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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by a range of symptoms, including irregular monthly cycles, hirsutism, and childlessness. Early diagnosis and detection of PCOS is vital for successful management of this condition. In the last few years, machine learning algorithms have shown great results in the diagnosis of various medical conditions. The proposed model is an ensemble model consisting of XG Boost and Random Forest to detect PCOS in women by analysing a dataset of 541 women, including 177 patients with PCOS. We analyse a dataset of clinical and demographic variables from women with and without PCOS and use various machine learning algorithms such as Ada boost, Random forest ,XG boost, Decision tree and a hybrid model to predict the presence of the condition. We evaluate the accuracy of our models by comparing the performance of the above listed algorithms. The proposed method consists of a hybrid model which is a combination of two algorithms that is Random forest and XGBoost and is yielding one of the highest accuracies of 97.2%.This early detection could potentially improve the level of care for women with this condition.

For every 2 n × 2 n real positive definite matrix A, there exists a real symplectic matrix M such that M T A M = diag ( D , D ) , where D is the n × n positive diagonal matrix with diagonal entries d 1 ( A ) ≤ ⋯ ≤ d n ( A ) . The numbers d 1 ( A ) , … , d n ( A ) are called the symplectic eigenvalues of A. We derive analogues of Wielandt's extremal principle and multiplicative Lidskii's inequalities for symplectic eigenvalues.

Overweight (OW) and obesity affect millions of adolescents worldwide. Evidence from high-income countries indicates widespread weight stigma that adversely affects young people's mental and physical health. However, evidence relating to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is sparse. We aimed to generate insight into weight stigma prevalence and experience among adolescents in three LMICs.We identified adolescents aged 15-19 from Brazil, South Africa, and Indonesia from families within market research databases. We adopted a mixed-methods design. The sample included equal numbers by country, sex, and age, and included urban and rural dwellers. Self-reported weight was recorded but was not a selection criterion. Consent (age18) and assent/parental consent (age 18) were obtained. In-depth interviews (n = 18) informed the survey design. We used a computer-assisted telephonic interviewing survey (n = 1200) to assess weight stigma prevalence and experience. We conducted a qualitative thematic data analysis and used SPSS-23 for quantitative data.Many adolescents affected by OW and some affected by underweight (UW) had experienced weight stigma and expressed negative perceptions of their weight. Negative perceptions were expressed the most by those affected by OW, followed by those affected by UW, and then those of healthy weight (HW). Weight stigma and weight dissatisfaction were highest in Brazil and South Africa, and lower in Indonesia. More young women experienced weight stigma, yet this was also common among young men. One in five of all participants reported negative impacts, predominantly on mental health, and regarding weight management and healthy behaviours. Young people recommended measures to address weight stigma, promote an inclusive model of health and body image, and better support to achieve and maintain a HW.Weight stigma adversely affects sizeable numbers of adolescents in LMICs, particularly those affected by OW. Addressing this is essential to protect adolescent (and future adult) mental and physical health.

A 49-year female presented to surgery outpatient clinic with the awareness of a right lower abdomen asymptomatic lump for one week. Contrast enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen demonstrated a 10x11x15cm heterogeneous lesion anterior to the ileocecal junction with the possibility of leiomyosarcoma. Patient was prepared for laparotomy and intraoperative there was a large tumour arising from the medial wall of cecum. Right hemicolectomy was performed, and histopathology came as a desmoid tumour of the cecum. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and is well on one year follow up.

