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On May 21, 2020, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the United States would withdraw from the Treaty on Open Skies. The treaty, which has been ratified by several former Soviet Republics and most North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members, allows states parties to conduct observation flights over each other's territory to build trust and transparency with respect to arms control. The treaty gives state parties a right to withdraw upon six months of notice, which Pompeo stated would be formally given by the United States on May 22. Pompeo described the U.S. withdrawal as a response to Russian violations of the treaty and held open the possibility that the United States would rescind its notice of withdrawal in the event of full Russian compliance. U.S. allies in Europe reaffirmed their own commitment to the treaty and to working with Russia over disputes arising from it. The announced U.S. withdrawal raises significant issues of U.S. domestic law, as the Trump administration did not comply with preconditions to withdrawal that had been established by Congress in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the Open Skies Treaty agreement between North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries and former Warsaw Pact nations that allow aerial reconnaissance flights over member territories. Concerns of the Russian government on the treaty; Provisions of the treaty; Political concerns and limitations of the treaty.

The CSCE-OSCE has strong legacy in conventional arms control both as far as limitations and reductions and constraints on military activities. Although the last two decades since 1999 did not add much to the arms control acquis and there was a "retreat" in arms control with the suspension of the CFE Treaty. It is Germany that keeps European conventional arms control on the agenda as part of security dialogue since the Harmel Report of 1967 and takes symbolic initiatives as a demonstration. Although compliance is not full and some activities demonstrate the intention to cheat, their level is more important as part of the communication of the main parties rather than of direct strategic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Liberalization progresses in the air transport industry are obvious, in particular the growing numbers of bilateral Air Service Agreements (ASAs). Taiwan government has contracted with many countries for open-sky policies recently, including the deregulation of air transport markets between Taiwan and Japan. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of their open-sky policy on the passenger markets in terms of numerical performance on tourism and air transport. The analyzed results of descriptive statistics from the officially published data in Taiwan reveal that the growth of Taiwanese tourists traveling to Japan was higher than the number of Japanese coming to Taiwan after performing the open-sky policy. However, the Chow-test results show significant differences before and after this policy on the two markets. Furthermore, the Taiwanese airlines had a greater performance growth than that of Japanese airlines on transport markets, including flight frequencies, numbers of new open operational airports, passenger market shares etc. However, both Taiwanese and Japanese airlines still less use the fifth freedom to extend their services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Open Skies Treaty has been a peace-building instrument between North American and European nations for over two decades. This agreement is based on the possibility for each country-signatory of the Treaty to independently conduct observation flights and obtain aerial imagery data of the territories of other Treaty States-Parties. This imagery data was originally acquired only using traditional photographic film cameras. Together with the rapid development and advancement of digital sensor technologies, the logical step forward was to amend the Treaty provisions to allow for the use of these types of sensors during observation missions. This paper describes this transition process and highlights a number of technical problems which needed to be addressed by experts working within the Open Skies Consultative Commission workgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has indicated that liberal air services agreements (ASAs) lead to more passengers. Using time-series regression models, this study extends those findings by looking more closely at the evolving ASAs between the United States and China during 1996-2009. Our results indicate that while liberal ASAs generally lead to increased passengers, the extent of this impact depends on the general state of liberalization when the agreement is signed. In addition, this study shows that the benefits of liberalization may not be evenly apportioned between the two countries of carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today the Treaty on Open Skies is confronted with contradictory developments: Continuing adherence of all parties, in particular Russia and the United States to the treaty and preparations for modernisation of the technical monitoring capabilities on the one hand, while the general support for conventional arms control and military confidence building in the OSCE region declines. Since January 2011 an intervention of Turkey over the accession application of Cyprus has prevented any regular sessions and decisions of the Open Skies Consultative Commission ( OSCC ). The treaty is taken hostage for an unsolved status conflict which has much wider dimensions. Since the impasse in the OSCC could not be solved on the diplomatic level so far (Oct. 2011), high level political intervention is needed to save the treaty from erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Chapter 10 of the book "SIPRI Yearbook 2011: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security" is presented. It assesses the major developments in conventional arms control and military confidence building in 2010. The relevant Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe developments are reviewed and the developments related to the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe are tackled. Issues related to the 1992 Treaty on Open Skies are discussed.

The aim of the article is to analyze civil aviation relations between the United States of America and the European Union - constituting the most important intercontinental air transportation market in the world. Air transport between the EU and USA was traditionally regulated by bilateral Air Service Agreements of rather protectionist nature. The change came after Jimmy Carter had become the president of the USA and started pushing towards liberalization. After 1992, USA and some European states signed bilateral Open Skies treaties, representing an even higher level of liberalization than during Carter's era. However, the European Court of Justice declared these treaties unlawful in 2002. This decision led to a general EU-US Open Skies Agreement signed in 2007. There have been ongoing negotiations on further liberalization; however their success is highly doubtful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the Open Skies Treaty and its full implementation. The Treaty on Open Skies was signed on March 1992 as a far-reaching and intrusive confidence-building measure which opened the full territory of its member states to cooperative aerial observation flights. The Open Skies Treaty, which was meant to support the transition process, came into effect on January 1, 2002.

Focuses on the impact of the implementation of the Open Skies Treaty (OST) on the technical data acquisition capabilities of the orbital spacecraft force in Russia. Overview of the 'open-skies' military space surveillance; Signatories to the OST; Implication of the treaty for the national security.

The United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies are currently engaged in the negotiation of a new arms control agreement on "Open Skies," reviving a failed concept from the 1950s. The treaty would permit each country to overfly the others on short notice and with great frequency, and to use diverse, sophisticated sensors to photograph key military and defense-related installations. This type of mutual intelligence gathering arrangement offers great advantages for national security and global stability; reducing the possibility of surprise attack and accordingly mitigating the necessity for maintaining large, offsetting military deployments. At the same timer however, the intrusive inspection powers it contemplates might also conflict with the fourth amendment's prohibitions against warrantless governmental searches conducted inside the United States. In this Article, the author scrutinizes the Open Skies provisions now on the negotiating table and assesses them for constitutionality, applying precedents and principles derived from traditional criminal law. He concludes that an Open Skies treaty could be implemented consistently with fundamental United States jurisprudence, but only with certain limitations, and that the current negotiations finalizing the treaty text ought to take carefully into account the concerns of future reviewing courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the U.S. open skies civil aviation agreements have reached more than 100 in March 2011. During the month, the country concluded open skies agreements with Colombia and Brazil. Aside from these contracts, Israel together with the U.S. also entered into force which is a contract concerning freight carriers and passenger carriers that have routes from the two countries to Saudi Arabia. According to the author, open skies contracts involving the U.S. expand international cargo and passenger flights by discarding government interference in commercial airline decisions.