne 3 jours apres l'intervention chirurgicale etait beaucoup moins forte que la veille de l'intervention (p < 0,001). L'amplitude moyenne du mouvement 3 jours apres l'intervention chirurgicale etait beaucoup amelioree comparativement a la veille de l'intervention (p < 0,001). Les clous ont ete retires chez tous les patients en moyenne 7,2 mois (intervalle de 5,4 a 9,5 mois) apres l'intervention et il n'y a eu aucune recidive des fractures. Le score DASH postoperatoire moyen s'est etabli a 2,5 (intervalle de 0,5 a 8,0) et le score de Constant moyen apres l'intervention etait de 95,2 (intervalle de 86,5 a 97,0). Conclusion: Une reduction ouverte limitee et la fixation interne au moyen de clous elastiques en titane constituent une intervention chirurgicale securitaire et a effraction minimale pour traiter la fracture medioclaviculaire deplacee chez les adultes, qui produit de bons resultats fonctionnels et un taux eleve de satisfaction chez les patients.

Wear characteristics of Al6061 composites, reinforced with short NiTi fibers, were investigated. The NiTi/Al6061 composite samples were fabricated using pressure-assisted sintering process in ambient air where the NiTi fibers are aligned unidirectional in the Al matrix. In addition, NiTi/Al6061 composite with 5 wt % SiC particulates and monolithic Al6061 and Al6061 with 5 wt % SiC particulates were processed in similar conditions. The wear tests were performed using a reciprocating tribometer in ball-on-flat configuration where the counterbody material was martensitic steel. The effects of fiber isotropy and SiC reinforcements on wear resistance were experimentally investigated in dry sliding. Wear properties of the samples were studied using an optical profiler and a scanning electron microscope analysis. The results showed that transverse NiTi fibers improve the wear resistance significantly. Samples with transverse fiber orientation show mostly abrasive wear, whereas, monolithic and parallel samples show adhesive wear mechanism. In addition, SiC reinforcements improve the wear resistance of the composite and the monolithic samples. Since the Al6061 matrix material is smeared onto NiTi fibers in a short period, all composite samples show similar frictional characteristics after certain period of running in dry sliding. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4002332] Keywords: wear mechanism, NiTi wires, fiber orientation, short fiber composites

Piezoelectric Pb(Zr, Ti)[O.sub.3] (PZT) thin films were directly deposited on cantilever-shaped titanium substrates and evaluated for their piezoelectric properties and actuator performance. Because of the small difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the PZT and the substrate, and the mitigation of the residual stress, large piezoelectric properties could be obtained for PZT/Ti unimorph actuators. X-ray diffraction measurements clearly revealed that the PZT thin films have a polycrystalline perovskite structure with a random orientation. Observations using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrated that PZT films, which were 3.8 [micro]m thick, were densely deposited on Pt-coated Ti substrate without pores or cracks. The polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis of the PZT film clearly indicates ferroelectricity. The piezoelectric properties of the PZT films were evaluated from the tip displacement of PZT/Ti unimorph cantilevers. Simplified transverse piezoelectric coef ficients ([e.sup.*.sub.31] = [d.sub.31]/[s.sup.E.sub.11], where [d.sub.31] and [s.sup.E.sub.11] are piezoelectric coefficient and elastic compliance, respectively) were measured, which ranged from -3.6 to 4.3 C/[m.sup.2]--about three times larger than those of the PZT thin films deposited on stainless-steel substrates. Measurement of resonant frequencies of the cantilevers shows a clear dependence on the cantilever length, which obeys the theoretical equation. This indicates that these cantilevers can be reliably applied as sensors and actuators in a resonance mode. [2008-0100] Index Terms--Microactuators, Pb(Zr, Ti)[O.sub.3] (PZT) ceramics, piezoelectricity, thin-film devices.

A feasibility of the superconducting hot-electron direct detector with a record-low NEP = 3 * [10.sup.-19] W/[Hz.sup.1/2] at 0.3 K is demonstrated.

