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Partiendo de una etnografía realizada en una escuela primaria estatal de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, abordaré la perspectiva de lxs niñxs sobre la comida y las prácticas de comensalidad en torno al comedor. Lxs niñxs aportaron ideas centrales para comprender los modos de comer en la escuela, tensionando elementos del sentido común y los modos habituales de estudiar la temática. Asimismo, sus perspectivas permitieron exponer lógicas organizativas de la alimentación escolar que no necesariamente priorizan una alimentación “adecuada”. De este modo analizaré la agencia y las formas de participación política de lxs niñxs en relación con la alimentación.

Background Chronic intestinal inflammation alters host physiology and could lead to colorectal cancer (CRC). We have previously reported beneficial effects of the probiotic strain of Lactobacillus casei BL23 in different murine models of intestinal inflammation. In addition, there is an emerging interest on the potential beneficial effects of probiotics to treat CRC. We thus explored whether L. casei BL23 displays protective effects on CRC.

This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-015-1158-9 .

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by numerous immunological alterations, including increased expression of immune activators, such as IFNa, along with alterations in cell composition, such as expansion of plasma cells that produce autoantibodies. Alternative Splicing (AS) is a biological process that regulates post-transcriptional alterations of the RNA. Pathogenic AS events have been associated to several diseases. Furthermore, the description of SLE autoantibodies that target components of the spliceosome such as anti-Sm/RNP, anti-Ro/La, and anti-dsDNA has led us to hypothesize that SLE is associated to abnormal AS events. RNA-seq uses standard Short-Read technologies which involve RNA or cDNA fragmentation for the generation of 150 bp sequencing libraries. Since most mammalian mRNAs are 1–2 kb long, using RNA-seq to identify novel alternatively spliced isoforms is extremely challenging. However, emerging Long-Read sequencing technologies allow full-length mRNA sequencing, de novo transcriptome assembly, and isoform profiling. Our lab has built a computational pipeline that combines Long-Read sequencing with RNA-seq data to identify and quantify novel transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SLE patients compared to healthy controls. From our computational analysis, we have observed that SLE patients display differential exon-inclusion and exclusion events in transcripts coding for immune activating and regulatory proteins, respectively. We conclude that SLE might be associated with pathogenic AS events that might place the immune balance under double jeopardy, through activation of immune activating receptors and inhibition of immune inhibiting receptors.

Coagulopathies and inflammatory diseases, ostensibly, have distinct underlying molecular bases. Notwithstanding, both are host defense mechanisms to physical injury. In invertebrates, clotting can function directly in anti-pathogen defense. Molecules of the vertebrate clotting cascade have also been directly linked to the regulation of inflammation. We posit that thrombophilia may provide resistance against pathogens in vertebrates. The selective pressure of improved anti-pathogen defense may have retained mutations associated with a thrombophilic state in the human population and directly contributed to enhanced inflammation. Indeed, in some inflammatory diseases, at least a subset of patients can be identified as hypercoagulable. Therefore, anticoagulants such as warfarin or apixaban may have a therapeutic role in some inflammatory diseases.

