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Copyright of Automatisierungstechnik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cultural turn makes translation shift from word – text to cultural register. According to the view of cultural translation, culture serves as the translational unit. The lacunarity phenomenon, which is a linguistic and cultural occurrence when two languages are compared, has grown into a significant issue that translators must resolve. Therefore, the urgency of this research has changed to how to eliminate cultural conflict and fill up lexical lacunas. In this paper, we first clarify the similarities and differences of terms related to the lacunarity phenomenon from the perspective of their relevance. Then, aiming at the compensation of linguistic lacunas (semantic and pragmatic) in literary works, we adopt inductive, deductive, and modeling research methods according to the adequacy principle of translation, and put forward for the first time the concept of constructing the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics (novelty), with the purpose of building a complete set of systematic solutions to the translation problem of this phenomenon, so as to make the translation harmonious and unified in three aspects: aesthetic value, text equivalence, and functional correspondence. We can draw this conclusion from the meta-theoretical analysis of the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics and its use in the translation of the book “Tales of Hulan River” by Chinese author Xiao Hong: The model is a systematic innovation and endeavor in the field of translation based on linguistic research, and it has practical methodological importance. It can provide a set of formulaic reference standards for translators to interpret lexical lacunas. The following are the justifications for the conclusion: First, the model’s foundation is linguistic research on the concept of “lacuna”, including the examination of the relationships between terms such as “reality”, “non-equivalent words”, and “lacuna”, as well as the investigation of their definition, nature, classification, and semantic range; Second, the model adheres to the “adequacy” principle of translation, which comprises acceptability, similarity, and transmissibility while taking into account both the reader-translator and original-author orientations. This approach is robust and universal exactly because it takes into account every side involved in the translation process; Third, the model’s three theories work well together. L. S. Barchudarov developed 6 levels of semantic equivalence for language translation units, which focused more on the text’s equivalent in translation and disregarded the text’s communicative and aesthetic purposes. As a pragmatic addition to the equivalency theory of the former, the 7 functional dimensions outlined by Juliane House in the idea of functional correspondence of text can be applied. Meanwhile, by using the 6 organization principles of Gestalt psychology, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics incorporates the translation form and subjective feelings into the reference mechanism from the needs of the reader as the subject of aesthetic meaning. It can be said that the triple theory offers a variety of reference indicators for translators, and they are free to combine suitable reference indicators in the filling of lexical lacunas represented by material culture, behavioral culture, institutional culture, and conceptual culture. According to the different types of lacunas, they can use translation methods such as transformational, interlinear, pragmatic translation, as well as by combining transcription, transliteration, replacement, omission, amplification, reconstructing, permutations, explanations in the text and other translation techniques, which reflects the flexibility of the translation model. However, the lexical lacunas themselves can be interpreted as a defective vocabulary in the target language, and the primary goal of the translator should be to compensate for or fill this defect, to let the reader understand “what does this mean”, then the functional correspondence of the lacuna's translation becomes more important. In other words, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics requires the translator to pay more attention to pragmatic function and aesthetic effect; when necessary, translators must abandon low-level semantic equivalence and strive for high-level equivalence.

