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In tropical dry forest conditions, small ruminant production is an alternative for small farmers. Even so, the quality of the forages does not meet the nutritional requirements of the animals. However, the high biodiversity of trees that exist in the region offers a supplementation alternative especially during the dry season. The objective of this research work was to evaluate the quality and the profile effect of fatty acids in Colombian creole lamb meat supplemented with tree species from the tropical dry forest. A total of 35 lambs were used which were randomly distributed in 5 treatments as follows: T1: Botriochloa pertusa; T2: Botriochloa pertusa + 300 g/day of Leucaena leucocephala; T3: Botriochloa pertusa + 300 g/day of Gliricidia sepium; T4: Botriochloa pertusa + 300 g/day of Guazuma ulmifolia and T5 (BpSs): Botriochloa pertusa + 300 g/day of Senna spectabilis. The experimental units were brought to a final slaughter weight of ±32 kg and the pH, color, and fatty acid composition of the carcasses were evaluated at 24 hours. The meat quality parameters did not present significant differences (P>0.05) in the different supplements and obtained acceptable parameters for their consumption. It was evidenced that the proportions of saturated fatty acids (C 16: 0, C 18: 0, total SFA) in lambs supplemented with Senna spectabilis and Gliricidia sepium were lower (P< 0.05). It is concluded that under the conditions of the study the supplementations with Senna spectabilis and Gliricidia sepium can induce a favorable change in the fatty acid content of lamb meat. Resumen En condiciones de bosque seco tropical, la producción de pequeños rumiantes es una alternativa para los pequeños agricultores. No obstante, la calidad de los forrajes no atiende a los requerimientos nutricionales de los animales. Sin embargo, la alta biodiversidad de árboles que existe en la región ofrece una alternativa de suplementación especialmente en la época seca. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue evaluar la calidad y el perfil de ácidos grasos en carnes de corderos criollos colombianos suplementados con especies arbóreas del bosque seco tropical. Se utilizaron 35 corderos los cuales fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en 5 tratamientos: T1 (control) = pastoreo en Botriochloa pertusa; T2= pastoreo en Botriochloa pertusa + 300 gr/día de suplemento a base de Leucaena leucocephala; T3= pastoreo en Botriochloa pertusa + 300 gr/día de Gliricidia sepium; T4= pastoreo en Botriochloa pertusa + 300 gr/día de Guazuma ulmifolia y T5= pastoreo en Botriochloa pertusa + 300 gr/día de Senna spectabilis. Las unidades experimentales fueron llevadas a un peso final de sacrificio de ± 32 kg y se evaluó el pH a las 24 horas, el color y el perfil lipídico de las canales. Los parámetros de calidad de la carne no presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas (P>0.05) en las diferentes suplementaciones y obtuvieron parámetros aceptables para su consumo. Se evidencio que las proporciones de ácidos grasos saturados (C 16:0, C 18:0, total de SFA) en los corderos suplementados con Senna spectabilis y Gliricidia sepium fueron menores (P< 0.05). Se concluye que bajo las condiciones del estudio las suplementaciones con Senna spectabilis y Gliricidia sepium pueden inducir un cambio favorable en el contenido de ácidos grasos de la carne de corderos.

A review of the Leguminosae Cesalpinioideae growing naturally in the territory of Santa Fe province, Argentina, is presented as a contribution to the study of the flora of this province. A total of 19 species belonging to 9 genera are included. The following taxa are excluded from the flora of Santa Fe: Senna aphylla (Cav.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby y Senna spectabilis (DC.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby. For each genus, keys for the recognition of its species are provided. For each taxon, the following items are included: the correct name acceted by the botanical community and, when applicable, its basionym; vernacular names, a reference specimen, habitat, iconography, geographical distribution and ecological and phenological observations. Como contribución al estudio de la fl ora de Santa Fe, se presenta la revisión sinóptica de las Leguminosas Cesalpinioideas que crecen espontáneamente en el territorio de esta provincia. En total se incluyen 19 especies distribuidas en 9 géneros. Los siguientes taxones: Senna aphylla (Cav.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby y Senna spectabilis (DC.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby, son excluidos de esta fl ora. Para cada género se proporcionan claves que permiten el reconocimiento de sus especies. Para cada taxón se incluye su nombre correcto aceptado por la comunidad botánica y, cuando corresponde, su basónimo; nombres vernáculos, ejemplares de referencia, hábito, iconografía, distribución geográfi ca y observaciones fenológicas y ecológicas.

