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Low socioeconomic status has various adverse effects on health, which can be mitigated through the shift‐and‐persist (S‐P) strategy. Studies have focused on how this strategy can affect health in the face of adversity. However, that children learn this strategy from positive role models, such as parents, is an unexamined precondition of the theory. This study presents one bit of supporting evidence for this precondition by examining the similarity in S‐P among parent–child dyads using the actor‐partner interdependence model. We also examine parent and child strategies related to depressive tendencies based on mixed results in relevant research. The results from 309 parent–child pairs indicate that shifting and persisting tendencies and depressive tendencies were similar among the parent–child pairs. Furthermore, regardless of their socioeconomic status, the parents' and children's persisting scores predicted lower levels of depressive tendencies as actor effects. Although this study does not fully support S‐P theory, it provides important insights regarding similar patterns of strategic tendencies between parents and children and highlights the importance of positive role models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low socioeconomic status has various adverse effects on health, which can be mitigated through the shift‐and‐persist (S‐P) strategy. Studies have focused on how this strategy can affect health in the face of adversity. However, that children learn this strategy from positive role models, such as parents, is an unexamined precondition of the theory. This study presents one bit of supporting evidence for this precondition by examining the similarity in S‐P among parent–child dyads using the actor‐partner interdependence model. We also examine parent and child strategies related to depressive tendencies based on mixed results in relevant research. The results from 309 parent–child pairs indicate that shifting and persisting tendencies and depressive tendencies were similar among the parent–child pairs. Furthermore, regardless of their socioeconomic status, the parents' and children's persisting scores predicted lower levels of depressive tendencies as actor effects. Although this study does not fully support S‐P theory, it provides important insights regarding similar patterns of strategic tendencies between parents and children and highlights the importance of positive role models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When someone's self‐esteem is raised, how does their presence affect the people surrounding them? The purpose of the present study was to provide initial evidence for this question from the viewpoint of social comparison. We therefore conducted a questionnaire experiment among junior high school students (N = 225) using a scene‐assumption method, investigating the effect of a change in the self‐esteem of a specific individual on the self‐esteem of others in that individual's proximity. Results showed that, for students who had low self‐esteem and saw self‐esteem as important, their self‐esteem decreased when the self‐esteem of a friend increased; conversely, self‐esteem increased for individuals who did not view this trait as important. This finding suggests that, depending on both the degree of the participants' original level of self‐esteem and the degree to which self‐esteem is considered important, activities to improve self‐esteem may have an unintentional adverse effect that undermines their original purpose. Based on this suggestion, the necessity of considering the effects on others in efforts to improve an individual's self‐esteem is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic asymmetric aldol reactions of silyl enol ethers with aldehydes are performed using novel chiral zirconium catalysts. The activities of the chiral zirconium catalysts are enhanced by using new ligands, (R)-3,3'-l2-6,6'-X2BINOL (X = Br, I, C2F5), and it is shown that even aldol reactions of less reactive substrates proceeded smoothly using the novel zirconium catalysts. The alcohol played an important role in the catalysts turnover, and water affected the formation of the catalyst.

The effects of lanthanide ions upon the hydrolysis of the acyl phosphate monoester benzoyl methyl phosphate (BMP) and the reaction of BMP with methanol are examined. The results indicate that lanthanide salts dramatically increase the reactivity of acyl phosphates toward oxygen-centered nucleophiles.

4,8-Sphingadienines (SD), metabolites of glucosylceramides (GlcCer), are sometimes determined as key mediators of the biological activity of dietary GlcCer, and cis / trans geometries of 4,8-SD have been reported to affect its activity. Since regulating excessive activation of mast cells seems an important way to ameliorate allergic diseases, this study was focused on cis/trans stereoisomeric-dependent inhibitory effects of 4,8-SD on mast cell activation. Degranulation of RBL-2H3 was inhibited by treatment of 4- cis -8- trans - and 4- cis -8- cis -SD, and their intradermal administrations ameliorated ear edema in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction, but 4- trans -8- trans - and 4- trans -8- cis -SD did not. Although the activation of mast cells depends on the bound IgE contents, those stereoisomers did not affect IgE contents on RBL-2H3 cells after the sensitization of anti-TNP IgE. These results indicated that 4- cis -8- trans - and 4- cis -8- cis -SD directly inhibit the activation of mast cells. In conclusion, it was assumed that 4,8-SD stereoisomers with cis double bond at C4-position shows anti-allergic activity by inhibiting downstream pathway after activation by the binding of IgE to mast cells. [Display omitted] • This study was focused on cis/trans stereoisomeric-dependent inhibitory effects of 4,8-sphingadiene, a component of glucosylceramide, on mast cell activation. • Degranulation of RBL-2H3 and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction were inhibited by treatment of 4- cis -8- trans - and 4- cis -8- cis -sphingadiene. • 4,8-sphingadiene stereoisomers with trans double bond at C4-position did show no activities in both assays. • 4- cis -8- trans - and 4- cis -8- cis -sphingadiene did not affect IgE contents on RBL-2H3 cells after the sensitization of anti-TNP IgE. • It was assumed that 4,8-SD stereoisomers with cis double bond at C4-position are important to show anti-allergic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal analysis of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire has been used to monitor treatment-induced changes in antigen-specific T cells in patients with cancer. However, the lack of experimental models that allow a temporal analysis of the TCR repertoire in the same individual in a homogeneous population limits the understanding of the causal relationship between changes in TCR repertoire and antitumor responses. A bilateral tumor model, where tumor cells were inoculated bilaterally into the backs of mice, could be used for temporal analysis of the TCR repertoire. This study examined the prerequisite for this strategy: the TCR repertoire is conserved between bilateral tumors that grow symmetrically. Bilateral tumors and draining lymph nodes (dLNs) were collected 13 days after tumor inoculation to analyze the TCR repertoire of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The tumor-infiltrating T-cell clones were highly similar between the bilateral tumors and expanded to a similar extent. In addition, the differences of TCR repertoire between the bilateral tumors were equivalent to Intra-tumoral heterogeneity on one side. On the other hand, the similarity of the TCR repertoire in the bilateral dLNs was markedly lower than that in the tumor, suggesting that tumor-reactive T cell clones induced independently in each dLN are mixed during recirculation and then proportionally infiltrated the bilateral tumors. These findings provide the basis for future analysis of temporal and treatment-induced changes in tumor-reactive T cell clones using this bilateral tumor model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of four individual factors (shyness, self‐esteem, social skills, and defensive pessimism) on the formation of friendships among undergraduate students. Freshmen (N = 93) completed a questionnaire assessing their shyness, self‐esteem, social skills, and level of defensive pessimism. Then, they answered questions about interpersonal indices (number of friends, satisfaction with friendships, their willingness to continue relationships, and their feelings of interpersonal friction). After 3 months, they completed a questionnaire about their anxiety state and behavior when talking with the people they had met since university admission. Moreover, they discussed the interpersonal indices they used in a pre‐questionnaire. Path analysis indicated that shyness directly leads to having fewer friends, whereas social skills lead to having more friends through extroversive behavior. Moreover, self‐esteem was positively related to an increase in the willingness to continue relationships, and reflection and pessimistic thinking (which is one component of defensive pessimism) led to a feeling of being fatigued from the effort of considering and respecting the reactions of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first example of catalytic asymmetric intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition of hydrazones/olefins is demonstrated. The cycloaddition proceeded in the presence of a chiral zirconium complex as a catalyst under mild conditions. While adducts, chiral pyrazolidine derivatives, are a biologically interesting class of compounds, the N-N bonds of adducts are shown to be readily cleaved under reductive conditions to afford chiral diamine derivatives.

Highly anti-selective catalytic asymmetric aldol reactions are described.

The influence of the nanocrystalline structure produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) on the corrosion behavior of CoCrFeMnNi alloys with Cr contents ranging from 0 to 20 at.% was investigated in aqueous 0.5 M H2SO4 and 3.5% NaCl solutions. The resistance to general corrosion and pitting became higher in both the solutions, with higher passivation capability observed with increasing Cr content, and it is believed that the high corrosion resistance of CoCrFeMnNi alloys can be attributed to the incorporation of the Cr element. However, the impact of the nanocrystalline structure produced by SPD on the corrosion behavior was negligibly small. This is inconsistent with reports on nanocrystalline binary Fe–Cr alloys and stainless steels processed by SPD, where grain refinement by SPD results in higher corrosion resistance. The small change in the corrosion behavior with respect to grain refinement is discussed, based on the passivation process of Fe–Cr alloys and on the influence of the core effects of HEAs on the passivation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors propose a light-emitting field-effect transistor with the active layer made of the ultrathin single crystal silicon with the (100) surface orientation. The ambipolar carrier injections from the highly impurity doped regions to the ultrathin silicon are achieved in complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible planar structures and the optical intensities are controlled by the gate voltage. By using the device, they have demonstrated that a simple electrical signal can be transferred by light and detected on the same silicon chip as photocurrents controlled by the gate bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We have developed a general preparation method of α-amino amides from imines and isocyanates using low-valent tantalum prepared from TaCl5 and Zn in situ. This method was successfully applied to various imines derived from benzaldehyde derivatives with electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents, heteroaromatic aldehydes, and an aliphatic, α-branched aldehyde, giving the corresponding α-amino amides in high yields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]