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Background: The standard treatment option that is available for patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). However, the condition of the patients with BCLC stage B disease is heterogeneous showing different tumor statuses and Child-Pugh scores; treatment strategies other than TACE are frequently employed for the patients in this stage. Based on the subclassification system proposed by Bolondi et al. [Semin Liver Dis 2012;32:348-359], we developed the Kinki criteria focusing on a substaging for BCLC stage B disease, which is simpler and should be more suitable in actual clinical setting in Japan. In this study, we evaluated the performance of Kinki criteria. Summary: This study included 1,633 HCC patients who received first-line treatment at the Kindai University Hospital. Patients were classified into subgroups based on the Kinki criteria and the survival time was estimated for each group. There were 156 (33.3%) patients in subclass B1, 278 (59.3%) in B2, and 35 (7.4%) in B3. The median overall survival times and 95% CI for BCLC B subclasses B1, B2, and B3 were 4.3 years (3.7-4.9), 2.9 years (2.2-3.4), and 1.1 years (0.5-1.8), respectively (p < 0.001). Key Messages: Classification of HCC patients in BCLC stage B based on the Kinki criteria showed statistically significant differences in survival, indicating the performance of Kinki criteria, which takes Child-Pugh score and tumor status into account for determining treatment options for HCC in BCLC stage B.

Objective: To investigate whether balloon-occluded transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (b-TACE) can produce a more dense accumulation of iodized oil in various stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), from single to uncountable, to overcome inferior local control. Materials and Methods: We studied 27 patients with HCC, including single to uncountable multiple lesions, who underwent b-TACE between August 2013 and April 2015. Dynamic CT was performed at baseline and 1-3 months after b-TACE. The treatment effect (TE) after b-TACE was evaluated using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Cancer of the Liver (RECICL) proposed by the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Results: In the countable HCC group, contrast-enhanced CT demonstrated RECICL TE4 in 43.8% (14/32), TE3 in 12.5% (4/32), TE2 in 37.5% (12/32), and TE1 in 6.3% (2/32) of patients. For the TACE-naïve cohort, the objective response rate was 52.9%. The objective response rate was 60% for the previously TACE-treated cohort. In the uncountable multiple HCC group, the objective response rate was 0% (0/10), with progressive disease in 90% (9/10) of patients. Conclusion: Our observations suggested that b-TACE did not reduce the efficacy of retreatment for HCC with an insufficient outcome from conventional TACE, but it could not improve the efficacy of treatment for uncountable multiple HCCs.

Introduction: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B, an intermediate stage, includes various conditions of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This heterogeneity of the patients with intermediate-stage HCC makes it difficult to predict their survival rates. In the present study, we examined the validity of the modified Bolondi classification (Kinki criteria) as a subclassification of patients with BCLC stage B HCC. Methods: Of 906 patients who underwent conventional transarterial chemoembolization at Kinki University Hospital, 753, who met the inclusion criteria, were examined. Of these 753 patients, 425 (56.4%) with BCLC stage B were subclassified using the Kinki criteria to examine the survival rate. Results: According to the Kinki criteria, 158 (37.2%) were subclassified into subclass B1, 236 (55.5%) into B2, and 31 (7.3%) into B3. The comparison of the survival rates showed that the median overall survival was 3.9 years (95% CI, 3.2-4.6) in the BCLC subclass B1 group, 2.5 years (95% CI, 2.2-3.1) in the B2 group, and 1.1 years (95% CI, 0.6-1.5) in the B3 group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: When the BCLC stage B patients were subclassified according to the Kinki criteria, survival curves were stratified with significant differences, suggesting that the Kinki criteria were suitable for the subclassification of the intermediate-stage HCC patients.