Introduction: Senna spectabilis is a multipurpose pantropical tree, used in agroforestry systems. Objective: To determine pod production (Pp) and their relationship with dasometric variables in S. spectabilis in the tropical dry forest. Methods: From August 2016 to February 2017, thirty trees in production stage were randomly selected. The random selection was formed of the more isolated trees from the total dispersion. The trees were monitored at the beginning and end of the study period, to determine dasometric measurements such as total height (Th), height to the first branch (Hb), crown height (Ch), Stem diameter (at 0.2 m height from the ground) (Db), crown diameter (Cd), and crown volume (Cv) measured. Pods were harvested by the researcher with cutting and height cutting tongs when their color began to change. Pearson correlations and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed between the dasometric variables and pod production. The potential number of trees/ha (NPa) was calculated by determining the occlusion percentage (Op) and the shadow area/tree (Ca); to estimate the production potential of fruits/ha, the production of fruits/tree was multiplied by (NPa). Results: Th was 6.16 ± 1.23 m, Hb 2.75 ± 0.52 m, Ch 3.41 ± 0.98 m, Db 20.43 ± 4.80 cm, Cd 7.46 ± 1.20 m and Cv 108.43 ± 61.38 m3/tree. There was a significant positive correlation between Hb, Cd, Db, with Pp of 0.592**, 0.592**, and 0.446* respectively. Pp was 32.73 ± 16.13 kg/tree and the dry matter production (MSP) was 17.84 ± 8.80 kg/tree. The result of the multivariate regression indicated that the second-order polynomial model presented best goodness of fit. Op was 73.4 7.92 %, the cup area was 49.3 m2/tree, Ca was 36.2 m2/tree, and NPa was 83 trees. Conclusions: The production of fresh pods/ tree in the S. spectabilis presents a potential in its availability as feed for ruminant or seed production. The potential production of pods in silvopastoral with S. spectabilis could be 2.72 t/ ha, and 1.64 t/ ha of dry pods, this shows the importance of trees and of pods production and nutritional contribution obtained for dry ecosystems. Resumen Introducción: Senna spectabilis es un árbol pantropical multipropósito, utilizado en sistemas agroforestales. Objetivo: Determinar la producción de vainas (Pv) y la relación con las variables dasométricas en S. spectabilis en el bosque seco tropical. El número potencial de árboles/ha (NPa) fue calculado determinando el porcentaje de oclusión (Po) y el área de sombra/árbol (As); para calcular la producción potencial de frutos/ha, la producción de frutos/árbol fue multiplicada por (NPa). Métodos: Desde agosto del 2016 hasta febrero de 2017, treinta árboles en etapa de producción fueron seleccionados al azar, los más aislados del total de árboles dispersos fueron seleccionados, y fueron monitoreados al inicio y al final del período de estudio, para determinar las mediciones dasométricas como la altura total (At), altura a la primera rama (Apr), altura de la copa (Ac), diámetro del tallo (a 0.2 m altura desde el suelo) (Dt), diámetro de la copa (Dc) y volumen de copa (Vc). Las vainas se cosecharon cuando su color comenzó a cambiar. Se realizaron correlaciones de Pearson y análisis de regresión univariada y multivariada entre las variables dasométricas y la producción de vainas. El número potencial de árboles/ha (NPa) se calculó determinando el porcentaje de oclusión (Po) y el área de sombra/árbol (Asa); para estimar el potencial de producción de las vainas/ha, la producción de vainas/árbol se multiplicó por NPa. Resultados: La At fue de 6.16 ± 1.23 m, Apr 2.75 ± 0.52 m, Ac 3.41 ± 0.98 m, Db 20.43 ± 4.80 cm, Dc 7.46 ± 1.20 m y Vc 108.43 ± 61.38 m3/árbol. Existió una correlación positiva significativa entre Apr, Dc, Db, Pv de 0.592**, 0.592 ** y 0.446 * respectivamente. La Pv fue de 32.73 ± 16.13 kg y la producción de materia seca (PMS) fue de 17.84 ± 8.80 kg/árbol. El resultado de la regresión multivariada indicó que el modelo polinomial de segundo orden presentó la mejor bondad de ajuste. El Po de los árboles fue de 73.4 % ± 7.92 %, el área de copa fue de 49.3 m2/árbol, el Asa fue de 36.2 m2/árbol, el NPa fue de 83 árboles. Conclusiones: La producción de vainas frescas/árbol en el S. spectabilis presenta un potencial en la disponibilidad de alimento para los rumiantes o la producción de semillas. El potencial de producción de vainas en u arreglos silvopastoriles podría ser de 2.72 t/ha, y 1.64 t/ha de vainas secas, esto muestra la importancia del árbol de producción de vainas y la contribución nutricional para los ecosistemas secos.

Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby is a popular ornamental tree as well as a traditional medical plant in Cameroon. In this study, we sequenced and annotated the complete chloroplast genome of S. spectabilis and reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship of the tribe Cassieae. The length of the chloroplast genome was determined to be 162,754 bp, containing a pair of inverted repeats of 25,413 bp which separated by a small single-copy (SSC) region of 20,161 bp and a large single-copy (LSC) region of 91,767 bp. The cp genome encodes 128 genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The percentage of total GC content of this genome was 35.7%. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that S. spectabilis with the sampled Senna species formed a well-supported monophyletic clade.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T10:51:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 In this study, we investigated the phenolic and antioxidant content, cytotoxic, and anticholinesterase activities of flower extracts of Senna spectabilis var. excelsa and Senna macranthera. The antioxidant activities performed by the DPPH and ABTS methods showed that the extracts possess good antioxidant activity, with emphasis on the S. macranthera extract, which obtained results very similar to the rutin pattern. In the evaluation of the cytotoxic activity, the species S. spectabilis var. excelsa presented expressive cytotoxicity against the cellular lines PC3 and HL60 with IC50 values 21.08 and 31.37 μg mL−1, respectively. The results of anticholinesterase activity showed that both the plants induced enzyme inhibition, reaching 14 mm of inhibition in the case of S. spectabilis var. excelsa. The good results obtained in this work may be related to the presence of compounds such as apigenin-7-apioglucoside, quercetin 3,4'-diglucoside, cassine and spectaline identified in the extracts in our previous work. Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry/Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical-Chemistry Federal University of Ceará Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Federal University of Ceará Chemistry Institute São Paulo State University - UNESP Chemistry Institute São Paulo State University - UNESP

From an extract of the roots of Senna spectabilis var. excelsa (Fabaceae), eight known metabolites including the quinone methide triterpenoid 17-(methoxycarbonyl)-28-nor-isoiguesterin (1) and friedelin (2), a putative biosynthetic precursor of this class of metabolites, were isolated by applying several chromatographic methods. The structures of the isolated metabolites were established by High Resolution NMR and MS analysis, and confirmed by comparison of their experimental spectroscopic and physical data with those previously reported in the literature. The 2D structure and relative configuration of metabolite 1 were initially determined via analysis of NOESY experiment and confirmed by quantum mechanics-based 13C NMR chemical shift calculations. Metabolite 1 showed a potent leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania amazonensis and L. brazilensis, with the IC50 values 9.6 and 6.3 μM, respectively, comparable with the positive control miltefosine (IC50 values 12.5 and 12.0 μM, respectively), a currently used agent for leishmaniosis treatment. The first example of the occurrence of a quinone methide triterpenoid in species belonging to the Fabaceae family and the first leishmanicidal activity of metabolite 1 are reported in this paper.