Background: The role of ascitic and serum levels of various tumour biomarkers in the discrimination of cause of ascites is not well established. Objective: To evaluate the role of serum and ascitic levels of tumor biomarkers (CA 72-4, CA 19-9, CEA and CA 125) in discrimination of cause of ascites. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in consecutive patients presenting with ascites. Serum and ascitic levels of CA 19-9, CA 125, CA 72-4 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were determined at the presentation. The patients with cirrhotic ascites, tuberculous peritonitis (TBP) and peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) were eventually included in analysis. Results: Of the 93 patients (58 males, mean age 47 years) included, the underlying cause was cirrhosis in 31, PC in 42 and peritoneal tuberculosis in 20. The best cutoff for discriminating benign and malignant ascites for serum CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 were 6.7 ng/mL, 108 IU/mL and 8.9 IU/mL, respectively. The best cutoff for discriminating benign and malignant ascites for ascitic CA 125, CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 were 623 IU/mL, 8.7 ng/mL, 33.2 IU/mL and 7 IU/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The performance of single biomarker for the prediction of underlying PC is low but a combination of serum CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 best predicted the presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis. RESUMO Contexto: O papel dos níveis ascíticos e séricos de vários biomarcadores de tumores na discriminação da causa das ascites não está bem estabelecido. Objetivo: Avaliar o papel dos níveis séricos e ascíticos de biomarcadores tumorais (CA 72-4, CA 19-9, CEA e CA 125) na discriminação da causa das ascites. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo foi realizado em pacientes consecutivos que apresentaram ascite. Foram determinados níveis do soro e ascítico de CA 19-9, CA 125, CA 72-4 e antígeno carcinoembrínico (CEA). Os pacientes com ascites cirróticas, peritonite tuberculosa e carcinomatose peritoneal (CP) foram eventualmente incluídos na análise. Resultados: Dos 93 pacientes (58 homens, média de idade 47 anos) incluídos, a causa básica foi cirrose em 31, CP em 42 e tuberculose peritoneal em 20. O melhor corte para discriminação de ascites benignas e malignas para soro CEA, CA 19-9 e CA 72-4 foram 6,7 ng/mL, 108 UI/mL e 8,9 UI/mL, respectivamente. O melhor corte para discriminação de ascites benignas e malignas para CA 125 ascitico, CEA, CA 19-9 e CA 72-4 foram 623 UI/mL, 8,7 ng/mL, 33,2 UI/mL e 7 UI/mL, respectivamente. Conclusão: O desempenho do biomarcador único para a previsão do CP subjacente é baixo, mas uma combinação de soro CA 19-9 e CA 72-4 melhor previu a presença de carcinomatose peritoneal.

If A is a real $2n \times 2n$ positive definite matrix, then there exists a symplectic matrix M such that $M^TAM=\text {diag}(D, D),$ where D is a positive diagonal matrix with diagonal entries $d_1(A)\leqslant \cdots \leqslant d_n(A).$ We prove a maxmin principle for $d_k(A)$ akin to the classical Courant–Fisher–Weyl principle for Hermitian eigenvalues and use it to derive an analogue of the Weyl inequality $d_{i+j-1}(A+B)\geqslant d_i(A)+d_j(B).$

Let x and y be positive n-vectors. We show that there exists a 2 n × 2 n positive definite real matrix whose symplectic spectrum is y, and the symplectic spectrum of whose diagonal is x if and only if x is weakly supermajorised by y.

In this paper, we provide a biography of Professor Rajendra Bhatia and discuss some of his influential mathematical works as one of the leading researchers in matrix analysis and linear algebra.

We study ranks of the $r\textrm{th}$ Hadamard powers of doubly nonnegative matrices and show that the matrix $A^{\circ r}$ is positive definite for every $n\times n$ doubly nonnegative matrix $A$ and for every $r>n-2$ if and only if no column of $A$ is a scalar multiple of any other column of $A.$ A particular emphasis is given to the study of rank, positivity and monotonicity of Hadamard powers of rank two, positive semidefinite matrices that have all entries positive., 12 pages

Sexual, reproductive, and maternal health (SRMH) care in the US is highly politicized, with restrictions that impede immigrant women’s health. This review describes SRMH outcomes among immigrant women accessing publicly-funded services. We examined articles published from December 2007 to August 2020 in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases, following PRISMA guidelines. Included articles (n = 9) consisted of predominantly Latina immigrant samples. The majority included a subsample of women classified as vulnerable due to low income, low educational attainment, and/or documentation status. Our search strategy included a range of SRMH outcomes; however, the majority of articles focused on prenatal care (PNC). Over half of the articles revealed that underserved immigrant women with access to Medicaid/CHIP during expansion had higher rates of PNC adequacy compared to those without access. There is a need for more research on the impact of publicly-funded services other than Medicaid on outcomes beyond PNC.