Titanium is one of many trace elements to substitute for silicon in the mineral quartz. Here, we describe the temperature dependence of that substitution, in the form of a new geothermometer. To calibrate the 'TitaniQ' thermometer, we synthesized quartz in the presence of ruffle and either aqueous fluid or hydrous silicate melt, at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1,000[degrees]C, at 1.0 GPa. The Ti contents of quartz (in ppm by weight) from 13 experiments increase exponentially with reciprocal T as described by: Log ([X.sup.qtz.sub.Ti]) = (5.69 [+ or -] 0.02) - (3765 [+ or -] 24)/T(K). Application of this thermometer is straightforward, typically requiring analysis of only one phase (quartz). This can be accomplished either by EPMA for crystallization temperatures above 600[degrees]C, or by SIMS for temperatures down to at least 400[degrees]. Resulting temperature estimates are very precise (usually better than [+ or -] 5[degrees]C), potentially allowing detailed characterization of thermal histories within individual quartz grains. Although calibrated for quartz crystallized in the presence of rutile, the thermometer can also be applied to rutile-absent systems if Ti[O.sub.2] activity is constrained.

Cold spray has been developed recently to be used as an additive manufacturing technology in order to fabricate bulk components. Residual stresses are known to build up in coatings made [...]

The ITER TFIC (Toroidal Field Insert Coil) consisting of titanium jacketed, 40 m long superconducting cable-in-conduit conductor wound on a steel mandrel is designed and tested. A detailed description of the model along with results of the conductor performance is presented.

In the present paper, the preparation and characterization of an improved solid-state pH sensor are described. The sensor is based on anodically electrodeposited iridium oxide film, as a pH-sensing layer. Merits of the present sensor include (i) excellent adhesion of the pH sensitive layer to the substrate, (ii) excellent reproducibility of sensor fabrication, (iii) faster preparation procedure, and (iv) low cost of the titanium substrate. These advantages are realized by combining acid-etched titanium as the electrode substrate with an optimized electrodeposition solution consisting of Ir[Cl.sub.4] as an iridium source, hydrogen peroxide, potassium oxalate, and potassium carbonate. Heating the electrodeposition solution to 90 [degrees]C reduced the time required for solution development from ~3 days to 10 min. The pH-sensing layer is protected with a layer of Nafion and a microporous polyester membrane. The improved sensor showed a super-Nernstian response (-73.7 [+ or -] 1.2 mV/pH unit) in the pH range of 1.5-11.5. The present pH sensor, fabricated in a tubular form, is used as a detector in a flow injection analysis (FIA) system for pH measurements. Optimization of the FIA experimental parameters resulted in a linear dependence of peak heights on the pH of the injected samples in the pH range of 2-11.

Traditional airframe primary structure is fabricated from wrought product forms that are transformed by machining, forming, and joining into structural components. These individual parts are assembled together by fasteners to create the airframe. Significant cost and cycle-time savings can be achieved by switching from multipiece builtup assembly to a single-piece net shape casting. The reduction in number of discrete parts provides a significant reduction in both direct and indirect costs. In particular, the inherent low material costs and excellent producibility characteristics of cast metallic parts may provide a significant contribution to the goal to reduce acquisition costs. Under the program reported herein, and in conjunction with a casting vendor, prototype titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) cast airframe components were designed and fabricated. The typical overall dimensions of each casting are 50 inches X 40 inches X 30 inches, and weigh approximately 190 pounds per casting. The castings were modeled on generic aircraft fuselage structure, that incorporated smooth inner moldline surface and integral webs and keels, capped by a T-element, web stiffeners, access holes, and other detail features. Multiple castings are joined to create the airframe structure. A rapid prototyping method was utilized to create the pattern, which eliminated the requirement for expensive metal tooling. The prototype castings successfully demonstrated the producibility of this generic airframe structure. [DOI: 10.1115/1.1494099]

A new spectrally filtered light scattering apparatus is presented based on a diode laser injected seeded titanium: sapphire laser and rubidium vapor filter at 780.24 nm. It is shown that the realizable line center attenuation of quasi elastically scattered light, limited by a residual broad spectral linewidth, unseeded, component to the laser output, is as high as 1.67 x [10.sup.5] using the laser system alone. Preliminary measurements indicate that incorporation of a set of dispersing prisms and a stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugate mirror external to the laser provides an additional approximate factor of 10 extinction. The utility of the system for measurement of electron density and temperature by Thomson scattering is demonstrated in a 3950-Pa (30-torr) argon dc discharge. At 100-mA current, an electron density of 3.7 x [10.sup.13] [cm.sup.-3] is measured on the discharge centerline with a 2[sigma] value of statistical uncertainty equal to 8.0 X [10.sup.11] [cm.sup.-3]. The corresponding electron temperature is 0.63 [+ or -] 0.025 eV.