Objective: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is recommended as a first-line therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients ineligible for curative therapy and without portal invasion. The Assessment for Retreatment with TACE (ART) scoring system was recently proposed for identifying patients who would not show sufficient survival benefit from repeated TACE. We reevaluated the performance of ART in HCC patients treated in Japan, where selective TACE is commonly used. Methods: Between 2000 and 2013, 988 patients with HCC underwent TACE at Kinki University Hospital, and 627 received ≥2 sessions of TACE. Seventy-six patients who underwent ≥2 TACE sessions within 90 days were investigated for their performance of the ART score in the context of overall survival (OS). Results: Only 12% (76/627) of patients underwent ≥2 TACE sessions within 90 days. Of those, 52 patients showed a low ART score (0-1.5), and 24 had a high ART score (≥2.5); the median OS was 20.2 and 37.6 months, respectively (p = 0.8207). Conclusion: The ART scoring system did not demonstrate a sufficiently predictive impact on OS among the patients who underwent ≥2 TACE sessions within 90 days. Application of the ART score should be carefully considered because differences in TACE procedures and post-TACE treatment can affect the results while evaluating OS.

Objectives: Sorafenib has become a standard therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma following the demonstration of significant increase in progression-free survival as well as overall survival (OS) in the 2-phase III trials. We examined efficacy and adverse events (AEs) in patients treated with sorafenib over a 6-year period since approval in Japan. Methods: Two hundred and forty-one patients treated with sorafenib at the Kinki University Hospital were retrospectively analyzed clinically for the factors related to survival periods, tumor response evaluated by the Response Evaluation Criteria In Cancer of the Liver (RECICL) and AEs. Results: OS was 14.3 months. According to the RECICL, the objective response and disease control rates were 18.6% (43 of 241) and 61.1% (137 of 241), respectively. AEs were seen in 77.3% (187 of 241), with Grade 3 or higher in 23.6% (57 of 241). The most frequent AE was hand-foot skin reaction in 109 patients (45.0%), and 28 patients (11.8%) showed Grade 3 or higher. Significant factors contributing to the OS were treatment duration (p = 0.0204), up-to-7 criteria (p = 0.0400), increase of Child-Pugh score (p = 0.0008) and tumor response determined by the RECICL (p = 0.0007). Conclusion: Based on the analysis, using many cases at a single center, we concluded that continuation of treatment with sorafenib for ≥90 days without decrease of liver function was critical if tumor response was determined as stable disease or higher.

Objectives: Triple therapy using peg-interferon, ribavirin and simeprevir (PEG-IFN/RBV/SMV) has reportedly resulted in high-sustained virological response (SVR) rates in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), especially in naïve cases and relapsers to prior PEG-IFN/RBV therapy. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the antiviral response associated with a triple regimen, in the context of early reduction of viral load during treatment. Methods: Forty-six CHC patients with HCV genotype 1b were treated with PEG-IFN/RBV/SMV triple therapy: 20 were naïve cases, 12 were relapsers and 14 were non-responders to prior PEG-IFN/RBV therapy. We evaluated rapid virological response (RVR), complete early virological response (EVR), viral clearance at the end of the treatment (EOT) and at 12 weeks after the EOT (SVR12). In addition, we quantified the serum HCV-RNA on the 1st day and the 7th day after initiating treatment. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed that response to prior treatment was identified as an independent factor for achieving SVR12 after triple therapy (p = 0.0005). The achievement of serum HCV-RNA 10 IU/ml on day 7, RVR, EVR and EOT were associated with SVR12 (p = 0.0050, p = 0.0002, p = 0.0009 and p = 0.0002, respectively). Conclusions: Rapid decline of HCV is a predictive factor for the achievement of SVR12, even in antiviral triple therapy with PEG-IFN/RBV/SMV. An extended treatment period should be applied for patients who show detectable serum HCV-RNA at week 4.