With the advances in technology, facial recognition has become a very popular technology to be used majorly as a security technique. Face recognition using support vector machine is being used since years but it does not work well with imbalanced data and computational time which is more. In this work, an enhanced support vector machine (ESVM) is utilized for multi-classifying the face images. Fisher space method is utilized for feature extraction as it is more efficient for dataset consisting of multiple classes with class separability as a vital attribute while compressing dimensionality. It concentrates on type of features from face image data that provide a better demarcation for separation of face images, and then, ESVM-based multi-classification is utilized for classification purpose. The advantage of ESVM-based multiclass classification for face images includes flexibility, enhanced computational time. ESVM-based multiclass classification based on One-vs-One (OVO) and One-vs-All (OVA) which is utilized for performing experiment on two standard databases such as Yale and ORL. A number of experiments are also performed varying sub-dimensions in fisher space with different kernels of proposed ESVM on different training sets of both databases. A remarkable recognition rate of 100 and 92.5% was achieved on Yale and ORL database, respectively.

The metric d ( A , B ) = tr A + tr B − 2 tr ( A 1 ∕ 2 B A 1 ∕ 2 ) 1 ∕ 2 1 ∕ 2 on the manifold of n × n positive definite matrices arises in various optimisation problems, in quantum information and in the theory of optimal transport. It is also related to Riemannian geometry. In the first part of this paper we study this metric from the perspective of matrix analysis, simplifying and unifying various proofs. Then we develop a theory of a mean of two, and a barycentre of several, positive definite matrices with respect to this metric. We explain some recent work on a fixed point iteration for computing this Wasserstein barycentre. Our emphasis is on ideas natural to matrix analysis.

Effective intervention, policy, and research in mental health and well-being (MHWB) require young people to be understood not only as beneficiaries, but also as active agents in codesigning and implementing initiatives. To identify pathways for young people's participation in promoting MHWB in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), this study surveyed young people's aspirations for engagement, their spheres of influence, capacity building needs, and key barriers to participation.Using U-Report, United Nations Children's Emergency Fund's social messaging tool and data collection platform, we distributed a short quantitative survey to a nonrepresentative, but large sample of young people aged 15-29 across five LMICs: Nigeria, Brazil, Jamaica, South Africa, and Burundi.A total of 42,689 young people responded, with representation from most or all provinces within each country. Participants' average age was 23.8 years (SD = 3.77). Young people's core aspirations were to join a mental health awareness project and to support their peers. Participants considered schools and community settings to be the most important spheres for engagement. Lack of information about mental health was the main perceived barrier to participation, and mental health classes the main training need.In many countries, MHWB is not taught or discussed in schools and youth-led mental health interventions are rare. Findings from this study reveal clear aspirations for participatory engagement to promote MHWB among young people in LMICs. To support meaningful participation, policymakers and youth service providers must ensure that young people have access to mental health literacy training and opportunities to raise awareness in schools or community settings.

Background After laparoscopic cholecystectomy, gallbladder can be extracted either from epigastric/subxiphoid port or umbilical port. We conducted systematic review of randomized controlled trials comparing the two. Methods PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted with pre-specified study protocol registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019128662). Multiple databases were searched from inception till 14 September 2019 using search terms “gallbladder”, “specimen”, “extraction’, “extract”, “cholecystectomy”, “epigastric port”, “subxiphoid port” “umbilical port”. Outcomes assessed were postoperative pain (visual analog scale at 24 h postoperatively), port-site hernia, port-site infection, operative time and gallbladder retrieval time. Data were analyzed using random-effects models with risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous variables and mean difference (MD) for continuous variables. Results Of 280 articles retrieved, 9 RCT's with 1036 participants were included. Quality of included studies was judged to be “moderate” to “low”. There was no difference in postoperative pain at 24 h (p = 0.76), total operative time (p = 0.11), gallbladder retrieval time (p = 0.72) or surgical site infection (p = 0.93). Umbilical port retrieval was associated with significantly higher risk of port-site herniae (RR 2.68, 95%CI:1.06–6.80, p = 0.04). After sensitivity analysis, operative time was significantly shorter with epigastric retrieval (p = 0.0007). Trial sequential analysis showed that current studies were successful in achieving optimum information size for primary outcome. Conclusions There was no difference in postoperative pain and infections between umbilical and epigastric port retrieval. Umbilical port retrieval was associated with significantly higher risk of developing port-site hernia and could also be associated with longer operative time. Epigastric port may be favorable for gallbladder retrieval in multiport laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

