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The unique structure of van der Waals materials facilitates a robust mechanism for precise control of physical properties. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis based on the intercalation of organometallics to modulate the optoelectronic behavior of two-dimensional germanium sulfide (GeS). Advanced computational exploration reveals significant and tunable features in the intercalated material. Additionally, the weak chemical interactions between organometallics and GeS support the electric-field-mediated drift and charge–discharge processes in intercalants. Controlling the concentration of organometallics in this manner enables the dynamic emergence of novel characteristics post-intercalation. These include flatbands near the Fermi level, significant enhancement of carrier mobility, and a magnetic ground state that is atypical for pristine GeS. Our findings demonstrate that organometallic intercalation offers a powerful strategy for tailoring the optoelectronic and magnetic characteristics of GeS, paving the way for harnessing emerging features for applications in next-generation devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundBiofilms in sulfide-rich springs present intricate microbial communities that play pivotal roles in biogeochemical cycling. We studied chemoautotrophically based biofilms that host diverse CPR bacteria and grow in sulfide-rich springs to investigate microbial controls on biogeochemical cycling.ResultsSulfide springs biofilms were investigated using bulk geochemical analysis, genome-resolved metagenomics, and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) at room temperature and 87 K. Chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, including Thiothrix and Beggiatoa, dominate the biofilms, which also contain CPR Gracilibacteria, Absconditabacteria, Saccharibacteria, Peregrinibacteria, Berkelbacteria, Microgenomates, and Parcubacteria. STXM imaging revealed ultra-small cells near the surfaces of filamentous bacteria that may be CPR bacterial episymbionts. STXM and NEXAFS spectroscopy at carbon K and sulfur L2,3 edges show that filamentous bacteria contain protein-encapsulated spherical elemental sulfur granules, indicating that they are sulfur oxidizers, likely Thiothrix. Berkelbacteria and Moranbacteria in the same biofilm sample are predicted to have a novel electron bifurcating group 3b [NiFe]-hydrogenase, putatively a sulfhydrogenase, potentially linked to sulfur metabolism via redox cofactors. This complex could potentially contribute to symbioses, for example, with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Thiothrix that is based on cryptic sulfur cycling. One Doudnabacteria genome encodes adjacent sulfur dioxygenase and rhodanese genes that may convert thiosulfate to sulfite. We find similar conserved genomic architecture associated with CPR bacteria from other sulfur-rich subsurface ecosystems.ConclusionsOur combined metagenomic, geochemical, spectromicroscopic, and structural bioinformatics analyses of biofilms growing in sulfide-rich springs revealed consortia that contain CPR bacteria and sulfur-oxidizing Proteobacteria, including Thiothrix, and bacteria from a new family within Beggiatoales. We infer roles for CPR bacteria in sulfur and hydrogen cycling. Video Abstract.

A memristor is a two-terminal electrical component with the scope of future computing applications and analog electronics. In this report, bismuth sulfide decorated one-dimensional carbon nitride nanotube was synthesized and characterized with various analytical techniques. The electrical property of the synthesized material was measured using a two-terminal metal–insulator–metal type of device that exhibited the resistive switching characteristics with the ON to OFF ratio of 2 × 103. The electron transport mechanism of the device was followed by Schottky emission and Poole–Frenkel emission for a low conductance state and Ohmic conduction behavior at the high conductance state. A decrease in the trap depth was identified in the simulation study with increasing applied potential and that supported the proposed mechanism. Read endurance and retention behavior of the device are stable in nature, supported by the statistical analysis. Furthermore, a hybrid logic gate was designed using two identical memristors, one CMOS inverter, one resistor, one voltage divider, and a buffer gate. The designed logic gate exhibited stable nand and nor gate operation based on the control signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A palladium-catalyzed cycloisomerization of carbamimidothioates with the formation of a quaternary carbon and a sulfide is described. The use of (IPr)Pd(allyl)Cl (CX21), K3 PO4 , and Me-C(OTBS)=NTBS in refluxing xylenes was optimal, and the methoxycarbonyl group was the most suitable substituent for the nitrogen atom of the carbamimidothioate. Phenyl and alkyl groups can be used as tethers for carbamimidothioates, and alkyl and aryl carbamimidothioates can undergo Pd-catalyzed cycloisomerization in high yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Pd-catalyzed carbothiolation using thioesters, with the formation of a quaternary carbon, is described. Carbothiolation using thioesters was problematic due to a direct-coupling side reaction that produced a sulfide, but this side reaction was successfully suppressed by an appropriate selection of the thioester and the reaction conditions. In the preparation of chroman or coumaran derivatives by this method, the reaction using S -phenyl 4-methoxybenzenecarbothioate Pd(PPh3)4 , and Cs2 CO3 at 100 °C in toluene afforded the desired products in good yields (77–92%). The carbothiolation reaction also proceeded with esters of alkanethiols in higher yields (56–93%) than those obtained from the previously reported carbothiolation using triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) thioethers (12–63%). The developed Pd-catalyzed carbothiolation is applicable in the preparation of a wide range of products, including a tetralin derivative and an indoline derivative. The Pd-catalyzed carbothiolation using thioesters was found to be comparable with a previously reported carbothiolation using TIPS thioethers in terms of the yield and substrate scope, and to be a superior alternative owing to the stability and lower cost of thioesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-component synergy and the rational design of structures are effective methods for preparing electrode materials for high-performance energy storage devices. Transition metal-based hydroxides offer advantages such as a large specific surface area, large interlayer spacing, multiple redox states, and high theoretical capacity, making them commonly used as positive materials for supercapacitors. However, challenges like low conductivity and severe agglomeration limit their practical application. This study focuses on the preparation of Ni, Co, and Mo ternary transition metal hydroxides by incorporating the Mo element to optimize their structure. Furthermore, sulfide ions were utilized in an ion exchange process to replace hydroxides, resulting in the formation of