Gold exhibits homogeneous nucleation and growth on polycrystalline titania surfaces. Exposure of very small Au particles to ambient air at room temperature causes rapid sintering and migration to titania crystallite grain boundaries.

The preparation of Nb47Ti tapes with rolling and round-wire drawing following final heat treatments is discussed.

The electrical transport properties of narrow anodically oxidized titanium wires were studied.

This paper examines the various steps involved in the organic synthesis involving monocarbanionic organometallic reagents. Research reveals that these compounds in the presence of titanium derivatives behave as dicarbanionics when reacting with electrophiles.

Titanium-supported titania-based photoelectrodes were prepared either by sol-gel processes or by thermal oxidation. Catalytic activities and stabilities of these photoelectrodes were monitored by photooxidizing formic acid in aqueous NaCl during three successive experiments under identical conditions. Although electrodes coated with either titania (higher activity) or zirconia-titania (lower activity) and heated at 300 [degrees] C were less active initially than similar electrodes heated to higher temperatures, electrodes heated at 300 [degrees] C were more stable. Activities of titania electrodes were increased by depositing the titania at a higher withdrawal speed (21.5 versus 1.5 cm [min.sup.-1]) and by depositing more layers of titania. Stabilities of multilayer electrodes were improved by depositing the sol faster. Applying positive electrical potentials across electrodes also increased their activities. In particular, while activities diminished considerably in relatively high concentrations of NaCl if no potential was present, activities decreased only slightly under an electrical field. Activities of photoelectrodes prepared by heating metallic titanium plates at 300 [degrees] C were low. Activities of photoelectrodes prepared by heating titanium at 500 [degrees] C (giving a rutile coating) were similar to activities of photoelectrodes prepared by sol-gel techniques, but only when potentials were applied.

A new technique for compensating the frequency-temperature dependence of high-Q monolithic sapphire dielectric resonators near liquid nitrogen temperature is shown. This is accomplished by doping monocrystalline sapphire with Ti3+ ions. Calculations showed that a Ti3+ doped sapphire resonator may have its frequency-temperature dependence nulled anywhere between 4 and 80 K depending on the concentration of the Ti3+ ions.

Research was conducted to examine the Ti-catalyzed, asymmetric oxidation of alkyl aryl sulfides by enantiomerically pure hydroperoxides. Several alkyl aryl sulfides were utilized for the evaluation of the scope of this catalytic, enantioselective sulfoxidation wherein the size of the alkyl group and the electronic properties of the aryl substituent were analyzed. Results indicate that the asymmetric sulfoxidation afforded high yields of methyl phenyl and p-tolyl alkyl sulfides.

A microstructural study was performed on zirconium, copper and titanium implantation in single and polycrystalline lumina to enhance the latter's mechanical properties using grazing incidence x-ray diffraction. The results, after implantation of a low dose of ions, revealed no modification on the general x-ray spectrum of polycrystalline alumina. Higher doses, on the other hand, effectuated the relaxation of the lattice deformation through various phenomena, depending on the implanted ion.

The titanium(III)-based colorimetric most-probable-number assay is an effective, convenient and consistent method for enumeration of anaerobic O demethylating acetogens in environmental samples. Interaction of the hydroxyaromatic products of anaerobic O demethylation with titanium(III) leads to the formation of yellow color in the medium. Anaerobic O demethylation of vanillate, a methoxylated aromatic substrate, to protocatechuate is also evident. The environmental samples differ in the population titers of O demethylating bacteria.

The pumping of the Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier with a single ion laser produces microjoule energy of 100 femtosecond pulses of 800 nm wavelength at 250 kHz. This system efficiently operates the type II beta barium borate, BBO and optical parameter amplifier (OPA), and produces a high power output. Signal idler output from the OPA source at different frequencies in AgGaS2 produces 60 nJ midinfrared pulses and a continuous tuning from 2.4 micro meter to more than 12 micro meter.

Analysis of the enantio- and diastereoselective Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with N-acyloxazolidinones, in the presence of alpha,alpha, alpha', alpha'-tetraaryl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanolate (Ti-TADDOLate) reveals that the endo:exo ratio in Diels-Alder reaction and in the stoichiometric reaction are similar. The endo:exo ratio depends upon tosylato and chloride ligands attached to the titanium atom as endo diastereomer. The intermediate produced in the Diels-Alder reaction mediates the reaction mechanism.