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In the work it is carried out a study of the different factors that they affect the stage and the enzymatic hydrolysis, considering for it the importance that the inherent variables to their conduction, as well as the quality of the pretreatment has and in the results of the parameters that characterize it, with stress in the concentration of glucose and xilosa, as well as in the yields of both for each 100 grams of matter prevails. The study is included considering as independent variables the use of the Xilanasa, the tenseactive percent, the solid percent, the pretratamiento type and the enzymatic load. The study is carried out by means of a fractional factorial design of Box-Hunter 25-2 with you reply in the center for each one of the pretratamiento types. The reached results allow by means of the models of each one of the 6 answer parameters to estimate the best possible value inside the experimental region whose presage is validated experimentally for each one of the pretratamiento types. Also for each one of the pretratamiento and under the basic conditions (central) of the rehearsal he/she is carried out a study of the enzymatic hydrolysis in the time in the period of the first 24 hours that allows to determine the answer in the time of the concentration of glucose and the yield of glucose each 100 grams of matter it prevails, being concluded that you/they are not necessary the 24 hours to obtain an efficient enzymatic hydrolysis. Finally, he/she is carried out a comparative study of the results obtained in concentration of ethanol and Kg of trash required for the production of a liter of ethanol using the scarification and separate fermentation, the presacarification or the scarification and simultaneous fermentation indistinctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following work leaves in the necessity of the biocombustibles production like a way of contributing to solve the problems of the energy womb of Cuba and considering the readiness of the trash and other residuals of cane of sugar like matter prevails, as well as the economic, energy and environmental requirements of their productions settle down a prospective vision of the investigative necessities for the production of biocombustibles of the residuals of the production of cane sugar. The concerning aspects settle down to the uncertainty in the development of processes of the Chemical Industry and with it the main addresses of the work of Science and Technological Innovation in engineering with a view to the bioetanol productions and other biocombustibles of residuals of the cane of sugar proposing a sequence of work actions that you/they allow to shorten the obtaining and introduction of results in the productive practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the most urgent problems facing the current chemical industry as the result of the intensification of the production process seen from an integral stage is the goal of this study. We present a general strategy in the execution of processes and a complex analysis is being out thorough studies for the determination of weak points, according to the objectives established in the complex analysis process besides that is showing a sequence of scientific studies for the determination of weak points the complex analysis of processes lead to increase in the effectiveness of the production process and are defined in mayor categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the work, the experience and projection of scientific work of consultancy carried out to two sugar companies for potential their possibilities of diversification of agroindustry of sugar cane is exposed in a strait. The link university-company and using as catalytic element the execution of overcoming activities in the own companies and the incorporation of professionals from the agroindustry to the search and formulation of alternative of solution of main problems of diversified development of the industries. Leaving of an appropriate work of diagnostic of demands of the market, readiness of facilities and technological surveillance of new possibilities is presented more than 50 projects in execution that include the reanimation and modernization, revamp of existent facilities as well as the insert of frontier technologies to achieve the proposed objectives. The collaboration in the formation of human resources with the companies of industry of sugar cane allows to go into in the specific problem of respective development and with to contribute to the solution of problems in an interactive activity of the improvement advisers with the own professionals of the companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology transfer is common today in most of the technological processes in developed and developing sub. The implementation of mechanisms for technology transfer in the fermentation process is performed with a high risk in their implementation, given the degree of uncertainty that run, which causes the effectiveness of it is reduced by a large percent. This work establishes a methodology to implement technology transfer, considering the uncertainty in fermentation processes allow us to establish properly the way to run this activity with a reduced risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El crecimiento económico de un país está directamente vinculado a su inserción en el comercio internacional, lo que debe realizarse con capacidad de incorporar alto valor agregado y competitividad. La innovación y el conocimiento juegan un papel fundamental