NiCoMo ternary sulfide electrode materials. By adjusting the amount of Mo added, a spherical nanoneedle-shaped N2C1MS0.2-2 electrode material was successfully synthesized. This electrode exhibited a specific capacity of 2094 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1. In addition, an asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled with activated carbon as the negative electrode and N2C1MS0.2-2 as the positive electrode, which had an energy density of 46.2 W h kg-1 at a power density of 800 W kg-1, a capacity retention of 89.7% and a coulombic efficiency of 97.8% after 10 000 cycles. This study provides a reference for the design and preparation of ternary sulphide electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercialization of all‐solid‐state Li batteries (ASSLBs) demands solid electrolytes with strong cost‐competitiveness, low density (for enabling satisfactory energy densities), and decent anode compatibility (the need for cathode compatibility can be circumvented by the cathode coating techniques that are widely applied in sulfide‐based ASSLBs). However, none of the reported oxide, sulfide, or chloride solid electrolytes meets these requirements simultaneously. Here, we design a Li7P3S7.5O3.5 (LPSO) solid electrolyte, which shows a combination of all the aforementioned characteristics. The synthesis of this material does not need the expensive Li2S, so the raw materials cost is only $14.42/kg, which, unlike most solid electrolytes, lies below the $50/kg threshold for commercialization. The density of LPSO is 1.70 g cm−3, considerably lower than those of the oxide (typically above 5 g cm−3) and chloride (around 2.5 g cm−3) solid electrolytes. Besides, LPSO also shows excellent anode compatibility. The Li|LPSO|Li cell cycles stably with a potential of ~50 mV under 0.1 mA cm−2 for over 4200 h at 25 °C, and the all‐solid‐state pouch cell with the Si anode shows a capacity retention of 89.29 % after 200 cycles under 88.6 mA g−1 at 60 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing cost‐effective and high‐active electrocatalysts is vital to enhance the electrocatalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, traditional pyrolysis methods require complicated procedures, exact temperatures, and long reaction times, leading to high costs and low yields of electrocatalysts in potential industrial applications. Herein, a rapid and economic laser‐induced preparation strategy is proposed to synthesize three bimetallic sulfide/oxide composites (MMoOS, M=Fe, Co, and Ni) on a nickel foam (NF) substrate. A focused CO2 laser with high energy is applied to decompose Anderson‐type polyoxometalate (POM)‐based precursors, enabling the creation of abundant heteropore and defective structures in the MMoOS composites that have multi‐components of MS/Mo4O11/MoS2. Remarkably, owing to the structural interactions between the active species, FeMoOS shows superior electrocatalytic performance for OER in an alkaline medium, exhibiting a low overpotential of 240 mV at 50 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 79 mV dec−1, and good durability for 80 h. Physical characterizations after OER imply that partially dissolved Mo‐based species and new‐formed NiO/NiOOH can effectively uncover abundant active sites, fasten charge transfer, and modify defective structures. This work provides a rapid laser‐induced irradiation method for the synthesis of POM‐derived nanocomposites as promoted electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germanium (Ge) is a critical raw material for emerging high-tech and green industries, resulting in considerable recent interest in understanding its distribution and geochemical behavior in ore deposits. In this contribution, the distribution of Ge and related trace elements in the Fule Pb-Zn(-Ge) deposit, South China, is investigated to reveal the distribution of Ge in the hydrothermal ores and during sulfide weathering, using multiple microanalytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). In the Fule MVT deposit, sphalerite (ZnS) is the most significant Ge-carrier relative to other sulfides, though the five recognized textural types of sphalerite display progressive depletion in Ge from the first sphalerite generation to the late one. In the early stage, sphalerite with fine-grained chalcopyrite inclusions has the highest Ge concentrations, probably accounting for a significant proportion of the total Ge. We interpret that high Ge concentrations in the early sphalerite may be attributable to high Cu activity in the mineralizing fluids. During oxidative weathering, Ge was redistributed from its original host, sphalerite, to the weathering product willemite (Zn2SiO4) rather than smithsonite (ZnCO3), with high levels of Ge (up to 448 μg/g) present in the willemite. The formation of abundant willemite largely prevents the dispersion of Ge during weathering. In principle, willemite-hosted Ge should be fully recoverable, and the Zn-silicate ores may, therefore, be a potential target to meet future demand. This study provides new information on how Ge behaves from sulfide- to weathering-stage in MVT systems, which directly impacts Ge mobility and deportment changes and the development of metallurgical strategies for Ge recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum (IV) sulfide is widely employed in electronic device applications. Recognized as one of the most efficacious methods for fabricating high-quality molybdenum (IV) sulfide, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method's application necessitates the development of a straightforward, swift and nondestructive characterization tool. Thus, this paper presents a rapid and reliable differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) instrumentation, grounded on the optical microscope, capable of characterizing two-dimensional materials prepared by CVD. This universal nondestructive identification tool facilitates the investigation of two-dimensional materials on both opaque and transparent substrates. MoS2 samples prepared by CVD were characterized on SiO2/Si and sapphire substrate. The results indicate that the exciton absorption peak can be accurately identified, validating the instrumentation's utility for material detection and monolayer identification. The characterization results, corroborated by the Raman spectra with a wavenumber difference of approximately 20 cm−1 and the triangular appearance of the optical image, affirm the application of this instrumentation. Ultimately, the DRS instrumentation provides a swift and nondestructive route to characterize physical properties such as bandgap and optical properties for two-dimensional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review presents an updated data on various technologies for the processing of refractory gold-bearing sulfide concentrates. It primarily focuses on the hydrometallurgical treatment for sulfide mineral oxidation and gold extraction, including the use of bacteria, pressure oxidation, ultrafine grinding, and the Albion ProcessTM. The main operating plants that use hydrometallurgical technologies and their key characteristics are listed, along with schematics of