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Dominik Samotij,1 Ewelina Gawron,1 Justyna Szczęch,1 Elżbieta Ostańska,2 Adam Reich1 1Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, Poland; 2Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszów, PolandCorrespondence: Adam ReichDepartment of Dermatology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, ul. Fryderyka Szopena 2, Rzeszów, 35-055, PolandTel +48 605076722Fax +48 17 8666294Email adamandrzejreich@gmail.comAbstract: The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is emerging. Various cutaneous manifestations have been observed in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, yet exacerbations of psoriasis have been reported sporadically. Acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau (ACH) is an uncommon, sterile pustular dermatosis involving one or more digits. In some rare cases, ACH may evolve into generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), which is a severe, and potentially life-threatening, form of psoriasis that manifests itself with widespread eruptions of pustules. We describe the first case of a patient in whom ACH abruptly progressed into GPP during COVID-19. A combination of infliximab and acitretin was used allowing swift clinical improvement.Keywords: psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, biologics, biologic therapy, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus

The present multi-center, long-term, real-life study made an attempt to assess the efficacy of risankizumab in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. The study comprised 185 patients from 10 Polish dermatologic departments undergoing risankizumab treatment. The disease severity was measured using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) before the start of the risankizumab treatment and next at the defined timepoints, i.e., 4, 16, 28, 40, 52 and 96 weeks of treatment. The percentage of patients achieving PASI90 and PASI100 responses as well as the PASI percentage decrease at the defined timepoints were calculated, and correlations with clinical characteristics and therapeutic effect were analyzed. The number of patients evaluated at the defined timepoints was: 136, 145, 100, 93, 62, and 22 at 4, 16, 28, 40, 52 and 96 weeks of treatment, respectively. At 4, 16, 28, 40, 52 and 96 weeks, the PASI90 response was achieved in 13.2%, 81.4%, 87.0%, 86.0%, 88.7% and 81.8% of patients, whereas the PASI100 response was achieved in 2.9%, 53.1%, 67.0%, 68.8%, 71.0% and 68.2% of patients, respectively. Our study revealed a significant negative correlation between a decrease in the PASI and the presence of psoriatic arthritis as well as the patient's age and duration of psoriasis at several timepoints throughout the observation period.

Introduction: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent and one of the most debilitating dermatoses. It usually presents with inflamed lesions in apocrine gland-bearing skin areas. There is a limited number of studies on the relationship between HS and depression as well as anxiety., Aim: To evaluate the incidence and severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms among Polish patients suffering from HS., Material and Methods: Consecutive patients ( N = 114) with HS were included in the cross-sectional study. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaires were employed to assess depression and anxiety, respectively. The severity of HS was measured with Hurley staging and International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Score System (IHS4)., Results: Symptoms suggesting depression were found in 47 (41.2%) patients. Anxiety was diagnosed in 46 (40.4%) HS cases. Among HS patients presenting with depressive and anxiety symptoms, most were diagnosed with moderate depression - 21 (44.7%) and mild anxiety - 29 (63.1%). There was no difference in the prevalence of anxiety and depression between both sex groups. A significant correlation ( r = 0.197, p = 0.039) between GAD-7 scores and duration of the disease was noted., Conclusions: Depression and anxiety are common phenomena among HS subjects. Therefore, physicians should consider mental status in the holistic approach of HS patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Termedia Sp. z o. o.)

There is evidence that the concomitance of psoriasis and obesity may originate from the interplay between multiple genetic pathways and involve gene−gene interactions. The aim of this study was to compare the genetic background related to obesity among psoriatic patients versus healthy controls by means of a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). A total of 972 psoriatic patients and a total of 5878 healthy donors were enrolled in this study. DNA samples were genotyped for over 500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using Infinium CoreExome BeadChips (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Statistical analysis identified eleven signals (p < 1 × 10−5) associated with BMI across the study groups and revealed a varying effect size in each sub-cohort. Seven of the alternative alleles (rs1558902 in the FTO gene, rs696574 in the CALCRL gene, as well as rs10968110, rs4551082, rs4609724, rs9320269, and rs2338833,) are associated with increased BMI among all psoriatic patients and four (rs1556519 in the ITLN2 gene, rs12972098 in the AC003006.7 gene, rs12676670 in the PAG1 gene, and rs1321529) are associated with lower BMI. The results of our study may lead to further insights into the understanding of the pathogenesis of obesity among psoriatic patients.