en el nuevo escenario económico, y ambos factores están muy interrelacionados. La productividad y el crecimiento se basan en gran medida en el progreso técnico. La acumulación de conocimientos, la innovación y la tecnología tienen un papel primordial como motores del crecimiento económico. Debido a la escasez de recursos financieros por un lado y por otro el insuficiente acabado de las soluciones científico-técnicas paralas demandas empresariales del entorno, es necesaria una vía alternativa colaborativa para buscar el desarrollo. En este contexto, es de interés del desarrollo regional aprovechar la experiencia internacional en relación con losParquesTecnológicos.La primigenia razón de ser de los ParquesTecnológicos, es que giran en torno a la universidad ysu objetivo principal es transferir a la actividad industrial los resultados de la investigación académica, la transferencia de tecnología. La experiencia y los vínculos desarrollados en el contexto de los Parques Tecnológicos existentes, por lo general estánplanteados desde el vínculo de países desarrolladosfinancieramente, es por ello un requerimiento científico de los países menos desarrollados o en vías de desarrollo el establecimiento de relacionede generación e introducción de conocimientos en una sinergía sur- sur que permita un verdadero desarrollo cooperativo entre los países del sur. En el trabajo se presenta la experiencia desarrollada por el Parqueecnológico de Misiones y la Facultad de Química y Farmacia de la Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Cuba, para la colaboración en la asimilación de una tecnología para la obtención de etanol de residuos lignocelulósicos en el Parque Tecnológico de la Ciudad de Misiones. En el trabajo se refuerzan las necesidades y posibilidades de asimilación de tecnología como un resultado de la colaboración sur-sur, y el papel decisivo que debenjugar en ello las universidades en alianza con los Parques Tecnológicos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is focused on the conversion of sugar industries into biorefineries. It is based on the fractionation of sugar cane bagasse in several product focused in etanol like main product considering clean technologies conception. Finally recommendation for the future work are elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is focused on the ethanol and sugar facilities from sugar cane conversion into biorefineries. It is based on fractionation of sugar cane bagasse in several products focused on ethanol as the main product considering the concept of clean technologies. Finally, recommendation for the future works are elaborated on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is focused to evaluation of the pretreatment stage of sugar cane bagasse for ethanol production. They were analyzed different alternatives, evaluating Organosolv pretreatment using an acid catalyst. For this analysis a 2K complete factorial design was used; 3 independent variables were analyzed, which are: time, ethanol percentage and liquid-solid ratio. The efficiency of the pretreatment was evaluated through the enzymatic hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general methodology for the assimilation of technologies in the industry of chemical processes appears and biotechnological applicable to all the countries with ample commercial possibilities and to which they have limitations, emphasis in the aspects becomes of greater influence on the effectiveness of any process investor. It was realised a bibliographical study that bases on theory and practices the methodology that sets out in synthetic form, stands out the importance of a multidisciplinary maintenance battalion, examples are included in which was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the work an advance is achieved in the use in novel way of the indexes of accuracy and stability in the operations of the process of production of raw sugar as approach to measure the behavior phenomenological and the technical state of the equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the work taking into account the necessities of biofuel production in the different regions and considering the diversity of raw materials, as well as the economic, energy and environmental requirements of their productions settle down a prospective vision of the different biofuel productions including the traditional ethanol, biodiesel, biogas, etc. The concerning aspects settle down to the uncertainty in the development of processes of the Chemical Industry and with it the main addresses of the work of Science and Technological Innovation in engineering with a focus on biofuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the tools of the Processes Analysis is proposed a work methodology that permits to establish a strategy for revamp and\or investment in a technological process, whit incorporation of new productions that considers the process integration, the reliability analysis of the integrated system and the obsolescence of the existing equipment in the production plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of lignocelulosic residues as a source for ethanol production can offer an interesting alternative for diminishes the situation of transport sector. This work presents the main advantages of this process, and also the barriers that limiting the use of biocombustibles at higher scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the work is used the tool capacity analysis of the process as rapid and novel technique for the evaluation of the quality of the process of sugar production crude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strategy is developed for the technology assimilation, through the formulation of investigation projects, for the development of New Technologies of biofuels obtaining, for that which the Technological monitoring was used as support tool to the formulation of Projects. The above-mentioned allows prevent the limitations of the existent technologies, as well as the possibilities to use new raw matters for Biofuels in the Ibero-American context. As a result of the study it was obtained that the future in the development of these products heads to an economy based on the bioproducts, economy based on the biotechnology and that it uses renewable matters to obtain products and energy, as well as the formulation of 7 strategic projects for the biofuels obtaining in the Ibero-American context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the work exposes the interrelation of the analysis of processes with the studies of technological prospective in the industry of chemical processes, making emphasis in several experiences developed in the central territory of the country and exemplifying for a tactical mission of an installation of derivatives of the sugar cane that faces a challenge of compatible and environmentally power sustainable competitive development through the application of science and the technique in its technological process. In the work it is deepened in the scientific methods of the complex analysis of processes as tool in the prospective study of an installation of the chemical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the work the ideas are expressed on the management of knowledge for the development of the chemical industry; with emphasis in the elaboration and management of projects of investigation & development for the increase of the use of the biomass like chemical agent source and energy. Basic principles for the conception and formulation of a project like source of an opportunity of business based on studies of markets are formulated and the possibilities that offer the development of science, the technique and the technologies available. The creation and operation of work groups, with support of international projects based on a common objective and the advantage of the human capacities and of equipment of the different countries, are exposed like a mechanism that approaches the values of each country and financially allows to short term results that base scientist, technological and the opportunities. Finally, the possibilities of the international collaboration in the previous studies are offered investors in the processes of transference and assimilation of technology for the advantage of the biomass like source chemical agents and energy, so that a sustainable and environmentally compatible development makes sure power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the work starting off of the necessities of the production of biofuels in the different regions from Ibero-America, and considering the diversity of raw materials, as well as the economic, power and environmental requirements of their productions settle down a prospective vision of the different productions of biofuels including the traditional ones from ethanol, biodiesel, biogas, etc. and others of biofuels of more high added value as it is the case of I hydrogenate. Starting off of the projections of production of biofuels one settles down the aspects concerning the main directions of the work of Science and Technological Innovation in engineering with views of the productions of biofuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a series of criteria is exposed and premises, that are due to consider to establish a technology of production of Bioetanol from bagasse and solid wastes of Santa Clara city. In addition the fundamental stages of the process that guarantee the fulfillment of the pre-selected targets for each one of them, in agreement with the characterization made to the solid wastes of this city is set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work is presented one experimental strategy for chelants applications in pulping and bleaching stages, Totally Chlorine Free (TCF) and Elementary Chlorine Free (ECF). The obtained results demonstrated that the combination of factorial designs with one Hierarchical Plan, that included intermediate decisions, possibilities the efficient experimental work since the optical point of obtained information an the investigation costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work shows a methodology in procedure form to obtain the Assimilation efficiently and Transference of technology from a made study of patents to products of the derivatives of the Sugar Industry, in which, three phases, the Acquisition of the technology take part, the Adaptation of the technology and the Development of Processes, conjugated they, will cushion the difficulties that appear in the processes of assimilation and transference of those technologies. Also, the methodology establishes a Model that offers the consulted information and allows an interactive analysis before the problematic ones which it faces the receiver of the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work an analysis of the state-of-the-art methods for considering uncertainty in chemical processes is made, focusing on the current scientific trends for the analysis and designing of these processes. The technological, economic, and environmental importance of these techniques is highlighted and exemplified by calculating the volume of the reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work was defined a scientifically-based methodology that applies the methods of the Complex Analysis of Processes, under conditions of uncertainty, which constitutes an important contribution. In its own application it is attempted to implement novel methods for the determination of production capacities, the macro-localization of plants and selection of alternatives of production and investment, with approaches of uncertainty, which is also a contribution of the work. The current advantages of the computer are used to solve the outlined problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological schemes for the production of acetaldehyde and acetal are selected to make the design under conditions of uncertainty. A summary of the estimated cost and characteristics of the main equipment is presented. The costs dynamic indicators VAN, TIR and PRD are calculated for two alternatives of production taking into account a variation in the price of raw materials (bio-ethanol from sugar molasses and other sugary substrata). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a prospective vision is analyzed the technological, scientific, and economic impact of the development of new alcochemical processes that could make the Industry of Alcohol in Cuba a most competitive sector, through the uncertainty and risks analyses, based on the certainties and perspectives of this industry and of the common interest of the countries that participate in the Project CYTED « Production of Oxygenated Additives for gas oil and other fuels from bio-ethanol». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper are exposed the possibilities of achieving a clean technology of production of corrugated paper from the employment of the pounding of the trash of sugar cane with ethanol. Were established the possibilities of achieving, by means of an analysis, processes of material and energy integration of the manufacture of sugar and installations of production of by-products. These processes are technologically and energetically sustainable, environmentally compatible, and economically competitive based in the benefits that can be achieved through the material and energy integration of the sugar cane by-products and the possibility of producing celluloid pulps with ethanol for corrugated cardboard, and by-products from the lignin obtained in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the projection of the investigations needed to carry out the diversified development of the sugar industry is exposed. It is highlighted the need of searching for the knowledge required in order to eliminate the current uncertainty in these projects of diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the economic impact on the raw sugar process of different extraction levels of filtered juice is estimated by means of materials' balances in the purification stage aimed at knowing the process' material input and the amount of raw sugar and final molasses produced. The energy system performance is assessed by means of computerized systems to determine, among other things, the electricity and steam consumption in process equipment and the spare bagasse, in order to ascertain its technical-economic impact. The main results of the work are: the decrease of the total production cost in extraction of filtered juice, with a difference of 13 $/t of the sugar produced; as well as advantages in the energy system for the integration with the distillery. Finally in a factory with such characteristics., an integral analysis is suggested in order to get better global economic benefits [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work intends to determine the strategy of innovative work in the Cuban alcohol industry based on a study that made possible the characterization of the prospective technological learning capacity in the facilities of the industrial sectors which use sugar cane as raw material. Based on a characterization of the innovative capacity level of the Cuban alcohol industry, it is provided a projection of the strategy for increasing innovative practice in this industry raising quality levels and economic efficiency to achieve competitiveness in the Latin American context. Using the referred development strategy and its national and international relations as a basis the ways to achieve an increment of these industries in the future competitiveness of sugar cane are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was made in the distillery annexed to the sugar mill "Melanio Hernández", in which the behavior of the fermentation process at lab conditions was carried out, parting from the determination of the parameters controlled for he process at factory level. A proposal was raised for the combined use of substrates using honey, juice obtained from the filters of the sugar process, and residual musts from the distillery. This study guarantees the economic results obtainable by reducing the production cost for the obtainment of ethanol via fermentation for each of the analyzed alternatives . As a result we concluded that the best fermentation variant was the combination of 52% of musts and 80% the juice, with an economic effect of about 10% of the capital cost. A new combination was analyzed, which would reduce the pollution effect of the residues generally spilled into the river. The economic results suggest technologic applications for these alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a study is made on the process of sugar cane production using the hybrid modeling between the statistics modeling and material balance of some non-sugars, and operational parameters that impinge on the quality of end products. The calcium-magnesium ratio, and phosphates and silica contents were evaluated ; and for organic non-sugars-proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acid. The models show the relationship of the main operational parameters: the quantity of ground sugar cane, imbibition water, old cane, lime form mixed and clarified juice, and concentrated sirup; Brix, pol and purity of all fluids; imbibition water temperature, and at the heaters oulets, extraction percentage in the mill, pH of the filtered juice, with cal added, and clarifiede; sugar color and reducers percentage. Finally, it is proposed one heuristic diagram, presenting the necessary steps for obtaining reliability models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several years a great attention to the diversification of the industry of the sugar cane, looking for alternative has been lent more attractive through the processes integration that tend to cleaner technologies, taking advantage the material and energy resources of the involved processes but methodology that guarantees the maximum reliability of the integrated system. In the present work intends a methodology that considers the uncertainty in the reliability of the total site integration and related in the mass and energy balance, sets out to be closely tie as much to the sizing of the equipment in the design, like a the analysis in the conditions of the process, which diminishes the risk of the investment of the integrated system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the work aspects are based that limit the transfer of knowledge in the sector of the domestic chemical industry and the paper that the innovative consultancies carried out with a prospective focus and in alliance with enterprises of generation of knowledge that apply modern methods of troubleshooting in the industry. That can play in the increment of the competitiveness companies and of the own generation enterprises of knowledge through but a appropriate foundation of their politics scientific whereas clause the current and prospective demands of the environment. Finally summations and recommendations are elaborated for the future work [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general characterization of this important function in contemporary enterprises is made, especially in small and medium ones (SMEs). The main insufficiencies present in Latin American SMEs are exposed, particularly in those belonging to the Ecuadorian metal-mechanic sector. The need for a deep study of the specific processes in technology management (TM), specifically on its transfer, and its integration with a strategic approach is stablished. The conceptual basis and the first results in the design of an alternative methodological instrument of a strategic nature for this purpose are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combustion in bed fluidized appear with good perspectives inside the technological options for the energetic availability from a fuel, given his flexibility as regards the fuels to employ like his possibilities of clean operation and efficient, beside the possibility of change of scale . In this article expose the results achieved to scale of pilot plant of the operation of a reactor of bed fluidized in the combustion of pellets of sawdust with views to his application in the exploitation of the solid waste in the process of production of bioethanol of lignocelulosicos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With work is intended to achieve the objectives of the sugar year, where deficiencies in technology operations, financial, efficiency, and environmental quality, so to improve indicators arises the need for increased levels of extraction of raw sugar required by the international market. Significant is the connotation of the tasks included in the assessment of the updated bibliographies related to the subject in scientific research. The replacement technologies: Maintenance - Repairs, Quality Assurance and Environment, bring positive changes, theory and practice of advanced knowledge in the field of knowledge with the use of methods based on observation, experimentation and analysis - synthesis to develop full extent, confirmed previous harvests. In 2010, the production of a plan 30 198 153 t 328 550 t was 29, the performance of 11.40 to 10.04, 49% quality standard 300.00 and $ 5,776 loss. With the implementation of the technologies amounted to 43 721 350 t, the yield of 10.50 to 10.95, 99% high quality and earnings of $ 2 911,000.00 innovatively impact in the social sector, economic and environmental viability and facilitating feasibility its entirety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently work some methodological approaches are approached for mechanical design of experimental study plant for biodiesel obtaining, starting from residuals mud sugar cane. The ingenieril conception is approached for the one climbed, leaving of the conventional procedure for the design of pilot plants prototypes and the conception used in the project, sketched a outline strategic conceptual for the plant pilot development. The particularities of the biodiesel plant installed in the University San Carlos from Guatemala specifically (USAC) are exposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El bagazo de la caña de azúcar es un residuo lignocelulósico que se ha propuesto comomateria prima para la producción de etanol. El aprovechamiento de esta biomasa con el objetivo de obtener etanol está basado en la transformación de los polímeros contenidos en el material en azúcares fermentables. Este trabajo presenta el estudio de la hidrólisis enzimática del bagazo de caña de azúcar fraccionado, empleando enzimas comerciales donadas porNovozymes. Se obtuvo una solución de glucosa que posteriormente se fermentó a etanol empleando una cepa de Saccharomyces cereviciae. Los estudios de fermentación se realizaron en un fermentador de la marca Marubishi completamente automatizado de 5 L de capacidad que contenía 2,5 L del licor hidrolizado ymiel diluida. La producción de etanol se monitoreó por cromatografía gaseosa y el consumo de azúcares reductores totales por el método del ácido 3,5 Dinitro Salicílico (DNS). La concentración de azúcares reductores totales en el licor hidrolizado, según lametodología propuesta, fue de 51 g/L, y la eficiencia del proceso de producción de etanol en estas condiciones experimentales estuvo en el orden del 87,53 % con respecto al máximo teórico para este proceso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generated black liquor of Organosolv process from sugarcane bagasse was treated with white rottenness Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungi, for the realization of preliminary studies of evaluation of the decrease of the color, compound aromatic and demand oxygen chemistry (DQO). The studies were carried out in erlenmeyers. Different conditions of temperature and nutritional requirements were evaluated. The best results were obtained at 37°C and under conditions of nitrogen limitation with 38% of color decrease and 12% of decrease of the DQO. In the course of the experiment the activities of the lignin peroxidase neither manganese peroxidase were not detected, however this fungi is able to produce these enzymes. Starting from the obtained results, you can conclude that other independent factors of the presence of the enzymatic activities that cause these results exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article approaches the thematic one referred to the administration of the knowledge in the managerial sector as indispensable element in the taking of decisions of the company to be able to reach competitive levels in its acting, in the optimization of the work and in the relationships of its workers in the search of solutions to the problems that are present in her. In this sense the scientific communities play a fundamental role, where it is analyzed their conception and influence in this zeal, in specific in the industry of the cane of sugar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the primary design of an experimental plant dedicated to the biodiesel obtaining in the work they think about some methodological approaches. For it, we leave of the conventional procedure for the design of pilot plants prototypes and the conception used in projects of having primary scaling up. The work approaches some ideas of how, leaving alone of experiences to laboratory scale, a conceptual strategic outline can be sketched for the development of the plants-pilots preliminary. For the constructive development of a plant-pilot of biofuel, general budgets must consider, such as the diversity, the complexity and the constructive flexibility. However, the design sequence and their structural and operative complexity must satisfy so much the demands of the scientific, as those of the operatives that will make them work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the process of obtaining of superfine alcohol is presented in a distillery. Begin with a process description. The aspects analyzed are the mass and energy balances in process, as well as the main water and steam consumers; for these aspects was utilized the Microsoft Excel Program. A simulation of the distiller column is made in order to determine its behavior before possible problems, as the variation of the reflux relationship, as well as the variation in the flow of direct steam that is given to the column; by means of the use of the Hysys Professional Software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of enzymes by bioprocesses is an alternative to add value to lignocellulosic biomass. Sugar cane bagasse is an abundant by-product of the sugar industry and has been tested as a support and carbon source for the production of cellulolytic enzymes into ethanol processes. The techniques used are solid state fermentation and fermentation submerged where the microorganisms degrade the cellulose. The strains with better cellulolytic activities are Trichoderma reesei mutant and parental, Trichoderma harzianum and Penicillium echinulatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work was made a comparative technical-economic analysis of the possibilities of ethanol production from xilose and glucose or ethanol production from glucose and furfural from xilose. It was consider a second stage of Organosolv pretreatment by the higher quality lignin separation and the Presac system for glucose fermentation with S. cereviceae yeast. In the study are analyzed both alternatives including moreover, the lignin supply for raw material from other productions. The cost of ethanol liter, the cost of production and PRD were considerer economic indicators. The results show that the alternative considering the ethanol productions from xilosa present lower cost by ethanol liter and PRD upper to 6.5 years, but higher values of the cost of production with relation the alternative that considering the furfural from xilosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]