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The scope of the map is described and the history of its concepts and deposit size classification reviewed. Descriptions are given of the following metallogenic zones, provinces and areas: Orijarvi (Zn-Pb-Cu + Fe), Kemio (Ta), Palmottu (U), Vammala (Ni-Cu), Pirkkala-Valkeakoski (Au), Erajarvi (Ta), Haveri-Orivesi (Au-Cu-W), Perakorpi (Ti-Fe), Telkkala (Ni-Cu), Juva-Puumala (Ni-Cu), Rantasalmi (Au), Virtasalmi (Cu), Ilmolahti (Ni-Cu), Kotalahti (Ni-Cu), Vehmersalmi (U), Outokumpu (Cu-Co-Zn + Ni), Koli-Kaltimo (U), Kyykka-Hokka (Cu), Hattu (Au), Huhus (Fe), Seinajoki (Au-Sb), Oravainen (Ni-Cu), Koivusaarenneva (Ti-Fe), Emmes Li province, Vihanti-Pyhiisalmi (Zn-Cu-Pb), Laivakangas (Au), Hitura (Ni-Cu), Talvivaara (Ni-Zn-Cu), Nuottijarvi-Sotkamo (U), Otanmaki (V-Fe-Ti), Moukkori-Lokkiluoto (Au), Kauniinlampi-Arola (Ni), Tipasjarvi-Saarikyla (Fe), Paakko (Fe), Koillismaa (PGE + Ni-Cu + V-Fe), Oijarvi (Au), Kemi-Penikka (Cr + PGE), Suhanko (PGE), Narkaus (PGE), Tervola (Au-Cu), Rovaniemi-Ylitomio (Mo-Cu-W), Misi (Fe), Kuusamo (Au), Kuusamo (U), Suonna (Fe), Jauratsi (Fe), Kylalampi (Fe), Kittila (Au-Cu), Koitelainen (PGE + Cr + V-Fe), Porkonen-Pahtavaara (Fe-Mn), Kesankitunturi (U), Rautuvaara (Fe-Cu-Au), Pyhajarvi (V-Fe-Ti), Pulju (Ni), Nirroselka (Ni), Lemmenjoki (placer Au), Ivalojoki (placer Au), Ruossakero (Ni) and Vatsari (Fe). Other significant deposits discussed are Korsnas (Pb-REE), Hammaslahti (Zn-Cu), Matasvaara (Mo), Taivaljarvi and Ala-Luoma (Ag-Zn), Keivitsa (Ni-Cu-PGE-Au), Akanvaara (Cr-V-Ti-PGE) and Sokli (Fe-Nb)., The scope of the map is described and the history of its concepts and deposit size classification reviewed. Descriptions are given of the following metallogenic zones, provinces and areas: Orijarvi (Zn-Pb-Cu + Fe), Kemio (Ta), Palmottu (U), Vammala (Ni-Cu), Pirkkala-Valkeakoski (Au), Erajarvi (Ta), Haveri-Orivesi (Au-Cu-W), Perakorpi (Ti-Fe), Telkkala (Ni-Cu), Juva-Puumala (Ni-Cu), Rantasalmi (Au), Virtasalmi (Cu), Ilmolahti (Ni-Cu), Kotalahti (Ni-Cu), Vehmersalmi (U), Outokumpu (Cu-Co-Zn + Ni), Koli-Kaltimo (U), Kyykka-Hokka (Cu), Hattu (Au), Huhus (Fe), Seinajoki (Au-Sb), Oravainen (Ni-Cu), Koivusaarenneva (Ti-Fe), Emmes Li province, Vihanti-Pyhiisalmi (Zn-Cu-Pb), Laivakangas (Au), Hitura (Ni-Cu), Talvivaara (Ni-Zn-Cu), Nuottijarvi-Sotkamo (U), Otanmaki (V-Fe-Ti), Moukkori-Lokkiluoto (Au), Kauniinlampi-Arola (Ni), Tipasjarvi-Saarikyla (Fe), Paakko (Fe), Koillismaa (PGE + Ni-Cu + V-Fe), Oijarvi (Au), Kemi-Penikka (Cr + PGE), Suhanko (PGE), Narkaus (PGE), Tervola (Au-Cu), Rovaniemi-Ylitomio (Mo-Cu-W), Misi (Fe), Kuusamo (Au), Kuusamo (U), Suonna (Fe), Jauratsi (Fe), Kylalampi (Fe), Kittila (Au-Cu), Koitelainen (PGE + Cr + V-Fe), Porkonen-Pahtavaara (Fe-Mn), Kesankitunturi (U), Rautuvaara (Fe-Cu-Au), Pyhajarvi (V-Fe-Ti), Pulju (Ni), Nirroselka (Ni), Lemmenjoki (placer Au), Ivalojoki (placer Au), Ruossakero (Ni) and Vatsari (Fe). Other significant deposits discussed are Korsnas (Pb-REE), Hammaslahti (Zn-Cu), Matasvaara (Mo), Taivaljarvi and Ala-Luoma (Ag-Zn), Keivitsa (Ni-Cu-PGE-Au), Akanvaara (Cr-V-Ti-PGE) and Sokli (Fe-Nb).