Este libro presenta un estado del arte sobre la investigación etnográfica en colaboración con niños, niñas, adolescente y jóvenes (en adelante, NNA y jóvenes) en cuatro países Latinoamericanos: Argentina, Brasil, Colombia y Ecuador. Teniendo en cuenta que entre las décadas de los ochenta y noventa del siglo XX se ha producido un giro en los estudios sobre la infancia (Prout y James, 1997; James, 2007), la revisión de trabajos abarcó el período que se extiende entre 1995 y 2016. Puesto que los avances en este campo de investigación son recientes, el período de tiempo elegido tuvo como propósito recoger un número significativo de estudios que nos permitan ver las tendencias investigativas de estos países en este campo. Por otra parte, en estas dos últimas décadas, a nivel internacional, regional y local, se evidencia una mayor preocupación e interés en las prácticas, experiencias y perspectivas de NNA y jóvenes, tanto por parte de organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales (a nivel internacional, nacional y sub-nacional), movimientos y organizaciones sociales, gremiales y culturales, e investigadores provenientes de distintas disciplinas (tales como la sociología, antropología, y ciencias de la educación). Diferentes procesos sociales, culturales, políticos y epistemológicos han promovido esta mayor visibilidad de NNA y jóvenes en la arena política, mediática y académica: la consagración de estos grupos como ?sujetos de derecho?; la emergencia de nuevas maneras de estudiar y concebir la niñez y la juventud en las ciencias sociales, y, en el caso de Latinoamérica, los procesos de democratización de la década de 1980 y el protagonismo que han asumido niños, niñas y jóvenes en luchas políticas de distinto tipo en varios países de la región.En este panorama, presentamos una primera aproximación a la investigación etnográfica que ha examinado las ?voces? y los puntos de vista de distintos grupos de NNA y jóvenes desde 1995 y hasta la actualidad en Argentina, Brasil, Colombia y Ecuador. Nos interesa focalizar la investigación con enfoque etnográfico por dos razones centrales. Por un lado, consideramos que la etnografía brinda maneras fructíferas de problematizar la realidad a partir de incorporar los puntos de vista de niños, niñas y jóvenes y los sentidos que éstos despliegan y forjan cotidianamente en sus prácticas y representaciones (Milstein et al, 2011). Por el otro, entendemos que en Latinoamérica se está desplegando un rico acervo de investigaciones etnográficas que focalizan su atención en los NNA y jóvenes para comprender tanto procesos que han sido asociados a los llamados ?mundos infantil? y ?mundo juvenil? -tales como los procesos educativos escolares- como lógicas y relaciones que han sido usualmente interpretados como ajenos a las experiencias vitales de estos grupos, como los procesos de identificación religiosa, de construcción social del espacio público y participación política, entre otros. Los criterios de pertinencia para la inclusión de publicaciones a nuestra base de datos o corpus fueron múltiples. En primer lugar, incorporamos publicaciones con hallazgos de investigaciones etnográficas. Hay diferentes maneras de entender qué es una etnografía y éstas entran en disputa en contextos socio-históricos e institucionales específicos (Milstein y Clemente, en prensa). Por esta razón, optamos por incluir aquellas publicaciones en las cuales sus autorxs categorizaran a sus estudios como etnográficos (utilizando diferentes nominaciones, tales como ?etnografía?, estudio ?de tipo etnográfico?, ?abordaje etnográfico?, etc.) y en los cuales se pudiera reconocer un problema/pregunta de investigación y la realización de trabajo de campo. En segundo término, del conjunto de trabajos ?etnográficos? identificados seleccionamos aquéllos que habían incluido explícitamente a NNA y jóvenes como participantes e interlocutores, ya sea en calidad de nativos, informantes, colaboradores en el trabajo de campo y/o investigadores. En otras palabras, nos interesaban las investigaciones que registraran, organizaran y analizaran las perspectivas, representaciones y prácticas de niños y niñas para comprender, interpretar y explicar el fenómeno que se estaba estudiando. Así, muchos estudios que fueron incluidos en una primera selección fueron posteriormente descartados porque - aunque hacían referencia a procesos, lógicas y fenómenos vinculados con la niñez o juventud - no interrogaban los puntos de vista de NNA/jóvenes.El trabajo de sistematización realizado por los equipos en cada uno de los países tuvo algunas características comunes y otras específicas que se detallan en cada uno de los capítulos. En términos generales, a partir de la lectura de cada trabajo del corpus, se confeccionó una tabla en Excel en donde el equipo de trabajo de cada país volcó información bibliográfica del documento; el foco o eje de la publicación; los temas que analiza; el tipo de población al que se estudia; el lugar donde se realizó la indagación; los objetivos del artículo; las preguntas de investigación; las modalidades en las que se incorporó a NNA y jóvenes como participantes; la estrategia metodológica; el abordaje conceptual; y la concepción sobre la infancia que subyace al trabajo de campo y análisis de los datos. Esta planilla fue confeccionada colectivamente. Con este material, las autoras de los respectivos capítulos procedieron a realizar lecturas detalladas de la base, las publicaciones y a clasificarlos según los problemas de conocimiento que se plantean, las preguntas de investigación que se formulan y los abordajes conceptuales que adoptaron.A continuación, se presenta la sistematización y el análisis en cuatro capítulos: Argentina, Brasil, Colombia y Ecuador. Finalizamos este libro con un epílogo escrito por el equipo de trabajo de Colombia en el que se expone un análisis de la etnografía con niños y niñas en diálogo con investigadoras sobre infancias. Fil: Meo, Analía Inés. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; Argentina Fil: Fernández, Silvina del Carmen. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Jaramillo, Jesús María. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios Históricos de Estado, Politica y Cultura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Milstein, Diana Judit. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales; Argentina Fil: Carrera, Cecilia. No especifíca; Fil: Tammarazio, Andrea. No especifíca; Fil: Andrada, Georgina. No especifíca; Fil: Oliveira, Raissa Menezes de. No especifíca; Fil: Silva, Regina Coeli Machado e. No especifíca; Fil: Monteiro Borges, Antonádia. No especifíca; Fil: Dantas Whitney, Maria. No especifíca; Fil: Guerrero, Alba Lucy. No especifíca; Fil: Bejarano, Diana. No especifíca; Fil: Berttoly, Anny. No especifíca; Fil: Camargo Abello, Marina. No especifíca; Fil: Carreño, Clara. No especifíca; Fil: Marín, Marisol. No especifíca; Fil: Peña, Ivonne Natalia. No especifíca; Fil: Muñoz, Andrea. No especifíca; Fil: Di Caudo, Verónica. No especifíca; Fil: Llanos Erazo, Daniel. No especifíca; Fil: Madera, Sara. No especifíca; Fil: Solórzano, María Fernanda. No especifíca