primary processing routes. Besides, advantages and disadvantages of each technology are discussed, along with their cost comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of sulfur content on sulfide inclusion and dendrite MnS in continuous casted 20CrMnTi gear steel is investigated. There are two main types of sulfides in 20CrMnTi steel: pure MnS and TiN–MnS composite inclusions. The number of TiN–MnS is higher than MnS, especially in the edge of the billet. TiN–MnS is smaller both in area and size than pure MnS. The statistical results of dendrite MnS show that the increase of S content decreases the average size of sulfides, whereas raises the number and the maximum size of sulfides. With the S content increasing, the proportion of large‐sized dendrite MnS in steel decreases, but the amount of large‐sized dendrite MnS increases, which results in the increase of number of large‐sized dendrite MnS. The average area of dendrite MnS inclusions first increased and then decreased from the edge to the center of billet, and the maximum area appeared at about 1/2 radius of the billet. Comparison with the microstructure of the two billets, the proportion of ferrite increased with the increase of S content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogenases are the only enzymes that activate the strong triple bond in N2. The mechanism for the activation has been very difficult to determine in spite of decades of work. In previous modeling studies it has been suggested that the mechanism for nitrogen activation starts out by four pre‐activation steps (A0–A4) before catalysis. That suggestion led to excellent agreement with experimental Elecrtron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) observations in the step where N2 becomes protonated (E4). An important part of the pre‐activation is that a sulfide is released. In the present paper, the details of the pre‐activation are modeled, including the release of the sulfide. Several possible transition states for the release have been obtained. An A4(E0) state is reached which is very similar to the E4 state. For completeness, the steps going back from A4(E0) to A0 after catalysis are also modeled, including the insertion of a sulfide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfilimines and their derivatives have garnered considerable interest in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Photochemical nitrene transfer to sulfides is known as a conventional synthetic approach to sulfilimines. However, the existing methods have a limited substrate scope stemming from the incompatibility of singlet nitrene intermediates with nucleophilic functional groups. Herein, we report the synthesis of N‐sulfonyl sulfilimines via visible‐light‐mediated energy transfer to sulfonyl azides, uncovering the previously overlooked reactivity of triplet nitrenes with sulfides. This reaction features broad functional group tolerance, water compatibility, and amenability to the late‐stage functionalization of drugs. Thus, this work represents an important example of energy transfer chemistry that overcomes challenges in traditional synthetic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metal-free system for Doyle–Kirmse reaction of biologically important diallyl sulfide with donor–acceptor diazo compounds in an aqueous medium using blue-LED irradiation was demonstrated. The resulting sulfanyl dienes were converted into thiopyrans using ring-closing metathesis in water. Additionally, the utility of dihydro-thiopyrans was also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for the radical functionalization of 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles using alkyl halides as precursors of radicals is described. The reaction efficiency is determined by potassium tetrafluoropyridinyl thiolate additive, which plays dual role. First, the thiolate converts alkyl halides into more reactive fluorinated aryl sulfides, which undergo photoredox activation of the C−S bond. Second, the thiolate decreases the unproductive loss of alkyl radicals by converting them back to the sulfides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exfoliation of 2D non‐Van der Waals (non‐vdW) semiconductor nanoplates (NPs) from inorganic analogs presents many challenges ahead for further exploring of their advanced applications on account of the strong bonding energies. In this study, the exfoliation of ultrathin 2D non‐vdW chromium sulfide (2D Cr2S3) by means of a combined facile liquid‐phase exfoliation (LPE) method is successfully demonstrated. The morphology and structure of the 2D Cr2S3 material are systematically examined. Magnetic studies show an obvious temperature‐dependent uncompensated antiferromagnetic behavior of 2D Cr2S3. The material is further loaded on TiO2 nanorod arrays to form an S‐scheme heterojunction. Experimental measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that the formed TiO2@Cr2S3 S‐scheme heterojunction facilitates the separation and transmission of photo‐induced electron/hole pairs, resulting in a significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity in the visible region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musca domestica L., a common housefly, and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito are quite well-known pests that can transfer a wide range of diseases to humans as well as animals. In this study, various isoborneol derivatives including esters, ethers, and thioethers were synthesized from isoborneol under mild conditions. These derivatives were evaluated for inhibition of house-fly M. domestica adults and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Two of the synthesized isoborneol ester derivatives (2 and 3) showed good activity against both insect species. Additional two derivatives (6 and 9) were active against M. domestica L., and the derivatives (1–3, 8) were active against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first examples of RE/Si FLPs (RE: rare-earth metal, FLPs: frustrated Lewis pairs), namely Yb/Si FLPs were synthesized, where Yb⋯Si distances are in the range of 3.55 to 3.72 Å. These FLPs react with triphenylphosphine sulfide and aryl isocyanide to produce novel silylyne group transfer products through dissociation of naphthalene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characterization and evolution of corrosion products deposited on/around MnSs, a typical kind of inclusive particle embedded in AISI 304 stainless steel, was analyzed using a quasi-in-situ method in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. On/around the MnS inclusion, a corrosion product layer with spinel Fe3−xCrxO4 as the main component was formed, with a thickness of several hundred nanometers. Below the layer, there was a cavity layer in which part of the MnS remained, forming secondary pitting along the MnS/matrix boundary. The mechanism of corrosion product deposition and evolution accompanied by MnS dissolution, as well as the characteristics of the corrosion products, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The room‐temperature sodium‐sulfur (RT Na‐S) batteries have been seriously hindered in their practical application due to