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Objective To compare the therapeutic effect on menopausal hot flashes between acupuncture and Climen so as to provide a new approach to the treatment of this disease. Methods A total of 80 cases in line with inclusion criteria were randomized into a treatment group (treated with acupuncture) and a control group (oral administration with climen), 40 cases in each one. The treatment for 1 month was as 1 course and lasted consecutively for 2 courses. Before and after treatment, the contents of serum estrogen (estradiol, E2) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT) and the scores of the attack frequency and severity scale of hot flashes and sweating, domestic modified Kupperman scale and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptom scale were observed, and the clinical therapeutic effect was evaluated in the two groups separately. Results Before treatment, there was no difference in the content of E2 and 5-HT, the score of hot flashes and sweating, Kupperman score and TCM symptom score in the patients between two groups, indicating the comparability (all P > 0.05). Compared with the data before treatment, the contents of serum E2 (treatment group vs control group: 22.24 ± 11.02 vs 33.12 ± 1.01; 22.11 ± 10.19 vs 25.29 ± 2.23) and 5-HT (treatment group vs control group: 96.12 ± 8.21 vs 131.21 ± 30.21; 96.98 ± 7.99 vs 108.29 ± 22.08), the score of hot flashes and sweating (treatment group vs control group: 8.24 ± 1.02 vs 3.12 ± 1.01; 8.11 ± 1.19 vs 5.29 ± 2.23), Kupperman score (treatment group vs control group: 26.12 ± 2.21 vs 11.21 ± 0.21; 26.98 ± 1.99 vs 18.29 ± 2.08) and TCM symptom score (treatment group vs control group: 18.97 ± 3.87 vs 10.12 ± 0.16; 19.01 ± 2.29 vs 15.61 ± 2.89) were statistically different after treatment in the two groups (all P Conclusion Acupuncture effectively reduces Kupperman score and TCM symptom score in the patients and its therapeutic effect is better than climen. Regarding relieving hot flashes symptoms in menopausal patients of kidney yin deficiency and improving in attack frequency and severity of hot flashes and sweating, the effects of acupuncture are superior to Climen. Acupuncture obviously increases the contents of serum E2 and 5-HT.

Objective. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with obvious male preponderance. Males show more severe radiographic manifestations compared with females. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sex and estrogen on the radiographic progression of AS. Methods. A total of 101 patients with AS were included in this study. All of the radiographs were scored using the modified Stoke AS Spine Score (mSASSS). Serum levels of 17β-estradiol (E2), dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), and leptin were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The generalized estimating equations model was used to evaluate factors associated with spinal radiographic progression. Results. The mean age at disease onset was 27.3±10.7 years, and 16 patients (15.8%) were female. In the multivariable analysis, body mass index (β-coefficient=0.12; p=0.047) and levels of Dkk1 (β-coefficient=-0.11; p＜0.001), and female (β-coefficient=-1.40; p=0.001) were associated with radiographic progression. Among male patients with AS, baseline C-reactive protein (β=0.11; p=0.005) and mSASSS (β=0.21; p=0.030) were also associated with radiographic progression. E2 and leptin levels were not significantly related to the radiographic progression. Conclusion. Although female patients were associated with less radiographic progression in AS, there was no significant relationship between serum estrogen level and radiographic progression. Results of current study suggests that genetic factors or other environmental factors associated with female may influence radiographic progression in patients with AS. (J Rheum Dis 2021;28:76-84)

Purpose: Serum hormone profiles among different feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapies (GAHT) are poorly characterized. To address this gap, we described the serum estrogen profiles of three...

To assess the variability in management of estrogen levels in men treated with testosterone therapy (TTh). With the significant increase in the last 2 decades in the treatment of hypogonadism and the use of TTh, detailed guidelines for the management of estrogen levels are necessary.The response rate was 22.5% (489/2168). A total 62.4% of respondents indicated that they check serum estrogen at initial evaluation, but only 54.7% monitor levels in patients on TTh (P = .02). Fellowship-trained and North American respondents were more likely to monitor patients (P.05). A total of 69.4%, 47.7%, and 14.4% respondents prescribe antiestrogenic medications in symptomatic patients with elevated estrogen levels, for asymptomatic-elevated estrogen levels, and prophylactically, respectively. Academic respondents were more likely to prescribe an antiestrogen medication to symptomatic patients and prophylactically (P.05). Anastrozole was the most common medication prescribed for symptomatic hyperestrogenemia (62.3%), but starting doses varied significantly, from 1 mg weekly to 1 mg daily.Approximately 50% of practitioners treating men with TTh monitor estrogen levels. Symptoms play a role in prescribing patterns and significant variability in aromatase inhibitors regimens exists. Increased monitoring of estrogen levels in men on TTh will facilitate an understanding of the symptoms, effects of high and low estrogen levels, and aid in standardization of research and therapy.