Background: In most guidelines, no other interventional therapy but liver transplantation is recommended for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with Child-Pugh C cirrhosis (CP-C). However, in Japan, patients were sometimes treated with expectation of benefit. Summary: A workshop was conducted to explore the state of treatments for CP-C HCC in Japan. After the workshop, a questionnaire on therapies was given to the panelists. Clinical data of 769 patients with CP-C HCC from 8 hospitals as well as analyses of data collected by the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan (LCSGJ) consisting of 1,344 CP-C HCC cases were presented. Patients who underwent liver transplantation were excluded. In total, 424 out of the 769 patients (55.1%) from the 8 hospitals and 537 out of 828 CP-C HCC cases (64.8%) from the LCSGJ data received interventional therapies, such as local ablation and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. All panelists agreed that there was a subgroup of CP-C patients who benefitted from the locoregional therapies. The major goals for the therapies were to prevent HCC rupture and avoid obstruction of major vessels by tumor growth, which can lead to a sudden deterioration of the patients' condition. Patient liver function and tumor stage are both important factors for the decision to undergo treatment; however, the inclusion criteria for the treatments varied among the centers. Key Message: There exists a subgroup of CP-C patients who benefit from interventions for HCC.

Objectives: DNA methylation-dependent transcriptional inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is critical for the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study identifies potential TSGs in HCCs using methylation profiling and pharmacological unmasking of methylated TSGs. Methods: Methylation profiling was performed on 22 pairs of HCCs and their corresponding noncancerous liver tissues using the Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip. We also determined the gene reexpression after treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) and trichostatin A (TSA) in 5 HCC cell lines. Results: We selected CpGs that exhibited a significant increase in methylation in HCC tissues compared with that of the noncancerous control group. Two hundred and thirteen CpGs on different gene promoters with a mean difference in the β value ≥0.15 and a value of p < 0.05 were selected. Of the 213 genes, 45 genes were upregulated in 3 or more HCC cell lines with multiplier value of differences ≥2.0 after 5-Aza-dC and TSA treatment. Conclusions: We identified several potential TSGs that participate in transcription inactivation through epigenetic interactions in HCC. The results of this study are important for the understanding of functionally important epigenetic alterations in HCC.

Background: Telaprevir-based antiviral therapy has been the primary treatment for chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 at a high viral load since November 2011. On the other hand, a number of patients have been reported to require withdrawal from or reduced doses of drugs due to side effects, such as eruptions, anemia, and renal dysfunction. In addition, as hepatitis C patients are growing older, it is imperative to investigate the tolerability of triple combination therapy for elderly patients. Subjects and Methods: The study subjects comprised 35 patients who received telaprevir combination therapy after November 2011. They were divided into group A (age: Results: The treatment completion rate was 82.8% (29/35) in all subjects, 90.4% (19/21) in group A, and 78.5% (11/14) in group B. The rate was lower in group B but without a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.804). The SVR24 rate was 88.5% (31/35) in all subjects, 90.4% (19/21) in group A, and 85.7% (12/14) in group B, without a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.161). Conclusion: Although the incidence of anemia was higher in group B, there was no significant difference in the treatment completion or SVR24 rate between the groups. Telaprevir combination therapy is suggested to be tolerable for elderly hepatitis C patients.

Background: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) failure or refractoriness is an indication for sorafenib therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. The study evaluated the validity of the definition of TACE failure or refractoriness as proposed by the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan (LCSGJ) through a retrospective analysis of sorafenib treatment. Methods: Out of 265 patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who were treated with sorafenib at our hospital, 45 experienced TACE failure or refractoriness and were included in this study and retrospectively analyzed. Results: Multivariate analysis only identified the number of ineffective TACE procedures performed before starting sorafenib treatment as significant factors. Overall survival (OS) after starting sorafenib was statistically longer in patients treated with ≤2 consecutive ineffective TACE procedures before sorafenib administration than in patients treated with ≥3 consecutive ineffective TACE procedures (p < 0.005). This result matched the LCSGJ criteria. Conclusion: In patients treated with sorafenib, OS was extended with ≤2 consecutive ineffective TACE procedures compared to that with ≥3 consecutive ineffective TACE procedures. Thus, if tumors are uncontrolled, TACE should not be repeated. The result of this study supports the definition of TACE failure or refractoriness proposed by the LCSGJ.