the sluggish redox kinetics and incomplete conversion of polysulfides. In this study, a structure‐determined Keggin‐type heteropolyvanadotungstate of H5PW10V2O40·30H2O (PW10V2) is engineered and reveal its catalytic mechanism in RT Na‐S system. With the assistance of precise V sites and highly reversible multi‐electron redox properties, PW10V2 as a bidirectional molecular catalyst expedites the complete conversions between polysulfides and the insoluble sodium sulfide, while undergoing the reversible transformation between its reduced and oxidized states. Furthermore, PW10V2 with multicenter active sites can capture polysulfides efficiently. Consequently, the cell with the constructed PW10V2‐based modified separator achieves the perdurable cyclability up to 4000 loops even at 10 C toward an exceptionally low capacity decay rate of 0.012% per cycle, far surpassing those of current state‐of‐the‐art RT Na‐S batteries that employ the functional materials based on separator. This work first demonstrates the underlying electrochemical reaction processes of polyoxometalate‐based functional materials, which guides solving the challenging issues related to sodium polysulfides in RT Na‐S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust Cu2S‐Cu3P@C Nanomatrix electrode material has been synthesized via a two‐step process involving carbonization of Cu‐MOF, HKUST‐1, followed by simultaneous phosphorization and sulphurization of the carbonized product. This seamless approach leads to the efficient incorporation of highly active Cu2S‐Cu3P hybrid nanostructures within a conductive carbon matrix, exhibiting exceptional electrochemical glucose sensing performance. Synergistic interactions between Cu2S‐Cu3P and the carbon matrix boost glucose electro‐oxidation kinetics. The resulting Cu2S‐Cu3P@C displays a broad linear response (0.005–5 mM), low detection limit (2.3 μM), and high sensitivity (10,790 μA mM−1 cm−2), with excellent selectivity towards glucose even in the presence of interferents. This biomimetic Cu2S‐Cu3P@C nanomatrix catalyst holds promise for biosensor development in bioanalysis and clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur forms an immiscible liquid upon saturation in magma, and sulfide droplets are commonly found in fresh mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the fine-grained and weakly phyric MORB samples exhibited hypocrystalline to vitreous textures. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of MORB glasses exhibits nanoscale sulfide droplets (10-15 nm) with rounded shapes and smooth edges, showing crystalline and homogeneous composition. Elemental distribution included S, Fe, Cu, and Ni, while Si, Al, and O were lacking. Prior research clarified the immiscibility between sulfide and silicate melts, impacting the size distribution of sulfide droplets. This is the first report on nanoscale sulfide droplets within MORB glasses, and these results suggest that nanoscale sulfide droplets represent the initial phase of sulfide saturation. Such an insight may prove useful in understanding how siderophile and chalcophile elements behaved during sulfide crystallization. In addition, this study determines the immiscibility of sulfides and silicate melts that occur in the early nanometer stage. Therefore, it is speculated that immiscibility phenomena may occur in the nanometer stage during magma evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co–Mo sulfides with tube-like structures were prepared through a low-temperature pre-sulfurization process using rod-like CoMoO4 as the precursor. Pre-sulfurization solvents with different polarities markedly affected the textural properties, the concentration and microstructure of the active components, and the catalytic deoxygenation activity. The increased solvent polarity can promote the formation of hollow structures and the degree of sulfurization of the precursor, and the appropriate polarity of pre-sulfurization solvents is helpful for the sulfurization of CoMoO4 to form (Co)MoS2 slabs with shorter lengths and greater stacking numbers, which means more coordinatively unsaturated sites, especially corner sites. The results of the hydrodeoxygenation reaction of stearic acid suggested that a higher fc/fe resulted in a greater reaction rate of stearic acid, and the yields of the liquid products were highly dependent on the number of surface-active sites, which mainly originated from type II CoMoS species. Moreover, increasing the reaction temperature favored the direct hydrodeoxygenation pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new monooxygenase biocatalysts, the Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase BVMO145 and the flavin monooxygenase FMO401 from Almac library, have been found to catalyse the enantiodivergent oxidation of sulfides bearing N-heterocyclic substituents into sulfoxides under mild and green conditions. The biocatalyst BVMO145 provides (S)-sulfoxides while the flavin monooxygenase FMO401 affords (R)-sulfoxides with good conversions and high ee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exhaustive review of the measured rovibrational transitions of the $ ^{16} $ 16 O $ ^{12} $ 12 C $ ^{32} $ 32 S isotopologue of carbonyl sulphide is undertaken. A comprehensive analysis of data from 100 papers is carried out using a consistent set of harmonic oscillator quantum numbers which are recommended for future studies. A corrected compilation of 14,071 OCS transitions is then subjected to a Measured Active Rotational-Vibrational Energy Levels (MARVEL) analysis, resulting in 5729 empirical energy levels. The uncertainties corresponding to these levels are analysed using different procedures; the newly implemented bootstrap method is used to provide final uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavin-containing monooxygenase from Methylophaga sp. (mFMO) was previously discovered to be a valuable biocatalyst used to convert small amines, such as trimethylamine, and various indoles. As FMOs are also known to act on sulfides, we explored mFMO and some mutants thereof for their ability to convert prochiral aromatic sulfides. We included a newly identified thermostable FMO obtained from the bacterium Nitrincola lacisaponensis (NiFMO). The FMOs were found to be active with most tested sulfides, forming chiral sulfoxides with moderate-to-high enantioselectivity. Each enzyme variant exhibited a different enantioselective behavior. This shows that small changes in the substrate binding pocket of mFMO influence selectivity, representing a tunable biocatalyst for enantioselective sulfoxidations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum-group elements (PGEs) have a strong affinity for sulfur and tend to accumulate in the deep continental crust, either concentrated within magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE deposits or dispersed throughout disseminated sulfides. However, PGE enrichment in shallow magmatic-hydrothermal systems implies an obscure link to deep sulfide destabilization, which releases PGEs into ore-forming fluids. To bridge this gap, our study investigates the PGE composition of magmatic sulfides with oxidative textures in dacitic rocks