The article focuses on the rendition of the key words of the Christian ethical vocabulary σώφρων and σωφροσύνη in Ukrainian translations of the New Testament in comparison with other East Slavic translations in synchronic and diachronic dimensions. The σώφρων word group covers a range of "intellectual" and "moral" meanings in Ancient Greek, which continue to evolve in Hellenistic Greek to denote 'soundness of mind', 'prudence', 'discretion', 'good sense', on the one hand, and 'moderation', 'self-control', 'temperance', 'restraint', 'decency', 'modesty', on the other. Retaining such polysemy in the New Testament, the σώφρων word group also displays various connotations depending on gender, age and social status. The Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic calques of the σώφρων word group mostly accentuate its "moral" meanings, especially the meanings of 'chastity' and 'purity', which evolve in Christian ascetic literature after the New Testament, although in some cases they retain their primary "intellectual" meanings. The article also explores the use of semantic equivalents of the σώφρων word group in Old Ukrainian, Old Russian and Old Belarusian based on corpora data and historical written monuments. We came to the conclusion that Ukrainian biblical translations of the 19th to early 21st century, as well as some Russian and Belarusian translations, generally take into consideration the polysemy of the σώφρων word group in the New Testament, though a great extent of variability of equivalents and a lack of consistent reproduction of gender and age connotations are observed. We argue that the use of certain moral equivalents of the σώφρων word group in modern East Slavic translations (in particular, Ukrainian цнотливий, цнотливість, цнота, Russian целомудренный and Belarusian цнатлівий) is inappropriate due to the resulting narrowing of their meanings to 'innocence', 'virginity' and 'sexual purity'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The probability of redundancy in questions has significantly increased due to the increasing influx of users on different cQA forums such as Quora, Stack overflow, etc. Because of this redundancy, the responses are scattered through various variations of the same question that results in unsatisfactory search results to a specific question. To address this issue, this work proposes the model for discovering the semantic similarity among the cQA questions. We followed two approaches (i) Feature-based: the question embedding is created using four forms of word embeddings and an ensemble of all four. Then Siamese LSTM (sLSTM) is used to find the semantic similarity among the questions. (ii) Fine-tuning: we fine-tuned BERT model on STS and SNLI data, which employs Siamese network architectures to generate semantically meaningful sentence embeddings. Then sBERT is used to assess the similarity between the questions. Experiments were carried out on Quora (QQP) and Stack Exchange cQA dataset with training sets of different sizes and word vectors of different dimensionalities. The model shows significant improvement over the state-of-the-artwork on sentence similarity tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is devoted to a brief analysis of recorded idiomatic expressions in three modern Balkan languages: Romanian, Greek and Serbian, containing the lexeme carte / βιβλίο / књига as their keyword. In the history of human society, book has always played a special role which could be described as a role of a so-called knowledge container with strong symbolic meanings - this feature gradually became one of its predominant ones in almost all cultures. Even though these idiomatic constructions do not form a large thematic group - in total the number of all examined examples is 66 - the fact is that the aforementioned lexeme fulfils the role of a linguocultureme in the languages in question. There have been observed two groups of idioms - the first one consists of those whose structure and meaning are absolutely convergent and concordant with the corresponding idiomatic expressions found in other European languages, for example, είμαι κλειστό βιβλίο = бити затворена књига= a fi ca o carte închisă, or nu judeca cartea după coperta sa = να μην κρίνεις ένα βιβλίο από το εξώφυλλό του = не суди о књизи по корицама. The second group is composed of such idiomatic expressions which can be found only in one language, respectively. In other words, they are identified as special units because they remain the property of only one language, they are absolutely individual forms in terms of their meaning, morphological structure, use and expressiveness; e.g. ai carte, ai parte, or a lega cartea de gard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foreign Language Teaching is the property of Az Buki National Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is a general lack of web-based tools for morphologically complex dead/old languages. Reading texts in such languages even with dictionaries is quite challenging. It is difficult to identify the lemma of a word form occurring in texts, which one could look up in a dictionary. The need for additional grammatical information about a word (classes of declension, conjugation, etc.) poses another problem. The Lexicographic Centre at Ivanè Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU) has embarked on creating a fully digitalized, web-based chrestomathy of Gothic and Anglo-Saxon texts with dictionaries and grammatical paradigms integrated in it, which would facilitate the study of these linguistically important languages. Each word of the digital versions of Gothic and Anglo-Saxon texts is hyperlinked to the corresponding headword from the dictionary. The dictionary entry itself, in addition to the meaning of the word, provides via another hyperlink all necessary information concerning the morphological class and inflectional patterns of the word in question. The paper describes the structure of the Chrestomathy and its modus operandi; analyses the dictionary component of the online resource and some lexicographic solutions; discusses lexicological and technical aspects of the online resource, etc. The method applied in the Chrestomathy can be successfully used in developing similar resources for extant, morphologically complex languages characterized with the abundance of inflectional and suppletive forms, such as Hungarian, Turkish, Russian, German, Georgian and many others.

We introduce the concept of Semantic Neutral Drift (SND) for genetic programming (GP), where we exploit equivalence laws to design semantics preserving mutations guaranteed to preserve individuals' fitness scores. A number of digital circuit benchmark problems have been implemented with rule-based graph programs and empirically evaluated, demonstrating quantitative improvements in evolutionary performance. Analysis reveals that the benefits of the designed SND reside in more complex processes than simple growth of individuals, and that there are circumstances where it is beneficial to choose otherwise detrimental parameters for a GP system if that facilitates the inclusion of SND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we have chosen to study the issue of reformulation in master dissertations, and more precisely within the literature review, a compulsory chapter in any research work. We have noticed that students very often use elementary reformulation, ie reformulation very close to the source text to reformulate the discourse of other authors. From a corpus made up of extracts from master dissertations written in French as a foreign language and in Romanian as a mother tongue, we will examine the practice of elementary reformulation implemented by the students during the development of the literature review. When students write in French, in addition to the standards to be respected as well as the mastery of scientific knowledge of which they are not yet experts, they must handle one more knowledge : French as a foreign language. In this perspective, the comparative approach will allow us to see if the practice of elementary reformulation is linked to the mastery of scientific discourse or to the linguistic skills of young writers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most code clone detection approaches identify clones via static source code analysis. Such approaches are effective and efficient in detecting lexically similar clones. However, they are less effective in detecting semantic clones that are similar in functionality but different in implementation. As an initial try to detect semantic clones, in this paper, we propose a test-based approach to detecting methods that are semantically equivalent to API methods. For a given method m, we generate its test cases automatically and search for semantically equivalent API methods by running the generated test cases. If two methods generate the same output on each of the test cases, they are taken as semantically equivalent methods. One of the weakness of test-based clone detection is that it is often time consuming. To reduce the time complexity, we take the following measures. First, we focus on methods instead of arbitrary fragments. Second, for a given method, we only compare it against such API methods whose signatures are highly similar to that of the given method. We evaluate the proposed approach on 10 well-known applications. Evaluation results suggest that it is efficient and accurate, and its precision is up to 98%.

This paper discusses the semantic relations between common nouns of Slavic origin in contemporary Serbian and Bulgarian, as well as their phonological and prosodic adaptations and integrations in the respective lexical systems. The emphasis is laid on a wide scope of convergence or divergence in the semantics of formally similar nominal lexemes, ranging from formal-stylistic equivalence to semantic exclusivity. This research presents the methodological procedure for a comparative semantic analysis of common noun lexemes of Slavic origin in genetically related (Slavic) languages.

Copyright of Foreign Language Teaching is the property of Az Buki National Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article develops the idea of 'interlinking theorization' in the context of management knowledge. We explain how management concepts are theorized through their direct co-occurrence with other management concepts, on the one hand, and their embeddedness in general business vocabulary, on the other. Conceptually, we extend a semantic network approach to vocabularies and suggest both cohesion between management concepts (i.e. a clustering in bundles) and their semantic equivalence (i.e. similar patterns of connectivity to general business vocabulary indicating specific types) as core dimensions of interlinking theorization. Empirically, we illustrate and further develop our conceptual model with data collected from magazines targeting management practitioners in the Austrian public sector. Our article contributes to existing literature by extending theorization to include different kinds of relationships between management concepts and focusing on direct and indirect relations across populations of management concepts as characteristics of the overall 'architecture' of management knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Expert Committee is the stage IV for the process of cross cultural adaptation. The expert committee's role is to consolidate all the versions of the questionnaire and develop what would be considered the prefinal version of the questionnaire for field testing. In this article, the method aims to obtain semantic, idiomatic, experiential and conceptual equivalence of the Sensory Processing Measure - Preschool source and target version by an expert committee. A purposely selected group of professionals, composed of four occupational therapists specialized in sensory processing disorders intervention with more than ten years' experience in paediatrics, together with a specialist in the translation and validation of instruments, formed the focus group. They compared the two versions (SPM-P Home Form and School Form) and made significant changes to the instrument at a weekly meeting for a consecutive month in order to adapt it to Portuguese culture. The expert committee achieved equivalence between the source and target version in four areas: Semantic equivalence, Idiomatic equivalence, Experiential equivalence and Conceptual equivalence. Several items were adapted and the instrument can now be pre-tested and can start collecting a sample of a hundred children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic question answering (QA) system is the inevitable trend of future search engines. As the essential steps of QA, question classification and text retrieval both require algorithms to capture the semantic information and syntactic structure of natural language. This paper proposes dependency-based convolutional networks to learn a representation of sentences. First, we use dependency layer to map discrete word depth on the dependency tree of a sentence into continuous real space. Then, the mapping result serves as weight of word vectors and convolutional kernels are employed as feature extractors for further specific tasks. The method proposed allows convolutional networks to take the advantage of higher representational ability of dependency structure. Experiments involving three tasks including text classification, duplicate classification and text pairs ranking confirm the advantages of our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of the present paper is to investigate content equivalence in the English to Persian translation of General Health News based on Baker's model. A descriptive qualitative study was designed and 10 texts from English and Farsi versions of Iran Newspaper were randomly selected. To assess the translation quality of the selected texts, the researcher compared the original and translated texts at word, phrase and sentence level and tabulated the obtained data and estimated the frequency and percentage of translation inadequacies. The results revealed that most errors in the English translations were rooted in the textual domain where the translators have misunderstood the general concept of the source context. This was followed by semantic errors. The third place was given to the errors in the pragmatic domain which mainly addressed the purpose and meaning of the concepts presented in the source language. The least frequently occurred errors were related to grammatical errors which mainly covered prepositions and tenses. Research on content equivalence, in general, can help experts assess the quality of the translated text. Research on content equivalence of particular texts can lead to detecting translation problems, translation errors and translation inadequacies in that particular field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article that analyzes the translation strategies from Romanian to Russian phraseological units. Examples have been selected that highlight the essential characteristics of phrases. The difficulty of translating these lexical units is explained by the complex nature of their content and by the often-specific meaning of only a certain culturallinguistic community. The evaluation of the translation was performed by the bilingual comparative method at the textual level. The author of the transfer does not translate word (literally) the phraseological units and obtains the variants. The content does not support changes and the stylistic equivalence of the original is ensured. The meaning of phraseological units is transferred both by a synonymous lex or by an equivalent phraseology, and by a descriptive syntactic structure. The unclear stylistic and semantic imprecision of the reverberated phraseology in the target text results from its ignorance or misunderstanding in the original text and the non-critical reproduction of the lexico-semantic elements of the source texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

THE UNDELYING RESEARCH FOCUSSES ON THE CURRENT USE OF ENGLISH (FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES) BY (FUTURE) PROFESSIONALS IN VARIOUS DOMAINS. AS THE PREVALENT INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION MEDIUM, ENGLISH BECOMES A KEY FACTOR FOR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CURRENT CONTEXT OF INFORMATION EXCHANGE. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS PROVIDE THE NOTIONAL FRAMEWOK NECESSARY FOR OPTIMAL RESULTS OF TRANSLATION IN SPECIFIC OCCUPATIONAL AREAS. CONVEYING DOMAIN-SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL CONTEXTS/SITUATIONS IMPLIES TRANSFER OF MEANING BY MEANS OF ACCURATE TRANSLATION OF FIELD-RELATED TERMINOLOGY. FOR ATTAINING HIGHEST SEMANTIC EQUIVALENCE, THE TERM CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN SOURCE AND TARGET LANGUAGE NEEDS TO BE FURTHER INVESTIGATED. BESIDES FORMAL AND NOTIONAL OVERLAPPING OR SIMILARITY OF NUMEROUS TERMS THAT ARE ETHYMOLOGICALLY LINKED, THERE ARE ALSO COUNTLESS SITUATIONS, WHERE DEFINING, DISAMBIGUATION AND TERMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH ARE NECESSARY IN ORDER TO PROVIDE ACCEPTABLE SOLUTIONS FOR TRANSLATION DIFFICULTIES, INCLUDING: SYNONYMY; POLYSEMY; PARTIAL OR CONTEXTUAL SYNONYMY; LACK OF SPECIFIC TERMS IN TARGET LANGUAGE; TRANSLATION BY DEFINITION; COMPLETE TERMINOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE OR MISLEADING FORMAL EQUIVALENCE/SIMILARITY BETWEEN SEMANTICALLY DIFFERENT TERMS. EXAMPLES OF SUCH SITUATIONS ARE TERMINOLOGICALLY INVESTIGATED IN ORDER TO HIGHLIGHT POSSIBLE CHALLENGES THAT ARE MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR IN TRANSLATIONS PRODUCED FOR ACQUISITION, COMPREHENSION OR DISSEMINATION DOMAIN-SPECIFIC INFORMATION. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intrusive thoughts may cause a significant level of distress, since some individuals evaluate the content of those thoughts as aversive. Suppression of intrusive thoughts is one of the strategies adopted by these individuals, which increases the level of distress. Suppression of thoughts may be present as one of the factors that maintain different psychological disorders. Objective: To describe the translation and adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese of the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), which measures thought suppression. Methods: Three translations and back-translations were conducted by independent evaluators. Semantic equivalence was assessed and the three versions were evaluated to produce a synthesized version. Comments from participants on the preliminary version of the questionnaire were examined. Results: We developed a preliminary Brazilian Portuguese version of the WBSI. It was found that most participants understood the descriptions of cognitions given in the translated questionnaire. Conclusion: The use of three different versions of translations and back-translations, discussion of the synthetic version and interaction with the target population have conferred viability to the process of semantic equivalence of the Brazilian Portuguese final version of the WBSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Juznoslovenski Filolog is the property of Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Institute for the Serbian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pese a que o mecanismo de proxección metafórica se considera universal, é certo que as distintas comunidades lingüísticas producen metáforas lexicalizadas que poden, en ocasións, presentar trazos semánticos e formais diverxentes. Esta falta de correspondencia explícase supoñendo que a dimensión corpórea e cotiá da nosa existencia está flanqueada, na produción lingüística, por valores e símbolos que poden variar bastante dunha cultura a outra. Co fin de investigar a relación que se establece entre os procesos de proxección metafórica e a nosa maneira de falar, proponse no presente artigo, como metodoloxía de traballo, unha análise contrastiva e culturolóxica dunha serie de metáforas lexicalizadas españolas e italianas que se caracterizan por expresaren algúns trazos e comportamentos tipicamente humanos, e por incluíren entre os seus compoñentes internos polo menos o nome dunha planta. De aí que os obxectivos sexan, en primeiro lugar, poñer de relevo a importancia dos factores culturais e experienciais na conceptualización da realidade e na súa expresión lingüística, e en segundo lugar, detectar congruencias e diverxencias estruturais, léxicas e semánticas nas metáforas lexicalizadas do español e do italiano. De aí que sexa posible individuar distintos niveis de equivalencia entre os respectivos sistemas fraseolóxicos. // Although the mechanism of metaphoric projection is considered to be universal, speech communities make use of lexicalized metaphors that may present diverging semantic and formal features. This lack of correspondence can be explained by assuming that language is influenced not only by the bodily and day-to-day scope of our existence but also by values and symbols which can vary significantly from one culture to another. This work presents a contrastive and cultural analysis of a series of Spanish and Italian lexicalized metaphors which express types of human behaviour and human characteristics and include at least one name of a plant. The aim of the investigation is to emphasize first of all the importance of experiential and cultural factors in both the conceptualization of reality and in its linguistic representation; secondly, it shall be attempted to detect structural, lexical and semantic correspondences as well as differences among Spanish and Italian lexicalized metaphors, thus defining different levels of equivalence between the respective phraseological systems.