We study the properties of stationary G-chains in terms of their generating functions. In particular, we prove an analogue of the Szeg\H{o} limit theorem for symplectic eigenvalues, derive an expression for the entropy rate of stationary quantum Gaussian processes, and study the distribution of symplectic eigenvalues of truncated block Toeplitz matrices. We also introduce a concept of symplectic numerical range, analogous to that of numerical range, and study some of its basic properties, mainly in the context of block Toeplitz operators., Comment: 16 pages

Associated with every $2n\times 2n$ real positive definite matrix $A,$ there exist $n$ positive numbers called the symplectic eigenvalues of $A,$ and a basis of $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ called the symplectic eigenbasis of $A$ corresponding to these numbers. In this paper, we discuss the differentiability (analyticity) of the symplectic eigenvalues and corresponding symplectic eigenbasis for differentiable (analytic) map $t\mapsto A(t),$ and compute their derivatives. We then derive an analogue of Lidskii's theorem for symplectic eigenvalues as an application., Comment: 36 pages

In the present work, chitin based derivatives carboxymethylchitin, CMC were synthesised for nanocarriers (NCs). Cu and Fu loaded NCs had also been prepared and characterized by various physiochemical & biological techniques. Here, drug release profiles and drug kinetics were also studied. In vitro cytotoxicity test (Cell Viability-A549 cells) result found most effected. CMCNC also fitted best in Higuchi model which proved that this prepared nanocarriers followed the mechanism of diffusion rather than dissolution and degradation. The overall analysis leads to the conclusion that CMCNC found to be a suitable nanocarrier for targeted drug delivery.

On the space of positive definite matrices we consider distance functions of the form $d(A,B)=\left[\tr\mathcal{A}(A,B)-\tr\mathcal{G}(A,B)\right]^{1/2},$ where $\mathcal{A}(A,B)$ is the arithmetic mean and $\mathcal{G}(A,B)$ is one of the different versions of the geometric mean. When $\mathcal{G}(A,B)=A^{1/2}B^{1/2}$ this distance is $\|A^{1/2}-B^{1/2}\|_2,$ and when $\mathcal{G}(A,B)=(A^{1/2}BA^{1/2})^{1/2}$ it is the Bures-Wasserstein metric. We study two other cases: $\mathcal{G}(A,B)=A^{1/2}(A^{-1/2}BA^{-1/2})^{1/2}A^{1/2},$ the Pusz-Woronowicz geometric mean, and $\mathcal{G}(A,B)=\exp\big(\frac{\log A+\log B}{2}\big),$ the log Euclidean mean. With these choices $d(A,B)$ is no longer a metric, but it turns out that $d^2(A,B)$ is a divergence. We establish some (strict) convexity properties of these divergences. We obtain characterisations of barycentres of $m$ positive definite matrices with respect to these distance measures., Theorem 9 has been corrected

Chitin is a ubiquitous renewable biopolymer that is significantly distributed in the natural world. Biopolymeric nanoparticles (Nps) have been developed for various biomedical applications by researchers. Here, chitin derivative, dibutyrylchitin Nps (DBC) was synthesized as a nanocarrier for drug delivery using butyric anhydride and perchloric acid as a catalyst under heterogeneous conditions. The structural characterization was analyzed by FT-IR and FE SEM study showed spherical particles in a size range of 80-90 nm. The physiochemical evaluation involves swelling behavior and in vitro biodegradation studies. The results of in vitro hemolytic assay validate the blood compatibility of the prepared system. Drug release profiles indicate that 5-flourouracil (Fu) loaded dibutyrylchitin Nps (DBC-Fu) gives the enhanced drug release in acidic pH when compared to neutral pH. The encapsulation efficiency of DBC-Fu was found to be 90%. The confocal analysis also confirmed the uptake of both DBC and DBC-Fu Nps by A549 cell lines. Hence, this study shows that the DBC have the potential to be used as a drug carrier and also for other biomedical applications.