from the southwestern Okinawa Trough. We identified three groups of magmatic sulfides, primarily precipitated as Cu-poor monosulfide solid solution (MSS), which formed at distinct stages of magma evolution from deep to shallow crustal levels. Group A sulfides manifest as small-sized inclusions (<30 μm) within most high-Mg olivines, whereas Group B and C sulfides are larger (50–500 μm) and occur within cognate xenoliths of mafic cumulate rocks and the groundmass of host dacites. Group B and C sulfides exhibit distinct oxidative textures and newly-formed mineral assemblages, including magnetite, hematite, goethite, and magnetite ± pyrite, alongside hydrothermal silicate minerals, respectively. We attribute the oxidation process to the infiltration of orthomagmatic fluids exsolved from mafic magma that had underplated the sulfide-bearing felsic magma reservoir, which was nearly solidified. By comparing the chemical compositions between pristine sulfides and their oxidative remnants, we observed extensive mobilization of Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Ni, and Co from the altered sulfides of Group B, while Au enrichment occurred as nanoparticles under high oxidation states. In contrast, Au was extracted along with other mobile metals from the altered sulfides of Group C, with Pt remaining in place under more reduced conditions. These distinct scenarios may lead to the formation of PGE-rich and Au-rich fluids, respectively. The formation of deep crustal MSS and subsequent hydrothermal oxidation under varying redox conditions thus provides a viable mechanism for trans -crustal PGE mobilization and inter-element fractionation, typical of PGE-rich magmatic-hydrothermal deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building blocks have been identified that can be functionalised by sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Some examples are reported that involve the formation of cyclic benzodioxin and phenoxathiine derivatives from 4,5-difluoro-1,2-dinitrobenzene, racemic quinoxaline thioethers, and sulfones from 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline and (2-aminophenylethane)-2,5-dithiophenyl-4-nitrobenzene from 1-(2-aminophenylethane)-2-fluoro-4,5-dinitrobenzene. Four X-ray single-crystal structure determinations are reported, two of which show short intermolecular N–O...N "π hole" contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones are effectively synthesized without the need for solvents and in an environmentally safe manner by the use of indium sulfide (In2S3) nanoparticle as a catalyst. Indium sulfide (In2S3) nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transition electron microscopy (TEM) were among the techniques used to characterize indium sulfide (In2S3) nanoparticles. The synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones was achieved in a single pot using a three-component reaction involving β-naphthol, dimedone, and aryl aldehyde. The resultant indium sulfide (In2S3) nanoparticles were produced without the need for a solvent and exhibited remarkable yields, as well as quick reaction times and reusable catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent interest attaches to the derivatives of the (2‐benzylsulfinyl)benzoic acid as inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs), an action that can be applied in innovative therapies. A set of crystal structures of six sulfides and six enantiopure sulfoxides related to this scaffold, taken from the literature, or derived from the work on the asymmetric synthesis of sulfinyl compounds, is investigated. The lattice energies of these structures are estimated by means of the Crystal Explorer 21 program. The weak interactions building up the crystal structures are identified, and their contributions are analyzed in comparison with the calculated lattice energies. The most stable conformations in the solid phase are identified. It is worth observing that the sulfides of the scaffold under investigation behave almost in the same manner; on the other hand, the presence of the sulfinyl group of the sulfoxides adds complexity, that shall be taken into account in future docking calculations of these molecules with the hCAs enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of critical metals for emerging clean technologies also requires more sustainable, cleaner and cost-effective processing options. The recovery of cobalt (Co) via pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical methods has proved to be successful and practicable; nevertheless, these processes are difficult to manage, have a high operating cost, and produce secondary waste products. In recent years, bioleaching has increasingly gained favor as a method for extracting Co from ores, concentrates, and tailings. The availability of Co in primary and tailings resources, as well as the bioleaching approaches from these deposits are discussed in this paper. Bioleaching of Co has been investigated from primary sources such as Cu-Co deposits, polymetallic Ni-Co-Cu deposits, Co sulfides and arsenides, Ni-Co laterites, and secondary sources including tailings materials. The microorganisms and methods utilized in Co bioleaching from these sources, as well as parameters influencing the bioleaching process, and ways for improving Co bioleaching efficiency, have all been thoroughly discussed in this review. This study examines the potential of different microorganisms to solubilize Co from sulfide and laterite deposits by performing an in-depth meta-analysis of the individual research findings to enable inter-study comparisons and identify research gaps. The reviewed laboratory studies and existing industrial practices for Co bioleaching in this paper intend to offer some inspiration for further research into innovative technologies that may be used to sustainably extract Co, mainly from ores, concentrates and tailings resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of ultraviolet (UV) light for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) has gained recognition as an effective method, especially for treating hard‐to‐reach areas where wet chemical methods are impractical. In this study, TiO2/Ti was employed as a model catalyst, which was contaminated with 2‐chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (CEPS), and subjected to photocatalytic decontamination using both UVB and UVC light. Additionally, photocatalytic decontamination efficiency by introducing Au, Pt, and Cu onto the TiO2/Ti surface was explored. During the photodecomposition process under UVC light, at least eight distinct secondary byproducts were identified. It was observed that the introduction of overlayer metals did not significantly enhance the photodecomposition under UVC light instead overlaid Au exhibited substantially improved activity under UVB light. Whereas, photodecomposition process under UVB light, only five secondary products were detected, including novel compounds with sulfoxide and sulfone functional groups. This novel study offers valuable insights into the generation of secondary products and sheds light on the roles of overlayer metals and photon wavelength in the photodecontamination