Submitted by NATÁLIA CAROLINA VIEIRA null (vieira_naty@hotmail.com) on 2020-06-24T20:01:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Natalia Vieira.pdf: 11134334 bytes, checksum: 13dc9b40b97c051409ccd8df2482cb9f (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Carolina Gonçalves Bet null (abet@iq.unesp.br) on 2020-06-26T18:03:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_nc_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1515215 bytes, checksum: 9e075a592987c14fafb9e46db167e06b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-06-26T18:03:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_nc_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1515215 bytes, checksum: 9e075a592987c14fafb9e46db167e06b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-05-29 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A utilização de produtos naturais pela humanidade, como agentes terapêuticos, é descrita desde primórdios da antiguidade e representam um importante aliado no tratamento de doenças. Com isso a busca por novas ferramentas analíticas mais robustas, com abordagem metabolômica se faz necessária, de forma a otimizar e acelerar a busca por novas moléculas e substâncias com atividade biológica promissora. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho tem como alvo de estudo, os fungos Fusarium solani e Purpureocillium lilacinum isolados da rizosfera de Senna spectabilis. Essas espécies de microrganismos apresentam muitos estudos químicos relatados na literatura, o que influenciou o interesse em realizar os estudos de OSMAC (One Strain Many Compounds). Para, assim, verificar a variação metabólica que acontece com esses fungos em diferentes tipos de cultivo (variando meio de cultura e agitação) incluindo o co-cultivo. Para os extratos obtidos também foram realizados os ensaios biológicos citotóxico e antibacteriano. Foram utilizadas ferramentas analíticas do estado da arte como GC-MS (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) e LC-MS (Cromatografia Líquida acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) fazendo uso das ferramentas de bioinformática Molecular Networking (ou Rede Molecular) com a plataforma GNPS (Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking) e o UNIFI (Sistema de informação científica – Waters Corporation). A espectrometria de massas (MS) foi uma grande aliada que ajudou a demonstrar a variação do perfil de metabólitos desses microrganismos em diferentes cultivos, no qual foi possível anotar 101 metabólitos nos diferentes extratos avaliados. As substâncias presentes nos extratos que não puderam ser anotadas, foram purificadas levando à caracterização 5 substâncias inéditas, sendo elas γ-pironas, α-pironas e um dipeptídeo. Uma das substâncias isoladas, 6-(11-(hidroxmietil)-9-metiloct-7-en-7-il)-2-metóxi-4H-piran-4-ona, foi evidenciada nos extratos de co-cultivo e de F. solani. Essa substância apresentou maior concentração nos extratos de co-cultivo de acordo com os resultados de quantificação, mostrando um outro tipo de evidência da OSMAC, que aumenta a produção de substâncias ao variar o tipo de cultivo. Portanto, a utilização de abordagens metabolômicas conseguiu guiar o estudo para caracterização de metabólitos inéditos, mostrando uma alternativa para abordagens reducionistas. The use of natural products by mankind, as therapeutic agents, has been described since ancient times and represents an important ally in the treatment of diseases. Thus, the search for new more robust analytical tools, with a metabolomic approach is necessary, in order to optimize and accelerate the search for new molecules and substances with promising biological activity. In this context, this study is aimed at studying Fusarium solani and Purpureocillium lilacinum fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of Senna spectabilis. These species of microorganisms have many chemical studies reported in the literature, which influenced the interest in carrying out the studies of OSMAC (One Strain Many Compounds). Thus, to verify the metabolic variation that happens with these fungi in different types of cultivation (varying culture medium and agitation) including co-culture. For the extracts obtained, cytotoxic and antibacterial biological tests were also performed. State-of-the-art analytical tools such as GCMS (Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry) and LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry) were used alongside the bioinformatics tools Molecular Networking with the platform GNPS (Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking) and UNIFI (Scientific Information System - Waters Corporation). Mass spectrometry (MS) was a great ally that helped to demonstrate the variation of the metabolites profile of these microorganisms in different cultures, in which it was possible to note 101 metabolites in the different extracts evaluated. The substances present in the extracts that could not be annotated, were purified, leading to the characterization of 5 new substances, namely γpyrones, α-pyrones and a dipeptide. One of the isolated substances, 6-(11-(hydroxymethyl)-9- methyloct-7-en-7-yl)-2-methoxy-4H-pyran-4-one, was evidenced in the co-culture and F. solani extracts. This substance showed a higher concentration in co-culture extracts according to the quantification results, showing another type of evidence from OSMAC, which increases the production of substances by varying the type of cultivation. Therefore, the use of metabolomic approaches managed to guide the study to characterize unpublished metabolites, showing an alternative to reductionist approaches. 001

SUMMARYA large body of evidence demonstrates the agronomic superiority of maize hybrids over open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) in intensive monoculture. However, comparisons of the performance of hybrids and OPVs in agroforestry systems are scarce. In this study, the performance of four maize hybrids and four OPVs is compared in sole crop and under mature trees. Experiments were conducted on-farm during four seasons in Bugesera, Rwanda and two seasons in Meki, Ethiopia. Two tree species were selected in Bugesera (Grevillea robusta and Senna spectabilis) and one in Meki (Acacia tortilis), and three farms were selected for each tree species, each including two plots with almost identical trees in their centre and two plots without tree. In Bugusera, grain yield was higher for hybrids (2 Mg ha−1) than for OPVs (1.5 Mg ha−1), and the presence of trees reduced the harvest index more in OPVs than in hybrids. In this region, the estimated reduction in grain yield due to the presence of trees was 0.9 and 1.1 Mg ha−1 in hybrids and OPVs, respectively, while estimated reduction in biomass was 1.5 and 1.7 Mg ha−1, respectively. In Meki, the grain yield of OPVs (2.08 Mg ha−1) and hybrids (2.04 Mg ha−1) did not differ and the presence of trees reduced their grain yields in the same manner. Our results showed that hybrids yielded more than OPVs under G. robusta and S. spectabilis in Bugesera but performed equally well under A. tortilis in Meki. We conclude that agroforestry farmers could benefit from growing hybrids in the equatorial savannahs of Rwanda, but that the choice between hybrid and OPV in equatorial savannahs of Ethiopia can simply be based on other factors such as seed costs and availability.