Background: The emergence of oral dryness unrelated to salivary flow volume has always raised many questions over the hypothesis of oral dryness in postmenopausal women. The current research article tries to focus on qualitative changes in saliva in the postmenopausal women suffering from oral dryness. Aim and Objectives: To correlate the severity of oral dryness with qualitative changes in serum estrogen, serum parathyroid (PTH), serum calcium levels in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methodology: This case-control study was carried out on 60 postmenopausal women with 30 forming the case groups as having oral dryness and 30 forming control group without oral dryness. The severity of oral dryness was assessed through the Xerostomia Inventory Score (XI Score). Serum estrogen and serum parathyroid levels were assessed by the ELISA method and serum calcium levels were assessed by Arsenazo III reaction using a semi-autoanalyzer in all participants. Statistical analysis was done by student's t- test and Pearson correlation. Results: Significant differences were observed in the mean values of serum estrogen levels, serum parathyroid levels, and XI score between the case and control groups. (P < 0.001). Serum calcium levels did not show significant variation (P= 0.385) between the groups. The correlation proved that there was an inverse correlation between estrogen levels and XI scores (r-value -0.777). Conclusion: The severity of oral dryness was associated with decreased levels of estrogen and increased levels of parathyroid hormones in postmenopausal women. Fall in estrogen levels is associated with an increase in oral dryness.

This study aimed to investigate the situations of pornography use among male college students of China, to explore the addiction possibility for pornography use, and to study the associations between pornography use and reproductive hormone levels and semen quality. Five hundred sixty-eight participants met the inclusion criteria and finished all of the questionnaires and hormone level and semen parameter examinations. A majority of participants (except one) had pornography use experience, 94.2% participants started pornography use before college, and 95.9% participants reported they had masturbation experience when using pornography. Early contact to pornography, frequent pornography use, high amount of time spending on pornography use, and frequent masturbation during pornography use were correlated with addiction trends. Earlier pornography use was found to be associated with lower serum prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and progesterone (Prog), as well as lower sperm concentration and total sperm count. Higher frequency of pornography use was associated with lower serum estrogen (E2). In conclusion, pornography use was common among male college students in China. Early contact, high frequent use, and high frequency of masturbation during pornography use could lead to addiction trends and aberrant reproductive hormone levels and semen quality.

The attractiveness of the human face plays an essential role in mating as it may signal the genetic suitability of a mate. The controversial ‘ovulatory shift hypothesis’ postulates that women in the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle would prefer faces of masculine men with high testosterone that signals ‘good genes’, whereas in the non-fertile phase they prefer traits signaling the willingness to provide parental care. To examine relationships between men’s testosterone and women’s preferences for men’s faces on day 13 of the menstrual cycle, 19 young women rated the attractiveness of images of the natural faces of 77 young men. Using advanced Bayesian multilevel modeling we showed that the attractiveness of men’s faces is significantly lower in men with a high concentration of serum total testosterone, even taking into account the concentration of serum estrogen in the raters. The average men’s face composited from images of 39 faces rated above pool median attractiveness rate, was slightly narrower than the average face composited from 38 less attractive faces. Our results challenge the ‘ovulatory shift hypothesis’ as faces of males with high circulating testosterone were rated as less attractive than faces of males with lower testosterone by women on the fertile phase of the cycle.

Study question Does elevated late-follicular phase estrogen and progesterone levels have an impact on blastocyst utilization and/or cumulative live birth rates in freeze-all cycles? Summary answer High estrogen or progesterone on the day of ovulation trigger is associated with poor blastocyst utilization but comparable cumulative live birth rates in freeze-all cycles. What is known already Several studies suggest impaired clinical outcome in cycles with high estrogen (>3500 pg/ml) or progesterone (>1.5 ng/ml) levels. However, these data were derived from cycles where top-quality embryo(s) were transferred in the fresh cycle and surplus embryos were frozen. These findings might be confounded by alterations in endometrial receptivity. Freeze-all cycles might provide a better model to assess the impact of high late-follicular estrogen or progesterone levels on laboratory and clinical outcome. Study design, size, duration We performed a retrospective cohort study of all IVF cycles (n = 712) between 2016 and 2018 where the entire cohort of embryos was cryopreserved at the blastocyst stage. After excluding cases with Participants/materials, setting, methods Women were classified into four groups by the indication for freeze-all strategy as elevated progesterone (high P, n = 61), high estrogen (high E, n = 224), elective freezing (elective, n = 114) and tubal-endometrial pathologies (TEP, n = 60). The primary outcome was the cumulative live birth rate in subsequent thaw-transfer cycles and the secondary outcome was the blastocyst utilization rate. Groups were compared using ANOVA and Cox regression analyses to adjust for confounding variables. Main results and the role of chance The mean age of the study group was 32.8 ± 5.3 years, total number of oocytes and cryopreserved blastocysts were 15.0±7.6 and 4.2±3.0, respectively. The high-E group was younger (31.5 ± 5.2 years) and had higher peak E2 levels (4078.9 ± 588.4 pg/ml), number of oocytes (19.7 ± 7.0), cryopreserved embryos (5.3 ± 3.3) and transfer cycles (2.3 ± 1.4) than the other groups. Blastocyst utilization rate was significantly lower (40.4%) compared to elective freezing (53.6%) and TEP groups (55.7%) (both p = 0.001). The high-P group had higher peak progesterone levels (2.1 ± 0.5 ng/ml, p = 0.001), number of oocytes (14.0 ± 5.2) and frozen embryos (4.1 ± 3.5) compared to elective and TEP groups (both p = 0.04). Blastocyst utilization rate was lower (45.7%) than elective freezing and TEP groups but the difference lacked statistical significance (p = 0.33 and p = 0.21, respectively). Cumulative live birth rates were 42.6% in high-P, 59.8% in high-E, 44.7% in elective freezing and 46.7% in TEP groups. Significant predictors of cumulative live birth were female age (aHR: 0.97, 95%CI:0.95–0.99, p = 0.02) and number of frozen blastocysts (aHR:1.05, 95%CI:1.01–1.10), p = 0.02). When adjusted for these confounders, the cumulative live birth rate was not associated with high-E (aHR: 0.86, 95%CI:0.56–1.31) or high-P (aHR: 0.76,95%CI:0.44–1.32). Limitations, reasons for caution This was a retrospective study with small sample size performed at a single fertility center, which may limit the generalizability of our findings. Wider implications of the findings: While lower blastocyst utilization rates are observed in women high late-follicular estradiol or progesterone levels, cumulative live birth rates in subsequent thaw-transfer cycles were not impaired. However, unfavorable outcome parameters observed in women with elevated progesterone deserve further research. Trial registration number Not applicable

CONTEXT: There is a 4- to 5-year variation in age of breast maturation in girls. OBJECTIVE: To examine longitudinal changes in sex hormone values relative to chronologic age and time relative to breast maturation. SETTING AND DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study into which girls were recruited at 6 to 7 years of age and followed up every 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maturation status, chronologic age, race, and fasting blood specimen data were obtained. Hormones were analyzed at 6-month intervals between 2 years before and 1 year after breast maturation, using HPLC tandem mass spectroscopy. RESULTS: Estradiol and estrone levels correlated with chronologic age (R = 0.350 and 0.444, respectively); time was correlated relative to breast maturation (R = 0.222 and 0.323, respectively; all correlations, P < 0.0001). In generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, chronologic age and time relative to pubertal onset were significantly associated with serum estradiol, with similar results for estrone. Local estimated scatterplot smoothing for estradiol and estrone, by chronologic age, demonstrated differences between black and white girls, especially between 8.5 and 11 years of age, but not by race in time relative to breast maturation. Testosterone level was correlated to chronologic age (R = 0.362) and time relative to breast maturation (R = 0.259); in the GEE model, only chronologic age was significant. CONCLUSION: Chronologic age as well as time relative to onset of puberty provided unique information regarding estradiol and estrone concentrations in peripubertal girls. Serum estrogen concentrations should be evaluated with reference to chronologic age and race.

To evaluate the impact of serum estradiol (E2) levels on cycle outcomes in hormone replacement frozen embryo transfer (HR- FET) cycles.We retrospectively analyzed 509 HR-FET cycles performed from September 2018 to September 2019. Patients were divided into 6 groups based on their E2 values measured a day before progesterone initiation . Group 1:100 pg/mL, group 2: 100-200 pg/mL, group 3: 200 - 300 pg/mL, group 4: 300-400 pg/mL, group 5: 400-500 pg/mL, group 6:500 pg/mL. Implantation rate (IR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), miscarriage rate (MR), multiple pregnancy rate (MPR) and ectopic pregnancy rates were compared between all groups.IR and CPR were similar between a wide range of E2 values, but when E2 values were more than 500 pg/mL there was a non significant fall in the IR (47.3% vs 48.3% vs 48.6% vs 47.8% vs 48.7% vs 39.6%Outcomes of FET cycles were similar between a wide range of E2 values (100-500 pg/mL). When E2 levels were less than 100 pg/mL or more than 500 pg/mL there was significant increase in the MR but the numbers in these groups are less and further studies are required to confirm these facts.

Objectives: The relationship between sex hormones such as estrogen, testosteron and coronary artery disease (CAD) has been found to be controversial in various studies. Moreover, recent studies revealed an association between CAD and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) which is an endogenous steroid hormone and the precursor of sex hormones. We aimed to investigate the relationship between serum testosterone, estrogen, DHEA levels and CAD.

Background There is a noticeable lack of systematic researches on evaluating the correlation between serum estrogen levels and changes in brain functional areas of perimenopausal women.The aim of this study is to investigate the regional spontaneous brain activity changes in perimenopausal women. Methods Based on the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets acquired from 25 perimenopausal women and 20 healthy women of reproductive age, a two-sample t-test was performed on individual normalized regional homogeneity (ReHo) maps. Relationships between abnormal ReHo values and the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), the self-rating depression scale (SDS) were investigated with Pearson correlation analysis. We also investigated the correlation between abnormal ReHo values and serum estrogen level. Results In the perimenopausal group, we found increased ReHo in the right posterior cerebellum (region 2), left middle frontal gyrus and left middle cingulate gyrus ($$P P < 0.05 ). Additionally, the ReHo values in left middle frontal gyrus and leftt middle cingulate gyrus showed positively significant correlation with the SAS, SDS scores. On the contrary, there was no significant correlation between the ReHo value in right posterior cerebellum and SDS, SAS scores. In the perimenopausal group, the ReHo values in the left middle frontal gyrus and left middle cingulate gyrus were negatively correlated with the serum estrogen level ($$P P < 0.05 ). Conclusion The results of this preliminary study have suggested that abnormal spontaneous activities of multiple brain regions during resting state was already altered in perimenopausal women. Alterative activities might be related to emotional regulation deficits and cognitive impairment, and might potentially represent the neural mechanism underlying perimenopausal period.

Background Spontaneous abortion occurs in 15% ~ 25% of clinical pregnancy. β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐HCG) and progesterone (P) have been widely used in early pregnancy assessment, but their clinical significances are still controversial. Estradiol (E2) has not been used as widely as β‐HCG and P, and its value in predicting pregnancy outcome is unclear. Methods In this retrospective study, two hundred early pregnancy women were divided into two groups according to their early pregnancy outcomes: the ongoing pregnancy group and inevitable abortion group. Serum E2 and β‐HCG levels and their growth rates were compared weekly. Results Estradiol and β‐HCG of the ongoing pregnancy group were significantly higher than that of the inevitable abortion group from the 5th to 10th week of pregnancy. Taking 489.5 pg/mL in the 5th and 6th week, 590.5 pg/mL in the 7th week, and 614.5 pg/mL in the 8th week as cutoff levels of E2, the sensitivity and specificity for E2 to predict bad pregnancy outcome were 91.7% and 41.5%, 82.9% and 71.1%, 84.8% and 84.7%, 75.0% and 95.7%, respectively (P, Clinical significance of dynamic monitoring of E2 and β‐HCG for early pregnancy assessment and pregnancy outcome prediction were evaluated. Both E2 and β‐HCG increased much more rapidly in ongoing pregnancy women. Low values and low growth rates of E2 and β‐HCG probably indicate bad pregnancy outcomes.

IntroductionIn assisted reproduction technique cycles, controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) leads to supraphysiological levels of steroid hormone secretion and the subsequent need for luteal phase support (LPS). Therefore, existing data on the steroid secretion profile in the luteal phase of spontaneous conception cycles and its predictive value for pregnancy outcome need to be discussed against the background of preceding COS. The clinical significance of luteal phase hormones, such as estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4), in predicting pregnancy after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocols forin vitrofertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is still poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of midluteal serum E2 and P4 level in predicting successful pregnancy in patients undergoing IVF/ICSI.Materials and methodsOne hundred fifteen women were recruited for the study. They were given gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was administered if at least three follicles were more than 18 mm in size. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval followed by ICSI and embryo transfer (ET) was done. Post-ET, all women had same LPS. The E2 and P4 measurements were done at day of ET (day 0) and 9 days post-ET (day 9). Levels of E2 and P4 were compared between those who subsequently became pregnant and those who could not achieve pregnancy. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.ResultsForty-six (40%) achieved pregnancy. The E2 and P4 levels on day 9 were significantly higher in those who achieved pregnancy (p < 0.01). Out of 46 pregnancies, 38 were ongoing viable pregnancies.ConclusionLuteal phase E2 and P4 can be used as prognostic marker to predict pregnancy in IVF/ICSI cycles.How to cite this articleNigam S, Joy I, Shankar K, Varma TR. Midluteal Serum Estrogen and Progesterone Levels predict Pregnancy Rate inin vitroFertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycles: A Prospective Study. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2017;8(2):50-53.

It is commonly accepted that females and males differ in their experience of pain. Gender differences have been found in the prevalence and severity of pain in both clinical and animal studies. Sex-related hormones are found to be involved in pain transmission and have critical effects on visceral pain sensitivity. Studies have pointed out the idea that serum estrogen is closely related to visceral nociceptive sensitivity. This review aims to summarize the literature relating to the role of estrogen in modulating visceral pain with emphasis on deciphering the potential central and peripheral mechanisms.

Although melatonin has been extensively studied in animal reproduction, the mechanism of melatonin in puberty remains elusive. This study was designed to explore the effect of intraperitoneal administration of melatonin on puberty onset in female mice. The injection of melatonin into postnatal days 10 mice at a dose of 15 mg/kg accelerated the puberty onset in mice. Mechanistically, there was no difference in physical growth and serum Leptin levels after melatonin administration. Meanwhile, the serum levels of reproductive hormones involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, such as FSH and estrogen level in serum were increased. The mRNA levels of GnRH and GnRHr were not affected by melatonin, while the expressions of FSHβ in pituitary and Cyp19a1 in ovary were significantly up-regulated. In addition, melatonin still promoted FSH synthesis after ovariectomy. Furthermore, the enhanced activity of ERK1/2 signaling verified that the expression of FSHβ increased in pituitary. We confirmed that melatonin promoted the FSH synthesis in pituitary, thereby increased serum estrogen levels and ultimately accelerated puberty onset. However, these effects of melatonin may be pharmacological due to the high dose. This study would help us to understand the functions of melatonin in pubertal regulation comprehensively.

Metabolic signals and the state of energy reserves have been shown to play a crucial role in the regulation of reproductive function. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary glucose levels on puberty onset in gilts. Weight-matched, landrace gilts (n = 36) 162±3 days old, weighing about 71.05±4.53 kg, were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatment groups of 12 gilts each. The trial lasted until the onset of puberty. Gilts in each group were supplied with diets containing different levels of glucose as follows: i) starch group (SG) was free of glucose, contained 64% corn derived starch; ii) low-dose group (LDG) contained 19.2% glucose and 44.8% corn derived starch; iii) high-dose group (HDG) contained 30% glucose and 30% corn derived starch. Results indicated: i) The growth performance of gilts were not affected by the addition of glucose, but the age of puberty onset was advanced significantly (p

Infertility is the most common problem threatened promotion of livestock in Egypt .this study was performed to get in sight the causes and available attempt for solving a problem of anestrus in buffalo –cows ,under a field condition , through the applications of some available hormonal medicaments. On the other hand, to achieve an economic benefit particularly to the small farmer at Dakahlia province . The work was conducted on 80 mature female buffalo –cows of 4-8 year of age and kept under village system in Dakahlia province and suffering from inactive ovaries (40 animals) or palpable corpora leutea{CL} (40 animals) according gynecological examination . all experimental animals showed anestrous for more than 6 months post partum and gynecological examination not revealed any pathological abnormalities in genital tract. Each group was divided into 4 subgroup that incloud 10 animals . sub group (I):- receiving prostaglandin (PGF2α) only ,sub group (II) :- receiving PGF2α plus estradiol , Subgroup (III) :- receiving PGF2α and synthetic gonadotrophin –releasing factor (Gn-RH) ans sub group (IV) receiving Gn-RH only . blood samples were collected from Jugular vein immediately before treatment and just at the appearance of heat .serum was separated and subjected to biochemical and hormonal assay. The results revealed that ,significant decrease in serum progesterone level of animals with inactive ovaries and treated with PGF2α alone. while , progesterone level significantly decreased in animals with palpable CL and treated with PGF2α in combination with estradiol . serum estrogen levels showed significant decrease only incase of animals treated only with PGF2α . Serum calcium levels showed significant decreases in inactive ovaries F.E.Wehaish.et.al., 96 animals and treated with PGF2α in combination with Gn-RH . in-organic phosphorous levels significantly decrease in both groups treated either with PGF2α alone or in combination with Gn-RH . On the other hand , serum magnesium show significant decrease as the result of treating animals of inactive ovaries by PGF2α alone while ,significant increases were found in animals with palpable CL treating with PGF2α with estradiol . We concluded that , administration of PGF2α in combination with estradiol is the beast treatment used in buffalo –cows with palpable CL however, PGF2α alone showed high efficiency in treatment animals suffering from inactive ovaries.

INTRODUCTION According to the traditional beliefs of certain cultures, Lawsonia inermis has been reported to cause the abortion or termination of an undesirable pregnancy. The present study was undertaken with the goal of studying the effect of Lawsonia inermis extract on abortion in pregnant BALB/c mice in 2013 in Shahrekord, Iran. METHODS This research study used an experimental methodology and was conducted in 2013 in Shahrekord, Iran. Forty female BALB/c mice (30-40 gm, 8-12 weeks old) were randomly assigned to 4 groups. One male mouse was included for each two female mice (1:2) and they were maintained in a protective cage habitat. Pregnancy of the mice was confirmed by means of a vaginal smear. The doses of 1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract of Lawsonia inermis were injected intraperitoneally into pregnant mice beginning on the first day and continuing through the seventh day of pregnancy. The control group did not receive any treatment, but was left completely unadministered. On the eighteenth day of pregnancy, the uterine tubes of mice were removed. The subsequent embryonic absorption is considered to be an abortion. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 using Fisher's exact test and the Kruskal-Wallis H tests. RESULTS Abortions were observed more often in the experimental groups (p< 0.01). The mean of the serum estrogen level was significantly higher in the case control groups (p< 0.01) and the mean of progesterone level was also significantly lower in the experimental groups (p< 0.01). CONCLUSION The use of Lawsonia inermis during pregnancy may cause abortion and therefore it should be considered as contraindication or use with caution.

Background: Combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) is the most commonly used contraceptive method in Bangladesh. This COCP may have some effects on different organs including lungs.Objective: To observe the effects of combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) on FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/ FVC% in apparently healthy women receiving COCP.Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka between July 2013 and June 2014. A total 30 apparently healthy young women, age ranged 20 to 30 years were included in this study who were combined oral contraceptive pill users (COCP-U) for at least 6 months. Thirty age and BMI matched combined oral contraceptive pill nonusers (COCP-NU) were taken as control. FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC% of all the subjects were measured by digital spirometer. Statistical analysis was done by Independent sample ‘t’ test.Results: FVC (p

Background: Gender is one of the risk factors accounting for the high prevalence of adolescent myopia. Considerable research results have shown that myopia incidence of female is higher than that of male. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between ocular parameters and serum estrogen level and to investigate the vision changes along with estrogen change in menstrual cycle of adolescent females. Methods: A total of 120 young females aged between 15 and 16 years, diagnosed with myopia were recruited. Spherical lens, cylindrical lens, axis, interpupillary distance (IPD), and vision in each tested eye of the same subject were measured by automatic optometry and comprehensive optometry, with repetition of all measurements in the menstrual cycle of the 2 nd or 3 rd days, 14 th days, and 28 th days, respectively. Serum estradiol (E 2 ) levels were assayed by chemiluminescence immunoassay at the same three times points of the menstrual cycle mentioned above. Results: In young females with myopia, the spherical lens showed a statistically significant difference among all different time in menstrual cycle (all P < 0.0001). The cylindrical lens, axis, and IPD were changed significantly during the menstrual cycle (P < 0.05). The vision of the three different time points in menstrual cycle had a significant difference (χ2 = 6.35, P = 0.042). The vision during the 14 th and 28 th day was higher compared to that on the 2 nd or 3 rd days (P = 0.021). Serum E 2 levels were significantly different at different time points in menstrual cycle (P < 0.05). E 2 levels reached its maximum value on the 14 th day and the minimum value on the 2 nd or 3 rd day. Conclusions: In adolescent females, the spherical lens and other related ocular parameters vary sensitively with different levels of E 2 in menstrual cycle. Vision in late menstrual stage is significantly higher than that in premenstrual stage.

Objectives: To investigate the difference of serum estrogen, serum lipids and inflammatory factors levels in postmenopausal women with coronary heart blood stasis syndrome and non-blood stasis syndrome. Methods: Twenty five healthy postmenopausal women were selected as a healthy control group who were compared with 43 postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease (CHD) first visiting a doctor for the CHD. Among the postmenopausal women with CHD, There were 23 patients with blood stasis syndrome (BSS) and 20 patients with non-blood stasis syndrome (NBSS). The levels of plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) were determined in blood samples taken after patients’ admission in Beijing Anzhen Hospital. The serum estradiol(E2) was measured by electrochemiluminescence assay and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1(sICAM-1) was measured by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Compared with the healthy control group, the levels of TG and TC, sICAM-1 in coronary heart disease group were all significantly increased (P0.05), and there was an increasing trend of serum sICAM-1 levels (P>0.05). There were negative significant correlations between serum E2 levels and TC, sICAM-1 levels in patient with coronary heart disease. Conclusion: The estrogen level of menopausal women with coronary heart disease is lower than healthy menopausal women. With the low estrogen levels, postmenopausal women tend to have high levels of blood lipids and sICAM-1, which elucidates that the estrogen could regulate lipids and attenuate inflammatory response to play a protective role on blood vessels.

Background.Prenatal and postnatal stimulations have been revealed to have long-term effects on rat offspring various reproductive and behavioral reactions.The current study was designed to assay the impact of prenatal and postnatal exposure to different colors on variations of serum estrogen levels in female adult offspring. Four groups of pregnant female Wistar rats (seven rats in each) were enrolled in this study. The pregnant rats were placed in color chambers including green, blue, black and white (control). After delivery, female offspring’s were kept in color chambers until age 8-9 weeks, and then estrogen concentration in serum of female adult offspring’s were measured using the ELISA Kit. Our study result revealed that serum estrogen level increased in female adult offspringwho were prenatally and postnatally exposed to white and black colors compared to female adult offspring’s who were exposed to green and blue colors. Exposure to blue color significantly decreased serum estrogen level in female adult offspring. These findings demonstrated serious changes of estrogen in female offspring due to prenatal and postnatal exposure to different colors which can be translated as estrogen variables. We can document that prenatal and postnatal stimulation can lead to estrogen alterations in female offspring and such changes can be made by colors.

Breast Cancer is the commonest maligrancy in woment. A study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College to investigate some of the biochemical features that are associated with breast cancer occurring in Bangladeshi women. Thirty diagnosed breast cancer patients and thirty healthy women were selected. A questionnaire was used for collecting information regarding age, family history, physical activity and exercise, BMI, diet, smoking, alcohol abuse, addiction, details of menstrual and obstetric history, breast-feeding, parity, use of contraceptives and HRT. Blood samples were collected and tested for fasting lipid profiles, serum estrogen and progesterone. The study has revealed that high levels of serum total cholesterol (P

Estrogen decreasing during menopause can create problems in the cardiovascular organs, brain, urogental tract, and bone. Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) can be used to increase estrogen levels. However, side-effects including breast cancer may limit their use. Tempe and tofu are natural plat-based foods which contain phytoestrogens. The aim of this research was to compare estrogen serum levels in ovariectomized rats given tempe flour and tofu flour. This research was conducted on female rats, aged 12 months (n = 72 rats). Rats were grouped into 5 groups: tempe flour, tofu flour, estradiol, casein and non-ovariectomized. The intervention was carried out for two months with three observation points; i) in the second week, ii) fifth week and iii) eighth week. Estrogen serum analysis was done by ELISA (Estradiol EIA-2693). The mean and the differences between treatment groups were analysed using one way ANOVA with post hoc polynomial contrasts (LSD). The highest estrogen serum in the second week intervention was found in the estradiol group followed by the tempe flour, tofu flour, non-ovariectomized and casein groups, respectively. The tempe flour group had the highest mean serum estrogen levels in the fifth week, followed by the estradiol group, non-ovariectomized group, tofu group and casein group. At the eighth week of intervention, the highest estrogen serum level was found in the tempe flour group followed by the estradiol group, tofu flour group, non ovariectomy group and casein group. Interventions in the fifth and eighth weeks showed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05). It was concluded that tempe flour rendered twice the serum estrogen level compared to tofu flour. Further research is needed in the form of clinical trials to prove that effect in humans.

This study was conducted to determine whether the ratio of estrogen-DNA adducts to their respective metabolites and conjugates in serum differed between women with early-onset breast cancer and those with average or high risk of developing breast cancer. Serum samples from women at average risk (n=63) or high risk (n=80) for breast cancer (using Gail model) and women newly diagnosed with early breast cancer (n=79) were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS. Adduct ratios were statistically compared among the three groups, and the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) was used to identify a diagnostic cut-off point. The median adduct ratio in the average-risk group was significantly lower than that of both the high-risk group and the breast cancer group (p values

calcium oxalate (CaOx), calcium phosphate (CaP), or uric acid (UA) to traditional 24 hour urine collection. METHODS: Following IRB approval and informed consent, patients completed two 24 hour urine collections, with each collection divided into two separate 12 hour collections. Day time collection began after the first morning void and continued for 12 hours, ending with a terminal void. The night collection proceeded for the next 12 hours through the first morning void. Patients collected 2 separate 24 hour collections. Our hypothesis was that the night time SS will correlate with 24 hour SS levels. RESULTS: 40 patients completed two 24 hour collections. 28 patients had 10.0); in all cases, the night time SSCaOx was also >10.0. 18 collections had elevated 24 hr SSUA levels (> 1.0); in 15 of these cases, the night time SSUA was also > 1.0. Only 4 collections had elevated 24 hr SSCaP (> 1.0); therefore it is difficult to draw any meaningful analysis. Overall, there was strong correlation between night time SS and the 24 hr SS (Figures 1-3) using all 56 collections, with SSUA having the strongest positive correlation (R21⁄40.7885). Statistical analysis was performed using JMP (SAS, Cary, NC). CONCLUSIONS: A 12-hour night-time collection was 100% and 83% sensitive at detecting an elevated SS for CaOx and UA respectively. As such, simplifying the metabolic evaluation to a 12 hour overnight collection may be feasible e improving compliance and decreasing patient burden. Source of Funding: None

This case report aimed to evaluate 4 months of yoga practice on the quality of life (QOL) and estradiol levels of two postmenopausal women.Participants were clinically healthy postmenopausal women, with follicle-stimulating hormone levels greater than or equal to 30 mIU/mL and a body mass index lower than 30 kg/m. The participants practiced yoga for 4 months in two 1-hour sessions per week.The participants exhibited an abnormal estrogen-level increase after 4 months of yoga practice and showed QOL improvements.In some cases, yoga practice can affect the female neuroendocrine system, increasing estrogen and improving QOL.

The following case report describes the occurrence of multiple peritoneal leiomyomas associated with endometriosis and endosalpingiosis after laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy using electromorcellation. Interestingly, we found a positive correlation between leiomyomas and serum estrogen levels even after bilateral adnexectomy. The increasing incidence of such cases after electromorcellation, a popular treatment approach, and the different therapeutic options for this metastatic tumor are discussed. The important conclusion for daily clinical practice is the necessity of completely removing all tissue fragments after morcellation. A correlation with autocrine hormone production in such tumors should be further investigated.

Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a walking exercise on body water among sedentary obese and thin women. Methods: Forty young untrained girls between the age of 20 and 25 years (obese, BMI>30: N=20 and thin, BMI

Menopause has some effects on women’s health. Exercise is one alternative to resolve menopausal complaints.Regular exercise can increase serum estrogen level in postmenopausal women. This increase is believed to occurthrough increased aromatization of androgen in extragonadal tissue especially adipose tissue in postmenopausal women.The purpose of this study is to explore estrogen levels in adipose tissue and serum due to regular exercise inovariectomized rats. A post-test only control group design was performed in this study. Ten female Sprague dawleyrats were used throughout the study and randomly selected. Rats were ovariectomized and divided into two groups:five rats in treated group and five rats in control group. Treatment groups get treadmill exercise for 8 weeks. Furthermore,rats blood were taken for examination of serum estrogen level, rats were killed and subcutaneous abdominal adiposetissue were removed for examination of estrogen level in adipose tissue. Statistical analysis was performed withindependent t test. Estrogen level in adipose tissue was higher in the treatment group but not statistically significant (p> 0,05). Higher serum estrogen levels in the control group but not statistically significant (p > 0,05). Extragonadalaromatization has occurred in adipose tissue of ovariectomized rats with regular exercise.

The objective of the present study is to investigate how low-dose zinc supplementation for 2 weeks in the post-menopausal period influences levels of estrogen and progesterone in the serum. The study registered 32 natural menopause patients, who were allocated to four groups with equal number of patients. Group 1, control group, which was not subjected to any procedure. Group 2, the group that was supplemented with 15 mg/day zinc sulfate for 2 weeks. Group 3, the group that was given hormone replacement therapy (0.625 mg estrogen + 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate/day) for 2 weeks. Group 4, the group that received hormone replacement therapy (0.625 mg estrogen + 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate/day) and zinc sulfate (15 mg/day) for 2 weeks. Blood samples were collected twice from each subject, once at the beginning of the study, and once at the end of the 4-week procedure to determine estrogen (E2) and progesterone levels. Variance analysis was employed in the statistical evaluation of data. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05. No significant difference was found between the estrogen and progesterone levels of groups 1 and 2. Groups 3 and 4 had higher estrogen and progesterone levels than groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.05). Estrogen and progesterone levels in groups 3 and 4 were not different. Results of the study show that low-dose zinc supplementation to post-menopausal women for 2 weeks does not have a significant effect on the concerned parameters.

PURPOSE: Following the clinical observation of increased bone loss in perimenopausal women with still adequate serum estrogen levels but progesterone deficiency, long-term cultures of human osteoblasts (HOB) were used to investigate the influence of concentration and cyclicity of progesterone (P) on the proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts (HOBs) in the presence or absence of estradiol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Primary HOBs obtained from non-osteoporotic, perimenopausal women were cultured for 14 and 28 days respectively in medium containing either estradiol at a concentration of 10 −10 M or no estradiol. From day eight on, progesterone (P) was added in concentrations between 10 −6 M and 10 −10 M. The proliferation of HOBs was measured by asssaying hexosaminidase; differentiation was determined by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP). RESULTS: Seven days of exposure to physiologic levels of progesterone (6.4 × 10 −7 -10 −9 M) led to a significant increase in ALP concentrations of up to 70 % (p = 0.004 - 0.019), while supraphysiologic progesterone concentration (6.4 × 10 −6 M) showed a significant (50 %) reduction of ALP (p = 0.028). After 21 days of P exposure, ALP increased up to 2.7-fold (p = 0.000 - 0.004) in the physiologic progesterone range, while supraphysiologic concentrations showed a decrease of ALP by 80 % (p = 0.03). This effect was independent of pre- or co-treatment with estradiol. Proliferation was also not significantly affected in the absence of estradiol. CONCLUSION: The effect of progesterone in HOBs from perimenopausal women was dose-dependent for progesterone, independent of estradiol, and reached its peak at concentrations of 10 −9 M progesterone, corresponding to known serum levels in the luteal phase of ovulatory cycles. These results support the concept of an osteoanabolic function of progesterone. Supraphysiologic progesterone concentrations suppressed the differentiation marker ALP in vitro. This could explain the clinical observation of decreased bone density after long-term use of premenopausal depot progestins.

OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the expression of aquaporin (AQP) 0, AQP3, AQP5, AQP6, AQP10, AQP11, and AQP12 in the vaginal tissue of ovariectomized rats. METHODS Eight-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 18) were randomly divided into three groups: control group (n = 6), ovariectomy group (n = 6), and ovariectomy/estrogen therapy group (n = 6). After 4 weeks, vaginal lubrication level and expression of AQP0, AQP3, AQP5, AQP6, AQP10, AQP11, and AQP12 in vaginal tissue were examined. RESULTS Serum estrogen level was significantly lower in the ovariectomy group than in the control and ovariectomy/estrogen therapy groups (P < 0.05). Vaginal lubrication was significantly lower in the ovariectomy group (mean [SD], 1.62 [0.30]) than in the control group (mean [SD], 2.37 [0.70]) and ovariectomy/estrogen therapy group (mean [SD], 2.38 [0.73]; P < 0.05). Protein expression of AQP0, AQP3, AQP5, AQP6, AQP10, AQP11, and AQP12 was significantly lower in the ovariectomy group than in the control and ovariectomy/estrogen therapy groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Decreased vaginal lubrication in ovariectomized rats after electrostimulation may be partly caused by decreased AQPs in vaginal tissue.

Prevention is the most important measure that can be taken to avoid osteoporosis, because bone mass, once it is lost, cannot be recovered. Both men and women reach their maximum bone mass when they are in their 20s and 30s; bone mass is maintained or may even increase slightly as people reach their 40s, and gradually decreases thereafter. In particular, bone mass dramatically decreases in postmenopausal women because of a decrease in serum estrogen level. Bone mass is influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as mechanical loading, nutrition, and lifestyle, along with gender, age, and metabolic factors. Among these factors, mechanical loading, i.e. exercise, and nutrition seem to be important in maintaining bone health, and lifestyle choices, including following a regular exercise program and consuming a diet rich in minerals and vitamins, when maintained throughout life, can be expected to preserve bone health. In contrast, excessive exercise with energy restriction induces osteoporosis in female athletes. This section will discuss the importance of appropriate exercise and diet on bone health in women, and some insights gained from studies using a rat model.

Background Researchers have theorized that the disproportionate number of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in females, as compared to males, may be related to knee laxity, which in turn may be influenced by hormones. The purpose of this study was to investigate the collective effects of gender, estrogen and exercise on knee laxity. Methods Subjects consisted of 12 females and 12 males with no history of lower extremity injury. Serum estrogen levels and knee laxity were measured for the female subjects at specific times to represent three menstrual cycle phases while knee laxity of the male subjects was measured on three different days. For each data collection session, knee laxity was measured just prior to and immediately following an exercise protocol. Separate repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare estrogen levels across the phases and analyze the laxity data. Findings Females exhibited greater knee laxity than males both pre- and post-exercise across all phases of the menstrual cycle. Estrogen fluctuations across the menstrual cycle did not modify knee laxity in females. Prior exercise induced equivalent increases in knee laxity in males and females across the data collection periods and irrespective of estrogen concentration. Interpretation If the anterior cruciate ligament is more distensible during athletic activities, it may be less capable of providing the necessary stability in order to prevent injury. This decreased stability may be contributing to the female athlete’s increased incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Overall, if females experience greater knee laxity during athletic activities, specific training strategies to compensate for these differences are warranted.

Although serum testosterone levels decrease acutely in critically ill patients, estrogen levels rise. We hypothesized that increased rates of aromatization of androgens to estrogens underlie the increase in serum estrogen levels. Eleven men and three women (age 42–69 yr) were prospectively studied before and again after elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Each patient received priming doses of [14C]androgen and [3H]estrogen that were immediately followed by peripheral infusions for 210 min. Eight men and three women received androstenedione (A4)/estrone (E1) and three men received testosterone (T)/estradiol (E2). Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained in another six men before and after CABG to evaluate levels of P450 aromatase mRNA. Serum T levels decreased postoperatively in all 17 men ( P < 0.001), whereas E1 levels rose ( P = 0.004), with a trend toward a rise in E2 ( P = 0.23). Peripheral aromatization rates of androgens to estrogens rose markedly in all 14 patients ( P < 0.0001). Estrogen clearance rates rose ( P < 0.002). Mean serum A4 levels increased slightly postoperatively ( P = 0.04), although no increase in A4 production rates (PRs) was observed. T PRs decreased in two of three men, whereas clearance rates increased in all three. Adipose tissue P450 aromatase mRNA content increased postoperatively ( P < 0.001). We conclude that the primary cause of increased estrogen levels in acute illness is increased aromatase P450 gene expression, resulting in enhanced aromatization of androgens to estrogens, a previously undescribed endocrine response to acute illness. Both increased T clearance and decreased T production contribute to decreased serum T levels. Animal studies suggest that these opposing changes in circulating estrogen and androgen levels may be important to reduce morbidity and mortality in critical illness.