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Objective/Context: This article aims to analyze the olfactory descriptions of blood, the Indigenous, and their idols in sacrificial narratives in four early modern American sources (sixteenth century): Letters of Relation by Hernán Cortés, The Vision of the Defeated by Miguel León Portilla, General History of the Things of New Spain by Bernardino de Sahagún, and the inquisitorial process of the cacique of Texcoco. Methodology: Cultural history as a methodology allows examining the olfactory perception of stench as part of the narration of the body and Indigenous religious rituals during the Conquest. This approach helps to identify the discourses or representations about the Indigenous in the established period and to outline an interpretative matrix that combines the analysis of cultural elements with odorant perceptions. Originality: The study’s relevance lies in analyzing how odor affects the recognition and dominance of the Indigenous society. Odorant perception reveals the plurality of olfactory sensitivities as part of social relations. In this way, we study how the stench or the olfactory disdain toward the Indigenous sacrificial practices described in the chronicles contributed to the moral and sensory classification that justified the inequality between peninsular Spaniards and Indigenous people. Conclusions: Stench and fragrance can be read as control devices that legitimize the violence of the Conquest and the various debates surrounding American bodily aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article aims to analyze the olfactory descriptions of blood, the Indigenous, and their idols in sacrificial narratives in four early modern American sources (sixteenth century): Letters of Relation by Hernán Cortés, The Vision of the Defeated by Miguel León Portilla, General History of the Things of New Spain by Bernardino de Sahagún, and the inquisitorial process of the cacique of Texcoco. Methodology: Cultural history as a methodology allows examining the olfactory perception of stench as part of the narration of the body and Indigenous religious rituals during the Conquest. This approach helps to identify the discourses or representations about the Indigenous in the established period and to outline an interpretative matrix that combines the analysis of cultural elements with odorant perceptions. Originality: The study’s relevance lies in analyzing how odor affects the recognition and dominance of the Indigenous society. Odorant perception reveals the plurality of olfactory sensitivities as part of social relations. In this way, we study how the stench or the olfactory disdain toward the Indigenous sacrificial practices described in the chronicles contributed to the moral and sensory classification that justified the inequality between peninsular Spaniards and Indigenous people. Conclusions: Stench and fragrance can be read as control devices that legitimize the violence of the Conquest and the various debates surrounding American bodily aesthetics.

Robotic process automation (RPA) is a technique for automating desktop tasks by developing bots. While RPA enables automatic repetition of tasks, various defects can occur during actual operations. Some defects manifesting as smells in bot codes during the development phase are considered to possess distinct characteristics compared to conventional programs. This study aims to classify these smells in RPA and facilitate their detection. We first categorize RPA smells using code reviews that highlight smells in actual bot development. Based on the categorization, we also develop a preliminary smell detection tool. The categorization result reveals that the most prominent category is substitutable process, highlighting the importance of replacing a sequence of commands with single RPA commands. Experimental results show that the detection tool can find smells with a high degree of accuracy. This high accuracy seems to be attributable to the stronger constraints present in RPA code compared to conventional programming code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Luridica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Standing in as a monumental work of Ottoman first-person prose that is without precedent, the Seyāḥatnāme ("Book of Travels"), at once a travelogue as well as a literary composition, is an ideal source for conducting a sensate history of Ottoman-Islamic society in the 17th century. Using characteristic flair and imagination, its author Evliyā Çelebi relates a number of fantastical anecdotes where scent plays a key narrative purpose, once in the context of conversing with the sacred dead in a dream, and on three occasions during visits to the caves of various Islamicate religious figures from the past. This paper will analyze these anecdotes to determine the narrative functions of scent in the text and in doing so tease out how olfaction was implicated in the Ottoman religious and social imaginary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anaquel de Estudios Árabes is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For military Veterans (MVs) to obtain effective care, nurses must be alert to olfaction issues, ask the right questions, and be aware of the various sensitivities required to obtain a helpful history. Diagnostic queries and applicable education can promote patient-centered holistic care to help MVs manage