The epidemiology of psoriasis has not been widely assessed in Polish population so far. This study aimed to investigate psoriasis epidemiological situation by evaluating disease course and severity, management, comorbidities, environmental factors, and knowledge about this disorder among psoriatic patients in Poland. A cross-sectional cohort population-based study enrolled 1080 psoriatic patients and 1200 controls. The mean age of psoriasis onset was 27.6 years; 78.24% had type I psoriasis. Positive family history of psoriasis was reported in 44.81% of patients, whereas itch was reported in vast majority of patients (83.33%). Based on PASI score moderate psoriasis was the most common in studied group (mean 12.63 ± 9.33, range 0−67.2). The DLQI score (12.01 ± 7.41, range 0−30.0) indicated a very large effect of psoriasis on the quality of life. Hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity (33.80%), followed by obesity (16.85%) and dyslipidemia (11.85%). Stress was the foremost cause of disease exacerbation (66.20%); however, infections (44.07%) and seasonal changes (45.09%) had also an impact on the course of psoriasis. Psoriatic patients were more often smokers (37.59%) vs. general population (27.50%; p < 0.0001). In conclusion, epidemiological studies help clinicians in better disease and patient understanding, which may translate into better management and patient compliance.

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a severe, relapsing, immune-mediated disease characterized by the presence of multiple sterile pustules all over the body. The exact pathomechanisms behind GPP remain elusive, although increased interest in the genetic basis and immunological disturbances have provided some revealing insights into the underlying signaling pathways and their mutual interaction. The genetic background of GPP has been thoroughly investigated over the past few years. The conducted studies have identified genetic variants that predispose to pustular forms of psoriasis. The loss-of-function mutation of the interleukin 36 receptor antagonist gene, along with rare gain-of-function mutations in the gene that encodes the keratinocyte signaling molecule (CARD14), are examples of the uncovered abnormalities. Interleukin 36 (IL-36), along with neutrophils, is now considered a central cytokine in GPP pathogenesis, with IL-36 signaling providing a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. More recently, a new concept of inflammation, caused by a predominantly genetically determined abnormal activation of innate immune response and leading to inflammatory keratinization, has arisen. GPP is currently considered a representative of this novel group of skin conditions, called autoinflammatory keratinization diseases. As no therapeutic agents have been approved for GPP to date in the United States and Europe, the novel anti-IL-36R antibodies are particularly promising and may revolutionize management of the disease.

Objective: Pruritus is an important symptom frequently accompanying various inflammatory skin conditions and some recent data indicated that it may be associated with autoimmune connective tissue diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and clinical presentation of itch in CLE., Methods: A multinational, prospective, cross-sectional study was performed to assess the prevalence, intensity and clinical characteristic of pruritus in various subtypes of CLE. A total of 153 patients with active CLE lesions were included. Their age ranged between 17 and 82 years (mean 49.8 ± 15.4 years), and 115 patients (75.2%) were women. The disease activity and damage were assessed according to the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI). Pruritus severity was assessed with Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and the 12-Item Pruritus Severity Scale. Dermatology Life Quality Index and EQ-5D questionnaire were used to measure quality of life., Results: Pruritus was present in 116 (76.8%) of patients of whom half had NRS scoring equal or above 4 points indicating moderate or severe pruritus. Most commonly itch was localized on the scalp, face (excluding ears and nose) and arms (40.5%, 36.2%, 31.9%, respectively). Sensations connected with pruritus were most frequently described as burning, tingling and like ants crawling feeling, but 31.9% patients described it as "pure itch". More than half of patients reported that pruritus was present every day, and it was most frequent during the evenings. The pruritus scoring and the CLASI activity score were significantly correlated (r = 0.42, p = 0.0001), while no correlation was found with the CLASI damage score (p = 0.16). Both the maximum and average itch intensity were correlated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity measured with the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index., Conclusions: Pruritus is a common, but frequently overlooked symptom of CLE. Its intensity correlates with the activity of CLE, but not with the skin damage. In more than a half of patients it occurs on a daily basis. The correlation between the intensity of pruritus and the activity of the skin lesions and the systemic involvement indicate that pruritus could be an individual indicator of both SLE and CLE activity.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory arthropathy associated with psoriasis as well as a complex pathogenesis. Genetic and environmental factors trigger the development of the immune-mediated auto-inflammatory response in different sites: skin, bone marrow, entheses and synovial tissues. Studies of the last two decades have changed the view of PsA from a mild, non-progressive arthritis to an inflammatory systemic disease with serious health consequences, not only associated with joint dysfunction, but also with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and socioeconomic consequences with significantly reduced quality of life. The joint damage starts early in the course of the disease, thus early recognition and treatment with modern biological treatments, which may modify the natural history and slow down progression of this debilitating disease, is essential for the patient long-term outcome., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Termedia.)