During hydrometallurgical processing of zinc concentrates by the Weltz process silver remains unrecovered in the clinker. A method of pretreatment by leaching and flotation has been developed to recover silver before Weltz treatment. Leaching in a mixture of sodium thiosulphate and ammonium sulphate is followed by filtration and cementation with flotation for additional recovery of unleached silver. Leaching before flotation gives better recoveries than vice versa. The route gives better silver recovery (up to 93.8%) than the 70% recovery obtained with just flotation which was hindered by the presence of chloride ions. Plant development based on the process is underway., During hydrometallurgical processing of zinc concentrates by the Weltz process silver remains unrecovered in the clinker. A method of pretreatment by leaching and flotation has been developed to recover silver before Weltz treatment. Leaching in a mixture of sodium thiosulphate and ammonium sulphate is followed by filtration and cementation with flotation for additional recovery of unleached silver. Leaching before flotation gives better recoveries than vice versa. The route gives better silver recovery (up to 93.8%) than the 70% recovery obtained with just flotation which was hindered by the presence of chloride ions. Plant development based on the process is underway.

Ag price rises over recent years have had an effect on supply and demand. Total supply from mine production, secondary sources and government inventory sales was 775 200 000 oz in 2006 while fabrication demand fell 11.3% to 714 700 000 oz, with Ag use increasing in electronics but decreasing in jewellery and photography. Company exploration and mining activities are reviewed including plans to re-open the Avino mine in Mexico, Esparanza Silver's Au-Ag project at Ayelen, Peru, and Cerro Jumil Au property in Mexico, the opening of Minefinders' Dolores mine in Chihuahua, Mexico, where full commercial production is due to start in June 2008, Sabina Silver’s Hackett River Ag-Zn project, Nunavut, Canada, Silver Mines' Webbs and Mole River Ag projects in New South Wales, Silverstone Resources’ Neves-Corvo and Aljustrel mines in Portugal, Sterling Mining’s Sunshine mine in Idaho and Valencia Ventures’ Cochinal Ag project in Chile., Ag price rises over recent years have had an effect on supply and demand. Total supply from mine production, secondary sources and government inventory sales was 775 200 000 oz in 2006 while fabrication demand fell 11.3% to 714 700 000 oz, with Ag use increasing in electronics but decreasing in jewellery and photography. Company exploration and mining activities are reviewed including plans to re-open the Avino mine in Mexico, Esparanza Silver's Au-Ag project at Ayelen, Peru, and Cerro Jumil Au property in Mexico, the opening of Minefinders' Dolores mine in Chihuahua, Mexico, where full commercial production is due to start in June 2008, Sabina Silver’s Hackett River Ag-Zn project, Nunavut, Canada, Silver Mines' Webbs and Mole River Ag projects in New South Wales, Silverstone Resources’ Neves-Corvo and Aljustrel mines in Portugal, Sterling Mining’s Sunshine mine in Idaho and Valencia Ventures’ Cochinal Ag project in Chile.

Exploration and production activities in the province are reviewed. Drilling is being carried out by Osisko Exploration to define an open-pit porphyry Au resource around the Malartic underground mine. Aurizon Mines is focusing on developing the Casa Berardi vein-type deposit, where 50 000 oz Au has been produced at an average grade of 10.1 g/t, and the recently acquired Joanna property. Cogitore Resources has reported a new resource estimate for the Main Zone at Estrades of 561 000 t averaging 0.72% Cu, 10.25% Zn, 0.94% Pb, 5.22 g/t Au and 174.1 g/t Ag. Noront Resources is to carry out diamond drilling at Windfall Lake. Agnico-Eagle Mines has begun work to bring into operation the Laronde II mine, whose orebody is a large extension of the zone of Au-Cu and Zn-Ag mineralisation, and has started construction of the Lapa Au project. Queenston Mining has identified a new style of Au mineralisation at Wood-Pandora and Radisson Mining Resources has completed diamond drilling at O'Brien/Kewagama. Iamgold's Doyon operation produced 153 000 oz Au in 2006 while production from Richmont Mines' Beaufor and East Amphi was 25 000 and 20 000 oz, respectively. Northern Star Mining has begun diamond drilling at Midway-Malartic, where numerous Au porphyry deposits have been identified. Wesdome Mining began mining operations at the Kiena complex, where 9 300 oz of Au were produced in 2006. Alexis Minerals' Lac Pellier Au project is expected to be in production within a year. Vior is drilling at Douay, where indicated and inferred resources are more than 800 000 oz, and Metanor Resources' Barry resources are an indicated 385 000 t averaging 4.23 g/t Au and an inferred 966 000 t averaging 4.07 g/t Au. Inmet Mining's Troilus project produced 148 000 oz Au and 290 000 t Cu in 2006. Eastman Resources' Clearwater project has an indicated resource of 310 000 oz Au. Goldcorp is exploring and developing the Roberto deposit and Everton Resources has completed a diamond drilling programme at Cla, Exploration and production activities in the province are reviewed. Drilling is being carried out by Osisko Exploration to define an open-pit porphyry Au resource around the Malartic underground mine. Aurizon Mines is focusing on developing the Casa Berardi vein-type deposit, where 50 000 oz Au has been produced at an average grade of 10.1 g/t, and the recently acquired Joanna property. Cogitore Resources has reported a new resource estimate for the Main Zone at Estrades of 561 000 t averaging 0.72% Cu, 10.25% Zn, 0.94% Pb, 5.22 g/t Au and 174.1 g/t Ag. Noront Resources is to carry out diamond drilling at Windfall Lake. Agnico-Eagle Mines has begun work to bring into operation the Laronde II mine, whose orebody is a large extension of the zone of Au-Cu and Zn-Ag mineralisation, and has started construction of the Lapa Au project. Queenston Mining has identified a new style of Au mineralisation at Wood-Pandora and Radisson Mining Resources has completed diamond drilling at O'Brien/Kewagama. Iamgold's Doyon operation produced 153 000 oz Au in 2006 while production from Richmont Mines' Beaufor and East Amphi was 25 000 and 20 000 oz, respectively. Northern Star Mining has begun diamond drilling at Midway-Malartic, where numerous Au porphyry deposits have been identified. Wesdome Mining began mining operations at the Kiena complex, where 9 300 oz of Au were produced in 2006. Alexis Minerals' Lac Pellier Au project is expected to be in production within a year. Vior is drilling at Douay, where indicated and inferred resources are more than 800 000 oz, and Metanor Resources' Barry resources are an indicated 385 000 t averaging 4.23 g/t Au and an inferred 966 000 t averaging 4.07 g/t Au. Inmet Mining's Troilus project produced 148 000 oz Au and 290 000 t Cu in 2006. Eastman Resources' Clearwater project has an indicated resource of 310 000 oz Au. Goldcorp is exploring and developing the Roberto deposit and Everton Resources has completed a diamond drilling programme at Cla