This study aimed at identifying the tree species commonly used in brick making in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania and proposing means for generation of modified energy sources that would cover the full value of forest resource production and consumption. The research approach was two-folds using; Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and quantitative measurements. Results revealed that almost all brick makers in the area used fuelwood as the major energy sources. Nine (9) tree species were used in brick making, namely; Mkarati (Burkea africana), Mlama (Combretum molle), Mbiriti (Senna siamea), Muarobaini (Azadirachta indica) and Mwembe (Mangifera indica). Others were Mkaratusi (Eucalyptus spp), Mchongoma (Pithecellobium dulce) Mjohoro (Senna spectabilis) and Mkrisimasi (Delonix regia). Of these, Mkarati, Mwembe, Mlama and Mbiriti were mostly preferred, though other species were also used insignificantly. Increasing scarcity of some of other tree species meant that deforestation from the nearby forests was a common problem. To reduce deforestation in the area, use of alternative energy sources in brick making such as rice husks and bagasse are recommended. Other recommendations are the establishment of woodlots, practicing agro-forestry systems and intensive afforestation and reforestation programmes for more sustainable fuelwood use.

Three new isoaigialones, A, B, and C (1–3), along with aigialone (4), were isolated from the crude EtOAc extract of a Phaeoacremonium sp., an endophytic fungus obtained from the leaves of Senna spectabilis. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 2 and 4 were active against the phytopathogenic fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum. This is the first report of metabolites produced by an Phaeoacremonium sp., associated with S. spectabilis.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Leishmaniasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that are especially common among low-income populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Many natural products, particularly alkaloids, have been reported to have inhibitory activity against arginase, the key enzyme in the pathology caused by Leishmania sp. In this way, piperidine alkaloids (-)-cassine (1), (-)-spectaline (2), (-)-3-O-acetylcassine (3), and (-)-3-O-acetylspectaline (4) were isolated from Senna spectabilis flowers. These compounds (1/2 and 3/4) initially present as homologous mixtures were separated by high performance liquid chromatography and evaluated against the promastigote phase of Leishmania amazonensis. In addition, molecular docking simulations were implemented in order to probe the binding modes of the ligands 1-4 to the amino acids in the active site of L. amazonensis arginase. Alkaloid 2 (IC50 15.81 mu g mL(-1)) was the most effective against L. amazonensis. Compounds 2 and 4, with larger side chain, were more effective against the parasite than compounds 1 and 3. The cell viability test on Vero cells revealed that compound 2 (CC50 66.67 mu g mL-1) was the most toxic. The acetyl group in the 3-O position of the parent structures reduced the leishmanicidal activity and the toxicity of the alkaloids. Further, molecular docking suggested that Asn143 is essential for arginase to interact with (-)-spectaline-derived compounds, which agreed with the IC50 measurements. Our findings revealed that S. spectabilis is an important source of piperidine alkaloids with leishmanicidal activity. Moreover, the natural compound 3 has been isolated for the first time. Experimental investigation combined with theoretical study advances knowledge about the enzyme binding site mode of interaction and contributes to the design of new bioactive drugs against Leishmania infection. Univ Fed Uberlandia, Inst Quim, Nucleo Pesquisa Prod Nat NuPPeN, BR-38400902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil Univ Fed Uberlandia, Inst Ciencias Biomed, BR-38400902 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil Univ Fed Triangulo Mineiro, Inst Ciencias Exatas Nat & Educ, Dept Fis, Lab Biofis Teor, BR-38064200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil Univ Fed Alfenas, Inst Quim, Lab Pesquisa Quim Med PeQuiM, BR-37133840 Alfenas, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Quim, Dept Quim Organ, Nucleo Bioensaios Biossintese & Ecofisiol Prod Na, POB 355, BR-14801970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Triangulo Mineiro, Inst Ciencias Exatas Nat & Educ, Dept Quim, Nucleo Desenvolvimento Compostos Bioativos NDCBio, BR-38064200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Quim, Dept Quim Organ, Nucleo Bioensaios Biossintese & Ecofisiol Prod Na, POB 355, BR-14801970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil FAPEMIG: APQ-02481-14 CNPq: 449846/2014-8 FAPEMIG: REDE-113/10 FAPEMIG: CEX-RED-00010-14