The association between inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer is well documented. The genetic modification of lactic acid bacteria as a tool to increase the anti-inflammatory potential of these microorganisms has also been demonstrated. Thus the aim of the present work was to evaluate the anti-cancer potential of different genetically modified lactic acid bacteria (GM-LAB) producing antioxidant enzymes (catalase or superoxide dismutase) or the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (protein or DNA delivery) using a chemical induced colon cancer murine model. Dimethilhydrazine was used to induce colorectal cancer in mice. The animals received GM-LAB producing anti-oxidant enzymes, IL-10 or a mixture of different GM-LAB. Intestinal damage, enzyme activities and cytokines were evaluated and compared to the results obtained from mice that received the wild type strains from which derived the GM-LAB. All the GM-LAB assayed showed beneficial effects against colon cancer even though they exerted different mechanisms of action. The importance to select LAB with innate beneficial properties as the progenitor strain was demonstrated with the GM-LAB producing anti-oxidant enzymes. In addition, the best effects for the mixtures GM-LAB that combine different anti-inflammatory mechanism. Results indicate that mixtures of selected LAB and GM-LAB could be used as an adjunct treatment to decrease the inflammatory harmful environment associated to colorectal cancer, especially for patients with chronic intestinal inflammation who have an increased risk to develop colorectal cancer. Fil: del Carmen, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: de Moreno, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Levit, Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Azevedo, Vasco. Universidade Federal Do Minas Gerais; Fil: Langella, Philippe. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Bermúdez Humarán, Luis G.. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Leblanc, Jean Guy Joseph. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) affect the gastrointestinal tract and are characterized by recurrent inflammation that requires lifelong therapies. Probiotics such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been proposed to complement current treatment protocols for these patients; however, their characteristics are strain dependent. In this regard, certain novel characteristics are only possible through the genetic modification of these beneficial micro-organisms. Different delivery systems, such as protein delivery of anti-oxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines, have been shown to be effective in preventing and treating IBD in animal models. In this study, the safety of the recombinant LAB (recLAB) Streptococcus thermophilus CRL807: CAT, S. thermophilus CRL807: SOD, Lactococcus lactis NCDO2118 pXILCYT: IL-10, L. lactis MG1363 pValac: IL-10 and L. lactis MG1363 pGroESL: IL-10 with proven beneficial effects was compared to their progenitor strains S. thermophilus CRL807, L. lactis NCDO2118 or L. lactis MG1363. The prolonged administration of these genetically modified strains showed that they were just as safe as the native strains from which they derive, as demonstrated by normal animal growth and relative organ weights, absence of microbial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract, normal blood parameters and intestinal histology. The results show the potential use of these recLAB in future therapeutic formulations; however, the use of modern bio-containment systems is required for the future acceptance of these recLAB by the medical community and patients with IBD. Fil: de Moreno, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: del Carmen, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Chatel, Jean Marc. INRA and AgroParisTech; Francia Fil: Azevedo, Vasco. Universidade Federal do Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Langella, Philippe. INRA and AgroParisTech; Francia Fil: Bermudez Humaran, Luis. INRA and AgroParisTech; Francia Fil: Leblanc, Jean Guy Joseph. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) represent a heterogeneous group of microorganisms that are naturally present in many foods and possess a wide range of therapeutic properties. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the current expanding knowledge of the mechanisms by which LAB and other probiotic microorganisms participate in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. These include changes in the gut microbiota, stimulation of the host immune responses, and reduction of the oxidative stress due to their antioxidant properties. A brief overview of the uses of genetically engineered LAB that produce either antioxidant enzymes (such as catalase and superoxide dismutase) or anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-10) will also be discussed. This paper will show that probiotics should be considered in treatment protocols of IBD since they provide many beneficial effects and can enhance the effectiveness of traditional used medicines. Fil: del Carmen, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: de Moreno, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Miyoshi, Anderson. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Santos Rocha, Clarissa. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Azevedo, Vasco. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Leblanc, Jean Guy Joseph. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina

Reactive oxygen species are involved in various aspects of intestinal inflammation and tumor development. Decreasing their levels using antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) could therefore be useful in the prevention of certain diseases. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are ideal candidates to deliver these enzymes in the gut. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of CAT or SOD producing Lwere evaluated using a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced Crohn's disease murine model. Engineered Lactobacillus casei BL23 strains producing either CAT or SOD, or the native strain were given to mice before and after intrarectal administration of TNBS. Animal survival, live weight, intestinal morphology and histology, enzymatic activities, microbial translocation to the liver and cytokines released in the intestinal fluid were evaluated. The mice that received CAT or SOD-producing Lshowed a faster recovery of initial weight loss, increased enzymatic activities in the gut and lesser extent of intestinal inflammation compared to animals that received the wild-type strain or those that did not receive bacterial supplementation. Our findings suggest that genetically engineered Lthat produce antioxidant enzymes could be used to prevent or decrease the severity of certain intestinal pathologies. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chronic intestinal inflammation alters host physiology and could lead to colorectal cancer (CRC). We have previously reported beneficial effects of the probiotic strain of Lactobacillus casei BL23 in different murine models of intestinal inflammation. In addition, there is an emerging interest on the potential beneficial effects of probiotics to treat CRC. We thus explored whether L. casei BL23 displays protective effects on CRC.Mice were subcutaneously injected with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) weekly during 10 weeks and orally administered with L. casei BL23 in the drinking water until the 10th week. Multiple plaque lesions in the large intestine were observed macroscopically and counted and intestinal tissues were also histologically analyzed. Finally, T-cell populations and cytokine production were evaluated after co-incubation of L. casei BL23 with spleen cells from non-treated mice to determine the immuno-modulatory effects of this bacterium.Our results show that oral treatment with this probiotic bacterium modulates host immune responses and significantly protect mice against DMH-induced CRC. This protection may be associated with the modulation of regulatory T-cells towards a Th17-biased immune response accompanied by the expression of regulatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-17, IL-10 and TGF-β), as demonstrated in L. casei BL23-treated splenocytes, but also with the colonic expression of IL-22 observed in vivo on L. casei BL23-treated mice; suggesting the induction of a fine-tune Th17-biased response.Altogether our results reveal the high potential of L. casei BL23 to treat CRC and opens new frontiers for the study of immunomodulatory functions of probiotics.