The massive sulphide deposit, in Western Australia, is the first example of high grade Ag-Zn found in the Kalgoorlie area. It is hosted by feldsparphyric felsic rocks of rhyolitic to dacitic composition, including flow-banded lava, breccia and fine grained felsic volcaniclastic sandstone. Secondary Ag-Au mineralisation occurs in two zones: within the completely oxidised weathering zone and at or near the base of oxidation. Sulphide zone mineralisation occurs within fresh rock below this transition zone. The main Ag-bearing mineral within the oxide zone is cerargyrite, native Ag occurs in the transition zone with secondary Cu minerals, and the dominant minerals in the sulphide zone are sphalerite and pyrite. An identified mineral resource totalling 929 000 t at 270 g/t Ag and 0.3 g/t Au has been estimated for the oxide and transition zone. No resource estimate has yet been made for the sulphide mineralisation., The massive sulphide deposit, in Western Australia, is the first example of high grade Ag-Zn found in the Kalgoorlie area. It is hosted by feldsparphyric felsic rocks of rhyolitic to dacitic composition, including flow-banded lava, breccia and fine grained felsic volcaniclastic sandstone. Secondary Ag-Au mineralisation occurs in two zones: within the completely oxidised weathering zone and at or near the base of oxidation. Sulphide zone mineralisation occurs within fresh rock below this transition zone. The main Ag-bearing mineral within the oxide zone is cerargyrite, native Ag occurs in the transition zone with secondary Cu minerals, and the dominant minerals in the sulphide zone are sphalerite and pyrite. An identified mineral resource totalling 929 000 t at 270 g/t Ag and 0.3 g/t Au has been estimated for the oxide and transition zone. No resource estimate has yet been made for the sulphide mineralisation.

The Mississippi Valley-type deposits total more than 50 000 000 tonnes of massive sulphides in an area of at least 12 x 6 km, south of Strathcona Sound on Baffin Island. They range in composition from massive barren pyrite to pyrite-sphalerite-dolomite-galena and are hosted by laminated and bedded dolostones. Zones carrying ore-grade sphalerite occur in the central third of the area, in horsts adjacent to the Keystone Graben, with zinc in each zone confined to a restricted vertical interval. The deposits occur in a variety of structural settings: a 5 000 m long wedge of massive pyrite in a major fault; an irregular sheet of pyrite topped by shales; discontinuous pods of pyrite; irregular subvertical veins; and a 3 000 m long, sinuous, lenticular body with a nearly horizontal upper contact. Overall control of distribution is by deep faults and in a few cases by the upper shale contact. Brief details are presented of the surface geology and underground mine tours., The Mississippi Valley-type deposits total more than 50 000 000 tonnes of massive sulphides in an area of at least 12 x 6 km, south of Strathcona Sound on Baffin Island. They range in composition from massive barren pyrite to pyrite-sphalerite-dolomite-galena and are hosted by laminated and bedded dolostones. Zones carrying ore-grade sphalerite occur in the central third of the area, in horsts adjacent to the Keystone Graben, with zinc in each zone confined to a restricted vertical interval. The deposits occur in a variety of structural settings: a 5 000 m long wedge of massive pyrite in a major fault; an irregular sheet of pyrite topped by shales; discontinuous pods of pyrite; irregular subvertical veins; and a 3 000 m long, sinuous, lenticular body with a nearly horizontal upper contact. Overall control of distribution is by deep faults and in a few cases by the upper shale contact. Brief details are presented of the surface geology and underground mine tours.