symptoms and learn new coping strategies for their olfaction issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise, smells and visual impacts are, probably, the environmental pollution problems to which the least attention is paid, considering that they are the ones that least affect the planet; However, all of them influence our quality of life and health, in addition to hindering and even preventing the full enjoyment of the Human Right to a healthy environment. Although the country has a basic legal framework that aims to prevent and control these types of pollution, there are no legal regulations that contain detailed technical standards to measure and / or limit it, except in the case of noise pollution. In this paper we present and analyze the legal framework for the prevention and control of these types of pollution in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the sensory aspects of urban life in one of the districts in the outskirts of Moscow. Revising the concepts of sensory ordering of space, I analyze the ways how urban dwellers in this district order the space by smell perception. I define three components of sensory ordering: i) the language of sensory experience, ii) ascription of meanings to space and smells localization, iii) actions aimed at supporting the desirable olfactory landscape. The process of creating this language and negotiations about the desirable olfactory landscape are based on adopting the special terms and visualizing the smells. This language allows to interact with the various agents on different levels of power, to transform and control the space. The production of meanings, based on smells, influences the district identity. Both positive and negative smell perception produce the value of the district, while the negative smells acts differently and devalues the other city territories. Citizens actions support the sensory normativity: through sensory patrolling (different ways of detecting the smells) and microordering (creating the cleanliness and freshness within neighborhoods). These ways of ordering sensory experience and creating olfactory landscape help to explain the interaction between district dwellers, the principles of how their agency is formed, and the principles of being responsible for the space.

The article considers the correspondence of the famous writer Ivan Shmelev (1873–1950) with Olga Bredius-Subbotina (1904–1959). Their acquaintance took place in the emigration in a “reader-admirer” format. It was a difficult period in Shmelev’s life due to the execution of his single son, the force to emigrate, the death of his wife. The writer’s state evoked sensation of parting with the world. Unexpected correspondence with Bredius-Subbotina, her admiration for the creative work of a talented master of literature revived the desire to live and create. This time it was correspondence, which over time gained special significance for Shmelev, gave him the opportunity to be heard in his stories about the tragic feelings with which he had lived for years. Among the most painful one was the theme of Crimea, which broke out in correspondence with the deeply stored state – the memory of the Crimean smells, as it turned out, was more stable, strong and therefore dear to the writer’s heart. This implied a corresponding reaction of the addressee. But Bredius-Subbotina remained somewhat indifferent to the topic of Crimea, nevertheless she was able to offer a new format of correspondence on the wave of Crimean smells favourite by Shmelev. In the letters by Bredius-Subbotina the accents were shifted to the experience of pleasure of flower aromas and smells. Shmelev accepted this proposal without giving up on the Crimean oxymoronic meanings, multiplying them by the smell of grapes and roses, as a challenge to the abnormal world. Bredius-Subbotina was no less persistent in her desires, so with special force turned “scents of life” into correspondence, i.e. scents of favourite flowers, thereby arousing Shmelev’s impression through his sense of smell, helping him to return to his youth, to boyishness, to a seemingly forgotten state. Thus, in 1941, in the midst of the tragic events of the World War II the traditional theme of world literature love and war revived in correspondence between Shmelev and Bredius-Subbotina. The moment came when Shmelev realized that Olga Aleksandrovna was his last love, and his correspondence with her was a “romance in letters”; he, as a writer, created his last work of art, which would be read by descendants. Therefore, Shmelev not only restored the traditions of world and Russian love epistolarians, but also brought his experience back to his youth. He was fascinated by the possibility of exchanging flowers and floral aromas, which contributed to the intensive work of the imagination. In his letters, the writer created floral sketches of his beloved one, and then wrote an etude “Girl with Flowers”, which he managed to convey. Hyacinths, bells, lilies, peas, lilacs were transferred from Paris to Holland and became symbols of passionate love. Shmelev and Bredius-Subbotina turned to another cultural tradition, and therefore received letters with the smell of French perfume, which created a sense of bodily intimacy, a special state of love. Flowers, floral fragrances, French spirits mixed in love correspondence determined its style and presented a unique image of love for the twentieth century.