We present several theorems on strict and strong convexity, and higher order differential formulae for sandwiched quasi-relative entropy (a parametrised version of the classical fidelity). These are crucial for establishing global linear convergence of the gradient projection algorithm for optimisation problems for these functions. The case of the classical fidelity is of special interest for the multimarginal optimal transport problem (the $n$-coupling problem) for Gaussian measures., In one of the statements of Theorem 4 of the first version of this paper, an extra condition that is needed was missing. This has been corrected in the present version, where that Theorem is now Theorem 5. The rest of the paper is unaffected

We prove majorization inequalities for different means of positive definite matrices. These include the Cartan mean (the Karcher mean), the log Euclidean mean, the Wasserstein mean and the power mean.

Positivity properties of the Hadamard powers of the matrix [ 1 + x i x j ] for distinct positive real numbers x 1 , … , x n and the matrix [ | cos ⁡ ( ( i − j ) π / n ) | ] are studied. In particular, it is shown that the n × n matrix [ ( 1 + x i x j ) r ] is positive semidefinite if and only if r is a nonnegative integer or r > n − 2 , and for every odd integer n ≥ 3 the n × n matrix [ | cos ⁡ ( ( i − j ) π / n ) | r ] is positive semidefinite if and only if r is a nonnegative even integer or r > n − 3 .

In earlier papers R. Bhatia and H. Kosaki have shown that certain matrices associated with means are infinitely divisible. In this paper it is shown that many of them possess a stronger property: their Hadamard reciprocals have exactly one positive eigenvalue.

We study the function \((1 - \Vert x\Vert )/ (1 - \Vert x\Vert ^r),\) and its reciprocal, on the Euclidean space \(\mathbb {R}^n,\) with respect to properties like being positive definite, conditionally positive definite, and infinitely divisible.

Objective: To estimate the frequency and type of prescription errors in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Settings and Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study at the day care unit of the Regional Cancer Centre (RCC) of a tertiary care hospital in South India. Materials and Methods: All prescriptions written during July to September 2013 for patients attending the out-patient department of the RCC to be treated at the day care center were included in this study. The prescriptions were analyzed for omission of standard information, usage of brand names, abbreviations and legibility. The errors were further classified into potentially harmful ones and not harmful based on the likelihood of resulting in harm to the patient. Descriptive analysis was performed to estimate the frequency of prescription errors and expressed as total number of errors and percentage. Results: A total of 4253 prescribing errors were found in 1500 prescriptions (283.5%), of which 47.1% were due to omissions like name, age and diagnosis and 22.5% were due to usage of brand names. Abbreviations of pre-medications and anticancer drugs accounted for 29.2% of the errors. Potentially harmful errors that were likely to result in serious consequences to the patient were estimated to be 11.7%. Conclusions: Most of the errors intercepted in our study are due to a high patient load and inattention of the prescribers to omissions in prescription. Redesigning prescription forms and sensitizing prescribers to the importance of writing prescriptions without errors may help in reducing errors to a large extent.

