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Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Tables 6, 7; Figs. 20A–D, 36C Synonymy and references: Thalysias coccinea Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864: 84); Spirastrella coccinea de Laubenfels (1936: 22), de Laubenfels (1949a: 19), de Laubenfels (1950: 96), van Soest (1981: 5), Macintyre et al. (1982: 134), van Soest et al. (1983: 199), Thomas (1985: 304), Vacelet (1990: 22), Gómez 2007: 55, Rützler et al. (2009: 296), Muricy et al. (2011: 70), Alcolado & Busutil (2012: 68), Rützler et al. (2014: 37), Ugalde et al. (2015: 160), van Soest (2017: 172). Type locality. St. Thomas. Material examined. CNPGG-2251, Triangulo Oeste reef (20.9641°N, - 92.3019°W), 9 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 09 September 2017; CNPGG-2375, Banco Pera reef (20.72669°N, - 91.93481°W), 20 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 15 September 2017; CNPGG-2414, Isla Verde reef (19.19844°N, - 96.06863°W), 6 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 28 August 2018. Distribution. Mexico (Gómez 2007, 2011; De la Cruz-Francisco & Bandala-Pérez 2016; current records), Bermuda (de Laubenfels 1950), Bahamas, US (Florida), other countries in the Caribbean Sea, Brazil (Muricy et al. 2011). Remarks. Spirastrella is characterized by possessing tylostyles in a variety of lenghts and spirasters of one or more types, in some cases with bifurcations in their rays. However, the length in both the spirasters and tylostyles overlapp among species, which complicates species identification. The two species have three spirasters that differ in S. coccinea for being larger than in S. mollis. Although the tylostyles are similar in length in both species, in S. coccinea they are thinner than in S. mollis. Spirastrella coccinea is a common species in the coral reefs of the GoM; it was previously recorded from the Veracruz Reef System (Gómez 2007, 2011), and now from different coral reefs at the Campeche Bank, and additional materials from the Veracruz Coral Reef System., Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Duchassaing, F. P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1 - 124.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936) A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1936, 1 - 225.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1949 a) Sponges of the western Bahamas. American Museum Novitates, 1 - 25.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1950) The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipielago. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 27, 1 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1950. tb 00227. x","van Soest, R. W. M. (1981) A checklist of the Curacao sponges (Porifera Demospongiae) including a pictorial key to the more common reef-forms. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie (Zoologisch Museum) Universiteit van Amsterdam, 31, 1 - 39.","Macintyre, I. G., Rutzler, K., Norris, J. N. & Fauchald, K. (1982) A submarine cave near Columbus Cay, Belize: a bizarre cryptic habitat. In: Rutzle, K. & Macintyre, I. G. (Eds.), The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Bay, Belize, I: Structure and Communities. Smithsonian Press, Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science, Washington, D. C., pp. 127 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.12.127","van Soest, R. W. M., Stone, S. M., Boury-Esnault, N. & Rutzler, K. (1983) Catalogue of the Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864) collection of West Indian sponges (Porifera). Bulletin Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 9, 189 - 205.","Thomas, P. A. (1985) Demospongiae of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. In: James, P. S. B. (Ed.), Recent Advances in Marine Biology. Today Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 205 - 635.","Vacelet, J. (1990) Les spongiaires. In: Le Monde Marin, La Grande Encyclopedie de la Caraibe. Editions Caraibes, Pointe a Pitre, pp. 16 - 33.","Gomez, P. (2007) Inventario de las esponjas del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, con nuevos Registros de Especies (Porifera: Demospongiae). In: Jimenez-Hernandez, M. J.; Granados-Barba, A. & Ortiz-Lozano, L. (Eds.), Investigaciones Cientificas en el Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Universidad Autonoma de Campeche, Campeche, pp. 51 - 72.","Rutzler, K., Soest, R. W. M. Van & Piantoni, C. (2009) Sponges (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota. Texas A & M Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 285 - 313.","Muricy, G., Lopes, D. A., Hajdu, E., Carvalho, M. D. S., Moraes, F. C., Klautau, M., Menegola, C. & Pinheiro, U. (2011) Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Serie livros 46. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 300 pp.","Alcolado, P. M. & Busutil, L. (2012) Inventario de las esponjas neriticas del Parque Nacional de Guadalupe. Series Oceanologica, 10, 62 - 76.","Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. & Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1","Ugalde, D., Gomez, P. & Simoes, N. (2015) Marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Gulf of Mexico, new records and redescription of Erylus trisphaerus (de Laubenfels, 1953). Zootaxa, 3911 (2), 151 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3911.2.1","van Soest, R. W. M. (2017) Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1","Gomez, P. (2011) Esponjas marinas y de agua dulce. In: Cruz, A. (Ed.), La biodiversidad en Veracruz: Estudio de Estado. Vol II. Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Ecologia, Veracruz, pp. 217 - 224.","De la Cruz-Francisco, V. & Bandala-Perez, A. E. (2016) Esponjas y Cnidarios (Hydrozoa y Anthozoa) del arrecife Oro Verde; cobertura bentonica y afinidad faunistica con sistemas arrecifales de Veracruz, Mexico. Occeanides, 31, 45 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.37543 / oceanides. v 31 i 2.185"]}

Spirastrellolides A (1) and B (3) have been isolated as free acids from a marine sponge Epipolasis sp. collected in the East China Sea. These compounds had been isolated from the Caribbean marine sponge Spirastrella coccinea after conversion to the methyl ester. We examined the cytotoxic activities of 1 and 3 and found that the activities of the free acids are comparable to those of the corresponding methyl esters.

Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (Figure 20) Synonymy and references. Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864): Wiedenmayer (1977): 163, fig. 162, pl. 33: 4–7. Material. USNM 32863, USNM 32868, Columbus Cay, Belize, karst cave wall, 18–21 m; G. Hendler, I. Macintyre, P. Kier, T. Rath, C. Clark col. 26 Apr 1979. USNM 1228953, Carrie Bow Cay, forereef cave, 18 m; K. Ruetzler col. 19 May 1979. USNM 1228954, Carrie Bow Cay, reef flat, under Porites porites and Acropora cervicornis coral rubble, 0.5 m; K. Ruetzler col. 29 Jan 1986. USNM 1228955, Curlew Bank, lower surface of Agaricia coral plate outside caves, 21 m; C. Piantoni col. 28 Jun 2007. USNM 1228956, Curlew Bank, forereef cave, 20 m; C. Piantoni, col. 29 Jun 2007. USNM 1228957, Carrie Bow Cay forereef, cryptic in crevice, 25 m; M. C. Diaz col. 8 Sep 2009. USNM 1228958, Carrie Bow Cay, lagoon patch reef, inside of dead conch shell, 3 m; C. Piantoni, col. 18 Aug 2012. USNM 1228959, 1228960, Curlew Bank forereef slope, small cave, 20 m; C. Piantoni and M. Parrish col. 23 Aug 2012. USNM 1228961, 1228962, Curlew Bank forereef slope, framework cave, 18 m; C. Piantoni and M. Parrish col. 23 Aug 2012. External morphology. Thin crusts, up to 5 mm, covering areas of 20–50 cm 2. Smooth surface; small oscules (1–3 mm), slightly elevated. Live color bright vermillion to orange red, in some specimens with whitish mottled areas, particularly around the oscules; brownish orange below the ectosome. Skeleton structure. A layer of spirasters forms a cortex, but the entire cross section of the sponge is almost as dense with these microscleres, obscuring the ascending tracts of tylostyles. This is in contrast with the following species, S. mollis, where microscleres are mainly concentrated in the cortex and near the base, loosely strewn in between. Spicules. Straight tylostyles with spherical or slightly elongate heads: 146–680 x 5–18 (426 x 11) Μm; spirasters I, axis generally bent twice and with robust spines at either end and on the convex surfaces: 29–61 (46) Μm; spirasters II, smaller versions of spirasters I and many with only one bend: 10–38 (23) Μm. Ecology. Very common in shaded and dark habitats, lower surfaces of coral rubble and walls and ceilings of caves, 0.5– 21 m. Distribution. Tropical western Atlantic. Comments. The brilliant red color of the live sponge, uniform shape of the large and small spirasters (I & II), common occurrence of amphiasters, and simple (not branching) spines distinguish this species from the next, S. mollis., Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983, {"references":["Duchassaing de Fonbressin, P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1 - 124.","Wiedenmayer, F. (1977) Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Experimentia Supplementum 28, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel & Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 287, pls. 1 - 43."]}

[structure: see text] The structure of spirastrellolide A, a novel macrolide isolated from the marine sponge Spirastrella coccinea, has been revised to accommodate new MS and chemical transformation data. Relative configurations of three major fragments of the molecule have been elucidated from ROESY and coupling constant data. Spirastrellolide A has been shown to be a potent and fairly selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A.

Five new macrolides, spirastrellolides C (3) to G (7), have been isolated from extracts of the marine sponge Spirastrella coccinea collected in Dominica. Their structures have been elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations.

Five new macrolides, spirastrellolides C (3) to G (7), have been isolated from extracts of the marine sponge Spirastrella coccinea collected in Dominica. Their structures have been elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations.

The new macrolide spirastrellolide B (5) has been isolated from extracts of the marine sponge Spirastrella coccinea collected in Dominica. Chemical transformations of spirastrellolide B have converted it to a bromine-containing crystalline derivative 8 that has a truncated side chain. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the derivative 8 has revealed the absolute configuration of the macrolide core of spirstrellolide B to be 3R,7S,9S,11S,13R,14S,17S,20S,21R, 22S,23S,24S,27R,29S,31R,34S,35R,37S,38S.