In order to attract the attention of customers and build their loyalty the trade enterprise should stand out at the background of others. One factor promoting attainment of this goal is the shop atmosphere. This category is essential for the service sector. The idea of atmosphere is also topical for medical institutions as enterprises of the service sector. What are its components in the field of public health and how can they be used? Can the atmosphere of the medical institution influence patients’ mood? You can find answers to these questions in this article. Analysis of the degree of this problem development in Russian and overseas publications allow us to speak about insufficient attention to its marketing component. In overseas literature the atmosphere of medical institutions is discussed only from the point of view of its therapeutic effect for patients and medical personnel, while Russian publications have not considered this issue. The list of atmosphere parameters consists of well-known elements. Traditionally it is investigated in the field of retail trade, as it makes possible to create and strengthen communication with clients in places of goods selling, to increase sales of the product range and profit. Is the list of parameters the same in medical institution? This question is still topical. The authors identify important parameters of the atmosphere in the medical institution influencing the younger generation – customers of medical services.

This article is part of the classic and contemporary approaches to the sociology of the senses, as well as the interest in the relation between the city and smells. Research on odor has gone to various literary references ((Howes, Classen y Synnott, 1994, p. 4; Synnott, 2003, p. 446; Drobnick, 2006; Porteous, 2006; Waskul, Vannini y Wilson, 2009; Solander, 2010; Verbeek y Campen, 2013; Low, 2013, p. 292; Rindisbacher, 2015; Jaquet; 2016, p. 168) as significant references that allow us to enunciate some problematizations associated with socio-historical and cultural research on odors. The reference to the oeuvre of male writers is remarkable, while the allusion to female writers is underrepresented. The objective of this article is to present how the smells in the city are represented (Lahire, 2006; Becker, 2015) by two contemporary Mexican writers: Guadalupe Nettel (1973) and Ana Clavel (1961). Specifically, I am interested in showing how specific meanings attributed to unpleasant olfactory experiences are narrated in the city. The intention is to make visible other voices with a heuristic performance for the sociological investigation of odors, gender, and their relationship with human and non-human entities in large cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umm Al-Qura University Journal for Languages & Literature is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Law & Society/Revue Canadienne Droit et Societe (Cambridge University Press) is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dixit. Comunicación, Profesión, Conocimiento is the property of Universidad Catolica del Uruguay Damaso Antonio Larranaga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Amphibians are known to possess a wide variety of compounds stored in their skin glands. While significant progress has been made in understanding the chemical diversity and biological relevance of alkaloids, amines, steroids, and peptides, most aspects of the odorous secretions are completely unknown. In this study, we examined sexual variations in the volatile profile from the skin of the tree frog Boana prasina and combined culture and cultureindependent methods to investigate if microorganisms might be a source of these compounds. We found that sesquiterpenes, thioethers, and methoxypyrazines are major contributors to the observed sex differences. We also observed that each sex has a distinct profile of methoxypyrazines, and that the chemical origin of these compounds can be traced to a Pseudomonas sp. strain isolated from the frog's skin. This symbiotic bacterium was present in almost all individuals examined from different sites and was maintained in captive conditions, supporting its significance as the source of methoxypyrazines in these frogs. Our results highlight the potential relevance of bacteria as a source of chemical signals in amphibians and contribute to increasing our understanding of the role that symbiotic associations have in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This systematic literature review paper investigates the key techniques employed to identify smells in different paradigms of software engineering from object‐oriented (OO) to service‐oriented (SO). In this review, we want to identify commonalities and differences in the identification of smells in OO and SO systems. Our research method relies on an automatic search from the relevant digital libraries to find the studies published since January 2000 on smells until December 2017. We have conducted a pilot and author‐based search that allows us to select the 78 most relevant studies after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. We evaluated the studies based on the smell detection techniques and the evolution of different methodologies in OO and SO. Among the 78 relevant studies selected, we have identified six different studies in which linguistic source code analysis received less attention from the researchers as compared to the static source code analysis. Smells like the yo‐yo problem, unnamed coupling, intensive coupling, and interface bloat received considerably less attention in the literature. We also identified a catalog of 30 smells infrequently reported for SO systems and that require further attention. Moreover, a suite of 20 smells reported for SO systems can also be detected using static source code metrics in OO. Finally, our review highlighted three major research trends that are further subdivided into 20 research patterns initiating the detection of smells toward their correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the world of smells, as it is created in the text of Gorky’s trilogy. The presence of smell becomes an important narrative device within these autobiographical novels. While all smells that the young protagonist is experiencing seem to be unpleasant for him, they still create a complicated olfactory space within the novel that is marked by the definite binary nature: the unpleasant smells of alien and hostile environment are opposed by the smells of nature and smells of people close to little Aleksei. Olfactory space constitutes an important element of the novel’s world and serves as a decisive factor in the creation of Gorky’s childhood mythology.