process of CWA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Current tuberculosis (TB) control strategies face limitations, such as low antibiotic treatment compliance and a rise in multidrug resistance. Furthermore, the lack of a safe and effective vaccine compounds these challenges. The limited efficacy of existing vaccines against TB underscores the urgency for innovative strategies, such as immunoinformatics. Consequently, this study aimed to design a targeted multi-epitope vaccine against TB infection utilizing an immunoinformatics approach. Methods: The multi-epitope vaccine targeted Ag85A, Ag85B, ESAT-6, and CFP-10 proteins. The design adopted various immunoinformatics tools for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), helper T lymphocyte (HTL), and linear B lymphocyte (LBL) epitope prediction, the assessment of vaccine characteristics, structure modeling, population coverage analysis, disulfide engineering, solubility prediction, molecular docking/dynamics with toll-like receptors (TLRs), codon optimization/cloning, and immune simulation. Results: The multi-epitope vaccine, which was assembled using 12 CTL, 25 HTL, and 21 LBL epitopes associated with CpG adjuvants, showed promising characteristics. The immunoinformatics analysis confirmed the antigenicity, immunogenicity, and lack of allergenicity. Physicochemical evaluations indicated that the proteins were stable, thermostable, hydrophilic, and highly soluble. Docking simulations suggested high-affinity binding to TLRs, including TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. In silico immune simulation predicted strong T cell (cytokine release) and B cell (immunoglobulin release) responses. Conclusion: This immunoinformatics-designed multi-epitope vaccine targeting Ag85A, Ag85B, ESAT-6, and CFP-10 proteins showed promising characteristics in terms of stability, immunogenicity, antigenicity, solubility, and predicted induction of humoral and adaptive immune responses. This suggests its potential as a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine against TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seafloor massive sulfides form in various marine hydrothermal settings, particularly within volcanic arcs, where magmatic fluids may contribute to the metal budget of the hydrothermal system. In this study, we focus on the Kolumbo volcano, a submarine volcanic edifice in the central Hellenic Volcanic Arc hosting an active hydrothermal system. Diffuse sulfate-sulfide chimneys form a Zn-Pb massive sulfide mineralization with elevated As, Ag, Au, Hg, Sb, and Tl contents. These elements have similar behavior during magmatic degassing and are common in arc-related hydrothermal systems. Trace-element data of igneous magnetite, combined with whole rock geochemistry and numerical modelling, highlights the behavior of chalcophile and siderophile elements during magmatic differentiation. We report that, despite early magmatic sulfide saturation, chalcophile element contents in the magma do not decrease until water saturation and degassing has occurred. The conservation of chalcophile elements in the magma during magmatic differentiation suggests that most of the magmatic sulfides do not fractionate. By contrast, upon degassing, As, Ag, Au, Cu, Hg, Sb, Sn, Pb, and Zn become depleted in the magma, likely partitioning into the volatile phase, either from the melt or during sulfide oxidation by volatiles. After degassing, the residual chalcophile elements in the melt are incorporated into magnetite. Trace-element data of magnetite enables identifying sulfide saturation during magmatic differentiation and discrimination between pre- and post-degassing magnetite. Our study highlights how magmatic degassing contributes to the metal budget in magmatic-hydrothermal systems that form seafloor massive sulfides and shows that igneous magnetite geochemistry is a powerful tool for tracking metal-mobilizing processes during magmatic differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a chemical sensor based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with Cucumis melo juice extract was presented for the determination of sulfide ions. The biosynthesized AgNPs, whose solution color was yellow, exhibited a sharp surface plasmon resonance peak at 405 nm. The addition of sulfide ions changed the surface properties of the AgNPs, resulting in a decrease in the absorbance intensity of the AgNPs, and the color of the solution changed from yellow to colorless. The response of the sensor to sulfide ions was linear in the concentration range of 0.5–11.5 µM, and the detection limit for this determination was 0.1 µM. The developed sensor was applied to detect sulfide ions in real water samples and showed excellent recoveries in the range of 98.7–103.5%. Furthermore, the AgNPs showed excellent selectivity toward sulfide ions. This assay is capable of qualitative and quantitative assessment of sulfide ions in environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesized the solid solution between the sulfides CaS (oldhamite) and MgS (niningerite). Electron microprobe and X‐ray diffraction showed homogeneous and pure samples after the synthesis. The calculated lattice parameters fit to earlier literature data. Mid‐infrared spectroscopy of the samples reveal that the produced sulfides were fragile and tend to alternate very fast. However, we were able to provide clean reflectance spectra of all samples. The spectra of un‐altered samples show no peaks or bands but a rather constant spectrum within the analyzed spectral range between 7.0 and 12.5 μm. The altered spectra contain signatures of sulfates and carbonates and probably further compounds. The gathered data help to understand the formation conditions of the studies sulfides as it shows that the solvus exists in the CaS‐MgS system between 1000°C and 1200°C. In addition, the infrared data will help to improve remote sensing in the mid‐infrared of planetary objects that might be covered with sulfide containing material like asteroids or Mercury. Plain Language Summary: Oldhamite and niningerite are known to occur naturally in meteorites like aubrites. From that, some asteroids must partly consist of those minerals. In addition, Mercury is also known to consist of much sulfur and therefore suggested to have sulfides of the solid solution between oldhamite and niningerite on its surface. Investigating those minerals will therefore help to understand the formation conditions that lasted on those planetary objects. Hence, we were the first who produced the full solid solution of sulfide minerals between oldhamite (CaS) and niningerite (MgS). Those minerals can only form at very special conditions that we reconstruct in the laboratory because at normal conditions on Earth they are very unstable. We investigated the synthesized samples with X‐ray diffraction, electron microprobe analyzer, and infrared spectroscopy in the wavelength range between 7.0 and 12.5 μm, which is used for remote sensing. Our data confirmed earlier literature data in terms of lattice parameters and reveal that our experiments produced the sulfide samples correctly. Therefore, our data will help improve remote sensing