Prior to the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, the concomitant occurrence of sarcoidosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was extremely rare. Today, an increased prevalence of sarcoidosis as a result of immune reconstitution syndrome (IRIS) is observed in HIV patients. A 37-year-old male patient that was co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C had a 6‑month history of gradually progressive asymptomatic periorbital erythematous plaques and papules. Routine clinical examinations were normal. Skin punch biopsy taken from the upper portion of the right cheek showed several non-caseating dermal granulomas with multinucleated giant cells, enabling unequivocal histological diagnosis. Based on the clinical picture and histological findings, the patient was diagnosed with cutaneous sarcoidosis. This case study underlines the change in possible rheumatological and dermatological comorbities in HIV-positive patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, physicians treating HIV infections should be familiar with the definition of IRIS.

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, inflammatory, immune-mediated skin disease affecting about 2% of the world's population. According to current knowledge, psoriasis is a complex disease that involves various genes and environmental factors, such as stress, injuries, infections and certain medications. The chronic inflammation of psoriasis lesions develops upon epidermal infiltration, activation, and expansion of type 1 and type 17 Th cells. Despite the enormous progress in understanding the mechanisms that cause psoriasis, the target cells and antigens that drive pathogenic T cell responses in psoriatic lesions are still unproven and the autoimmune basis of psoriasis still remains hypothetical. However, since the identification of the Th17 cell subset, the IL-23/Th17 immune axis has been considered a key driver of psoriatic inflammation, which has led to the development of biologic agents that target crucial elements of this pathway. Here we present the current understanding of various aspects in psoriasis pathogenesis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Termedia Sp. z o. o.)

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate QoL in patients suffering from morphea. Material and Methods . Sixty-five patients with morphea were recruited into this cross-sectional, prospective parallel study. QoL among adult patients was assessed with the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Euro-QoL-5D questionnaire; patients aged <17 years used the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI). The severity of morphea was assessed using the Localized Scleroderma Cutaneous Assessment Tool. The results of QoL and its association with disease severity were compared between patients with various morphea subtypes., Results: The mean DLQI scoring was 3.8 ± 4.1 points and the CDLQI was 2.3 ± 3.0. The mean value of Visual Analogue Scale thermometer (EQ VAS) was 66.9 ± 17.5 points. The disease activity of morphea based on mLoSSI correlated significantly with QoL impairment according to the DLQI ( R = 0.41, p = 0.001). No significant correlation was observed between morphea-induced damage and QoL ( p = 0.99)., Conclusions: Evaluation of QoL in patients with morphea is still challenging due to lack of good assessment tools dedicated specifically for morphea patients. In general, QoL in morphea patients is significantly correlated with the disease activity, but not with disease-induced skin damage., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Justyna Szczęch et al.)

Pruritus is an important symptom frequently accompanying various inflammatory skin conditions. Some recent data have indicated that it may also be associated with autoimmune connective tissue diseases, including systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis; however, studies on the prevalence and clinical characteristics of pruritus in CLE are limited. We have performed a multinational, prospective, cross-sectional study in order to assess the prevalence and intensity of pruritus in adult patients suffering from various subtypes of CLE. After developing a questionnaire assessing various aspects of pruritus, we have surveyed 567 patients with cutaneous involvement during the course of LE regarding the presence and intensity of pruritus. Pruritus was present in 425 of all patients (75.0%) and was most frequently reported by subjects with acute CLE (82.1%), followed by chronic CLE (78.8%), subacute CLE (65.9%), and intermittent CLE (55.6%) (p<0.001). Based on the Numerical Rating Scale, the severity of itch was mild, moderate, and severe in 264 (62.1%), 98 (23.1%), and 63 (14.8%) patients, respectively. The highest mean pruritus intensity was reported by subjects with hypertrophic LE (5.1 ± 3.0 points) followed by generalized discoid LE (3.6 ± 3.0 points), subacute CLE (3.0 ± 3.0 points), chilblain LE (3.0 ± 1.0 points), localized discoid LE (2.6 ± 2.0 points), intermittent CLE (2.6 ± 3.0 points), acute CLE (2.5 ± 1.2 points), and lupus erythematosus profundus (1.9 ± 2.7 points). In conclusion, pruritus is a frequent phenomenon in CLE; however, in most patients it is of mild severity. Further studies are needed to better characterize its clinical characteristics and influence on patients' well-being.