The subject of olfaction – one that was put under a long and symptomatic silence (if not stigmatized) by the discourses of the humanities and social sciences – has been becoming quite important during the last two decades. The topic – and this is also a symptom – has been covered with more and more diversified descriptions while at the same time most of them have hardly touched its real nerve. I guess that such a nerve could not be ever approached and touched if the researcher would stay away of a psychoanalytical interpretation. It is namely the psychoanalytical ‘set of instruments’ that draws a different and, obviously, not so easily bearable picture on the subject in question. It appears that the world must have been symbolically constructed not only through posing a sort of a ‘vault’, i.e. a set of high referent points (values) which somehow pose it ‘from above’; in addition, the world must continuously be safeguarded ‘from below’. And this is because in the cultural process, i.e. in the process of constituting cultural symbols, there are remnants which systematically precipitate; there are unconscious formations which constantly endanger the world itself. What is the nature of such a danger? It consists in the fact that in every moment there is a risk the culturally repulsive malodorous formations to become once more a source of inspiration, of non-sublimated emotions, of affects which cannot be socially controlled. That is why I would say the disgust, the aversion is not just a defense symptom (in a psychoanalytical sense) but also, on the other side, it is a social construct and a power dispositive – and the sociality preserves and conserves itself through this very construct/dispositive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article suggests the first discussion of the issues of interaction between the art world of A.T. Twardowski and that of the Oryol region writers. Closeness to the world view of I.A. Bunin, creativity I.S. Turgenev allows to talk about the depth of creative ties between A.T. Twardowski and the Orel region writers in understanding the meaning of life, the feeling of nature, love to the small native land and its nature.

This study aims to present reflections on the meaning of olfactory sensations and perceptions, as well as their relevance as a phenomenon present in Nursing practice. It stresses the importance of the smells' chemical language in the hospital environment, emphasizing some deductions about the aesthetics of smells from the Nursing perspective. The authors conclude that a deeper aesthetic/philosophical and technical/scientific comprehension of smell emanations will contribute to human care, especially in Nursing diagnoses and prescriptions, environmental quality regulation and therapeutics.Este estudio presenta reflexiones acerca del significado de las percepciones y sensaciones olfativas y suya pertinencia como fenómeno presente en la práctica de la Enfermería. Destaca la importancia de la linguage química de los olores en el ambiente hospitalario, puntuando algunas deducciones sobre la estética de los olores por la enfermería. Concluye que la mayor comprensión estético/filosófica y técnico/científica de las emanaciones odorantes podrá contribuir para el cuidado humano, especialmente en el diagnóstico y prescripción de Enfermería, vigilancia de la calidad ambiental y terapéutica.Este estudo apresenta reflexões acerca do significado das percepções e sensações olfativas e sua pertinência como fenômeno presente na prática da Enfermagem. Destaca a importância da linguagem química dos odores no ambiente hospitalar, pontuando algumas deduções sobre a estética dos odores pela enfermagem. Conclui que a maior compreensão estético/filosófica e técnico/científica das emanações odorantes poderá contribuir para o cuidado humano, especialmente no diagnóstico e prescrição de Enfermagem, vigilância da qualidade ambiental e terapêutica.

While the objects of olfaction are intuitively individuated by reference to the ordinary objects from which they arise, this intuition does not accurately capture the complex nature of smells. Smells are neither ordinary three-dimensional objects, nor Platonic vapors, nor odors. Rather, smells are the molecular structures of chemical compounds within odor plumes. Molecular Structure Theory is offered as an account of smells, which can explain the nature of the external object of olfactory perception, what we experience as olfactory objects, and what determines the olfactory quality of smells by which we can demarcate the spatiotemporal boundaries of smells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odors can enrich the perception of our environment and are commonly used to attract people in marketing situations. However, the perception of an odor changes over repetitions. This study investigated whether repetitive exposition to olfactory stimuli leads to a change in the perceived pleasantness (?liking?) or in the wish to be further exposed to the same olfactory stimulus (?wanting?), and whether these two mechanisms show gender differences. Three different pleasant odors were each repeatedly presented for 40 times in random order with a mean inter-stimulus interval of 18 s. Eighteen participants rated both ?liking? and ?wanting? for each of the 120 olfactory stimuli. Wanting ratings decreased significantly over repetitions in women and men, with a steeper decrease for men during the initial trials before plateauing. In contrast, liking ratings decreased significantly over repetitions only in men, with a steeper decrease after the initial ratings, but not in women. Additionally, women scored higher in a questionnaire on reward responsiveness than men. We conclude that positive evaluation (liking) and the wish to experience more of the same (wanting) are different concepts even in the domain of olfaction. The persistence of perceived pleasantness in women may be due to the attribution of a greater subjective value to odors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Cet article analyse les controverses scientifiques concernant le rôle des phéromones dans les attirances sexuelles chez l’être humain mais aussi la synchronisation des cycles menstruels chez les femmes. Il détaille les quatre points sur lesquels l’implication des phéromones dans les comportements sexuels humains fait l’objet aussi bien d’affirmations présentées comme des découvertes ou des données acquises, que d’interrogations voire de remises en question : si les phéromones sont des odeurs ou des substances chimiques distinctes, si l’être humain dispose d’un organe fonctionnel idoine à leur détection ou si elles sont captées par le système olfactif principal au même titre que les odeurs, si l’absence de réponse comportementale stéréotypée chez l’être humain permet de maintenir ou non l’hypothèse d’un rôle significatif ou amoindri des phéromones, et enfin, si l’être humain émet ou non des phéromones. L’analyse des publications sur les rôles supposés des phéromones dans l’espèce humaine permet tout autant de mettre en évidence les difficultés méthodologiques dans les expériences menées et les mesures statistiques effectuées, que les variations conceptuelles auxquelles est soumis le vocable de « phéromone ». En regard de la définition des phéromones proposée par Karlson et Lüscher à l’aube des années 1960, la désignation d’hormones stéroïdiennes telles l’androstadiénone ou l’estratetraenol comme des phéromones ne fait pas l’unanimité, alors qu’elle paraît évidente pour un certain nombre de chercheuses et de chercheurs. Apparaît également la diversité des champs scientifiques des chercheurs étudiant les phéromones : biologistes, biochimistes, neuroscientifiques, oto-rhino-laryngologues, zoologues, anthropologues, psychologues… Les enjeux de ces controverses sont multiples : d’une part, elles soulèvent la question des procédés méthodologiques mis en œuvre et des conclusions qu’il est possible de tirer des résultats obtenus ; d’autre part, elles alimentent les débats récurrents sur la part de déterminismes biologiques dans les comportements humains dont les chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales rendent compte à partir de déterminants sociaux. Cette étude de controverse ne permet pas in fine de considérer comme acquis un quelconque rôle phéromonal dans les comportements sexuels humains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

By analysing sensorial aspects of social memory and emotions, this paper theorizes the social significance of olfaction and other senses towards reconfigurations of self and social interactions through embodied identity work. The research question that this paper addresses is: how is the self perceived through memories that are mediated by smells? Olfactive frames of remembering are employed in order to explicate sensory meta-narratives including sensory relations (pertaining to familial and other ties), sensory memory, time and space, and sensoryscapes. This article also elucidates upon the various moral, cultural and aesthetic codes that may be discerned in biographical narrations of social actors drawn from narrative interviews. Furthermore, it highlights a need to consider sensorial-bodily experiences in qualitative inquiry and thereby conceptualize how actors articulate their sense of self, and how they reformulate their experiences and relationships with others vis-à-vis emotional discourses of happiness, sadness and nostalgia in the maintenance and continuity of selfhood. The paper therefore contributes to sensuous scholarship by explicating how smells and memories operate in conjunction toward shaping self-identity and social relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]