A number of stratabound deposits occur associated with the Lower Cretaceous sequence in the Atacama region. The following are presented in detail: Punta del Cobre Cu deposit associated with the volcanic and volcanoclastic facies of the lower part of the Cretaceous sequence; Bellavista Ag-Zn deposit in the lower carbonatic facies which bears important amounts of volcanoclastic particles; and Mamina (Ba) and the Bandurrias (Fe) deposits which occur in the carbonatic-evaporitic facies with intercalated tuffs, that is characteristic for the intermediate regressive pulse of the Lower Cretaceous sequence in the Atacama region., A number of stratabound deposits occur associated with the Lower Cretaceous sequence in the Atacama region. The following are presented in detail: Punta del Cobre Cu deposit associated with the volcanic and volcanoclastic facies of the lower part of the Cretaceous sequence; Bellavista Ag-Zn deposit in the lower carbonatic facies which bears important amounts of volcanoclastic particles; and Mamina (Ba) and the Bandurrias (Fe) deposits which occur in the carbonatic-evaporitic facies with intercalated tuffs, that is characteristic for the intermediate regressive pulse of the Lower Cretaceous sequence in the Atacama region.

A Bi2O3 solution was obtained by leaching silver-zinc slag with an HCl-NaClO3-NaCl solution. Pb2+ and Ag+ concentrations in the BiCl3 solution were up to 1 371 mg/l and 46.1 mg/l, respectively. Pb2+ and Ag+ in the solution were removed using silver-zinc slag and NaI, respectively. Pb2+ and Ag+ concentrations were reduced to about 1 mg/l under the following conditions: ratio of BiC13 solution to silver-zinc slag = 10:1, initial pH 0.3- 0.4, agitation speed 1 000 rev/min, the reaction time no more than 15 minutes and the amount of NaI added 1.2-1.4 times the theoretical amount. High-purity Bi2O3 was prepared from the deleaded and desilvered BiCl3 solution by hydrolysis and conversion., A Bi2O3 solution was obtained by leaching silver-zinc slag with an HCl-NaClO3-NaCl solution. Pb2+ and Ag+ concentrations in the BiCl3 solution were up to 1 371 mg/l and 46.1 mg/l, respectively. Pb2+ and Ag+ in the solution were removed using silver-zinc slag and NaI, respectively. Pb2+ and Ag+ concentrations were reduced to about 1 mg/l under the following conditions: ratio of BiC13 solution to silver-zinc slag = 10:1, initial pH 0.3- 0.4, agitation speed 1 000 rev/min, the reaction time no more than 15 minutes and the amount of NaI added 1.2-1.4 times the theoretical amount. High-purity Bi2O3 was prepared from the deleaded and desilvered BiCl3 solution by hydrolysis and conversion.

The Swedish deposit, mined since the 13th century, has sulphide ores grading 160 g/t Ag, 4.2% Zn, 2.3% Pb, 0.1% Cu and 0.5 g/t Au. Ore minerals are chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite with small amounts of pyrite, pyrrhotite, freibergite, tetrahedrite, amalgam, talc and Mn in sphalerite, silicate gangue and alabandite. Ore feed from the Norra mine has increased in the last few years. Throughput is slightly more than 1 000 000 tonnes/a. Fully autogenous grinding was introduced in 1989, allowing the hard ore from Norra and the soft Garpenberg ore to be processed together. A brief survey is given of developments since then in primary grinding, gravimetric separation, copper-lead flotation, zinc flotation, dewatering and tailings disposal; a number of investigations that proved dead-ends are also mentioned. Annual concentrate grades and recoveries from 1989 to 2002 are presented., The Swedish deposit, mined since the 13th century, has sulphide ores grading 160 g/t Ag, 4.2% Zn, 2.3% Pb, 0.1% Cu and 0.5 g/t Au. Ore minerals are chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite with small amounts of pyrite, pyrrhotite, freibergite, tetrahedrite, amalgam, talc and Mn in sphalerite, silicate gangue and alabandite. Ore feed from the Norra mine has increased in the last few years. Throughput is slightly more than 1 000 000 tonnes/a. Fully autogenous grinding was introduced in 1989, allowing the hard ore from Norra and the soft Garpenberg ore to be processed together. A brief survey is given of developments since then in primary grinding, gravimetric separation, copper-lead flotation, zinc flotation, dewatering and tailings disposal; a number of investigations that proved dead-ends are also mentioned. Annual concentrate grades and recoveries from 1989 to 2002 are presented.

Rich Ag-bearing low-grade Mn ores are found in large quantities in the Yunnan province of China. Details are given of a laboratory study in which Ag-bearing low-grade Mn and Zn concentrates were leached and Mn, Ag and Zn recovered. The chemical composition and mineralogical structure of the ores were determined and the effects of adding various amounts of reducing agents and H2SO4 and of reaction time, temperature and the liquid-to-solid ratio on the leaching process were investigated to determine the optimum conditions. The Mn leaching rate reached 98%. The Ag in the slag was leached by adding an ammonia solution. By adding hydrazine hydrate, sponge Ag with a purity of up to 99% was obtained. The Ag recovery rate reached 87%., Rich Ag-bearing low-grade Mn ores are found in large quantities in the Yunnan province of China. Details are given of a laboratory study in which Ag-bearing low-grade Mn and Zn concentrates were leached and Mn, Ag and Zn recovered. The chemical composition and mineralogical structure of the ores were determined and the effects of adding various amounts of reducing agents and H2SO4 and of reaction time, temperature and the liquid-to-solid ratio on the leaching process were investigated to determine the optimum conditions. The Mn leaching rate reached 98%. The Ag in the slag was leached by adding an ammonia solution. By adding hydrazine hydrate, sponge Ag with a purity of up to 99% was obtained. The Ag recovery rate reached 87%.