Introduction: Due to a wide array of dermatologic manifestations, assessment of disease severity in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) remains challenging. Given a need for some standardization in this field, we conducted a worldwide questionnaire-based study among physicians experienced in CLE management., Aim: We asked about CLE assessment, their prophylactic measures advised to patients, and treatment recommendations., Material and Methods: A total of 83 completed questionnaires were received. Participating physicians recommended assessing disease severity at each patient's visit (39.1%), monthly (4.9%) or at least every third month (17.3%). Almost half of the responding physicians (47.0%) waited 2-3 months before identifying a specific treatment option as not effective., Results: The vast part of the participants informed their patients about of the risks of sun exposure and advised adequate preventive measures. Smoking was less frequently a matter of discussion between physicians and their patients. Recommendations for the timing of CLE severity assessment likely depends on disease severity and the type of therapeutic intervention., Conclusions: Proper patient education about effective prophylactic measures should be included during routine CLE patient consultations., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: Biologics seem to offer a promising nonsurgical approach in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), especially in disease with highly pronounced inflammation. Recent studies revealed increased expression of a broad range of cytokines in lesional HS skin, including interleukin (IL)-17., Objective: This study was undertaken to determine IL-17 serum levels in this group of patients., Methods: Our study was conducted on a group of 86 patients between 16 and 72 years of age with HS. A total of 86 matched healthy volunteers constituted the control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to quantify IL-17 serum concentration., Results: The mean IL-17 serum level of patients with HS was 3.68 ± 2.08 pg/mL, which was significantly elevated (P < .0001) compared with that found in healthy volunteers (2.5 ± 1.11 pg/mL). Moreover, there was a tendency toward higher serum concentrations of IL-17 in patients with more advanced disease (P = .005). Disease duration; patient sex, age, and body mass index; and smoking habits were not determining factors for IL-17 serum concentration., Limitations: Hospital-based study population was a limitation, as was a lack of posttreatment assessment., Conclusion: In light of our findings and literature on increased expression of IL-17 in HS lesions, evaluating the clinical effectiveness of using anti-IL-17 agents in the treatment of patients with HS is justified., (Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pregnant women are at greater risk to suffer from chronic pruritus, but data on this symptom in this group is very limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and the importance of pruritus in pregnant women. A total of 292 consecutive pregnant women at the 33.0 ± 6.1 weeks of gestation (WoG) were recruited into this prospective, cross-sectional study. All patients underwent thorough anamnesis and detailed physical examination with the special emphasis on pruritus. Pruritus was assessed according to Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Quality of life was measured with the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). The point prevalence of pruritus was 20.2% ( n = 59), while pruritus prevalence during the entire pregnancy was 38.0% ( n = 111). Pruritus started on average at the 27.2 ± 7.6 WoG; it was significantly more common among women in third trimester. The mean VAS was 4.8 (±2.4) points. The DLQI scoring significantly correlated with VAS ( r = 0.52, p < 0.001). Based on the results of our study about one-third of women suffer from pruritus during pregnancy. Many of them find it a very distressing and disturbing symptom.

Introduction: Lupus erythematosus (LE) shows a wide variety of clinical manifestations, skin involvement being one of the most important., Aim: To analyze the clinical presentation of cutaneous variants of lupus erythematosus in terms of skin lesion spectrum and extracutaneous involvement., Material and Methods: A total of 64 patients with cutaneous LE (CLE) were included. The study was based on the "Core Set Questionnaire" developed by the European Society of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (EUSCLE). Clinical severity of skin lesions was evaluated with the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI). All results were subjected to statistical analysis., Results: Fifteen (23.4%) patients had an acute CLE (ACLE), 26 (40.6%) subacute CLE (SCLE) and 21 (32.8%) chronic CLE (CCLE). Two (3.2%) individuals only demonstrated urticarial vasculitis as a cutaneous manifestation of LE and these patients were excluded. Patients with ACLE were characterized by the earliest onset of the disease (mean age of 31.9 ±15.0 years; p < 0.001). On average, 4.8 ±1.8 criteria of systemic LE were found in the ACLE group compared to 2.7 ±1.3 criteria in SCLE and 2.5 ±1.5 criteria in CCLE (p < 0.001). The highest activity of skin lesions according to CLASI was found in the SCLE group (p = 0.002). On the other hand, the most severe skin damage was observed in CCLE (p < 0.01)., Conclusions: Each variant of CLE differs significantly from the others in respect of various aspects of clinical manifestations. Due to a number of different variants of LE skin lesions, a unified classification of CLE still remains a challenge.