The aim of this work was to develop a Streptococcus (S.) thermophilus strain with improved anti-inflammatory properties due to the incorporation of the therapeutic cDNA delivery plasmid pValac::il-10. To achieve this purpose, cells of S. thermophilus CRL807, previously selected as being an important anti-inflammatory strain, were electroporated with pValac::il-10 plasmid. In order to confirm the functionality of the developed strain, it was co-cultured with human epithelial cells Caco-2 and the production of IL-10 was evaluated by ELISA. Bacterial suspensions of S. thermophilus CRL807 containing pValac::il-10 plasmid or of the wild-type (WT) strain were administered in vivo using a murine model of intestinal inflammation. The animals treated with S. thermophilus CRL807 pValac::il-10 showed a lower body weight loss, microbial translocation to liver and damage scores in their intestines at macroscopical and microscopic levels. Furthermore, a significant increase was observed in the concentration of IL-10 in the intestinal contents of these mice compared to the rest of the experimental groups, accompanied by decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The insertion of the therapeutic pValac::il-10 plasmid increased the intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity (synergetic effect) of S. thermophilus CRL807 which could be included in novel treatment protocols for inflammatory bowel diseases. Fil: del Carmen, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Miyoshi, Anderson. Universidade Federal do Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Azevedo, Vasco. Universidade Federal do Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: de Moreno, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Leblanc, Jean Guy Joseph. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are disorders of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by recurrent inflammation that requires lifelong treatments. Probiotic microorganisms appear as an alternative for these patients; however, probiotic characteristics are strain dependent and each probiotic needs to be tested to understand the underlining mechanisms involved in their beneficial properties. Genetic modification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was also described as a tool for new IBD treatments.The first part of this review shows different genetically modified LAB (GM-LAB) described for IBD treatment since 2000.Then, the two principally studied strategies are discussed (i) GM-LAB producing antioxidant enzymes and (ii) GM-LAB producing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Different delivery systems, including protein delivery and DNA delivery, will also be discussed. Studies show the efficacy of GM-LAB (using different expression systems) for the prevention and treatment of IBD, highlighting the importance of the bacterial strain selection (with anti-inflammatory innate properties) as a promising alternative. These microorganisms could be used in the near future for the development of therapeutic products with anti-inflammatory properties that can improve the quality of life of IBD patients. Fil: de Moreno, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: del Carmen, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Chatel, Jean Marc. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Miyoshi, Anderson. Universidade Federal do Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Azevedo, Vasco. Universidade Federal do Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Langella, Philippe. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Bermudez Humaran, Luis G.. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Leblanc, Jean Guy Joseph. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina

Inflammatory bowel diseases affect the quality of life of many people through the world. Previous studies demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential of a yoghurt prepared with a pool of candidate probiotic strains of Lactobacillus (L.) delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus (S.) thermophilus from the CERELA Culture Collection. Considering that the probiotic effects are strain specific, the aim of this work was to select from this yoghurt, the LAB strains related to this anti-inflammatory effect and prove their potential in vitro and in vivo. M&M: L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (CRL861, 863, 864, 866, 869, 871, 872 and 887) and S. thermophilus (CRL806 and 807) were grown separately to obtain the fermented milks (FM). The in vitro anti-inflammatory capacity of each FM was studied in co-culture with mononuclear cells isolated from Peyer’s patches of healthy mice, by evaluating the cytokines IFNg and IL-10 in the supernatants. The in vitro selected FM were administered to healthy mice and to mice inoculated with TNBS (colitis model). Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNg, IL-17) and the regulatory cytokine IL-10 were evaluated in their intestines. Results: The in vitro studies demonstrated that the cocultures with FMs obtained with S. thermophilus CRL807 and L. bulgaricus 864 showed increased IL10/IFNγ ratios. This IL10/IFNγ ratio also increased in the intestinal fluids of healthy mice given these FMs. These mice also increased the ratio of IL10+ cells/IL17+ cells in their

Background: Fibronectin Binding Protein A (FnBPA) is an invasin from Staphylococcus aureus that allows this pathogen to internalize into eukaryote cells. It was previously demonstrated that recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing FnBPA were invasive and able to transfer a plasmid to eukaryotic cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the invasivity of recombinant strains of Lactococcus lactis that express FnBPA under the control of its constitutive promoter or driven by the strong nisin inducible expression system (NICE) were studied.Results: It was demonstrated that the nisA promoter allows an increase of FnBPA expression on the surface of Lactococcus lactis surface, as shown by flow cytometry, which subsequently enhanced internalization and plasmid transfer properties in vitro in Caco2 cells and Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells. In vivo, the use of nisA promoter increase the plasmid transfer in cells of both the small and large intestine of mice.Conclusion: FnBPA expression at the surface of recombinant L. lactis is positively correlated to internalization and DNA transfer properties. The recombinant strains of L. lactis that expresses FnBPA under the control of the nisin inducible expression system could thus be considered as an improved tool in the field of DNA transfer. Fil: Almeida, Juliana F.. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l; Francia Fil: Mariat, Denis. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l; Francia Fil: Azevedo, Vasco. Universidade Federal Do Minas Gerais; Fil: Miyoshi, Anderson. Universidade Federal Do Minas Gerais; Fil: de Moreno, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: del Carmen, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Martin, Rebeca. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l; Francia Fil: Langella, Philippe. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l; Francia Fil: Leblanc, Jean Guy Joseph. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Chatel, Jean Marc. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l; Francia