The proposed process greatly improves the silver leaching rate over that obtained by direct extraction of Ag from leaching-resistant Zn residues, achieving extraction of more than 98% of Ag. The optimum pressure oxidation conditions are a particle size range of 40-60 micrometres, an oxygen partial pressure of 1 MPa, a temperature of 80-90 degrees C, a pH of 1.0 and a leaching time of 5 h. Following this pretreatment, the time of thiourea leaching is shortened to 1.5 h and thiourea consumption is greatly reduced. The oxidation mechanism and kinetics of thiourea leaching are explored., The proposed process greatly improves the silver leaching rate over that obtained by direct extraction of Ag from leaching-resistant Zn residues, achieving extraction of more than 98% of Ag. The optimum pressure oxidation conditions are a particle size range of 40-60 micrometres, an oxygen partial pressure of 1 MPa, a temperature of 80-90 degrees C, a pH of 1.0 and a leaching time of 5 h. Following this pretreatment, the time of thiourea leaching is shortened to 1.5 h and thiourea consumption is greatly reduced. The oxidation mechanism and kinetics of thiourea leaching are explored.

A technological flowsheet recently developed at the Chelyabinsk electrolytic zinc works in Russia includes a main flotation stage and re-cleaning of the froth product. This allows up to 50% of Ag to be extracted from Zn cake into a flotation concentrate grading 0.42% Ag, 48.4% Zn, 11.25% Fe, 6.35% Cu, 23.4% S, 0.45% Cd, 0.23% As2O3, 0.1% Sb2O3 and 0.013% Zn2O3. The composition of the concentrate and the forms of Ag contained in it were investigated with the aim of improving concentrate quality and increasing metal recovery., A technological flowsheet recently developed at the Chelyabinsk electrolytic zinc works in Russia includes a main flotation stage and re-cleaning of the froth product. This allows up to 50% of Ag to be extracted from Zn cake into a flotation concentrate grading 0.42% Ag, 48.4% Zn, 11.25% Fe, 6.35% Cu, 23.4% S, 0.45% Cd, 0.23% As2O3, 0.1% Sb2O3 and 0.013% Zn2O3. The composition of the concentrate and the forms of Ag contained in it were investigated with the aim of improving concentrate quality and increasing metal recovery.

Pb isotope ratios of ores and igneous rocks from the San Cristobal silver-zinc deposit and from Palaeozoic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks are compared with published data on high-grade Middle Proterozoic metamorphic basement rocks. The easily leachable Pb is much less radiogenic than Pb in the whole sedimentary rocks, but both are too radiogenic to have been major sources of Pb for San Cristobal. Pb isotope ratios of ores from the Pulcayo polymetallic district and the giant Potosi silver-tin-base metal deposit are similar to each other and lie within the range of the whole sedimentary rocks, but leaching of Pb from the sedimentary rocks cannot explain the compositions of these ores and the isotopic composition of the Potosi ores argues against mixing of Pb from diverse sources in the hydrothermal system. Pb from the sedimentary rocks may have been assimilated into the magma. In the San Cristobal region, the degree of incorporation of ore metals from the metamorphic basement appears to have depended on the timing and/or location of the mineralising event., Pb isotope ratios of ores and igneous rocks from the San Cristobal silver-zinc deposit and from Palaeozoic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks are compared with published data on high-grade Middle Proterozoic metamorphic basement rocks. The easily leachable Pb is much less radiogenic than Pb in the whole sedimentary rocks, but both are too radiogenic to have been major sources of Pb for San Cristobal. Pb isotope ratios of ores from the Pulcayo polymetallic district and the giant Potosi silver-tin-base metal deposit are similar to each other and lie within the range of the whole sedimentary rocks, but leaching of Pb from the sedimentary rocks cannot explain the compositions of these ores and the isotopic composition of the Potosi ores argues against mixing of Pb from diverse sources in the hydrothermal system. Pb from the sedimentary rocks may have been assimilated into the magma. In the San Cristobal region, the degree of incorporation of ore metals from the metamorphic basement appears to have depended on the timing and/or location of the mineralising event.

The cumulated production and reserve tonnage of 110 deposits (out of 115 tabulated) is almost 400 000 000 tonnes of ore averaging 2.74% Zn, 1.56% Cu, 26.11 g/t Ag and 1.95 g/t Au, with a classic log-normal distribution of tonnage between the deposits. U-Pb dating of zircon in felsic volcanic rocks and synvolcanic intrusions indicates a grouping into thirteen geological regions from three distinct ore-forming epochs. The first of these, from before 2730 to 2720 Ma, gave rise to volcanogenic massive sulphides rich in Zn and Ag. The second, from 2720 to 2710 Ma, was characterised by porphyry deposits, such as those in the Chibougamau and Chapais regions, and by volcanogenic deposits in the region between La Sarre and Amos, whose volcanic units probably correlate with those at Kidd Creek-Moser-Stoughton-Roquemaure. The third epoch, from 2710 to after 2700 Ma, was marked by relative enrichment in Cu, Au and Ag and by its potential for high grades, as indicated at Bouchard-Hebert, Louvicourt and LaRonde., The cumulated production and reserve tonnage of 110 deposits (out of 115 tabulated) is almost 400 000 000 tonnes of ore averaging 2.74% Zn, 1.56% Cu, 26.11 g/t Ag and 1.95 g/t Au, with a classic log-normal distribution of tonnage between the deposits. U-Pb dating of zircon in felsic volcanic rocks and synvolcanic intrusions indicates a grouping into thirteen geological regions from three distinct ore-forming epochs. The first of these, from before 2730 to 2720 Ma, gave rise to volcanogenic massive sulphides rich in Zn and Ag. The second, from 2720 to 2710 Ma, was characterised by porphyry deposits, such as those in the Chibougamau and Chapais regions, and by volcanogenic deposits in the region between La Sarre and Amos, whose volcanic units probably correlate with those at Kidd Creek-Moser-Stoughton-Roquemaure. The third epoch, from 2710 to after 2700 Ma, was marked by relative enrichment in Cu, Au and Ag and by its potential for high grades, as indicated at Bouchard-Hebert, Louvicourt and LaRonde.

The installation is described of a dual-stage, forced-air incinerator at the Hackett River Ag-Zn project in Nunavut, Canada, to process waste material that cannot be removed or recycled, including general waste such as food scraps and packaging, drilling waste such as greases and lubricants, used hydrocarbons, and wood and paper waste. The project is currently in the advanced exploration stage, with 25-30 people on site. The incinerator components were flown in and assembled at the site and, following a year of operation, there has been a noticeable improvement in air quality and the volume of waste ash to be shipped out has been significantly reduced., The installation is described of a dual-stage, forced-air incinerator at the Hackett River Ag-Zn project in Nunavut, Canada, to process waste material that cannot be removed or recycled, including general waste such as food scraps and packaging, drilling waste such as greases and lubricants, used hydrocarbons, and wood and paper waste. The project is currently in the advanced exploration stage, with 25-30 people on site. The incinerator components were flown in and assembled at the site and, following a year of operation, there has been a noticeable improvement in air quality and the volume of waste ash to be shipped out has been significantly reduced.

Water and solute management at mine sites is discussed and products and services available are described. A dynamic internet-hosted model has been developed which uses site-specific daily and monthly climatological data, operational conditions such as loading plans, filling curves, leaching curves, upset solute concentrations, financial targets and reclamation requirements to provide interactive process schematics to estimate water volumes and solute mass and concentrations from various mine facilities. The use of flow measurement technology at critical water lines at the Collahuasi mine in Chile is discussed, and the application of fluid dynamics studies for the management of water, tailings and other waste streams and for measuring the hydraulic characteristics of wetlands at the Ranger U mine in Australia is described. Water treatment systems being tested in Colorado, USA, include the rotating cylinder treatment system and the ionic state modification system. BioteQ's ChemSulphide process is being used to treat acid mine drainage from the closed Wellington Oro Ag-Zn mine in Colorado. The application of desalination as a source of process water is described and developments in energy- efficient pumps reviewed., Water and solute management at mine sites is discussed and products and services available are described. A dynamic internet-hosted model has been developed which uses site-specific daily and monthly climatological data, operational conditions such as loading plans, filling curves, leaching curves, upset solute concentrations, financial targets and reclamation requirements to provide interactive process schematics to estimate water volumes and solute mass and concentrations from various mine facilities. The use of flow measurement technology at critical water lines at the Collahuasi mine in Chile is discussed, and the application of fluid dynamics studies for the management of water, tailings and other waste streams and for measuring the hydraulic characteristics of wetlands at the Ranger U mine in Australia is described. Water treatment systems being tested in Colorado, USA, include the rotating cylinder treatment system and the ionic state modification system. BioteQ's ChemSulphide process is being used to treat acid mine drainage from the closed Wellington Oro Ag-Zn mine in Colorado. The application of desalination as a source of process water is described and developments in energy- efficient pumps reviewed.

A total of 181 new mining projects worldwide were reported for 2005 with a 16% increase in value compared with 2004. Copper, gold, iron ore and nickel projects accounted for 82% of the total, with iron ore ranking third behind copper and gold as the most important investment target. Details of the projects are tabulated with location, status, type (open-cast or underground), products, controlling company and cost., A total of 181 new mining projects worldwide were reported for 2005 with a 16% increase in value compared with 2004. Copper, gold, iron ore and nickel projects accounted for 82% of the total, with iron ore ranking third behind copper and gold as the most important investment target. Details of the projects are tabulated with location, status, type (open-cast or underground), products, controlling company and cost.

A device to separate the active cathode material of silver-zinc batteries from a wire gauze base has been designed incorporating an activator which consists of two horizontal drums mounted in parallel one above the other, allowing vertical rotation. The cylindrical surface of one drum has protrusions in the shape of tenons with rounded studs, while the other drum has a flexible liner. When the gauze is fed between the drums, up to 99.9% of the paste mass is separated from the device without the wire gauze being destroyed and 99.9 wt% pure silver is subsequently obtained., A device to separate the active cathode material of silver-zinc batteries from a wire gauze base has been designed incorporating an activator which consists of two horizontal drums mounted in parallel one above the other, allowing vertical rotation. The cylindrical surface of one drum has protrusions in the shape of tenons with rounded studs, while the other drum has a flexible liner. When the gauze is fed between the drums, up to 99.9% of the paste mass is separated from the device without the wire gauze being destroyed and 99.9 wt% pure silver is subsequently obtained.

A map is presented showing the geology of the country and its mineral potential is discussed, the mining legislation reviewed and a series of company profiles presented. The mining law adopted in 1997 established a competitive framework for private investment with mining rights granted on payment of an annual fee. The national constitution was radically amended in 2009 with a stronger role for the state and more powers for the indigenous population, but the mining code has not been completed and a number of issues remain to be clarified. Mining projects include the San Bartolome open-pit Ag mine, which began production at the end of 2009, and the San Vicente underground Ag-Zn mine, where production started in March 2009. Projects under development include the Malku Khota Ag-In deposit, the Pulacayo-Paca Ag project and Pulacayo Ag-Pb-Zn prospect. Au projects include the Amayapampa Au and Lipena Cu-Au deposits. Other operations include the San Cristobal Ag-Pb-Zn mine and the El Mutun iron ore project. The country has the world’s largest untapped Li resources. Company activities discussed in detail include Eaglecrest Mining which has discovered four areas of Au mineralisation, Dona Amelia, San Simon in the Paititi-Buriti trend, Marco Maria and Dona Angela, Minera San Cristobal, where output from the San Cristobal mine is expected to be 1 300 t/day of Zn-Ag and 300 t/day of Pb-Ag concentrates in the early years of operation, New World Resources, which is involved with the Pastos Grandes Li brine project and Lipena Cu-Au project, Republic Gold, which is about to complete a bankable feasibility study for the Amayapampa Au project, and South American Silver, which has the Malku Khota Ag-In and Escalones Cu-Ag projects., A map is presented showing the geology of the country and its mineral potential is discussed, the mining legislation reviewed and a series of company profiles presented. The mining law adopted in 1997 established a competitive framework for private investment with mining rights granted on payment of an annual fee. The national constitution was radically amended in 2009 with a stronger role for the state and more powers for the indigenous population, but the mining code has not been completed and a number of issues remain to be clarified. Mining projects include the San Bartolome open-pit Ag mine, which began production at the end of 2009, and the San Vicente underground Ag-Zn mine, where production started in March 2009. Projects under development include the Malku Khota Ag-In deposit, the Pulacayo-Paca Ag project and Pulacayo Ag-Pb-Zn prospect. Au projects include the Amayapampa Au and Lipena Cu-Au deposits. Other operations include the San Cristobal Ag-Pb-Zn mine and the El Mutun iron ore project. The country has the world’s largest untapped Li resources. Company activities discussed in detail include Eaglecrest Mining which has discovered four areas of Au mineralisation, Dona Amelia, San Simon in the Paititi-Buriti trend, Marco Maria and Dona Angela, Minera San Cristobal, where output from the San Cristobal mine is expected to be 1 300 t/day of Zn-Ag and 300 t/day of Pb-Ag concentrates in the early years of operation, New World Resources, which is involved with the Pastos Grandes Li brine project and Lipena Cu-Au project, Republic Gold, which is about to complete a bankable feasibility study for the Amayapampa Au project, and South American Silver, which has the Malku Khota Ag-In and Escalones Cu-Ag projects.

A combination of new investment, privatisation and increased regional zinc smelter demand has revived interest in Bolivia's traditional polymetallic mines and raised zinc output to record levels. Exports of Zn in concentrates were 146 130 tonnes in 1995 and an estimated 150 000 t in 1996, a half-year rise of 13% having been reversed by a leak and 14-week shutdown at Comsur's Porco tailings plant. Comsur's output was about 100 000 t, having risen to 98 500 t in 1995 with the reopening of the Bolivar Zn-Ag-Pb mine. The Andacaba and Don Francisco Ag-Zn-Pb mines are being refurbished and expanded by Atlas Corp. Two major zinc producers, Paranapanema and Cominco, are looking for new sources of supply in the area and junior mining companies in search of silver are likely to develop new zinc resources. Comibol, the state-owned company, still controls 2 326 properties and has yet to find a buyer for the Karachipampa smelter., A combination of new investment, privatisation and increased regional zinc smelter demand has revived interest in Bolivia's traditional polymetallic mines and raised zinc output to record levels. Exports of Zn in concentrates were 146 130 tonnes in 1995 and an estimated 150 000 t in 1996, a half-year rise of 13% having been reversed by a leak and 14-week shutdown at Comsur's Porco tailings plant. Comsur's output was about 100 000 t, having risen to 98 500 t in 1995 with the reopening of the Bolivar Zn-Ag-Pb mine. The Andacaba and Don Francisco Ag-Zn-Pb mines are being refurbished and expanded by Atlas Corp. Two major zinc producers, Paranapanema and Cominco, are looking for new sources of supply in the area and junior mining companies in search of silver are likely to develop new zinc resources. Comibol, the state-owned company, still controls 2 326 properties and has yet to find a buyer for the Karachipampa smelter.

The Selbaie mine is a large-tonnage, low-grade Cu-Zn-Ag-Au deposit with both stratiform and epithermal characteristics. Mineralisation comprises lower grade, disseminated Zn-Ag ore and pyritic siliceous sinter at the surface, and higher grade Cu-Zn-Ag-Au quartz sulphide lenses. Geology, geochemistry, and U-Pb geochronology suggest a transgressive, stratiform to epithermal mineralising system that formed within a calc-alkalic, volcanic-plutonic suite at 2725 to 2730 Ma, at the peak of volcanic activity in the northern Abitibi subprovince, followed by west-directed thrusting over the mineralisation, resulting in fluid movement and partial to complete regrowth of zircon and resetting of the U-Th-Pb systematics within the fault., The Selbaie mine is a large-tonnage, low-grade Cu-Zn-Ag-Au deposit with both stratiform and epithermal characteristics. Mineralisation comprises lower grade, disseminated Zn-Ag ore and pyritic siliceous sinter at the surface, and higher grade Cu-Zn-Ag-Au quartz sulphide lenses. Geology, geochemistry, and U-Pb geochronology suggest a transgressive, stratiform to epithermal mineralising system that formed within a calc-alkalic, volcanic-plutonic suite at 2725 to 2730 Ma, at the peak of volcanic activity in the northern Abitibi subprovince, followed by west-directed thrusting over the mineralisation, resulting in fluid movement and partial to complete regrowth of zircon and resetting of the U-Th-Pb systematics within the fault.

Porco is Bolivia's largest zinc mine. It has been worked for over 500 years. It produces lead-silver and zinc-silver concentrates. Annual production is around 40 000 tonnes of zinc in concentrates. In 1992, Porco completed an expansion from 800 to 1 200 tonnes/d. The, Porco is Bolivia's largest zinc mine. It has been worked for over 500 years. It produces lead-silver and zinc-silver concentrates. Annual production is around 40 000 tonnes of zinc in concentrates. In 1992, Porco completed an expansion from 800 to 1 200 tonnes/d. The

The Taivaljarvi Ag-Zn deposit is stratiform and consists of four ore layers. The deposit contains 3 450 000 tonnes of ore with 1.27% Zn, 0.57% Pb, 160 g/t Ag and 0.37 g/t Au. The content of sulphide minerals is low, only 5% on average. The main ore minerals are sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite and pyrrhotite, dyscrasite, freibergite, electrum and native Ag. The deposit displays disseminated and vein-type ore textures. The volcanic host rocks are deformed and metamorphosed in high amphibolite facies, and the metamorphic mineral assemblages reflect the variation in chemical compositions of the rock sequence. The intensive hydrothermal alteration associated with mineralisation predated the regional metamorphism, but it can still be recognised in the chemical composition of the rock sequence. The sulphur isotope values indicate a volcanic origin for the sulphur. The ore deposit is a product of hydrothermal activity associated with volcanoclastic felsic eruption, and the type of deposition is assumed to be epithermal in character., The Taivaljarvi Ag-Zn deposit is stratiform and consists of four ore layers. The deposit contains 3 450 000 tonnes of ore with 1.27% Zn, 0.57% Pb, 160 g/t Ag and 0.37 g/t Au. The content of sulphide minerals is low, only 5% on average. The main ore minerals are sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite and pyrrhotite, dyscrasite, freibergite, electrum and native Ag. The deposit displays disseminated and vein-type ore textures. The volcanic host rocks are deformed and metamorphosed in high amphibolite facies, and the metamorphic mineral assemblages reflect the variation in chemical compositions of the rock sequence. The intensive hydrothermal alteration associated with mineralisation predated the regional metamorphism, but it can still be recognised in the chemical composition of the rock sequence. The sulphur isotope values indicate a volcanic origin for the sulphur. The ore deposit is a product of hydrothermal activity associated with volcanoclastic felsic eruption, and the type of deposition is assumed to be epithermal in character.

The products formed during the two-stage countercurrent oxygen pressure leaching of a pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag bulk concentrate from New Brunswick were examined. Silver is in the final leach residue mostly as unleached argentian tetrahedrite and precipitated silver-bearing lead jarosite. Screening and/or flotation of the leach residue yields a sulphur-sulphide fraction which contains most of the inleached tetrahedrite (containing about 25% of the total silver). Treatment of the remaining jarosite-rich fraction by reductive SO2 leaching converts the silver-bearing lead jarosite to silver-free PbSO4. The silver liberated during this reaction ultimately precipitates as large complex sulphide-sulphate capsule-like structures rimmed by silver sulphides., The products formed during the two-stage countercurrent oxygen pressure leaching of a pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag bulk concentrate from New Brunswick were examined. Silver is in the final leach residue mostly as unleached argentian tetrahedrite and precipitated silver-bearing lead jarosite. Screening and/or flotation of the leach residue yields a sulphur-sulphide fraction which contains most of the inleached tetrahedrite (containing about 25% of the total silver). Treatment of the remaining jarosite-rich fraction by reductive SO2 leaching converts the silver-bearing lead jarosite to silver-free PbSO4. The silver liberated during this reaction ultimately precipitates as large complex sulphide-sulphate capsule-like structures rimmed by silver sulphides.