To raise awareness about the importance of public pharmaceutical standards, identify if and, if so, where current pharmacopeias are falling short in the development of new and complete monographs and foster collaboration among the various pharmacopeias, to prioritize, develop and make available standards for those key medicines for which no complete monographs exist.In August 2017, we mined eight pharmacopeias to identify which of the 669 medicines in the 20th edition of the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines were covered by complete or incomplete monographs. The pharmacopeias we included were the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, the British Pharmacopoeia, the Indian Pharmacopeia Commission, the International Pharmacopoeia, the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, the Mexican Pharmacopoeia, the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China and the United States Pharmacopeia.For 99 (15%) of the medicines on the Model List, no monographs were available in any of the eight pharmacopeias investigated. Only 3% (1/30) of the cardiovascular medicines listed, but 28% (9/32) of the antiretroviral medicines and 23% (6/26) of the antimalarial medicines lacked monographs.There appear to be no public standards for many so-called essential medicines. To address this shortfall, a greater collaboration in the global health community is needed.Sensibiliser à l'importance des normes pharmaceutiques publiques, déterminer si certaines pharmacopées actuelles présentent des lacunes concernant l'élaboration de nouvelles monographies complètes et, si tel est le cas, lesquelles, et encourager la collaboration entre les différentes pharmacopées pour hiérarchiser, élaborer et publier des normes à l'égard des médicaments essentiels pour lesquels il n'existe aucune monographie complète.En août 2017, nous avons analysé huit pharmacopées pour déterminer quels médicaments parmi les 669 inclus dans la 20e édition de la Liste modèle de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé des médicaments essentiels étaient couverts par des monographies complètes ou incomplètes. Les pharmacopées analysées étaient la Pharmacopée brésilienne, la Pharmacopée britannique, la Commission de la Pharmacopée indienne, la Pharmacopée internationale, la Pharmacopée japonaise, la Pharmacopée mexicaine, la Pharmacopée de la République populaire de Chine et la Pharmacopée des États-Unis.Dans le cas de 99 (15%) médicaments inclus dans la Liste modèle, aucune monographie n'était disponible dans aucune des huit pharmacopées analysées. Seuls 3% (1/30) des médicaments cardiovasculaires inclus, mais 28% (9/32) des médicaments antirétroviraux et 23% (6/26) des médicaments antipaludiques n'étaient associés à aucune monographie.Il semblerait qu'il n'existe aucune norme publique pour de nombreux médicaments jugés essentiels. Afin de combler cette lacune, il est indispensable de renforcer la collaboration au sein de la communauté sanitaire mondiale.Concienciar sobre la importancia de los estándares farmacéuticos públicos, identificar si, y, si es así, las farmacopeas actuales no son suficientes para el desarrollo de monografías nuevas y completas y fomentar la colaboración entre las distintas farmacopeas, para priorizar, desarrollar y poner a disposición estándares para los medicamentos clave para los cuales no existen monografías completas.En agosto de 2017, se extrajeron ocho farmacopeas para identificar cuáles de los 669 medicamentos de la 20ª edición de la Lista Modelo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estaban cubiertos por monografías completas o incompletas. Las farmacopeas que incluimos fueron la Farmacopea Brasileña, la Farmacopea Británica, la Comisión de Farmacopea India, la Farmacopea Internacional, la Farmacopea Japonesa, la Farmacopea Mexicana, la Farmacopea de la República Popular de China y la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos.Para 99 (15 %) de los medicamentos en la Lista Modelo, no se encontraron monografías disponibles en ninguna de las ocho farmacopeas investigadas. Solo el 3 % (1/30) de los medicamentos cardiovasculares enumerados, mientras que el 28 % (9/32) de los medicamentos antirretrovirales y el 23 % (6/26) de los medicamentos antipalúdicos carecían de monografías.Parece que no existen estándares públicos para muchos de los considerados medicamentos esenciales. Para abordar este déficit, se necesita una mayor colaboración en la comunidad de la salud global.