The aims of this study were to develop strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) having both immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties and to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro , in different cellular models, and in vivo , in a mouse model of colitis. Different Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus strains were cocultured with primary cultures of mononuclear cells. Analysis of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by these cells after coincubation with candidate bacteria revealed that L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CRL 864 and S. thermophilus CRL 807 display the highest anti-inflammatory profiles in vitro . Moreover, these results were confirmed in vivo by the determination of the cytokine profiles in large intestine samples of mice fed with these strains. S. thermophilus CRL 807 was then transformed with two different plasmids harboring the genes encoding catalase (CAT) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant enzymes, and the anti-inflammatory effects of recombinant streptococci were evaluated in a mouse model of colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). Our results showed a decrease in weight loss, lower liver microbial translocation, lower macroscopic and microscopic damage scores, and modulation of the cytokine production in the large intestines of mice treated with either CAT- or SOD-producing streptococci compared to those in mice treated with the wild-type strain or control mice without any treatment. Furthermore, the greatest anti-inflammatory activity was observed in mice receiving a mixture of both CAT- and SOD-producing streptococci. The addition of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CRL 864 to this mixture did not improve their beneficial effects. These findings show that genetically engineering a candidate bacterium (e.g., S. thermophilus CRL 807) with intrinsic immunomodulatory properties by introducing a gene expressing an antioxidant enzyme enhances its anti-inflammatory activities.

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are intestinal disorders characterized by inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Interleukin-10 is one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines involved in the intestinal immune system and because of its role in downregulating inflammatory cascades, its potential for IBD therapy is under study. We previously presented the development of an invasive strain of Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) producing Fibronectin Binding Protein A (FnBPA) which was capable of delivering, directly to host cells, a eukaryotic DNA expression vector coding for IL-10 of Mus musculus (pValac:il-10) and diminish inflammation in a trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced mouse model of intestinal inflammation. As a new therapeutic strategy against IBD, the aim of this work was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of two L. lactis strains (the same invasive strain evaluated previously and the wild-type strain) carrying the therapeutic pValac:il-10 plasmid in the prevention of inflammation in a dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced mouse model. Results: Results obtained showed that not only delivery of the pValac:il-10 plasmid by the invasive strain L. lactis MG1363 FnBPA+, but also by the wild-type strain L. lactis MG1363, was effective at diminishing intestinal inflammation (lower inflammation scores and higher IL-10 levels in the intestinal tissues, accompanied by decrease of IL-6) in the DSS-induced IBD mouse model. Conclusions: Administration of both L. lactis strains carrying the pValac:il-10 plasmid was effective at diminishing inflammation in this murine model of experimental colitis, showing their potential for therapeutic intervention of IBD. Fil: Zurita Turk, Meritxell. Universidade Federal Do Minas Gerais. Instituto de Cs.biologicas; Brasil Fil: del Carmen, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Santos, Ana C. G.. Universidade Federal Do Minas Gerais. Instituto de Cs.biologicas; Brasil Fil: Pereira, Vanessa Bastos. Universidade Federal Do Minas Gerais. Instituto de Cs.biologicas; Brasil Fil: Cara, Denise C.. Universidade Federal Do Minas Gerais. Instituto de Cs.biologicas; Brasil Fil: Leclercq, Sophie Y.. Fundaçao Ezequiel Dias. Laboratório de Inovaçao Biotecnológica; Brasil Fil: de Moreno, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Azevedo, Vasco. Universidade Federal Do Minas Gerais. Instituto de Cs.biologicas; Brasil Fil: Chatel, Jean-Marc. Universidade Federal do Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Leblanc, Jean Guy Joseph. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Miyoshi, Anderson. Universidade Federal Do Minas Gerais. Instituto de Cs.biologicas; Brasil