of asteroids and potentially of planet Mercury. The gathered data are freely available at the IRIS infrared database. Key Points: Oldhamite is rapidly altered at the surface when exposed to air even under deliberately careful sample handling and dry air storageExpected flat spectra show bands of beginning alteration in the form of sulfites, sulfates and carbonatesSpectra of epoxy embedded samples show uniform spectra over the entire spectral range without bands [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P204 was used to extract copper and cobalt from low concentration cobalt sulphide concentrate leaching solution. The effects of pH of extraction solution, extractor concentration, extraction ratio and time on the extraction efficiency were investigated. The results show that under the conditions of pH = 4, P204 volume fraction of 25 %, extraction ratio VO/VA = 1/1, extraction time of 3 min, reverse extractant sulfuric acid concentration of 0.10 mol/L, and reverse extraction ratio VO/VA = 2/1, the test of two-stage countercurrent extraction, four-stage countercurrent stripping is carried out on the purified liquid of cobalt sulfide concentrate, the mass concentration of cobalt and copper in the raffinate is 338.80 mg/L and 2.96 mg/L, the extraction rate of copper is 98.32%, and 90.03% of cobalt remains in the water phase. Copper and cobalt can be effectively further separated by stripping, which is conducive to preparation of high purity cobalt sulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfide in sediment porewaters, is toxic to rooted macrophytes in both marine and freshwater environments. Current research on sulfide stress in seagrasses primarily focuses on morphological and physiological aspects, with little known about the molecular response and resistance mechanisms. This study first investigated the damage caused by sulfide to eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) using transcriptomic, metabolomic, and other physiological and biochemical indicators and explored the potential resistance of eelgrass at molecular level through laboratory simulated and in‐situ sulfide stress experiments. Comprehensive results showed that sulfide stress severely inhibited the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzyme activities of eelgrass. Importantly, transcriptome analysis revealed significant activation of pathways related to carbohydrate and sulfur metabolism. This activation served a dual purpose: providing an energy source for eelgrass stress response and achieving detoxification through accelerated sulfur metabolism—a potential resistance mechanism. The toxicity of sulfide increased with rising temperature as evidenced by a decrease in EC50. Results from recovery experiments indicated that when Fv/Fm reduced to about 0 under sulfide stress, the growth and photosynthesis of eelgrass recovered to normal level after timely removal of sulfide. However, prolonged exposure to sulfide resulted in failure to recover, leading ultimately to plant death. This study not only enhances our understanding of the molecular‐level impacts of sulfide on seagrasses but also provides guidance for the management and ecological restoration of seagrass meadows under sulfide stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal sulfides are receiving increasing interest for lithium-ion batteries owing to their good reaction reversibility and high reversible theoretical capacity. However, their development still stays at the infancy stage due to the low conductivity and the volume change during charging and discharging processes, resulting in poor rate performance and cycling stability. Herein, a bimetallic sulfide heterostructured SnS/CoS embedded in reduced graphene oxide substrate (SnS/CoS@rGO) is designed by an ingenious design of a one-step method. The rich interphase boundaries in SnS/CoS heterostructures can significantly improve ionic and electronic diffusion kinetics because of the built-in electric field. In addition, the three-dimensional rGO substrate provides extra efficient transfer paths for electrons and ions, and can buffer volume changes to maintain outstanding structural stability. As a result, the SnS/CoS@rGO electrode exhibits high reversible capacity of 1223 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at a current density of 500 mA g−1. Even at a current density of 1 A g−1, the capacity remains at 846 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallylene supported by a bis(oxazolinyl)(phenyl)methanide (Boxm) ligand was synthesized and structurally characterized. The reaction of this gallylene with triphenylphosphine sulfide/selenide yielded dimeric gallium sulfide and selenide. These compounds could be converted to monomeric terminal sulfide and selenide by coordination of an external Lewis base such as an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC or IMe4) and 4‐dimethylaminopyridiene (DMAP). These doubly‐base‐stabilized gallium sulfide/selenide reacted with phenyl isocyanate to give the corresponding cycloadducts by releasing the Lewis base, indicating the formation of a single‐base‐stabilized gallium sulfide/selenide intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axially chiral thioethers and sulfoxides emerge as two pivotal classes of ligands and organocatalysts, which have remarkable features in the stereoinduction of various asymmetric transformations. However, the lack of easy methods to access such molecules with diverse structures has hampered their broader utilization. Herein, an oxidative kinetic resolution for sulfides using a chiral bifunctional squaramide as the catalyst with cumene hydroperoxide as the terminal oxidant is established. This asymmetric approach provides a variety of axially chiral thioethers as well as sulfoxides bearing both axial and central chirality, with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. This catalytic system also successfully extends to the kinetic resolution of benzothiophene‐based sulfides. Preliminary mechanism investigation indicates that the multiple hydrogen bonding interactions between the bifunctional squaramide catalyst and substrates play a crucial role in determining the enantioselectivity and reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the following research, meso‐tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrinatomanganese (III) acetate (MnTCPP(OAc)) was immobilized onto the surface of two functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with different linker length via amide bond (Fe3O4@SiO2‐NH2‐MnTCPP(OAc) (A1) and Fe3O4@SiO2‐NHCO‐NH2‐MnTCPP(OAc) (A2)). The prepared catalysts were characterized by standard methods such as: atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), Ultra violet‐visible (UV‐Vis), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques and also the effect of the length of the linker on the catalytic activity of supported magnetic nanohybrids was investigated. The prepared magnetic nano‐catalysts with different linker lengths were participated in a comparative study of the clean oxidation of sulfides with urea hydrogen peroxide (UHP) in ethanol. The higher catalytic activity, selectivity and also reusability were achieved in the presence of the catalyst with longer linker length (A2) at ambient temperature. Moreover, the turnover number (TON) of catalytic reactions using A2 as catalyst was highly enough to consider the catalyst as an efficient material to oxidize various sulfides. Both A1 and A2 catalysts simply have accomplished 5 runs of recycling without significant decrease in the catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractClick chemistry has emerged as a versatile and robust polymerization technique for the construction of functional polymers. In this work, organocatalyst-mediated consecutive thiol-yne and thiol-ene click reactions were performed for the synthesis and modification of the electron-deficient poly(vinylene sulfide) (PVS) structure. PVS was prepared within an hour in the presence of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DABCO) and in an anti-Markovnikov fashion, with a high molecular weight (Mn = 12.9 kDa) and high stereoregularity (88% E-isomer). Following various optimization studies using 1-propanethiol as the model thiol, the obtained PVS was modified with various thiols in chloroform for 10 min using 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) as the catalyst, resulting in thioacetal main chain polymers. The scope of thiols used in the modification studies spans from alkyl and cycloalkyl to aromatic and allylic, and the polymers were obtained with varying efficiencies. Primary alkyl and aromatic thiols exhibited high efficiencies ranging from 87% to 100%. Similar high efficiencies were found for secondary mercaptans (70% and 92%); however, a very low efficiency (5%) was found for a tertiary mercaptan due to steric hindrance. It is believed the proposed indirect polythioacetal synthesis method holds the potential to be utilized in bio-related applications and material science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive SummaryThe EDA complex‐mediated reactions involving oxime esters have been few studied. Herein, an EDA complex formed by thiophenolate anion and oxime ester is reported for photoinduced divergent synthesis of thioethers, depending on different types of oxime esters. Operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and flexible options of leaving group demonstrate the generality and synthetic utility of this approach. Such an approach can also enable an interesting thiol‐catalysis for the synthesis of phenanthridines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition bimetallic sulfides show significant promise for energy‐related applications because of their plentiful active sites and synergistic redox activity. However, limited pore size and low‐conductivity issues hinder their application. The structure of NiCo–S with rich sulfur vacancies is first predicted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Different sulfur vacancy concentrations are modeled by DFT calculations, and the results confirm that sulfur vacancies enhance the conductivity of the electrode material and are more beneficial for the adsorption of OH* species. It is verified by the differential charge density that the electric field formed on the surface of the electrode can lead to strong interfacial interactions by electron aggregation, which promotes electron/ion transfer kinetics. Furthermore, NiCo–S nanosheets are prepared on carbon cloth enriched with different concentrations of sulfur vacancies (denoted as NiCo‐Sv‐x, with x representing the concentration of sulfur vacancies) by sulfide etching NiCo‐MOF and annealing under H2/Ar atmosphere. The NiCo‐Sv‐x electrodes obtained are applied to the cathode of supercapacitors and the anode of the oxygen evolution reaction. Through combining experimental and theoretical analysis, the effect of vacancy defect engineering on the electrochemical performance of the electrode materials is further confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we deposited the electrochemically synthesised barium titanium sulphide material for photovoltaic application on FTO glass and studied the effect of precursor pH. The thin films deposited with titanium-doped barium sulphide underwent examination for their optical, structural, electrical, and surface morphological properties. As the wavelength of the photon increased, the absorbance decreased. The Ti-doped CuS thin film had the highest absorbance value (0.79) at pH 4.60 and the lowest value (0.48) at pH 5.10. The films deposited at pH 5.10, 4.90, 4.80, 4.70, and 4.60 yielded data of 0.48, 0.56, 0.62, 0.73, and 0.79. The energy band gaps for the thin films deposited at pH 5.1, 4.9, 4.8, 4.7, and 4.6 were 2.90 eV, 2.87 eV, 2.79 eV, 2.60 eV, and 2.42 eV, respectively. The film’s energy bandgap decreased as the bath pH decreased, as indicated by the results. The X-ray diffraction findings unveiled a cubic structural phase of barium sulphide, with a lattice constant of 6.3748 Å. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work showcases a novel visible‐light mediated allenylation protocol employing propargyl sulfides as a pioneering radical trapping methodology. A diverse array of substituted sulfonyl allenes were successfully synthesized under mild conditions with commendable levels of chemo‐ and regio‐selectivity. Mechanistically, this process entails the formation of sulfonyl radicals, their subsequent addition to alkynes, the subsequent elimination of S‐centered radicals, and Cl‐atom abstraction, thereby facilitating the propagation of this radical chain reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northwest Africa (NWA) 14672, the most highly shocked Martian meteorite so far, has experienced >50% melting, compatible with peak pressure >~65 Gpa, at a transition stage 6/7. Despite these extreme shock conditions, the meteorite still preserves a population of “large” Fe sulfide blebs from the pre‐shock igneous assemblage. These primary blebs preserve characteristics of basaltic shergottites in term of modal abundance, preferential occurrence in interstitial pores along with late‐crystallized phases (ilmenite, merrillite), and Ni‐free pyrrhotite compositions. Primary sulfides underwent widespread shock‐induced remelting, as indicated by perfect spherical morphologies when embedded in fine‐grained silicate melt zones and a wealth of mineral/glass/vesicle inclusions. Extensive melting of Fe‐sulfides is consistent with the decompression path experienced by NWA 14672 after the peak shock pressure at ~70 GPa. Primary sulfides acted as preferential sites for nucleation of vesicles of all sizes which helped sulfur degassing during decompression, leading to partial resorption of Fe‐sulfide blebs and reequilibration of pyrrhotite metal/sulfur ratios (0.96–0.98) toward the low oxygen fugacity conditions indicated by Fe‐Ti oxides hosted in fine‐grained materials. The extreme shock intensity also provided suitable conditions for widespread in situ redistribution of igneous sulfur as micrometric globules concentrated in glassy portions of fine‐grained lithologies. These globules exsolved early on quenching, allowing dendritic skeletal Fe‐Ti oxide overgrowths to nucleate on sulfides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]