رفع الوعي بأهمية المعايير الدوائية العامة، والوقوف على أي قصور – حال وجوده – في دساتير الأدوية الحالية من حيث تطوير دراسات متخصصة جديدة وكاملة، وتعزيز التعاون بين دساتير الأدوية المختلفة، وإعطاء الأولوية للمعايير وتطويرها وطرحها للأدوية الرئيسية التي تفتقر إلى دراسات متخصصة وكاملة.قمنا في شهر أغسطس/آب 2017 بفرز ثمانية دساتير للأدوية لمراجعة الأدوية البالغ عددها 669 دواءً في النسخة العشرين من قائمة الأدوية الأساسية النموذجية لمنظمة الصحة العالمية، وتحديد أي من تلك الأدوية قد تمت تغطيتها من خلال دراسات متخصصة كاملة أو غير كاملة. وكانت دساتير الأدوية التي قمنا بتضيمنها هي دستور الأدوية البرازيلي، ودستور الأدوية البريطاني، ولجنة دستور الأدوية الهندي، ودستور الأدوية الدولي، ودستور الأدوية الياباني، ودستور الأدوية المكسيكي، ودستور الأدوية المتبع في جمهورية الصين الشعبية، ودستور الأدوية الأمريكي.بالنسبة إلى 99 دواءً واردًا في القائمة النموذجية (أي بواقع 15‏% منها)، لم تتوفر دراسات متخصصة في أي من دساتير الأدوية الثمانية التي شملها البحث. واقتصر العجز في الدراسات المتخصصة المتعلقة بأدوية القلب والأوعية الدموية على نسبة 3% (بواقع دواء واحد من بين 30 دواءً)، في حين ارتفعت النسبة إلى ‏28% (بواقع 9 من بين 32 دواءً) من الأدوية المضادة لفيروسات النسخ العكسي، و23‏% (بواقع 6 أدوية من بين 26 دواءً) من الأدوية المضادة للملاريا.لا يبدو أن هناك معايير عمومية لما يسمى بالأدوية النموذجية. ولكي يتم التعامل مع هذا العجز، فهناك حاجة لدرجة أكبر من التعاون في مجتمع الصحة العالمية.旨在提高人们对公共药物标准重要性的意识，明确现有药典是否落后于最新完整专著的发展。如落后，明确具体落后在哪些方面，并促进不同药典之间的合作，从而优先考虑发展没有完整专著的关键药物，并为其制定标准。.2017 年 8 月，我们采纳了八部药典以明确第 20 版世界卫生组织《基本药物示范目录》 669 种药品中的哪些药物涵盖在完整或不完整专著中。我们纳入的药典包括《巴西药典》、《英国药典》、印度药典委员会出版的《印度药典》、《国际药典》、《日本药典》、《墨西哥药典》、《中华人民共和国药典》和《美国药典》。.在研究的八部药典中，共有 99 (15%) 种列于《基本药物示范目录》中的药物尚无专著。目录中的心血管药物只列出了 3% (1/30)，而 28% (9/32) 的抗逆转录病毒药物和 23% (6/26) 的抗疟药物缺少专著。.很多所谓的基本药物似乎并无公用的标准。全球卫生界需要加强合作以解决此方面的不足。.Повысить осведомленность о важности государственных фармацевтических стандартов, определить, где текущие фармакопеи не справляются с разработкой новых и полных монографий, и способствовать сотрудничеству между различными фармакопеями, чтобы определить приоритеты, разработать и предоставить доступные стандарты для ключевых лекарственных средств, не представленных полными монографиями.В августе 2017 года авторы сделали выборку из восьми фармакопей, чтобы определить, какие из 669 лекарственных средств в 20-м издании Примерного перечня основных лекарственных средств Всемирной организации здравоохранения были охвачены полными или неполными монографиями. В выборку вошли фармакопеи Бразилии, Индии, Китайской Народной Республики, Мексики, Соединенных Штатов Америки и Японии, а также Британская и Международная.Для 99 лекарственных средств (15%), входящих в Типовой перечень, не было доступно никаких монографий ни в одной из восьми исследованных фармакопей. Только 3% перечисленных сердечно-сосудистых препаратов (1/30), но при этом 28% антиретровирусных препаратов (9/32) и 23% противомалярийных препаратов (6/26) не имели монографий.По-видимому, для многих так называемых основных лекарств нет общедоступных стандартов. Для устранения этого недостатка в мировом сообществе специалистов здравоохранения необходимо более активное сотрудничество по данному вопросу.

The increasing variety of programming languages available to computer programmers has led to the discussion of what language(s) should be learned. A key point in the choice of a programming language is the availability of support from experienced programmers. In this paper, we explore the use of graph theory in recommending programming languages to novice and expert programmers in a question and answer collaborative learning environment, Stack Overflow. Using social network analysis techniques, we investigate the relationship between experts (using an expertise graph) in different programming languages to identify what languages can be recommended to novice and experienced programmers. In addition, we explore the use of the expertise graph in inferring the importance of a programming language to the community. Our results suggest that programming languages can be recommended within organizational borders and programming domains. In addition, a high number of experts in a programming language does not always mean that the language is popular. Furthermore, disconnected nodes in the expertise graph suggest that experts in some programming languages are primarily on Stack Overflow to support that language only and do not contribute to questions or answers in other languages. Finally, developers are comfortable with mastering a single, general purpose language. The results of our study can help educators and stakeholders in computer education to understand what programming languages can be suggested to students and what languages can be taught and learned together.