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi testar o efeito do Hydropriming para a promoção da emergência e do vigor em sementes provenientes de populações do bioma Caatinga. Assim sendo, foram testadas as espécies: Sesbania virgata, Anadenanthera colubrina, Luetzelburgia auriculata, Cenostigma pyramidale, Vachelia farnesiana, Piptadenia retusa, Senna spectabilis, Mimosa tenuiflora, Sarcomphalus joazeiro e Enterolobium contortisiliquum. Houveram dois tratamentos: 1) imersão em água (Hydropriming) por 24h a 25°C e 2) incubação por 24h a 25°C sem imersão. Foram avaliadas variáveis de emergência e vigor. Os resultados obtidos foram testados por Qui-quadrado e testes Não-paramétricos. A tecnologia de Hydropiming não foi vantajosa para espécies estudadas nesta pesquisa, exceto para Anadenanthera colubrina e Luetzelburgia auriculata. Sendo, portanto, a imersão por 24h a 25°C potencial para promoção da emergência e vigor de A. colubrina e L. auriculata, outras pesquisas podem ser realizadas para melhorar a utilização desta metodologia em virtude de um melhor manejo destas espécies.

Senna spectabilisis known to have antimicrobial, laxative, antiulcerogenic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties in folk medicine. Piperidine alkaloids extracted from various parts of this plant have been shown to have anticonvulsant (iso-6-spectaline), antinociceptive [(-)-spectaline] and lipid peroxidation [(+)-3-O-feruloylcassine, (-)-spectaline and (-)-3-O-acetylspectaline] activities. In our study, the ethyl acetate extract fromS. spectabilisexhibited antileishmanial activity via intracellular promastigote assay or leishmanicidal assay and was further fractionated by using bioassay-guided isolation approach. The antiprotozoal principle was isolated from the ethyl acetate portion through solvent fractionation and a few series of chromatographic processes. The isolated active compound 1 was identified as (+)-spectaline on the basis of its spectral analysis (MS, 1D & 2D NMR) with EC50value of 0.063 ± 0.005 µM for antileishmanial activity and selectivity index of 3.76.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a composição química da Senna spectabilis, averiguar o potencial antimicrobiano in vitro e analisar seu efeito modulador da atividade antibiótica. Os ensaios fitoquímicos foram realizados seguindo o método proposto por Matos (1997), baseando-se na observação visual de alteração de cor ou formação de precipitado após a adição dos reagentes específicos. Os testes de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e modulação foram determinados pelo ensaio de microdiluição em caldo, seguindo as recomendações do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). As cepas utilizadas foram Saphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Salmonella entérica. Após essas análises se verificou a presença significativa dos metabólitos secundários taninos condensados, alcaloides, esteroides e saponinas. Nos resultados referentes à avaliação da ação antimicrobiana do extrato de S. spectabilis contra as cepas testadas se observou que houve crescimento bacteriano em todas as concentrações aplicadas, não apresentando assim nenhuma CIM clinicamente relevante. Na modulação, o extrato em combinação com os antibióticos testados mostrou efeito sinérgico contra a maioria das bactérias testadas, potencializando o efeito dos antibióticos utilizados. Portanto, este estudo abre caminho para futuras pesquisas que auxiliem a identificar na S. spectabilis, moléculas que atuem sinergicamente a antibióticos, tornando-se uma alternativa como adjuvante de antimicrobianos e no combate a infecções bacterianas resistentes às diversas drogas. Palavras-chave: Atividade Antibacteriana. Senna spectabilis. Fitoquímica. Sinergismo. AbstractThe objective of the present study was to identify the chemical composition of Senna spectabilis, to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial potential and to analyze its modulating effect of antibiotic activity. Phytochemical assays were performed following the method proposed by Matos (1997), based on visual observation of color change or precipitate formation after the addition of specific reagents. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and modulation tests were determined by the broth microdilution assay, following the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The strains used were Saphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica. After these analyzes, it was verified the significant presence of the secondary condensed tannin metabolites, alkaloids, steroids and saponins. In the results regarding the evaluation of the antimicrobial action of S. spectabilis extract against the tested strains it was observed that there was bacterial growth in all the applied concentrations, thus presenting no clinically relevant MIC. In modulation, the extract in combination with the tested antibiotics showed synergistic effect against most of the tested bacteria, enhancing the effect of the antibiotics used. Therefore, this study paves the way for future research to help identify S. spectabilis molecules that act synergistically to antibiotics, becoming an alternative as an adjunct to antimicrobials and in the fight against bacterial infections resistant to various drugs. Keywords: Antibacterial Activity. Senna spectabilis. Phytochemistry. Synergism.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help to facilitate mobilization of nutrients from soil to plant. The study was carried out in humid Rubavu and semi-arid Bugesera districts in Rwanda. We hypothesized that the presence of tree species in farming systems enhances mycorrhizal fungal density. The occurrence and abundance of AMF in the soil around main agroforestry tree species in these regions was studied. Tree species in Rubavu included Alnus acuminata, Markhamia lutea, Grevillea robusta and Eucalyptus sp. and in Bugesera Acacia polyacantha, Senna spectabilis, Grevillea robusta and Eucalyptus sp. AMF spores were isolated from soil samples collected under and outside the trees canopies. Results show significant differences in spore density between species. The density of AMF spores was highest under A. acuminata and A. polyacantha and lowest in Eucalyptus sp. and G. robusta in Rubavu and Bugesera, respectively. Generally, the mean spore abundance (spores/g of soil) was significantly higher in Bugesera (3.1-6.6) than Rubavu (1.6-4.4). Spores abundance was also affected by distance from the tree trunk and tree size. The present work is the first attempt to study the AMF communities associated with tree species in agroforestry systems in Rwanda. We propose further studies relating mycorrhizal diversity in the agroforestry systems to performance and yields of crops. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, spore abundance, agroforestry system.

Senna spectabilis (Fabaceae) is one of the medicinal plants used in Cameroon by traditional healers to treat epilepsy, constipation, insomnia, anxiety. The present study aimed to investigate the anticonvulsant effects of Senna spectabilis decoction on seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), pilocarpine (PC) and its possible action mechanisms in animal models using flumazenil (FLU), methyl-s-carboline-3-carboxylate (BC) and bicuculline (BIC). Senna spectabilis decoction (106.5 and 213.0mg/kg) antagonized completely tonic-clonic hind limbs of mice induced by MES. The lowest plant dose (42.6mg/kg) provided 100% of protection against seizures induced by PTZ (70mg/kg). Administration of different doses of the plant decoction antagonized seizures induced by PC up to 75%, causing a dose dependent protection and reduced significantly the mortality rate induced by this convulsant. Both FLU and BC antagonize strongly the anticonvulsant effects of this plant and are unable to reverse totally diazepam or the plant decoction effects on inhibiting seizures. The animals did not present any sign of acute toxicity even at higher doses of the plant decoction. In conclusion, Senna spectabilis possesses an anticonvulsant activity. We showed that its decoction protects significantly mice against seizures induced by chemicals and MES, delays the onset time and reduces mortality rate in seizures-induced. It also appears that the oral administration of the decoction of S. spectabilis is more active than the intraperitoneal administration of the ethanolic extract on inhibiting seizures induced by MES and PTZ. Moreover, the plant decoction could interact with GABAA complex receptor probably on the GABA and benzodiazepines sites.