Background: Oral treatment with Lactococcus (L.) lactis strains secreting the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 has previously shown success as a therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Goals: Our aim was to compare the protective effects of IL-10, delivered by recombinant lactoccoci using two novel expression systems, in a murine colitis model mimicking the relapsing nature of IBD. The first system is based on a Stress-Inducible Controlled Expression (SICE) system for the production and delivery of heterologous proteins at mucosal surfaces and the second allows the delivery to the host cells of an il-10 cDNA cassette, harbored in a eukaryotic DNA expression vector (pValac). Study: Colitis was induced in female BALB/c mice by intrarectal injection of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS). Mice that recovered received one of the bacteria treatments or saline solution orally during 14 days. Colitis was reactivated 25 days after the first TNBS injection with a second TNBS challenge. Three days after colitis reactivation, cytokine profiles and inflammation in colon samples were evaluated. Results: Animals (N=9) receiving L. lactis strains secreting IL-10 using SICE system or delivering pValac:il-10 plasmid showed lower weight loss (p

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is the most important anti-inflammatory cytokine at intestinal level, and its absence is involved in inflammatory bowel diseases. However, oral treatment with IL-10 is difficult because of its low survival in the gastrointestinal tract and systemic treatments lead to undesirable side effects. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the administration of milks fermented by Lactococcus lactis strains that produce IL-10 under the control of the xylose-inducible expression system using a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis murine model. Mice that received milks fermented by L. lactis strains producing IL-10 in the cytoplasm (Cyt strain) or secreted to the product (Sec strain) showed lower damage scores in their large intestines, decreased IFN-γ levels in their intestinal fluids and lower microbial translocation to liver, compared to mice receiving milk fermented by the wild-type strain or those not receiving any treatment. The results obtained in this study show that the employment of fermented milks as a new form of administration of IL-10-producing L. lactisis effective in the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease in a murine model.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used to describe a group of intestinal disorders in which inflammation is a major feature. Although rare forms of IBD exist, these diseases normally pertain to ulcerative colitis (UC) (Head & Jurenka, 2003) and Crohn’s disease (CD) (Baumgart & Sandborn, 2007). There is evidence that these do not represent distinct conditions but rather are the same disease with shared etiological factors (Price, 1992); however, clinical manifestations (such as the exact location of the pathology or the affected individual’s immunological and constitutional endowment) are distinctive between both. Despite many years of study, the exact etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders remain unclear but great advances have been made using experimental animal models and have provided insights into the complex, multi-factorial processes and mechanisms that can result in chronic intestinal inflammation (Elson & Weaver, 2003). The aim of this chapter is to present an overview of the current expanding knowledge of the mechanisms by which lactic acid bacteria and other probiotic microorganisms participate in the prevention and treatment of IBD and how genetic engineering techniques can be used to improve their effectiveness or create novel therapeutic strains. In the following sections, the mechanisms by which these beneficial microorganisms exert their therapeutic effects, which include changes in the gut microbiota, stimulation of the host immune responses, enhancement of intestinal barrier function and reduction of the oxidative stress due to their antioxidant properties will be discussed. Fil: Leblanc, Jean Guy Joseph. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: del Carmen, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Alvarenga Lima, Fernanda. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Zurita Turk, Meritxell. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Miyoshi, Anderson. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Azevedo, Vasco. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: de Moreno, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) represent a heterogeneous group of microorganisms that are naturally present in many foods and possess a wide range of therapeutic properties. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the current expanding knowledge of one of the mechanisms by which LAB and other probiotic microorganisms participate in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal inflammatory disease through their immune-modulating properties. A special emphasis will be placed on the critical role of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and a brief overview of the uses of genetically engineered LAB that produce this important immune response mediator will also be discussed. Thus, this paper will demonstrate the critical role that IL-10 plays in gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases and how probiotics could be used in their treatment. Fil: de Moreno, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: del Carmen, Silvina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Zurita Turk, Meritxell. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Santos Rocha, Clarissa. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: van de Guchte, Maarten. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Azevedo, Vasco. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Miyoshi, Anderson. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Leblanc, Jean Guy Joseph. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina