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2. Campanula bravensis (Bolle) A. Chev. in Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 15: 889. 1935 (Fig. 1, 3B, 4A ���A���, 6). ��� Campanula jacobaea var. bravensis Bolle in Bonplandia 9: 51. 1861. Lectotypus (designated by LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995: 222): CABO VERDE. Brava: ���in rupestribus ins.: Brava frequens���, XII.1852, Bolle s.n. (K [K 001134396]!). Sub-frutex 20 ��� 60 cm tall, highly woody in lower part; floriferous stems branched, erect or decumbent to procumbent arising from the base of one or several sterile basal rosettes, glabrous to glabrescent in the woody basal parts with indument hispidulous to hispid toward the extremity, consisting of trichomes 0.2���0.6 mm long. Leaves: rosette leaves narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, (2���)3.5��� 6(���8) �� (0.6���)0.9���1.7 (���2.3) cm, base cuneiform to attenuate, apex obtuse to acute; cauline leaves narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, rarely ovate, (1.5���)3���5(���8) �� (0.5���)1���1.5(���3) cm, base attenuate sometimes asymmetric, apex acute to �� obtuse; margin weakly revolute, crenulate to serrulate; adaxial side light green to pure green in vivo, weakly or densely covered with hispidulous to hispid indument, consisting of trichomes (0.1���)0.2���0.6(���0.75) mm long sometimes with a slight canescent aspect in vivo; abaxial side greenish in vivo, venation whitish, hispidulous to hispid indument on primary and secondary veins consisting of trichomes 0.4���0.6(���0.8) mm long and hispidulous indument on tertiary and ultimate veins consisting of trichomes 0.1���0.3 mm long, lamina glabrescent. Inflorescences in monochasial pauciflorous cyme or rarely in pluriflorous thyrse. Flowers generally �� pendulous or erect, pedicel 1.5���4 cm long, with the same indument as the stem; axillate by one or two bracts subopposite, ovato-triangular or ovate to narrowly ovate, base semiamplexicaul, apex acute, with the same indument as the leaves. Calyx: calyx-lobes narrowly triangular, 10���15 �� 3���5 mm, erect to recurved rarely pressed up against the corolla tube, margin weakly revolute; appendages ovate, reflexed, 1.5���2 mm long; lobe edges, appendages and median main vein covered with an indument hispidulous rarely hispid, consisting of trichomes 0.3���0.45(���0.6) mm long. Corolla tubulate, generally whitishcream (never pure white) with the veins greenish, lobe edges sometime slightly purplish, rarely corolla entirely purplishblue; base wide round; tube cylindrical, 22���33 �� 8 ���13 mm, sometimes slightly constricted in the lower quarter giving an aspect bounded at the base; throat straight to slightly constricted occasionally highly constricted giving in extreme cases an urceolate shape to the corolla, mouth c. 20 mm; lobes erect to recurved, 2 ���4 �� 7.5���11 mm, apex apiculate; primary external veins micro-hispidulous to hispidulous, 0.1 �� 0.15 mm long. Stamens with glabrous filaments; anthers 2���4 mm long. Ovary with pubescent roof, conical, topped by a yellowish-with nectary disk. Style thick, fleshy, 17���22 mm long, included in the corolla, stigma trifid and papillose. Etymology. ��� The epithet bravensis refers to the type locality, the island of Brava; brava meaning ���wild��� in Portuguese. Vernacular names. ��� Among the CVB species, C. bravensis holds the most of vernacular names: in Brava, ���Ortiga-Branca��� and ���Velho-Teso��� (both according BOLLE, 1861); in Fogo, ���Frol-Branca��� (CHEVALIER, 1935), ���Jo��o-Copinho��� in Campanas de Cima and Ribeira Z��ria (Gard��re 1253), ���Pabil��� in Bordeira and Ch�� das Caldeiras (Gard��re 1610), ���Palha-Barquinho��� (in Espig��o, Grandvaux Barbosa 6277; FIGUEIREDO, 1995) and ���Palha-Caneca��� (in Ribeira de S��o Filipe, Cardoso de Matos 5512; FIGUEIREDO, 1995); in Santiago, ���Fl��r-Branca��� in Pico da Ant��nia and ���Ortiga-Branca��� in S��o Jorge dos ��rg��os (both according GOMES, 1994). ���Velho-Teso��� is also use for Spermacoce verticillata L. (Rubiaceae) in Brava (BARBOSA, 1961; DINIZ et al., 2002; MARTINS, 2002). Distribution and habitat. ��� Campanula bravensis has the broadest geographical range: it occurs on the three mountainous southern islands, i.e. Santiago, Fogo and Brava (HANSEN & SUNDING, 1993; LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995; BROCHMANN et al., 1997; S��NCHEZ-PINTO et al., 2005), and is found in the widest range of elevations but in different plant communities according to habitats and islands. In Brava, C. bravensis is found from around 500 m elevation to the highest summits, on rocks regularly submitted to fog with Launaea thalassica N. Kilian et al. (Asteraceae), Tolpis farinulosa Walp. (Asteraceae), Daucus sp. (Apiaceae) and sometimes with Nephrolepis undulata J. Sm. (Nephrolepidaceae) or Pteris vittata L. (Pteridaceae). In Fogo, it can be found in low-elevation valleys from around 70 m (Brochmann & Rustan CB-916/82) up to the highest point of the island (and the entire archipelago), at around 2850 m (Gard��re 1405). In this way, it occupies a diverse range of habitats such as the depths of wet lowland valleys (ribeiras), grassy slopes around Euphorbia tuckeyana Webb (Euphorbiaceae) shrubland, isolated on volcanic ash slopes, on wet rocks, near springs (chupadeiros), or at the entrance of caves with Adiantum capillus-veneris (Pteridaceae), Pteris vittata L. (Pteridaceae) and sometimes with Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. (Aspleniaceae) for the highest elevation locations. Campanula bravensis is very common across these two islands. On the other hand, in Santiago, it is quite rare and is only known from some field stations in the two main mountain ranges, Serra do Pico da Ant��nia and Serra da Malagueta, where it generally occurs around wet rocks with Pteris vittata (Pteridaceae) or more rarely along riverbeds, and often in sympatry with C. jacobaea. Notes. ��� For BOLLE (1861), the concept of his variety bravensis is limited to its type locality, i.e. Brava, because in the protologue he only cited his own collections from this island. Indeed, Bolle made two expeditions to the archipelago in 1851 and 1853 (SALINGER & STREHLOW, 1991), and collected only in Santo Ant��o, S��o Vicente, S��o Nicolau and Brava (BARBOSA, 1962). Later, ANDRADE (1908) extended the concept of the variety bravensis to Fogo. Then, CHEVALIER (1935) raised the variety to the rank of species, adopting a broader concept than currently accepted and which included the islands of Brava, Fogo and Santiago. However, some authors have also extended the distribution of C. bravensis (PETTERSSON, 1960; SUNDING, 1973; ERIKSSON et al., 1974, 1979) to W S��o Nicolau probably owing to the presence in this island of plants with white narrow infundibuliform corollas (C. fransinea), which slightly resemble C. bravensis. For C. bravensis, the tubular corolla shape is the most noteworthy and dependable diagnostic feature to distinguish it from the other species. However, this feature is absent from the original description of the basionym. BOLLE (1861) described the variety bravensis using features of the calyx-lobes, a calyx/ corolla length ratio, and on the indument. That said, he did accurately describe the colour of the corolla: yellowish-white with green veins and with the edge of lamina (i.e. edges of corolla-lobes) slightly purplish. CHEVALIER (1935) added depth to the description of BOLLE (1861) by describing the leaf shape which he used, along with the colour of the flower as a diagnostic feature. However, he did not make any descriptions of the shape of the corolla, even if considered unique in the genus, the character being described much later by LEYENS & LOBIN (1995). Selected material seen. ��� CABO VERDE. Brava: Cruz Nho Basilo, 22.XI.2014, Gard��re 894 (P); road between Faj�� da ��gua and V.N. Cintra, 500 m, 3.II.1994, Leyens CV -94-065 (FR); an der Strasse oberhalb Faj�� de ��gua, 26.X.1979, Lobin 1143 (COI, FR); entre Jo��o de Nole et Cruz Nho Basilo, 850 m, 20.XII.2015, Gard��re 1155 (P); Mato Grande, 650 m, 27.X.1984, Cardoso de Matos 5816 (CECV, LISC); N.S. do Monte, 720 m, 23.XI.2014, Gard��re 901 (CECV, P); am Fussweg zwischen N.S. de Monte und Cova Rodela, c. 650 m, 19.I.1986, Kilian 1186 (FR); Ribeira Faj�� de ��gua, 580 m, 23.XI.2014, Gard��re 906 (P); de Pedra de ��gua para V.N. Cintra, 10.X.1956, Grandvaux Barbosa 6611 (CECV, LISC); Ribeira Tina, 600 m, 17.X.1991, Martins et al. 537 (LISC); Risco Vermelho, 610 m, 23.XI.2014, Gard��re 911 (P); S of V.N. Cintra, 610 m, 21.II.1982, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR -2400 (O); ancien chemin de V.N. Sintra �� N.S. do Monte, 650 m, 20.VII.2016, Gard��re 1234 (P); ibid. loco, c. 540 m, 30.I.1994, Leyens CV -94-21 (B, FR); sine loco, 1852, Bolle s.n. (C, K p.p.: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea var. bravensis); sine loco, 1853, Bolle s.n. (Z: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea var. bravensis); sine loco, ���flos sempere flavo albidus���, s.d., Bolle s.n. (COI: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea var. bravensis); sine loco, VI.1873, s.c. ���Herb. Dr. Sagot��� (P). Fogo: Achada Grande, 70 m, 16.II.1982, Brochmann & Rustan CB -916/82 (O); Arco, 400 m, 25.I.1994, Kilian 3368 & Leyens (B, FR); Ch�� das Caldeiras, 1780 m, 5.I.2014, Aedo 21223 (MA); ibid. loco, 2800 m, 7.XI.1983, Cardoso de Matos 5611 (CECV, LISC); ibid. loco, 1800���2000 m, 23���24.VII.1934, Chevalier 44856 (COI, P); ibid. loco, 1700���1780 m, 14.X.1988, Diniz & Cardoso de Matos 260 (LISC); ibid. loco, 1800 m, 21.XII.2015, Gard��re 1164 (CECV, P); ibid. loco, 1740 m, 21.X.2016, Gard��re 1407 (CECV, LISC P); ibid. loco, c. 1760 m, 22.I.1994, Kilian 3278 & Leyens (B, FR); ibid. loco, c. 1600���1750 m, 24.I.1994, Kilian & Leyens 3326 (B, FR); ibid. loco, 1700 m, 30.X.1979, Lobin 1261 (FR); ibid. loco, 2.XI.1979, Lobin 1339 (FR); ibid. loco, 5.XI.1979, Lobin 1413 (FR); fa��ade nord du crat��re et dans le crat��re, 4.XII.1985, Peyre de Fabr��gues 4216 (ALF); Chupadeir��o, 1350 m, 26.VII.2016, Gard��re 1257 (P); Curral Fundo, 1000 m, 7.VIII.1934, Chevalier 45195 (P); Domingos Santos, 1920 m, 21.XII.2017, Gard��re 1606 (CECV, MARS, P); Fern��o Gomes, 1590 m, 19.XII.2013, Gard��re 554 (LISC); ibid. loco, 1540 m, 13.II.1982, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR -2193 (O); between Fern��o Gomes and Monte Velha, 1500 m, 15.II.1982, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR -2246 (O); Filho de Palha, 2160 m, 24.XII.2017, Gard��re 1615 (CECV, LISC, P); Fonte de Curral Fumo, 1030 m, 2.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1289 (P); ibid. loco, 1030 m, 3.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1291 (CECV, P); Fonte Djam Djorge, 1710 m, 22.XII.2017, Gard��re 1610 (CECV, P); Fonte Figueirinha, 1660 m, 5.XII.1996, Leyens CV -96-662 (FR); Furna Defendida, 900 m, 20.X.2016, Gard��re 1401 (P); Espig��o, 460 m, 18.X.2016, Gard��re 1390 (CECV, P); ibid. loco, 11. I.1956, Grandvaux Barbosa 6277 (CECV, LISC); Monte Duarte, c. 1850 m, 23. I.1994, Kilian 3323 & Leyens (B, FR); entre Monte Cruz e Ponta Alto do Sul, 2100 m, 1.XI.1985, Cardoso de Matos 5992 (CECV, LISC); Monte Sodelho, 880 m, 2.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1282 (P); Monte Velha [or M. Velho], 1650 m, 23.X.1985, Cardoso de Matos 5966 (CECV, LISC); ibid. loco, c. 1550 m, 13. I.1986, Kilian 1117 (B, FR); ibid. loco, c. 1400 m, 28.VII.2016, Gard��re 1263 (CECV, P); ibid. loco, 1500 m, 17.VII.2004, Marrero & Almeida s.n. (LPA); ibid. loco, 1220 m, 2.II.1980, Rustan 922 (O); Montinho, c. 1800 m, 23.XII.2017, Gard��re 1613 (MARS, P); Nhuco, VIII.1934, Chevalier 45178 (P); ibid. loco, 1000 m, 1.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1273 (P); ibid. loco, 24.III.1864, Lowe s.n. (P); Penedo Rachado, 1250 m, 20.XI.2016, Gard��re 1403 (CECV, P); Pico do Fogo, 2750 m, 21.X.2016, Gard��re 1405 (P); Pico Novo, 1750���2800 m, 24. I.1994, Kilian & Leyens 3346 (B, FR); entre Piorno et Monte Cruz, 1540 m, 22.X.2016, Gard��re 1416 (CECV, LISC, P); Relva, 360 m, 19.X.2016, Gard��re 1394 (CECV, P); Ribeira Campanas, 100 m, 14.X.1991, Martins et al. 492 (LISC); ibid. loco, 490 m, 8.XII.1995, Leyens CV -95-522 (FR); ibid. loco, 5.XI.1979, Lobin 1401 (FR); ibid. loco, 19.X.1982, Lobin 2340 (FR); Ribeira Coxo, c. 1200 m, 28.VII.2016, Gard��re 1265 (P); Ribeira Jan Reica, 1200 m, 16.II.1995, Leyens CV -95-421 (FR); Ribeira Monte Preto, 940 m, 17.II.1982, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR -2299 (O); ibid. loco, 1005 m, 25.VII.2016, Gard��re 1252 (P); Ribeira S��o Filipe, 950 m, 1.XI.1983, Cardoso de Matos 5512 (CECV, LISC); Ribeira Z��ria, 1130 m, 25.VII.2016, Gard��re 1253 (CECV, P); Ribeiras im Nordwest-Teil der Insel., c. 250 m, 19.X.1982, Lewejohann CV -82- 165 (GOET); Suspensorio, 1980 m, 24.XII.2017, Gard��re 1614 (P); sine loco, 1500 m, X.1898, Newton s.n. (K). Santiago: Org��os Grandes, 300���600 m, IV���V.1898, Fea s.n. (GDOR); Ribeira Cantada, 450 m, 10.VII.1993, Duarte & Gomes 552 (LISC); Ribeira Fund��o, 740 m, 14.XI.2016, Gard��re 1387 (CECV, K, LISC, P); Ribeira Longueira, 800 m, 25.XI.2014, Gard��re 917 (CECV, P); ibid. loco, 15.X.1979, Lobin 1039 (CECV, COI, FR); ibid. loco, 950 m, 18.XI.1976, Sunding 3715 (O); Serra do Pico da Ant��nia, 25.VIII.1934, Chevalier 44717 (P); ibid. loco, 31.XII.1955, Grandvaux Barbosa 6149 (CECV, COI, LISC); sine loco, s.d. [I���II.1832], Darwin s.n. [279] (CGE, K p.p.: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea); sine loco, s.d., s.c. (Z). Sine loco: 1783���1789, Feij�� V - V -2 (P)., Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on pages 20-24, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807, {"references":["FIGUEIREDO, E. (1995). Campanulaceae. In: PAIVA, J. et al. (ed.), Fl. Cabo Verde 86. INIDA, Praia & IICT, Lisboa. GARDERE, M. L. (2015). Two new species of Campanula (Campanu- laceae) from the island of Santo Antao, Cabo Verde archipelago. Phytotaxa 197: 104 - 114.","GOMES, S. (1994). Nomes vernaculos e vulgares de plantas de Cabo Verde. Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 12: 127 - 150.","MARTINS, E. S. (2002). Rubiaceae. In: MARTINS, E. S., J. PAIVA, M. A. DINIZ, I. GOMES & S. GOMES (ed.), Flora de Cabo Verde 86. INIDA, Praia & IICT, Lisboa.","SANCHEZ-PINTO, L., M. L. RODRIGUEZ, S. RODRIGUEZ, K. MARTIN, A. CABRERA & M. CARMEN MARRERO (2005). Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta. In: ARECHAVALETA, M. et al. (ed.), Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde (hongos, plantas y animales terrestres): 38 - 57. Consejeria de Medio Ambiente e Ordenacion Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias.","PETTERSSON, B. (1960). Notes on a Collection of Vascular Plants from the Cape Verde Islands. Commentat. Biol. 22: 1 - 68.","SUNDING, P. (1973). Check-list of the vascular plants of the Cape Verde Islands. Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, Oslo.","ERIKSSON, O., A. HANSEN & P. SUNDING (1974). Flora of Macaronesia. Department of Biology, University of Umea, Umea.","ERIKSSON, O., A. HANSEN, & P. SUNDING (1979). Flora of Macaronesia. 2. rev. ed. Part 1. Botanical Garden and Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo."]}

5. Campanula monteverdensis Gard��re, sp. nov. (Fig. 1, 3E, 5B, 9). Holotypus: CABO VERDE. S��o Vicente: Monte Verde, 16��52'08"N 24��56'04"W, 740 m, 10.XII.2015, Gard��re 1092 (P [P02442690]!; iso-: CECV!). = Campanula jacobaea var. humilis Bolle in Bonplandia 9: 50. 1861. Lectotypus (designated by LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995: 216): CABO VERDE. S��o Vicente: Monte Verde, 1852, Bolle s.n. (K [K001134400]!). Campanulae jacobaeae C. Sm. ex Webb aff inis, sed foliis supra leviter bullatis in vivo, corolla late infundibuliforme sine constrictione (vs. campanulatam fauce paulo constricta), obtronconica basi (vs. rotundatam basim), stylo corollae exserto (vs. stylum corollae inclusum), praecipue differt. Sub-frutex 5 ��� 20 cm tall, highly woody in lower part; floriferous stems branched, procumbent to decumbent arising from the base of one or several sterile basal rosettes, glabrous to glabrescent in the woody basal parts with indument hispidulous to hispid toward the extremity, consisting of trichomes 0.2���0.7 mm long. Leaves: rosette-leaves elliptic to obovate rarely narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovale, (1.1���) 1.5 ��� 3(��� 3.2) �� (0.7 ���)0.9 ��� 1.3(��� 1.5) cm, base cuneiform, apex obtuse; cauline-leaves ovate to elliptic rarely elliptic, 1 ���3.5 �� 0.8��� 1.5 cm, base attenuate sometimes asymmetric, apex acute to obtuse; margin weakly revolute, crenelate; adaxial side pure green in vivo, weakly bullate in vivo, glabrescent or scattered of strigose trichomes, 0.15���0.4 mm long, indument generally more pronounced around the apex; abaxial side light green in vivo, venation whitish, hispidulous-strigillose indument on primary and secondary veins consisting of trichomes 0.4���0.6(���0.7) mm long and hispidulous indument on tertiary and ultimate veins consisting of trichomes 0.1���0.3 mm long, lamina glabrescent. Inflorescences in monochasial pauciflorous cyme with continuous growth. Flowers erect, pedicel 0.5���1.5(���2) cm long, with the same indument as the leaves; axillate by one or two bracts subopposite, ovato-triangular or ovate to narrowly ovate, base semi-amplexicaul, apex acute, with the same indument as the stem. Calyx: calyx-lobes triangular, 10���13 �� 4���6 mm, always pressed up against the corolla, margin distinctly revolute; appendages ovate, reflexed, c. 2 mm long; lobe edges, appendage and median main vein covered with an indument strigillose or hispidulous to hispid, consisting of trichomes 0.15���0.7 mm long. Corolla infundibuliform, dark purple (never white); base straight 7���8 mm large; tube ob-tronconical concave 13���18 mm long, widening gradually upwards and reaching 21���25 mm at the mouth, constrictions absent; throat widely flared; lobes spreading to obliquely erect, 4���8 �� 2���4 mm, apex apiculate; external lamina entirely covered with indument microhispidulous c. 0.1 mm long, except the primary veins micro-hispidulous to hispidous, 0.15���0.2 mm long. Stamens with glabrous filaments; anthers, 2���4 mm long. Ovary with glabrous to glabrescent roof, flat, topped by a yellowish-with nectary disk. Style thick, fleshy, 12���18 mm long, exserted from the corolla, stigma trifid and papillose. Etymology. ��� The epithet monteverdensis for the bellflower ���from Monte Verde��� and refers to the name of the type locality; Monte Verde, meaning ���Green Mountain���. Distribution and habitat. ��� Campanula monteverdensis is confined to the summit of Monte Verde, the highest summit of S��o Vicente, reaching 720 m, frequently battered by the trade winds and covered by fog. This microendemic species grows between rocks in shrubland made up principally of Daucus insularis (Parl.) Spalik et al. (Apiaceae), Echium stenosiphon Webb (Boraginaceae) and Euphorbia tuckeyana (Euphorbiaceae). Notes. ��� The first collection from S��o Vicente was made by Vogel in 1839 (Vogel 73 [K001134391]), which he linked to Campanula dulcis Decne. (VOGEL, 1849: 27), a species endemic to the mountains of the southern Sinai (DECAISNE, 1834). This specimen was chosen by WEBB (1848: tab. 762) as one of syntypes of C. jacobaea (see under C. jacobaea). Then, SCHMIDT (1852: 208) noticed few differences in the habitus and the indument of the bellflowers of S��o Vicente and those of Santo Ant��o that he judged insufficient to warrant taxonomic separation. However, BOLLE (1861) included both the bellflowers from S��o Vicente and the rupicolous forms from the ���xeric��� areas from S��o Nicolau (see under C. fransinea) when he made the description of the variety humilis. Those from S��o Vicente, identified until now as C. jacobaea (KRAUSE, 1892; CHEVALIER, 1935; SUNDING, 1973,1982; ERIKSSON et al., 1974, 1979; HANSEN & SUNDING, 1985, 1993; LOBIN, 1986; FIGUEIREDO, 1995; LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995; BROCHMANN et al., 1997; S��NCHEZ-PINTO et al., 2005), are described as new under C. monteverdensis, a species easily identifiable by: a widely flared infundibuliform corolla, never white, dark purple colour (���gentian blue��� according to BOLLE, 1861: 50); an exserted style; triangular sepals with distinctly revolute margins; and elliptic to obovate leaves with a surface slightly bullate in vivo. The succinct description of BOLLE (1861) was built on inconsistent diagnostic characters (notably related to indument) and on a mixed collection (presence on Bolle s.n. [K001134400] of one C. fransinea flower in the fragment packet). We therefore prefer to describe a new species with an unambiguous recently collected original material than making a nomen novum on Bolle���s variety. Additional specimens examined. ��� CABO VERDE. S��o Vicente: Monte Verde, III.1853, Bolle s.n. (MPU: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea var. humilis); ibid. loco, s.d., Bolle s.n. (Z: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea var. humilis); ibid. loco, 700 m, 14.VIII.1989, Cardoso de Matos 6493 (LISC); ibid. loco, 740 m, 29.X.2014, Gard��re 612 (P); ibid. loco, 700 m, 15.XI.2017, Gard��re 1506 (MARS, P); ibid. loco, 700���750 m, 24.IX.1889, Krause 24366 (B); ibid. loco, 774 m, 11.X.1990, Martins & Gomes 263 (LISC); ibid. loco, 750 m, 12.IX.1986, Mies 28 (FR); ibid. loco, 19.XII.1978, Lewejohann CV -78-084 (GOET); ibid. loco, 700 m, 10.II.1994, Leyens CV -94-100 (FR); ibid. loco, 19.XII.1978, Lobin CV -95 (CECV, FR); ibid. loco, 1.II.1851, Schmidt s.n. (GOET, HBG); ibid. loco, 690 m, 20.X.1972, Sunding 2594 (O); ibid. loco, 720 m, 23.III.1998, Royl 1005 (B); ibid. loco, ���am Mont Verede von 1500��� an���, VI.1841, Vogel 73 (K p.p., L: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea)., Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807, {"references":["VOGEL, T. (1849). Journal of the voyage to the Niger. In: HOOKER, W. J. (ed.), Niger Flora: 21 - 72. Hippolyte Bailliere, London.","WEBB, P. B. (1848). Campanula jacobaea. In: HOOKER, W. J. (ed.), Icon. Pl. 8: tab. 762.","SCHMIDT, J. A. (1852). Beitrage zur Flora der Cap Verdischen Inseln. Akademische Buchhandlung von Ernst Mohr, Heidelberg.","KRAUSE, E. H. L. (1892). Flora der Insel St. Vicent in der Capverdengruppe. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 14: 394 - 425.","ERIKSSON, O., A. HANSEN & P. SUNDING (1974). Flora of Macaronesia. Department of Biology, University of Umea, Umea.","ERIKSSON, O., A. HANSEN, & P. SUNDING (1979). Flora of Macaronesia. 2. rev. ed. Part 1. Botanical Garden and Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo.","LOBIN, W. (1986). Katalog der von den Kapverdischen Inseln beschriebenen Taxa hoherer Pflanzen (Pteridophyta & Phanerogamae). Courier Forschungsinst. Senckenberg. 81: 93 - 164.","FIGUEIREDO, E. (1995). Campanulaceae. In: PAIVA, J. et al. (ed.), Fl. Cabo Verde 86. INIDA, Praia & IICT, Lisboa. GARDERE, M. L. (2015). Two new species of Campanula (Campanu- laceae) from the island of Santo Antao, Cabo Verde archipelago. Phytotaxa 197: 104 - 114.","SANCHEZ-PINTO, L., M. L. RODRIGUEZ, S. RODRIGUEZ, K. MARTIN, A. CABRERA & M. CARMEN MARRERO (2005). Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta. In: ARECHAVALETA, M. et al. (ed.), Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde (hongos, plantas y animales terrestres): 38 - 57. Consejeria de Medio Ambiente e Ordenacion Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias."]}

Campanula L., Sp. Pl.: 163. 1753. Lectotypus (designated by Hitchcock in HITCHCOCK & GREEN, 1929: 131): Campanula latifolia L. Vernacular names. ��� Thirteen vernacular names in Cabo Verdean Creole language have been noted from the literature and herbarium labels; new names have been recorded on the field. Historically, the most ancient vernacular name has been reported by Feij�� who noted ���Campainhas���, a Portuguese vernacular name to designate the bellflowers which is no longer used in the archipelago (GARD��RE et al., 2019a). Short lists of vernacular names are published by BASTO (1988) and FEIJ��O (1960) but without any information about localities. More recently, GOMES et al. (1995b) and SZPERA (2015) have grouped all the CVB under ���Contra-Bruxas��� but this vernacular name is, in fact, peculiar to the bellflowers from Santo Ant��o (LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995; FIGUEIREDO, 1995). Distribution. ��� In the archipelago, the genus is found on all islands with elevations above 700 m, i.e. Santo Ant��o, S��o Vicente, S��o Nicolau, Santiago, Fogo, and Brava (Fig. 1). Phenology. ��� Flowering and fruiting observed year-round, but flowering peaks after the rainy season between October and December. During the dry season, from April to August, the rosettes of sterile stems contract considerably and the marcescent leaves droop along the stem., Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807, {"references":["GARDERE, M. L., M. C. DUARTE, P. L. R. MORAES, S. MULLER & M. M. ROMEIRAS (2019 a). The scientific expedition of Joao da Silva Feijo to the Cabo Verde Islands (1783 - 1796) and the tribulations of his herbarium. Adansonia ser. 3, 41: 101 - 175.","FEIJAO, R. O. (1960). Elucidario fitologico: plantas vulgares de Portugal continental, insular e ultramarino 1. Instituto Botanico de Lisboa, Lisboa.","GOMES, I., S. GOMES, M. T. VERA-CRUZ, N. KILIAN, T. LEYENS & W. LOBIN (1995 b). Plantas endemicas e arvores indigenas de Cabo Verde. Instituto Nacional de Investigacao e Desenvolvimento Agrario, Praia.","SZPERA, A. (2015) Encyclopedie nature de l'archipel du Cap Vert. Ed. 2. ArtOpera, Ponta do Sol.","FIGUEIREDO, E. (1995). Campanulaceae. In: PAIVA, J. et al. (ed.), Fl. Cabo Verde 86. INIDA, Praia & IICT, Lisboa. GARDERE, M. L. (2015). Two new species of Campanula (Campanu- laceae) from the island of Santo Antao, Cabo Verde archipelago. Phytotaxa 197: 104 - 114."]}

7. Campanula cochleromena Gard��re, sp. nov. (Fig. 1, 3G, 11). Holotypus: CABO VERDE. E S��o Nicolau: Alto das Caba��as, v��g��tation rupicole au bord des falaises sommitales, 16��35'57"N 24��06'20"W, c. 650 m, 14.XII.2015, Gard��re 1120 (P [P02091100]!; iso-: CECV!, LISC!). Campanulae jacobaeae C. Sm. ex Webb affinis, sed calycis deltatis lobis (vs. triangulares lobos), corolla campanulata sine constrictione (vs. campanulatam corollam fauce paulo constricta), stylo corollae subexserto (vs. stylum corollae inclusum), praecipue differt. Sub-frutex 5���20 cm tall, prostrate in dense clump, highly woody in lower part; floriferous stems branched, procumbent to decumbent arising from the base of one or several sterile basal rosettes, glabrous to glabrescent in the woody basal parts with indument hispid toward the extremity, consisting of trichomes �� 0.5 mm long. Leaves: rosette-leaves elliptic to narrowly elliptic (1.5���)2.5���3.5(���4) �� (0.7���)1���1.5(���2) cm, base cuneiform to attenuate, apex �� obtuse to acute; cauline-leaves elliptic to narrowly elliptic, (1���)1.5���3.5(���4) �� (0.7���)1���1.3(���1.5) cm, base cuneiform to attenuate, apex �� obtuse; margin weakly revolute, crenelate to slightly denticulate; adaxial side medium green in vivo, glabrescent or scattered by hispidulous to hispid of trichomes 0.2��� 0.5 mm long, indument generally more pronounced around the apex; abaxial side light green in vivo, venation whitish, hispidulous to hispid indument on primary and secondary veins consisting of trichomes 0.2���0.5 mm long and glabrescent on tertiary and ultimate veins, lamina glabrous. Inflorescences in monochasial pauciflorous cyme. Flowers erect, pedicel 0.5���1.5(���2) cm long, with the same indument as the stem; axillate by one or two bracts subopposite, ovato-triangular or ovate to narrowly ovate, base semi-amplexicaul, apex acute, with the same indument as the leaf. Calyx, calyx-lobes deltoid, 5���8 �� 4���6 mm, pressed up against the corolla, margin distinctly revolute; appendages ovate, reflexed, 1���1.5 mm long; lobe edges, appendage and median main vein hispid, 0.5���0.75 mm long, lamina glabrous to weakly hispidulous, 0.35 ���0.5 mm long. Corolla campanulate with inflexion point in the middle, purplish-blue; base wide round c. 6 ��� 8 mm large; tube, 20���22 mm long, gradually widening and reach the maximum diameter of 11 ��� 13 mm in the middle then widening up to 22���28 mm large at the mouth, constrictions absent; throat straight; lobes spreading to obliquely erect, 2���4 �� 8���10 mm, apex apiculate; external lamina entirely covered with indument microhispidulous c. 0.1 mm long, except the primary veins micro-hispidulous to hispidous, 0.1���0.2 mm long. Stamens with glabrous filaments; anthers, 2���4 mm long. Ovary, roof of the ovary glabrous to glabrescent, flat, topped by a yellowishwith nectary disk. Style thick, fleshy, 16���20 mm long, slightly exserted from the corolla, stigma trifid and papillose. Etymology. ��� The species epithet cochleromena meaning ���loved by snails���, is a compound of two words of ancient Greek: cochlos, ���snail��� and eromenos, ���loved, desired by���. Indeed, a rare phenomenon of pollination by snails was recently observed in the species (GARD��RE, 2018). Vernacular name. ��� ���Flor-de-caracol��� literally ���snail flower���, the name is not very widespread and only known by a few shepherds working on the summits of Alto das Caba��as (GARD��RE, 2018). Distribution and habitat. ��� Campanula cochleromena is endemic to E S��o Nicolau, between 550 and 650 m. The species is mainly confined to the edges of cliffs, on summit ridges of Alto Joaquina and Alto Caba��as, facing completely north, windblown and regularly covered by the fog. Campanula cochleromena is part of rupicolous vegetation principally made up of microendemic species such as Conyza schlechtendalii Bolle (Asteraceae), Helichrysum nicolai N. Kilian et al. (Asteraceae), Diplotaxis sundingii Rustan (Brassicaceae) and Limonium sundingii Leyens et al. (Plumbaginaceae) with other more broadly ranging Cabo Verdean endemic species like Daucus sp. (Apiaceae), Verbascum capitis-viridis Hub. -Mor. (Scrophulariaceae) and some Euphorbia tuckeyana (Euphorbiaceae). One locality is an exception, as being located in a stabilized landslide in Tope Simon around 500 m elevation, where the floristic community is poorer and composed of Daucus sp. (Apiaceae) and Echium stenosiphon (Boraginaceae). Notes. ��� The populations from E S��o Nicolau, identified until now as C. jacobaea (ERIKSSON et al., 1979; HANSEN & SUNDING, 1985, 1993; SUNDING, 1982; RUSTAN & BROCHMANN, 1993; LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995; GARD��RE, 2018), are described here as new under C. cochleromena. The discovery of this bellflowers is relatively recent, the first collect dates back to Sunding in 1976 from the locality of Alto Joaquina followed by those of Brochmann & Rustan in 1982 for the locality of Alto das Caba��as. Campanula cochleromena is distinguished from all other CVB species by its typically campanulate corolla without constriction (Fig. 1, 11C) and by its deltoid calyx-lobes (Fig. 11D). Additional specimens examined. ��� CABO VERDE. E S��o Nicolau: Alto das Caba��as, 640 m, 2.II.1982, Brochmann & Rustan CB -688/82 (O); ibid. loco, c. 650 m, 20.XI.2014, Gard��re 872 (P); ibid. loco, c. 650 m, 14.XII.2015, Gard��re 1119 (P); ibid. loco, c. 550���650 m, 14.I.1994, Kilian & Leyens 3182 (B, FR); Alto Joaquina, 615 m, 11.XII.2017, Gard��re 1590 (CECV, LISC, MARS, P); ibid. loco, 570 m, 24.XI.1976, Sunding 3835 (O); in den Bergen s��dlich Juncalinho, 600 m, 6.I.1986, Kilian 1063 (FR); Tope Jalunga, 29.XI.1996, Schmidt CV / KS -1996-22 (FR); Tope Simon, 550 m, 17.XII.2017, Gard��re 1127 (CECV, P). Nomen dubium Campanula jacobaea var. hispida Bolle in Bonplandia 9: 51. 1861. Typus: CABO VERDE. Santiago: ���loco natali specialiore ignoto���, s.d., Bocand�� s.n. (not found). Notes. ��� We transcribe here the note of BOLLE (1861: 51) on the variety hispida: ��� Hab. in insula Santiago, loco natali specialiore ignoto. Inter reliquias B. Bocand�� inventam e pessimis exemplis imperfecte tantum novimus. Fieri potest, hanc propriam esse speciem; eximia setositate florumque exiguitate habitu saltem a stirpe Webbiana, quae probabiliter et Smithiana, magnopere recedit; tamen ab hac eam separare non ausi sumus ���; and we give here-after this loose translation: ���Grows on the island of Santiago, the exact locality is unknown. We only know it [var. hispida] imperfectly from poor specimens of B. Bocand��. It may be a particular species. By the extreme hairiness of the flower and the weakness of the habit, it differentiates itself strongly from that of Webb and is probably that of Smith; however, we dare not separate it from that [C. jacobaea]���. BOLLE (1861) described the var. hispida for the island of Santiago based on the Bocand�����s collection, currently untraceable. The specimens from B used by Bolle for the description of his varieties were destroyed in the fire of Berlin in 1943 (HIEPKO, 1987) and probably alongside those of Bocand��. LEYENS & LOBIN (1995) treated the variety as a synonym of C. jacobaea but the same authors saw and identified a specimen of Bocand�� conserved at ���D��� as C. bravensis. However, ���D��� does not correspond any indexed herbarium (THIERS, 2019) and it is probably a typing error (W. Lobin, pers. comm.). The only known European Herbaria to hold Bocand�����s collections are B, FI-W and S (M. L. Gard��re, unpubl. data) but S is temporarily closed for renovation. We were unable to check this specimen and to confirm or not the identification of LEYENS & LOBIN (1995). The description of Bolle is insufficient to place the variety hipida among the CVB species. Given that Santiago harbors both C. jacobaea and C. bravensis, we prefer a precautionary approach and rather consider it to be a nomen dubium. Campanula jacobaea var. hispida Bolle in Bonplandia 9: 51. 1861. Typus: CABO VERDE. Santiago: ���loco natali specialiore ignoto���, s.d., Bocand�� s.n. (not found). Notes. ��� We transcribe here the note of BOLLE (1861: 51) on the variety hispida: ��� Hab. in insula Santiago, loco natali specialiore ignoto. Inter reliquias B. Bocand�� inventam e pessimis exemplis imperfecte tantum novimus. Fieri potest, hanc propriam esse speciem; eximia setositate florumque exiguitate habitu saltem a stirpe Webbiana, quae probabiliter et Smithiana, magnopere recedit; tamen ab hac eam separare non ausi sumus ���; and we give here-after this loose translation: ���Grows on the island of Santiago, the exact locality is unknown. We only know it [var. hispida] imperfectly from poor specimens of B. Bocand��. It may be a particular species. By the extreme hairiness of the flower and the weakness of the habit, it differentiates itself strongly from that of Webb and is probably that of Smith; however, we dare not separate it from that [C. jacobaea]���. BOLLE (1861) described the var. hispida for the island of Santiago based on the Bocand�����s collection, currently untraceable. The specimens from B used by Bolle for the description of his varieties were destroyed in the fire of Berlin in 1943 (HIEPKO, 1987) and probably alongside those of Bocand��. LEYENS & LOBIN (1995) treated the variety as a synonym of C. jacobaea but the same authors saw and identified a specimen of Bocand�� conserved at ���D��� as C. bravensis. However, ���D��� does not correspond any indexed herbarium (THIERS, 2019) and it is probably a typing error (W. Lobin, pers. comm.). The only known European Herbaria to hold Bocand�����s collections are B, FI-W and S (M. L. Gard��re, unpubl. data) but S is temporarily closed for renovation. We were unable to check this specimen and to confirm or not the identification of LEYENS & LOBIN (1995). The description of Bolle is insufficient to place the variety hipida among the CVB species. Given that Santiago harbors both C. jacobaea and C. bravensis, we prefer a precautionary approach and rather consider it to be a nomen dubium. Campanula jacobaea var. hispida Bolle in Bonplandia 9: 51. 1861. Typus: CABO VERDE. Santiago: ���loco natali specialiore ignoto���, s.d., Bocand�� s.n. (not found). Notes. ��� We transcribe here the note of BOLLE (1861: 51) on the variety hispida: ��� Hab. in insula Santiago, loco natali specialiore ignoto. Inter reliquias B. Bocand�� inventam e pessimis exemplis imperfecte tantum novimus. Fieri potest, hanc propriam esse speciem; eximia setositate florumque exiguitate habitu saltem a stirpe Webbiana, quae probabiliter et Smithiana, magnopere recedit; tamen ab hac eam separare non ausi sumus ���; and we give here-after this loose translation: ���Grows on the island of Santiago, the exact locality is unknown. We only know it [var. hispida] imperfectly from poor specimens of B. Bocand��. It may be a particular species. By the extreme hairiness of the flower and the weakness of the habit, it differentiates itself strongly from that of Webb and is probably that of Smith; however, we dare not separate it from that [C. jacobaea]���. BOLLE (1861) described the var. hispida for the island of Santiago based on the Bocand�����s collection, currently untraceable. The specimens from B used by Bolle for the description of his varieties were destroyed in the fire of Berlin in 1943 (HIEPKO, 1987) and probably alongside those of Bocand��. LEYENS & LOBIN (1995) treated the variety as a synonym of C. jacobaea but the same authors saw and identified a specimen of Bocand�� conserved at ���D��� as C. bravensis. However, ���D��� does not correspond any indexed herbarium (THIERS, 2019) and it is probably a typing error (W. Lobin, pers. comm.). The only known European Herbaria to hold Bocand�����s collections are B, FI-W and S (M. L. Gard��re, unpubl. data) but S is temporarily closed for renovation. We were unable to check this specimen and to confirm or not the identification of LEYENS & LOBIN (1995). The description of Bolle is insufficient to place the variety hipida among the CVB species. Given that Santiago harbors both C. jacobaea and C. bravensis, we prefer a precautionary approach and rather consider it to be a nomen dubium., Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807, {"references":["GARDERE, M. L. (2018). Snails in the flowers of Campanula jacobaea C. Sm. ex Webb (Campanulaceae) from the island of Sao Nicolau archipelago. Adansonia ser. 3, 40: 183 - 186.","ERIKSSON, O., A. HANSEN, & P. SUNDING (1979). Flora of Macaronesia. 2. rev. ed. Part 1. Botanical Garden and Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo.","SUNDING, P. (1982). Additions to the flora of Cape Verde Islands - III. Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 5: 125 - 138.","HIEPKO, P. (1987). The collections of the Botanical Museum Berlin- Dahlem (B) and their history. Englera 7: 219 - 252.","THIERS, B. (2019). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. [http: // sweetgum. nybg. org / science / ih]"]}

6. Campanula fransinea Gard��re, sp. nov. (Fig. 1, 3F, 4B���D, 10). Holotypus: CABO VERDE. W S��o Nicolau: Massif du Monte Gordo, Monte Vermelho, 16��37'02"N 24��20'22"W, 905 m, 18.XI.2014, Gard��re 822 (P [P02442651]!; iso-: CECV!). Campanulae jacobaeae C. Sm. ex Webb aff inis, sed foliis rosulatis anguste obovatis vel anguste ellipticis vel spatulatis (vs. ovata rosulata folia), calycis lobis anguste triangularibus (vs. calycis triangulares lobos), corolla infundibuliforme sine constrictione, obtronconica basi (vs. campanulatam corollam), praecipue differt. Sub-frutex 20��� 60 cm tall, highly woody in lower part; floriferous stems branched, procumbent to decumbent arising from the base of one or several sterile basal rosette or pseudorosette, often ephemeral, glabrous to glabrescent in the woody basal parts with indument hirtellous to hispidulous toward the extremity, consisting of trichomes 0.5���0.65 mm long. Leaves: rosette-leaves narrowly elliptic to spathulate rarely oblanceolate, (3���)4���7.5(��� 10) �� (0.8���)1��� 2.5(��� 3) cm, base cuneiform to attenuate concave, apex �� obtuse to acute; cauline-leaves narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic rarely ovate, (2)���3.5���6.5 (���8) �� (0.6���)1���1.7(���2) cm, base attenuate sometimes slightly asymmetric, apex acute to �� obtuse; margin weakly revolute, crenelate to serrulate; adaxial side pure green to medium green in vivo, weakly or densely covered with hispidulous to hispid indument consisting of trichomes 0.1���0.8 mm long; abaxial side light green in vivo, venation whitish, hispidulous to hispid indument on primary and secondary veins consisting of trichomes 0.3���0.6(���0.8) mm long and hispidulous indument on tertiary and ultimate veins consisting of trichomes 0.1���0.3 mm long, lamina glabrescent. Inflorescences in monochasial pauciflorous cyme or rarely in pluriflorous thyrse. Flowers pendulous to erect, pedicel curved to erect, 0.25���0.8 cm long, with the same indument as the leaves; axillate by one or two bracts subopposite, ovato-triangular or ovate to narrowly ovate, base semi-amplexicaul, apex acute, with the same indument as the leaves. Calyx: calyx-lobes narrowly triangular, 10���15 �� 3���5 mm, slightly recurved, median main vein in relief in vivo, margin obscurely revolute; appendages ovate, reflexed, 1���2 mm long; lobe edges, appendage and median main vein covered with an indument hispidulous, rarely hispid, consisting of trichomes 0.2 ���0.4(���0.6) mm long. Corolla infundibuliform, generally purple-blue rarely pure white or pink; base straight, 6���8 mm large; tube ob-tronconical straight, 20���34 mm long, widening gradually upwards and reaching 20���28 mm large at the mouth, constrictions absent; throat flared; lobes spreading to obliquely erect, 2.5��� 3.5 �� 8��� 10 mm, apex apiculate; external primary veins micro-hispidulous to hirtellous, 0.15���0.45 mm long. Stamens with glabrous filaments; anthers 2���4 mm long. Ovary with glabrous to glabrescent roof, flat, topped by a yellowishwith nectary disk. Style thick, fleshy, 15���25 mm long, included in the corolla, stigma trifid and papillose. Etymology. ��� To pay tribute to Feij�����s work on CVB, the epithet fransinea (devoid of taxonomic significance) is adopted to name the bellflowers from W S��o Nicolau. Feij�� dedicated the genus to the Italian mathematician Miguel Franzini (c. 1730��� 1810), one of his professors at the University of Coimbra (GARD��RE et al., 2019a). Vernacular name. ��� ���Dedal��� (CARDOSO J��NIOR, 1905; HENRIQUES, 1896; BARBOSA, 1961; LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995; FIGUEIREDO, 1995) a Portuguese word meaning ���thimble���, the colour adjectives ���branco��� (white) or ���azul��� (blue) is sometimes added to the name. Distribution and habitat. ��� Campanula fransinea is endemic to W S��o Nicolau and can be found from 600 m to 1200 m. The species occurs in diverse habitats: wet areas, in highelevation shrubland with Euphorbia tuckeyana (Euphorbiaceae), Asteriscus smithii (Webb) Walp. (Asteraceae) and Daucus insularis (Apiaceae) on the flanks of Monte Gordo, and up to the most ���xeric��� rupicolous areas, on rocks with Aeonium gorgoneum (Crassulaceae), Polycarpaea gayi (Caryophyllaceae), Kickxia elegans (Scrophulariaceae). The lowest locality is at c. 400 m, in Ribeira Tucuda (Gard��re 880), and corresponds to the single known occurrence in a spring, where Campanula fransinea grows together with Adiantum capillus-veneris (Pteridaceae) and Pteris vittata (Pteridaceae). Notes. ��� Until now, the populations from W S��o Nicolau were traditionally identified as C. jacobaea (COUTINHO, 1914; CHEVALIER, 1935; SUNDING, 1973, 1982; ERIKSSON et al. 1974, 1979; NOGUEIRA, 1976; HANSEN & SUNDING, 1985, 1993; RUSTAN & BROCHMANN, 1993; GOMES et al., 1995a; LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995; FIGUEIREDO, 1995; S��NCHEZ-PINTO et al., 2005) but some authors have also recognized the presence of C. bravensis in this region (see under C. bravensis). Three Forbes��� specimens collected in 1822 in W S��o Nicolau ([K000865901, K001134405, K001134390]) were chosen by WEBB (1848: tab. 762) to be part of the syntypes of C. jacobaea (see under C. jacobaea). Later, in his taxonomic treatment, BOLLE (1861) grouped the bellflowers of high-elevation humid areas from W S��o Nicolau with those from Santo Ant��o in the type variety ��� genuina ��� (see under C. feijoana), and the bellflowers of the more ���xeric��� areas from W S��o Nicolau and those from S��o Vicente in the variety humilis (see under C. monteverdensis). All the populations from W S��o Nicolau are described here as new under C. fransinea. This species differs from other CVB species by its narrow infundibuliform corolla of 20���34 mm long (Fig. 10C). However, it remains quite close to C. vicinituba which has a corolla also narrow infundibuliform but shorter (20 mm) and more flared (Fig. 8D); and differs from the characters indicated in the key. According to its habitats, C. fransinea shows different forms with upright forms in high-elevation shrubland (Fig. 10A), and tufted forms in drier rupicolous areas (Fig. 10F). Additional specimens examined. ��� CABO VERDE. W S��o Nicolau: ��gua das Patas, 675���700 m, 20.VII.2004, Marrero & Almeida s.n. (LPA); ���ad rupes loco dicto Caxa��o ���, X.1851, Bolle s.n. (Z: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea var. humilis); Cacha��o, 750 m, 17.I.1992, Cardoso de Matos & Gomes 6933 (LISC); ibid.loco, 590 m, 30.I.1982, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR -1901 (O); betw.Cacha��o and Monte Gordo, 900 m, 23.XI.1976, Sunding 3773 (O); Caminho da Caldeira, 22.II.1864, Lowe s.n. (BM, K); Calej��o, 21.IV.1956, Grandvaux Barbosa 7257 (CECV, LISC); Monte Caramujo, 720 m, 20.XII.2017, Gard��re 1568 (CECV, LISC, P); Monte Deserto, 715 m, 8.XII.2017, Gard��re 1577 (CECV, P); ibid. loco, 700 m, 25.XI.1976, Sunding 3858 (O); Monte Gordo, 1270 m, 29.I.1982, Brochmann & Rustan CB -541/82 (O); ibid. loco, 1030 m, 3.III.1992, Cardoso de Matos & Gomes 7039 (LISC); ibid. loco, X.1891, Cardoso J��nior 68 (COI); ibid. loco, 24.X.1891, Cardoso J��nior s.n. (Z); ibid. loco, XII.1893, Cardoso J��nior s.n. (LISU); ibid. loco, Monte Vermelho, 990 m, 18.XI.2014, Gard��re 818 (P); ibid. loco, Hortel��o, 865 m, 18.XI.2014, Gard��re 831 (CECV, P); ibid. loco, sentier menant �� Assomada de R. Calhau, 1005 m, 19.XI.2014, Gard��re 856 (P); ibid. loco, 980 m, 12.XII.2015, Gard��re 1096 (P), 1100 (CECV, LISC, K, P); ibid. loco, 950 m, 4.XII.2017, Gard��re 1566.1���4 ( P ); ibid. loco, 950 m, 4.XII.2017, Gard��re 1566.5 (MARS); ibid. loco, 1030 m, 6.XII.2017, Gard��re 1572 (CECV, P); ibid. loco, c. 1000 m, 1.I.1986, Kilian 989 (B, FR); ibid. loco, c. 950���1050 m, 13.I.1994, Kilian & Leyens 3136 (B, FR); ibid. loco, c. 1100 m, 13.I.1994, Kilian & Leyens 3145 (B, FR); ibid. loco, c. 950���1050 m, 15.I.1994, Kilian & Leyens 3193 (B); ibid. loco, c. 950 m, 28.XI.1980, Lewejohann CV -80- 261 (GOET); ibid. loco, 15.X.1953, Lindberg 20 (H); ibid. loco, 28.XII.1978, Lobin CV -231 (FR); ibid. loco, 1270 m, 29.I.1982, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR - 1849 (O); ibid. loco, 1000 m, 23.XI.1976, Sunding 3798 (O); Monte Junto, X.1891, Cardoso J��nior 10 (COI); Ribeira Calhau, 955 m, 6.XII.2017, Gard��re 1574 (P); Ribeira Camar��es, c. 300 m, 17.I.1994, Kilian & Leyens 3218 (B, FR); Ribeira da Prata, 1893, Cardoso J��nior 12269 (LISC); ibid. loco, 1893, Cardoso J��nior 111 (LISU); ibid. loco, II.1894, Cardoso J��nior s.n. (COI); Ribeira Tucuda, 400 m, 20.XI.2014, Gard��re 880 (CECV, LISC, P); op weg van Tarrafal vanaf Ribeira Brava, 500���800 m, 19.IX.2002, Prud���homme van Reine s.n. (L); sine loco, ���CANCAP-VI Expedition���, c. 1000 m, 14.VI.1982, Boekschoten Ph60 (L); sine loco, 1851, Bolle s.n. (C, MPU: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea var. humilis); sine loco, ���in rupestribus���, X.1851, Bolle s.n. (K p.p.: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea var. humilis); sine loco, s.d., Bolle s.n. (COI: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea var. humilis); sine loco, s.d. [27.III.1822], Forbes s.n. [35] (K p.p.: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea); sine loco, 22.II.1864, Lowe s.n. (LISU). Sine loco: 1895, Cardoso J��nior III (K); 1783���1789, Feij�� V - V -1 (P)., Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on pages 34-35, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807, {"references":["GARDERE, M. L., M. C. DUARTE, P. L. R. MORAES, S. MULLER & M. M. ROMEIRAS (2019 a). The scientific expedition of Joao da Silva Feijo to the Cabo Verde Islands (1783 - 1796) and the tribulations of his herbarium. Adansonia ser. 3, 41: 101 - 175.","HENRIQUES, J. A. (1896). Contribucao para o estudo da Flora de Cabo Verde. Bol. Soc. Brot. 13: 130 - 150.","FIGUEIREDO, E. (1995). Campanulaceae. In: PAIVA, J. et al. (ed.), Fl. Cabo Verde 86. INIDA, Praia & IICT, Lisboa. GARDERE, M. L. (2015). Two new species of Campanula (Campanu- laceae) from the island of Santo Antao, Cabo Verde archipelago. Phytotaxa 197: 104 - 114.","SUNDING, P. (1973). Check-list of the vascular plants of the Cape Verde Islands. Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, Oslo.","SUNDING, P. (1982). Additions to the flora of Cape Verde Islands - III. Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 5: 125 - 138.","ERIKSSON, O., A. HANSEN & P. SUNDING (1974). Flora of Macaronesia. Department of Biology, University of Umea, Umea.","ERIKSSON, O., A. HANSEN, & P. SUNDING (1979). Flora of Macaronesia. 2. rev. ed. Part 1. Botanical Garden and Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo.","NOGUEIRA, I. (1976). Plantas colhidas pelo Eng. ° L. A. Grandvaux Barbosa no arquipelago de Cabo Verde - III. Spermatophyta (Rubiaceae-Gentianaceae). Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 3: 19 - 32.","GOMES, I., S. GOMES, N. KILIAN, T. LEYENS, W. LOBIN & M. T. VERA-CRUZ (1995 a). Notes on the flora of the Cape Verde Islands, W Africa. Willdenowia 25: 177 - 196.","SANCHEZ-PINTO, L., M. L. RODRIGUEZ, S. RODRIGUEZ, K. MARTIN, A. CABRERA & M. CARMEN MARRERO (2005). Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta. In: ARECHAVALETA, M. et al. (ed.), Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde (hongos, plantas y animales terrestres): 38 - 57. Consejeria de Medio Ambiente e Ordenacion Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias.","WEBB, P. B. (1848). Campanula jacobaea. In: HOOKER, W. J. (ed.), Icon. Pl. 8: tab. 762."]}

Key to the Cabo Verdean species of Campanula 1. Corolla campanulate or infundibuliform; roof of the ovary glabrous and flat.......................................................... 2 1a. Corolla tubular (rarely urceolate); roof of the ovary pubescent and conical...................................... 2. C. bravensis 2. Corolla campanulate................................................... 3 2a. Corolla infundibuliform.............................................. 4 3. Corolla with inflexion point in the upper third, throat slightly constricted; calyx-lobes triangular........................................................................................ 1. C. jacobaea 3a. Corolla with inflexion point in the middle, throat not constricted; calyx-lobes deltoid......... 7. C. cochleromena 4. Corolla constricted in the median part..... 3. C. feijoana 4a. Corolla gradually widening without any visible constriction.............................................................................. 5 5. Corolla narrowly flared, style included; calyx-lobes triangular, margin not or weakly revolute............................ 6 5a. Corolla widely flared, style exserted; calyx-lobes widely triangular, margin clearly and distinctly revolute................................................................... 5. C. monteverdensis 6. Corolla-tube ob-tronconical straight, 20 –34 mm long; rosette-leaves narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, (3–) 4–7.5(–10) × (0.8–)1–2.5(–3) cm, surface matt and pubescent with scattered hispidulous trichomes adaxially, with margin obscurely undulate to plane, primary and secondary veins hispidulous to hispid abaxially; margin of calyxlobes hispidulous to hispid..................... 6. C. fransinea 6a. Corolla-tube ob-tronconical straight to concave, 16–20 mm long; rosette-leaves narrowly elliptic to obovate, (1–)1.5–2.7(–3.3) × (0.5–)0.7–1(–1.2) cm, surface glossy and glabrescent adaxially, with margin always clearly undulate, primary and secondary veins strigillose to strigose abaxially; margin of calyx-lobes strigillose to strigose.............................................................. 4. C. vicinituba

1. Campanula jacobaea C. Sm. ex Webb in Hook., Icon. Pl. 8: tab. 762. 1848 (Fig. 1, 2, 3A, 5C). Lectotypus (erroneously designated by PORTER, 1986: 85; corrected and designated here): CABO VERDE: sine loco, ���sp. r. to be figured, Cap Verd���, s.d. [IV.1822], Forbes s.n. (G [G 00426961] image!). Sub-frutex 15 ��� 40 cm tall, highly woody in lower part; floriferous stems branched, decumbent to pendulous arising from the base of one or several sterile basal rosettes, glabrous to glabrescent in the woody basal parts with indument hispidulous to hispid toward the extremity, consisting of trichomes 0.2���1 mm long. Leaves: rosette leaves elliptic to narrowly elliptic, (1.5���)3���4(���5) �� (0.5���)1���1.5(���2.5) cm, base cuneiform to slightly attenuate, apex �� obtuse to acute; cauline leaves narrowly ovate to elliptic, (1.5���)2.5���3.5(���5.5) �� (0.5���) 0.8���1.5(���2.5) cm, base attenuate sometimes asymmetric, apex �� obtuse to acute; margin weakly revolute, crenulate; adaxial side light green in vivo, weakly or densely covered with hispidulous to hispid indument, consisting of trichomes 0.2���0.5 mm long; abaxial side light green in vivo, venation whitish, hispidulous to hispid indument on primary and secondary veins consisting of trichomes 0.4���0.6(���0.8) mm long and hispidulous indument on tertiary and ultimate veins consisting of trichomes 0.1���0.3 mm long, lamina glabrescent. Inflorescences in monochasial pauciflorous cyme or rarely in pluriflorous thyrse. Flowers erect rarely pendulous, pedicel 0.5���1.5(��� 2) cm long, with the same indument as the stem; axillate by one or two bracts subopposite, ovato-triangular or ovate to narrowly ovate, base semi-amplexicaul, apex acute, with the same indument as the leaves. Calyx: calyx-lobes triangular, 10���13 �� 4���6 mm, erect, margin weakly revolute; appendages ovate, reflexed, 1.5���2 mm long; calyx-lobes, lobe edges, appendages and median main vein covered with an indument hispidulous to hispid consisting of trichomes 0.3���0.65 mm long. Corolla campanulate with inflexion point in the upper third, purplish-blue sometimes mauve with veins distinctly marked; base wide round c. 8 mm large; tube, 23���30 mm long, gradually widening and reach the maximum diameter of 14 ���18 mm in the upper third; throat slightly constricted then widening up to 20 ���26 mm at the mouth; lobes spreading to obliquely erect, 2 ���4 �� 9���12 mm, apex apiculate; primary external veins hispidulous. Stamens with glabrous filaments; anthers 2��� 4 mm long. Ovary with glabrous to glabrescent roof, flat, topped by a yellowish-with nectary disk. Style thick, fleshy, 15���18 mm long, included in the corolla, stigma trifid and papillose. Etymology. ��� The specific epithet ��� jacobaea ���, from the Latin Jacobus, refers to Santiago or ���Saint James���; the island was given the name because it was discovered on Saint James Day. Jacobaea was initially chosen by Smith in 1816 to name the bellflowers from Santiago, which he wanted to describe as new to the Cabo Verde flora. Vernacular name. ��� GOMES (1994) note ���Velho-Teso��� but in Brava this name is also use for Spermacoce verticillata L. (Rubiaceae) (BARBOSA, 1961; DINIZ et al., 2002; MARTINS, 2002) and Campanula bravensis (BOLLE, 1861). Distribution and habitat. ��� Campanula jacobaea, now circumscribed to Santiago, is a montane chasmophyte that can be found from 600 m to 1100 m in humid rupicolous areas: on cliffs frequently covered in dense fog, with Limonium lobinii N. Kilian & Leyens (Plumbaginaceae), Polycarpaea gayi Webb (Caryophyllaceae), Kickxia elegans (G. Forst.) D.A. Sutton (Scrophulariaceae), sometimes Hypodematium crenatum (Dryopteridaceae) and abundant lichens, or on seeping rock faces and near to springs (chupadeiros) in the depths of valleys, near dense ferns, mainly Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Pteridaceae), and sometimes Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy (Thelypteridaceae). Campanula jacobaea is confined to the main mountains: Serra do Pico da Ant��nia and Serra da Malagueta, but also Monte Afonso and Monte Tagarrinho, the last two localities being chorological novelties. Notes. ��� WEBB (1848: tab. 762) based the description of C. jacobaea on collections from different geographical origin and different collectors; only the names of the collectors were indicated. The following year in his Spicilegia Gorgonea WEBB (1849: 148) added information such as localities, dates and sometimes collection numbers. Eight syntypes have been located. Original material is extant in the Hooker Herbarium (now K) and mounted on two sheets (Fig. 4, 5) with duplicates in CGE and L and a further syntype has been located in G. On the first sheet of original material in K (Fig. 4), four specimens are mounted of which only those on the bottom half display the names of the collectors (Fig. 4A���B). On the bottom right, the Darwin���s specimen [K000865902] collected in Santiago represents C. bravensis (Fig. 4A). A small footnote cross leads to a label (Fig. 4 A���) with a printed reference ��� from J.S. Henslow ��� and ��� Campanula ��� in Hooker f.���s handwriting and ��� C. Darwin���s Ms. No. 279 (��.) ��� and ��� 166 ��� in an unidentified handwriting ��� probably numbering by Hooker f. or Henslow (PORTER, 1986). Just above Darwin���s specimen on the left is the Forbes��� specimen (Fig. 4B) from S��o Nicolau (��� n. 35 ��� according WEBB, 1849; [K001134406], identified here as C. fransinea) and with the locality and collector handwritten: ��� Isle San Nicol. Forbes ���. The other two specimens on the upper half [K000865901] (Fig. 4C) and [K001134405] (Fig. 4D), are erroneously annotated ��� Teneriffe ��� in the Canary Islands by Hooker f. LEYENS & LOBIN (1995) were misled by the placement of the label (Fig. 4 A���) and wrongly attributed them to Darwin. These two specimens represent C. fransinea and most likely collected in S��o Nicolau. Among the collectors cited in the protologue, Forbes was the only one who visited S��o Nicolau from March 27 TH to 31ST, 1822 (OWEN, 1833); Darwin only visited Santiago (VALA, 2009). Therefore, the two specimens [K000865901] (Fig. 4C) and [K001134405] (Fig. 4D) must have been collected by Forbes. [K000865901] also holds the same fragment of Hypodematium crenatum found on [K001134406] that reinforced the collection locality, i.e. S��o Nicolau (Fig. 4B���C). Furthermore, [K000865901] (Fig. 4C) holds a small leaf of Diplotaxis gracilis (Webb) O.E. Schulz (Brassicaceae), a species endemic to the W S��o Nicolau. The second sheet in K (Fig. 5) contains three different specimens with original labels: on the upper half, Forbes s.n. [K001134390] identified by Webb as ��� C. daltonii ��� (see Introduction) from Santo Ant��o (��� n. 4 ��� according WEBB, 1849) and identified here as C. feijoana (Fig. 5A); on the bottom right, Vogel 73 [K001134391] from S��o Vicente, identified here as C. monteverdensis (Fig. 5B); and on the bottom right, Hooker 125 [K001134407] from Santiago, identified here as C. jacobaea (Fig. 5C). The original material located in G is a specimen collected by Forbes [G00426961]. The locality is not mentioned but should be from Santiago where Forbes made a stopover in early April 1822 (OWEN, 1833). On the original determination label on the bottom left is written ��� Campanula Daltonii Webb ��� and ��� sp. [specimen] r. [retained] to be figured, Cap Verd, Forbes ��� both in Webb���s handwriting. This specimen has served for the preparation of the illustrations of C. jacobaea (WEBB, 1848: tab. 762) and is here identified as C. jacobaea. Among these syntypes, PORTER (1986) chose Darwin 279 from K [K000865902] (Fig. 4A) as the lectotype of C. jacobaea with a duplicate CGE [CGE03087] but Darwin 279 is in serious conflict with the protologue. WEBB (1848) described the species as having a campanulate corolla, three times longer than the calyx-lobes, illustrating the throat as slightly constricted and the roof of the ovary as flat (WEBB, 1848: tab. 762). However, the flower of Darwin 279 has a tubular corolla that is barely longer than twice the length of the calyx-lobes, and the roof of the ovary appears to be conical. LEYENS & LOBIN (1995) correctly identified Darwin 279 as C. bravensis. They chose Forbes s.n. [K001134390] (Fig. 5A), identified here as C. feijoana, as lectotype by adding a printed label indicating ��� Campanula jacobaea Webb ��� Lectotype ��� det. T. Leyens & W. Lobin 11.1994���. This lectotypification has never been effectively published. We propose that the lectotype designated by PORTER (1986: 85) is rejected according to Art. 9.19(c) of the ICN (TURLAND et al., 2018) and superseded by Forbes s.n. in G [G00426961]. We designated here this collection as a new lectotype for C. jacobaea because it represents unambiguous original material of C. jacobaea and this collection has served for Webb���s illustrations (WEBB, 1848: tab. 762). Selected material seen. ��� CABO VERDE. Santiago: Alto da Serra da Malagueta, 1000 m, 8.II.1986, Cardoso de Matos & Matos 6023 (LISC); Drago [Dragoeira], III.1998, Santos s.n. (ORT); Jo��o Teves, 550 m, 17.XII.1981, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR -1129 (O); Monte Afonso, 630 m, 11.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1301 (P), 1303 (P); Monte Chota, c. 1000 m, 16.XII.1995, Leyens CV -95-529 (FR); Monte Rib��o de Cana, 650 m, 22.VII.2013, Gard��re 110 (LISC); Monte Tagarrinho, 850 m, 11.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1308 (P); Org��os Grandes, 200 m, IV��� V.1898, Fea s.n. (GDOR); ibid. loco, c. 250 m, IV��� V.1898, Fea s.n. (GDOR); Os Org��os, 31. I.1866, Lowe s.n. (BM); path from Ch�� da Figueira to Coruja, c. 700 m, 18.XII.1993, Kilian 2779 & Leyens (B); Ribeira da Aguada, 25. I.1983, Grandvaux Barbosa et al. 14320 (CECV, LISC); Ribeira Cantada, 580 m, 26.XI.2014, Gard��re 934 (P); Ribeira Gon Gon, 710 m, 11.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1345 (P); ibid. loco, 700 m, 11.VIII.2016, Gard��re 1347 (CECV, LISC, P); ibid. loco, 700 m, 27.XII.2017, Gard��re 1619 (P); Ribeira da Janela, 770 m, 17. I.1980, Borgen 3390 (O); Ribeira Longueira, 800 m, 25.XI.2014, Gard��re 928 (P); Ribeira X��x��, 610 m, 27.XII.2017, Gard��re 1620 (P); Rui Vaz, 15.VII.1934, Chevalier 44593 (COI, K, P); ibid. loco, 750 m, 27.XI.2014, Gard��re 936 (P); ibid. loco, 750 m, 17.VII.2016, Gard��re 1220 (CECV, LISC, P); ibid. loco, 700 m, 24.III.1968, de Naurois s.n. (LISC); S��o Jorge, Ribeira Matom [Mato Moniz], 400 m, 2.IV.1984, Veiga 19 (LISC); Serra da Malagueta, 1040 m, 31.XII.2013, Aedo 21160 (MA); ibid. loco, 850 m, 22.XI.1987, Cardoso de Matos 6333 (LISC, MA); ibid. loco, c. 800 m, 11.X.1988, Diniz et al. 214 (LISC); ibid. loco, V.1989, Doutre 19 (ALF); ibid. loco, 800 m, 28.VIII.2013, Gard��re 284 (LISC), 285 (LISC); ibid. loco, 800 m, 25.VIII.2013, Gard��re 287 (P); ibid. loco, 800 m, 22.XII.2013, Gard��re 603 (LISC); ibid. loco, 750 m, 22.XII.2013, Gard��re 604 (P); ibid. loco, 800 m, 22.XII.2013, Gard��re 605 (CECV); ibid. loco, 840 m, 15.VII.2016, Gard��re 1211 (P); ibid. loco, 850 m, 27.X.2016, Gard��re 1428 (P); ibid. loco, 840 m, 30.X.2016, Gard��re 1435 (P); ibid. loco, 1310 m, 27.XII.2017, Gard��re 1618 (CECV, MARS, P); ibid. loco, 27.XII.1955, Grandvaux Barbosa 6087 (CECV, COI, LISC); ibid. loco, c. 800 m, 17.XII.1993, Kilian & Leyens 2751 (B, FR); ibid. loco, 1000 m, 26.X.1986, Mies 383 (FR); ibid. loco, c. 800 m, 5.II.1994, Leyens CV -94-079 (FR); ibid. loco, 1.X.1979, Lobin 759 (FR); ibid. loco, 920���950 m, 15. I.1980, Rustan 790 (O); ibid. loco, c. 900 m, 1.XII.1996, Schmidt CV /KS -1996-59 (FR), CV /KS -1996-60 (FR); ibid. loco, 800 m, 17.XI.1976, Sunding 3659 (O); Serra do Pico da Ant��nia, 800���1200 m, 16.IV.1898, Fea s.n. (GDOR); ibid. loco, 1135 m, 27.XII.2015, Gard��re 1198 (P); sine loco [Serra do Pico da Ant��nia], 11.IV.1816, Smith 39 (BM); entre a Trindade e o Curralinho, 720 m, 24.XI.1955, Grandvaux Barbosa 5676 (CECV, LISC); ���a most beautiful sp. [���] on a peak in the valley of St Domingo at 2000 ft ���, XI.1839, Hooker 125 (K p.p.: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea)., Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on pages 16-20, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807, {"references":["PORTER, D. M. (1986). Charles Darwin's plant specimens from the voyage of HMS Beagle. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 93: 1 - 172.","GOMES, S. (1994). Nomes vernaculos e vulgares de plantas de Cabo Verde. Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 12: 127 - 150.","MARTINS, E. S. (2002). Rubiaceae. In: MARTINS, E. S., J. PAIVA, M. A. DINIZ, I. GOMES & S. GOMES (ed.), Flora de Cabo Verde 86. INIDA, Praia & IICT, Lisboa.","WEBB, P. B. (1848). Campanula jacobaea. In: HOOKER, W. J. (ed.), Icon. Pl. 8: tab. 762.","WEBB, P. B. (1849). Spicilegia Gorgonea; or a catalogue of all the plants as yet discovered in the Cape Verde Islands. From the collections of J. D. Hooker, Esq. M. D. R. N., Dr. T. Vogel, and other travellers. In: HOOKER, W. J. (ed.), Niger Flora: 89 - 197. Hippolyte Bailliere, London.","OWEN, W. F. (1833). Narrative of voyages to explore the shores of Africa, Arabia and Madagascar. Richard Bentley, London.","VALA, F. (2009). Darwin em Cabo Verde. Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon.","TURLAND, N. J., J. H. WIERSEMA, F. R. BARRIE, W. GREUTER, D. L. HAWKSWORTH, P. S. HERENDEEN, S. KNAPP, W. - H. KUSBER, D. - Z. LI, K. MARHOLD, T. W. MAY, J. MCNEILL, A. M. MONRO, J. PRADO, M. J. PRICE & G. F. SMITH (2018). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress, Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Veg. 159."]}

3. Campanula feijoana Gard��re in Phytotaxa 197: 105. 2015 (Fig. 1, 3C, 5A, 7). Holotypus: CABO VERDE. Santo Ant��o: Ribeira da Vinha, rocher humide en station ombrophile, 17��08'1"N 25��04'12"W, 400 m, 13.XII.2013, Gard��re 460 (LISC [LISC118130, LISC118131]!; iso-: CECV!, K!, P [P00723702]!). = Campanula hortelensis Gard��re in Phytotaxa 197: 109. 2015, syn. nov. Holotypus: CABO VERDE. Santo Ant��o: Monte Hortel��o, rochers humides, au bord de la piste, 17��06'03"N 25��10'57"W, 1500 m, 14.XII.2013, Gard��re 467 (LISC [LISC118148]!; iso-: CECV!). Sub-frutex 20��� 80 cm tall, highly woody in lower part; floriferous stems branched, decumbent to pendulous arising from the base of one or several sterile basal rosettes, sometimes understated, glabrous to glabrescent in the woody basal parts with indument hispidulous toward the extremity, consisting of trichomes 0.15���0.4 mm long. Leaves: pseudorosette leaves or rosette leaves obovate to spatulate, sometimes falciform, (1.4���) 2���6(���9) �� (0.4���)0.9��� 2(���2.7) cm, base cuneiform to gradually attenuate concave sometimes asymmetric, apex acute to �� obtuse; cauline leaves narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic rarely elliptic, (0.7���)1.5 ��� 5(���7.5) �� (0.5 ���)0.8 ���1.8(��� 2.5) cm, base attenuate sometimes asymmetric, apex acute to �� obtuse; margin weakly revolute and sometimes obscurely ondulate, crenelate to serrulate, rarely entire; adaxial side pure green to dark green in vivo, weakly or densely covered with hispidulous to hispid indument, consisting of trichomes 0.2���0.6(���0.8) mm long, sometimes glabrescent; abaxial side greenish in vivo, venation whitish, hispidulous to hispid indument on primary and secondary veins consisting of trichomes (0.2���)0.3���0.6(���0.8) mm long and hispidulous indument on tertiary and ultimate veins consisting of trichomes 0.1���0.3 mm long, lamina glabrescent. Inflorescences in monochasial pauciflorous cyme or rarely in pluriflorous thyrse. Flowers erect, pedicel 0.9���4.5 cm long, with the same indument as the stem; axillate by one or two bracts subopposite, ovato-triangular or ovate to narrowly ovate, base semi-amplexicaul, apex acute, with the same indument as the leaves. Calyx: calyx-lobes narrowly triangular, 12���17 �� 3���9.5 mm, pressed up against the corolla to recurvate, margin weakly revolute; appendages ovate, reflexed, 1���3 mm long; lobe edges, appendages and median main vein covered with an indument hispidulous to hispid, consisting of trichomes 0.15���0.7 mm long. Corolla infundibuliform, purple-blue to pure white passing through all intermediate tones; base wide round; tube sub-cylindrical c. 20 mm long, constricted in the middle, 9���12 mm large in the larger basal part and 7���10 mm in the constricted part; throat flared, mouth 22���32 mm large; lobes spreading to recurvate, 6���10 �� 11���18 mm, apex apiculate; primary external veins micro-hispidulous to hispidous, 0.1���0.12 mm long. Stamens with glabrous filaments; anthers, 2���4 mm long. Ovary with glabrous to glabrescent roof, flat, topped by a yellowish-with nectary disk. Style thick, fleshy, (8���) 9���11 mm long, included in the corolla, stigma trifid and papillose. Etymology. ��� The species is dedicated to the Portuguese naturalist Jo��o da Silva Feij�� (GARD��RE, 2015) who undertook the first scientific expedition entirely dedicated to the study of the natural history of the Cabo Verde islands between 1783 and 1796 during the ���Philosophical Journeys��� (GARD��RE et al., 2019a) and who made the first collections of CVB between 1783 and 1789. Vernacular names and uses. ��� ���Guinchino��� (CARDOSO J��NIOR, 1905; CHEVALIER, 1935), ���Mataquim��� (in ��gua das Caldeiras, Hiemstra H236; CARDOSO J��NIOR, 1905), ���Contra-Bruxas��� and ���Dedal��� (CHEVALIER, 1935; BARBOSA, 1961; LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995; FIGUEIREDO, 1995); the colour adjectives ���branco��� (white) or ���azul��� (blue) are sometimes added to the name; ���Hortel��oda-Rocha��� in Moro��os areas (Gard��re 1560). However, in the archipelago according CHEVALIER (1935) ���Mataquim��� can also designate Corchorus trilocularis L. (Malvaceae) and on the island of Santo Ant��o, BARBOSA (1961) records this name for Antirrhinum orontium L. (Scrophulariaceae). Campanula feijoana was once used for its magical and medical properties. Healers [curandeiros] used the leaves and flowers to make a tea to treat flu (LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995) and used it as a fetish plant against curses: ���Contra-Bruxas��� meaning ���anti-witch���; the practice was to wash the body with the infused water and to put a few drops on the tongue. This tradition was still very much alive in the beginning of the last century in the Alto Mira region and in the Ribeira Corvo (Gard��re, unpubl. data). CARDOSO J��NIOR (1905) also mentioned, without going into detail, the use of this plant for medical purposes by the islanders. Distribution and habitat. ��� Campanula feijoana, endemic to Santo Ant��o, is a rupicolous species confined to steep, moist rocks. It is found from 150 m to 1700 m, in deep and shadowy valleys [ribeiras] (Fig. 7A), surrounding waterfalls, on seeping rock faces or near to springs [chupadeiros], or rarely on river banks; and up to the highest mountainous areas, on rock faces (Fig. 7F) regularly submitted to dense fog. Campanula feijoana grows with ferns, notably Adiantum capillus-veneris (Pteridaceae) and Pteris vittata (Pteridaceae) and with other species that are characteristic components of these rupicolous environments, like Kickxia elegans (G. Forst.) D.A. Sutton (Scrophulariaceae) and Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC. (Asteraceae). Notes. ��� The bellflowers from Santo Ant��o have long been identified as C. jacobaea (COUTINHO, 1914; CHEVALIER, 1935; SUNDING, 1973, 1982; ERIKSSON et al., 1974, 1979; NOGUEIRA, 1976; HANSEN & SUNDING, 1985, 1993; RUSTAN & BROCHMANN, 1993; LEYENS & LOBIN, 1995; FIGUEIREDO, 1995; S��NCHEZ-PINTO et al., 2005), moreover material from this island (Forbes s.n. [K001134390]) was chosen by WEBB (1848: tab. 762) to be part of the syntypes of this species (see under C. jacobaea). In his infraspecific division of C. jacobaea, BOLLE (1861) considered the bellflowers from Santo Ant��o and those from the upper humid areas of S��o Nicolau (see under C. fransinea), under the type variety ��� genuina ���. Then, CARDOSO J��NIOR (1902) designated the white-flowered bellflowers from Santo Ant��o under the variety ��� albiflora ���. Without description this variety remains a nomen nudum. More recently, the bellflowers from Santo Ant��o were described as two new species (GARD��RE, 2015): (1) C. feijoana (Fig. 7A���E) was described with pauciflorous inflorescences, calyx-lobes spread-out to obliquely erect prolonged by reflexed appendages and pseudorosette leaves spatulate with papery lamina, whereas (2) C. hortelensis (Fig. 7F, G) was described with pluriflorous inflorescences, calyx-lobes appressed against the corolla tube and prolonged by curved appendages and rosette-leaves elliptical to obovate often falciform with subleathery lamina. But the recent discovery of new localities with intermediate forms between C. feijoana and C. hortelensis (e.g. Gard��re 1555) obscures the clean morphological and geographical separation of the two species. Campanula feijoana was found mainly in shadowy valleys and C. hortelensis in mountainous areas, hence they seem to represent altitudinal ecotypes belonging to a single and unique species. Given that C. feijoana is more widespread and representative of bellflowers with infundibuliform constricted corollas on the island, we conserve the name C. feijoana and treat C. hortelensis as a synonym of C. feijoana. In this way, the range of C. feijoana now covers almost the entire island of Santo Ant��o, except for the mountains of the far eastern part (Bordia Perdia) where bellflowers with flared infundibuliform corollas are found (see under C. vicinituba). Selected material seen. ��� CABO VERDE. Santo Ant��o: ��gua das Caldeiras, 1250 m, 8. I.1987, Hiemstra H236 (WAG); ��gua dos Velhos, 800 m, X.1986, Hiemstra H669 (FR); Bordeira Norte, 1550 m, 16.XII.2013, Gard��re 521 (LISC); Ch�� da Lagoa, VIII ���IX.1893, Cardoso J��nior s.n. (LISU); between Ch�� de Morte and Tope de Coroa, 1310 m, 14. I.1982, Brochmann & Rustan CB -311/82 (O); ibid. loco, 1430 m, 22. I.1982, Brochmann & Rustan CB -409/82 (O); along the path from Ch�� de Morte to Tope de Coroa, 1430 m, 22. I.1982, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR -1715; Cima Monte Joana, 950 m, 25.X.1972, Sunding 2714 (O); Cova, 1180 m, 4. I.1982, Brochmann & Rustan CB -056/82 (O); ibid. loco, 23���28.IX.1934, Chevalier 45512 (P); ibid. loco, 1250 m, 28.XI.2017, Gard��re 1551 (P); ibid. loco, c. 1200 m, 12.XII.1985, Kilian 857 (FR); entre Cova y Lagoa, 1100 m, 18. V.1987, Gonz��lez - Coviella Ulrich 4060 (CECV, TFC); Cov��o, 16���22.IX.1934, Chevalier 45422 (P); ibid. loco, 800 m, 15.XI.2014, Gard��re 797 (P); Delgadinho de Corda, 750���800 m, 15.XII.2013, Gard��re 508 (LISC, P); Espanada, 1340 m, 7.XI.2014, Gard��re 727 (P); Gudo de Cavaleiro, 1750 m, 7.XI.2014, Gard��re 716 (P); Gudo da Fonte, 950 m, 29.XI.2017, Gard��re 1555 (CECV, LISC, P); Lombo do Mar, 630 m, 5. I.1982, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR -1341 (O); entre Lombo Pelado e Curral da Ru��a, 17.III.1956, Grandvaux Barbosa 6924 (CECV, LISC); Monte Hortel��o, 1500 m, 8.XI.2014, Gard��re 731 (P); ibid. loco, 1500 m, 29.XI.2017, Gard��re 1560 (CECV, LISC, P); Monte Manuel Joelhos, 400 m, 13.XI.2014, Gard��re 760 (P); Monte Pingo, 1550 m, 29.XI.2017, Gard��re 1562 (CECV, K, LISC, LPA, MARS, P); Moro��os, 1460 m, 2.II.1995, Leyens CV -95-262 (FR); Pinh��o, 500 m, 16.XI.2014, Gard��re 800 (P); Poio, 2.III.1956, Grandvaux Barbosa 6796 (CECV, LISC); Ribeira da ��gua Amarogosa, c. 1250 m, 8.II.1995, Leyens CV -95-350 (FR); Ribeira de Cabouco Chiqueiro, 1500 m, 9.XI.2014, Gard��re 740 (P); Ribeira do Cativo, 28.III.1956, Grandvaux Barbosa 7008 (CECV); Ribeira das Chapas, 970 m, 8.XI.2014, Gard��re 734 (CECV, LISC, P); Ribeira do C��rio, 1500 m, 16.XII.2013, Gard��re 526 (LISC); Ribeira do Corvo, 340 m, 18.XI.2017, Gard��re 1513 (CECV, P); Ribeira da Cruz, 1000 m, 6.II.1995, Leyens CV -95-317 (FR); Ribeira Fria, 675 m, 11.XI.2014, Gard��re 752 (P); ibid. loco, 580 m, 6.II.1995, Leyens CV -95-314 (FR); Ribeira da Gar��a, 900 m, 23.XI.2017, Gard��re 1531 (CECV, P); ibid. loco, 4.IV.1956, Grandvaux Barbosa 7109 (CECV, LISC); ibid. loco, 9.II.1995, Leyens CV -95-362 (FR); ibid. loco, 15. I.1866, Lowe s.n. (BM); Ribeira da Igreja, 22.XI.1979, Lobin 1654 (FR); Ribeira de Janela, 520 m, 27.XI.2017, Gard��re 1544 (CECV, LISC, P); ibid. loco, c. 1050 m, 10.II.1995, Leyens CV -95-375 (FR); Ribeira Jo��o Afonso, III.1887, Cardoso J��nior s.n. (COI); Ribeira dos ��rg��os, 350 m, 2.XI.2014, Gard��re 660 (P); Ribeira das Patas, c. 1550 m, 8.II.1995, Leyens CV -95-346 (FR); Ribeira de Pa��l, XII.1852, Bolle s.n. (FI-W); ibid. loco, Ch�� Jo��o Vaz, 400 m, 15.XI.2014, Gard��re 794 (P); ibid. loco, 300���400 m, 29.XII.1993, Kilian & Leyens 2989 (B, FR); ibid. loco, Descida de Ribeiraozinho, 675���750 m, 12.VII.2004, Marrero & Almeida s.n. (LPA); ibid. loco, Descida de Santa Isabel, 750���775 m, 12.VII.2004, Marrero & Almeida s.n. (LPA); ibid. loco, 21.XI.1979, Lobin 1607 (CECV, FR); ibid. loco, 6.III.1866, Lowe s.n. (BM); ibid. loco, 820 m, 20. I.1980, Rustan 848 (O); ibid.loco, 400 m, 9. I.1982, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR -1386 (O); ibid. loco, 380 m, 24.X.1972, Sunding 2634 (O); Ribeira das Pedras, 200 m, 6.XI.1976, Sunding 3434 (O); montanhas de Pa��l, IX.1892, Cardoso J��nior 55 (COI, Z); Ribeira das Pombas, 250 m, 18.XI.2017, Gard��re 1518 (CECV, LISC, P), 1519 (MARS); Ribeira da Ponta do Sol, 150 m, 19.XI.2015, Gard��re 942 (P); Ponta do Sol, III���IV.1893, Cardoso J��nior s.n. (LISC); ibid. loco, III���IV.1893, Cardoso J��nior s.n. (LISU); between Vila Ribeira Grande and Ponta do Sol, 220 m, 3. I.1982, Rustan & Brochmann ��HR -1273 (O); Ribeira do S��o Jorge, XI.1893, Cardoso J��nior s.n. (LISU); Ribeira da Torre, 350 m, 20.XI.2015, Gard��re 959 (CECV, P); ibid. loco, 180 m, 11.XII.1985, Kilian 808 (B, FR); ibid. loco, 24.XII.1978, Lewejohann CV -78-180 (GOET); ibid. loco, III.1864, Lowe s.n. (FI-W); ibid. loco, 4.III.1864, Lowe s.n. (K); ibid. loco, X��x��, 400 m, 14.X.1990, Martins & Gomes 320 (LISC); ibid. loco, 15.IX.1986, Mies 50 (FR); ibid. loco, 1460 m, 13.II.1994, Leyens CV -94-124 (B, FR); Ribeira da Vinha, 400 m, 9.VIII.2013, Gard��re & da Costa e Silva 196 (P); ibid. loco, 400 m, 21.XI.2017, Gard��re 1522 (P); Ribeir��ozinho de Cima, 28.III.1956, Grandvaux Barbosa 7014 (CECV, LISC); Selada da Alto Mira, 1127 m, 1.XII.2015, Aedo 23393 (MA); Tope de Coroa, 1700 m, 9.XI.2014, Gard��re 742 (P); sine loco, s.d., Cardoso J��nior I (L); sine loco, s.d., Cardoso J��nior II 83 (L); sine loco, s.d., Cardoso J��nior II 122 (L); sine loco, s.d., Cardoso J��nior II 148 (L); sine loco, V.1887, Cardoso J��nior s.n. (COI); sine loco, I.1893, Cardoso J��nior s.n. (Z); sine loco, s.d. [IV.1822], Forbes s.n. [4] (K p.p.: remaining syntype for C. jacobaea); sine loco, s.d., McWilliam s.n. (K); sine loco, s.d., Miss��o T��cnica de Arboriza����o s.n. (LISC); sine loco, ��� in rupestribus ins. S. Antonii ���, III.1851, Schmidt s.n., (HBG p.p.)., Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807, {"references":["GARDERE, M. L., M. C. DUARTE, P. L. R. MORAES, S. MULLER & M. M. ROMEIRAS (2019 a). The scientific expedition of Joao da Silva Feijo to the Cabo Verde Islands (1783 - 1796) and the tribulations of his herbarium. Adansonia ser. 3, 41: 101 - 175.","FIGUEIREDO, E. (1995). Campanulaceae. In: PAIVA, J. et al. (ed.), Fl. Cabo Verde 86. INIDA, Praia & IICT, Lisboa. GARDERE, M. L. (2015). Two new species of Campanula (Campanu- laceae) from the island of Santo Antao, Cabo Verde archipelago. Phytotaxa 197: 104 - 114.","SUNDING, P. (1973). Check-list of the vascular plants of the Cape Verde Islands. Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, Oslo.","SUNDING, P. (1982). Additions to the flora of Cape Verde Islands - III. Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 5: 125 - 138.","ERIKSSON, O., A. HANSEN & P. SUNDING (1974). Flora of Macaronesia. Department of Biology, University of Umea, Umea.","ERIKSSON, O., A. HANSEN, & P. SUNDING (1979). Flora of Macaronesia. 2. rev. ed. Part 1. Botanical Garden and Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo.","NOGUEIRA, I. (1976). Plantas colhidas pelo Eng. ° L. A. Grandvaux Barbosa no arquipelago de Cabo Verde - III. Spermatophyta (Rubiaceae-Gentianaceae). Garcia de Orta, Ser. Bot. 3: 19 - 32.","SANCHEZ-PINTO, L., M. L. RODRIGUEZ, S. RODRIGUEZ, K. MARTIN, A. CABRERA & M. CARMEN MARRERO (2005). Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta. In: ARECHAVALETA, M. et al. (ed.), Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo Verde (hongos, plantas y animales terrestres): 38 - 57. Consejeria de Medio Ambiente e Ordenacion Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias.","WEBB, P. B. (1848). Campanula jacobaea. In: HOOKER, W. J. (ed.), Icon. Pl. 8: tab. 762."]}

Campanula jacobaea var. hispida Bolle in Bonplandia 9: 51. 1861. Typus: CABO VERDE. Santiago: ���loco natali specialiore ignoto���, s.d., Bocand�� s.n. (not found). Notes. ��� We transcribe here the note of BOLLE (1861: 51) on the variety hispida: ��� Hab. in insula Santiago, loco natali specialiore ignoto. Inter reliquias B. Bocand�� inventam e pessimis exemplis imperfecte tantum novimus. Fieri potest, hanc propriam esse speciem; eximia setositate florumque exiguitate habitu saltem a stirpe Webbiana, quae probabiliter et Smithiana, magnopere recedit; tamen ab hac eam separare non ausi sumus ���; and we give here-after this loose translation: ���Grows on the island of Santiago, the exact locality is unknown. We only know it [var. hispida] imperfectly from poor specimens of B. Bocand��. It may be a particular species. By the extreme hairiness of the flower and the weakness of the habit, it differentiates itself strongly from that of Webb and is probably that of Smith; however, we dare not separate it from that [C. jacobaea]���. BOLLE (1861) described the var. hispida for the island of Santiago based on the Bocand�����s collection, currently untraceable. The specimens from B used by Bolle for the description of his varieties were destroyed in the fire of Berlin in 1943 (HIEPKO, 1987) and probably alongside those of Bocand��. LEYENS & LOBIN (1995) treated the variety as a synonym of C. jacobaea but the same authors saw and identified a specimen of Bocand�� conserved at ���D��� as C. bravensis. However, ���D��� does not correspond any indexed herbarium (THIERS, 2019) and it is probably a typing error (W. Lobin, pers. comm.). The only known European Herbaria to hold Bocand�����s collections are B, FI-W and S (M. L. Gard��re, unpubl. data) but S is temporarily closed for renovation. We were unable to check this specimen and to confirm or not the identification of LEYENS & LOBIN (1995). The description of Bolle is insufficient to place the variety hipida among the CVB species. Given that Santiago harbors both C. jacobaea and C. bravensis, we prefer a precautionary approach and rather consider it to be a nomen dubium., Published as part of Gard��re, Mathieu L., Florence, Jacques, Muller, Serge, Savriama, Yoland & Dubuisson, Jean-Yves, 2021, Codonographia Gorgonum, or the description of a pleiad of bellflowers (Campanula, Campanulaceae) from the Cabo Verde archipelago, pp. 13-40 in Candollea 76 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a2, http://zenodo.org/record/5683807, {"references":["HIEPKO, P. (1987). The collections of the Botanical Museum Berlin- Dahlem (B) and their history. Englera 7: 219 - 252.","THIERS, B. (2019). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. [http: // sweetgum. nybg. org / science / ih]"]}

International audience; This contribution contains 3D models of upper molar rows of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus). The erupted parts of the right row and of the first upper molar are presented for specimens belonging to four groups: wild-trapped mice, wild-derived lab offspring, a typical laboratory strain (Swiss) and hybrids between wild-derived and Swiss mice. These models are analyzed in the following publication: Savriama et al 2021: Wild versus lab house mice: Effects of age, diet, and genetics on molar geometry and topography.

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