O Brasil é detentor de uma das maiores biodiversidades do planeta e neste sentido não podemos abdicar desta posição privilegiada para o estudo químico dos produtos naturais visando à descoberta de novas moléculas bioativas. Ao longo do território nacional são encontrados seis biomas que apresentam uma grande diversidade de plantas. Neste trabalho, Senna spectabilis (Fabaceae) foi selecionada para o estudo químico por apresentar alcaloides piperidínicos do tipo 2,6-dialquil-piperidin-3-óis, raros na natureza e com grande potencial farmacológico. O estudo foi realizado a partir do extrato etanólico das flores e os compostos isolados foram submetidos aos ensaios para avaliação da atividade leishmanicida e citotoxicidade. Inicialmente, o extrato etanólico das flores de S. spectabilis foi submetido à extração líquido-líquido com n-hexano, clorofórmio e acetato de etila. As frações foram analisadas por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), onde foi constatado que a fração clorofórmio apresentou maior número de alcaloides com diferentes Rfs. Esta fração foi submetida a cromatografia em coluna (CC), de onde foi obtida a mistura dos homólogos (-)-cassina (1) e (-)-espectalina (6), que foram separados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) utilizando detector de light scattering. Estes compostos foram submetidos aos experimentos de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) e espectrometria de massas de alta resolução com ionização por eletrospray (IES-EM) para determinação das suas estruturas. Ao longo do fracionamento cromatográfico foram obtidas duas misturas de compostos homólogos (61a e 61b e 62a e 62b), mais polares que os alcaloides 1 e 6. Devido a pequena quantidade de massa, estes metabólitos foram identificados por EM-IES. Também foi obtida uma fração com uma mistura de alcaloides de polaridade menor que 1 e 6, que foi submetida a CCD preparativa, de onde foi possível obter uma mistura dos alcalóides homólogos (-)-3-O- acetilcassina (13) e (-)-3-O-acetilespectalina (14) que foram separados por CLAE-light scattering. Os compostos isolados foram submetidos ao ensaio para avaliação da atividade leishmanicida utilizando cepas do parasita Leishmania amazoniensis, sendo que 6 e 13 apresentaram valores de IC50 promissores (IC50 15,81 ± 0,47 pg mL-1 e 30,25 ± 1,74 pg mL-1, respectivamente), quando comparados com o padrão positivo anfotericina B (0,29 ± 0,01 pg mL-1). A partir do ensaio de citotoxicidade, foi observado que o alcaloide 6 apresenta certa toxicidade (CC50 66,67 ± 9,68 pg mL-1), porém, a partir do cálculo do índice de seletividade (IS), foi possível constatar que os compostos avaliados apresentam atividade leishmanicida em concentrações não citotóxicas. Brazil holds one of the greatest biodiversity on the planet and in this sense we cannot give up this privileged position for the chemical study of natural products for the discovery of new bioactive molecules. Along the national territory are six biomes that present a great diversity of plants. In this work, Senna spectabilis (Fabaceae) was selected for the chemical study because it presents 2,6-dialkyl-piperidin-3-ol type piperidine alkaloids, rare in nature and with great pharmacological potential. The study was carried out from the ethanolic extract of the flowers and the isolated compounds were submitted to the tests to evaluate the leishmanicidal activity and cytotoxicity. Initially, the ethanolic extract of S. spectabilis flowers was submitted to liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The fractions were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), where it was found that the chloroform fraction had a higher number of alkaloids with different Rfs. This fraction was subjected to column chromatography (CC), from which the mixture of (-)-cassine (1) and (-)- spectaline (6) homologues were obtained, which were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using light scattering detector. These compounds were submitted to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments and high resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-MS) to determine their structures. During the chromatographic fractionation, two mixtures of homologous compounds (61a and 61b and 62a and 62b) were obtained, more polar than alkaloids 1 and 6. Due to the small amount of mass, these metabolites were identified by ESI-MS. Furthermore, a fraction with a mixture of alkaloids less polar than 1 and 6 was also obtained, which was subjected to preparative TLC, and was possible to obtain a mixture of the homologous alkaloids (-)-3-O-acetylcassine (13) and (-)- 3-O-acetylspectaline (14) which were separated by HPLC-light scattering. The isolated compounds were tested for leishmanicidal activity using strains of the parasite Leishmania amazoniensis, with 6 and 13 showing promising IC50 values ( IC50 15.81 ± 0.47 pg mL-1 e 30.25 ± 1.74 pg mL-1, respectively), when compared to the positive control amphotericin B (0.29 ± 0.01 pg mL-1). From the cytotoxicity assay, it was observed that alkaloid 6 presents some toxicity (CC50 66.67 ± 9.68 pg mL-1), but from the calculation of the selectivity index (SI), it was possible to verify that the evaluated compounds presented leishmanicidal activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Dissertação (Mestrado)