Objective: Clinical staging is very important for optimal therapeutic strategy and prognostic prediction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system is the most widely used and best-validated method for HCC. Similarly, the conventional Japan Integrated Staging (c-JIS) score and the biomarker-combined JIS (bm-JIS) score have also been reported to effectively stratify HCC patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of these three staging systems for prognostic prediction. Methods: A total of 4,649 HCC patients were included in this study. A multivariate analysis identified the independent risk factors associated with overall survival. The stratification ability and the suitability as a prognostic model of the three staging systems were compared. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed that male sex, higher Child-Pugh score, tumor size >2.0 cm, multiple tumors, vascular invasion, higher alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level, higher des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin level, higher Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive AFP level, and a performance status of 3-4 were independent risk factors in HCC. The independent homogenizing ability and stratification value of the bm-JIS score were higher than those of the c-JIS score and the BCLC system (χ2 = 972.7581, 758.1041 and 679.6832, respectively). Moreover, the bm-JIS score had the lowest Akaike Information Criteria value, followed by the c-JIS score and the BCLC system (9,844.278, 10,054.93 and 10,131.35, respectively). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the bm-JIS score offers good stratification ability and is a better prognostic predictor than the c-JIS score and the BCLC system.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the combination guidance of contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) and fusion imaging in radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with poor conspicuity on B-mode US and CEUS/fusion imaging. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, which included 356 patients with 556 HCCs that were inconspicuous on B-mode US. A total of 192 patients with 344 HCCs, 123 patients with 155 HCCs, and 37 patients with 57 HCCs underwent RFA under CEUS guidance, fusion imaging guidance, and the combination of CEUS and fusion imaging guidance. Results: The average number of treatment sessions was 1.1 (range: 1-2) in the CEUS guidance group, 1.1 (range: 1-2) in the fusion imaging guidance group, and 1.1 (range: 1-3) in the combination of CEUS and fusion imaging guidance group. Treatment analysis did not reveal significantly more RFA treatment sessions in the combination guidance group than in the other groups (p = 0.97, Student's t test). During the follow-up period (1.1-85.3 months, mean ± SD, 43.2 ± 59.5), the 3-year local tumor progression rates were 4.9, 7.2, and 5.9% in the CEUS guidance group, the fusion imaging guidance group, and the combination guidance group, respectively (p = 0.84, log-rank test). Conclusion: In spite of selection bias, session frequency and local tumor progression were not different under the combination guidance with CEUS and fusion imaging in RFA. The combination of fusion imaging and CEUS guidance in RFA therapy is an effective treatment for HCC with poor conspicuity on B-mode US and CEUS/fusion imaging.

Objective: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) with Sonazoid® and dynamic computed tomography (CT) were used to evaluate radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Local recurrence rate was used as the gold standard of evaluation. Methods: From January 2007 to December 2011, 86 HCCs from 70 patients were treated with RFA. CEUS with Sonazoid and dynamic CT were then used to evaluate the effect of RFA. For CEUS and dynamic CT, effects were classified as follows: (1) complete ablated response with safety margin >5 mm (CRSM+); (2) complete ablated response but with safety margin Results: CEUS judged 33 cases as CRSM+, while dynamic CT identified 49 cases. None of these 33 cases from the CEUS group had local recurrences, while dynamic CT had 1 case. CEUS judged 49 cases as CRSM-, compared to 34 cases with dynamic CT. Of these, 9 cases of CEUS and 8 cases of dynamic CT showed local recurrences. Two cases diagnosed as ‘incomplete' by CEUS and dynamic CT had recurrences within 1 year. Conclusion: CEUS can be used to assess the efficacy of RFA for HCC, with the potential to reduce the number of CT scans required for confirmation.

Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the common cancers worldwide. Accurate diagnosis of tumor progression is critical for the appropriate management of HCC. Here, we established a sensitive assay to detect and quantify tumor-derived DNA in the serum of HCC patients. Methods: Aberrant methylation of the APC gene was quantified in 23 HCC patients and 8 healthy volunteers using 100 µl of serum. For sensitive detection and accurate quantification of tumor DNA, we combined seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with TaqMan PCR, which could amplify the APC gene regardless of the methylation status and detect the methylated and unmethylated sequences separately. The ratio of methylated to unmethylated sequences was quantified. Results: The methylated APC gene was detected in all HCC patients examined, but no healthy volunteers showed amplification of methylated sequences in serum. HCC patients with portal vein thrombosis showed a significantly higher methylated to unmethylated APC gene ratio in serum than those without portal vein thrombosis (p = 0.0029). Conclusions: Considering the strong association between the ratio of the methylated to unmethylated APC sequences in serum and the presence of portal vein thrombosis, methylation status of APC sequences could be a promising marker for improving HCC management.

Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) triggers oxidative stress and contributes to the emergence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously reported that tumor suppressor gene (TSG) methylation is a critical factor during the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. In this study, we clarify the association between oxidative stress and epigenetic alterations during hepatocarcinogenesis. We examined DNA oxidation and methylation profiles in 128 liver biopsy samples from CHC patients. The DNA oxidation and methylated TSG numbers were quantified using immunohistochemical analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and quantitative PCR for 11 TSGs, respectively. The quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR (ChIP-qPCR) assay in HepG2 and fetal liver Hc cells treated with H2O2 was used to quantify trimethyl-H3K4, acetylated-H4K16 (an active chromatin marker), trimethyl-H3K27 (a repressive chromatin marker) and 8-OHdG. We analyzed 30 promoters of 25 different TSGs by qPCR. The high levels of 8-OHdG was the only variable that was significantly associated with the increased number of methylated TSGs in CHC (p < 0.0001). The ChIP-qPCR revealed that after H2O2 treatment of the cell lines, the 8-OHdG-bound promoters showed a modification from an active chromatin (trimethyl-H3K4 and acetylated-H4K16 dominant) to a repressive chromatin (trimethyl-H3K27 dominant) status. We conclude that oxidative stress alters the chromatin status, which leads to abnormal methylation of TSGs, and contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis in CHC patients.

Background & Aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with decompensated liver cirrhosis (LC) is a life-threatening condition, which is amenable to liver transplantation (LT) as the standard first-line treatment. However, the application of LT can be limited due to a shortage of donor livers. This study aimed to clarify the effect of non-surgical therapy on the survival of patients with HCC and decompensated LC. Methods: Of the 58,886 patients with HCC registered in the nationwide survey of the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan (January 2000-December 2005), we included 1,344 patients with primary HCC and Child-Pugh (C-P) grade C for analysis in this retrospective study. Among the patients analyzed, 108 underwent LT, 273 were treated by local ablation therapy (LAT), 370 were treated by transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and 593 received best supportive care (BSC). The effect of LT, LAT, and TACE on overall survival (OS) was analyzed using multivariate and propensity score analyses. Results: Patient characteristics did not differ significantly between each treatment group and the BSC group, after propensity score matching. LAT (hazard ratio [HR]) =0.568; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.80) and TACE (HR=0.691; 95% CI, 0.50-0.96) were identified as significant contributors to OS if the C-P score was less than 11 and tumor conditions met the Milan criteria. Conclusions: For patients with HCC within the Milan criteria and with a C-P score of 10 or 11, locoregional treatment can be used as a salvage treatment if LT is not feasible.

Background and Aims: Patients with intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) refractory to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) are considered to be candidates for sorafenib. The aim of this study was to evaluate the superiority of conversion of treatment to sorafenib on overall survival (OS) for cases refractory to TACE. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study carried out on 497 patients with HCC who were treated with TACE therapy at our hospital between January 2008 and December 2013. Fifty-six patients were diagnosed as refractory to TACE during their clinical course and they were divided into two cohorts, (1) those who switched from TACE to sorafenib and (2) those who continued TACE. The overall survival (OS) after the time of being refractory to TACE was evaluated between the two groups. Results: After refractoriness to TACE therapy was confirmed, 24 patients continued with TACE (TACE-group) and 32 patients underwent treatment conversion to sorafenib (sorafenib-group). The median OS was 24.7 months in the sorafenib-group and 13.6 months in the TACE-group (p=0.002). Conclusions: Conversion to sorafenib significantly improves the OS in patients refractory to TACE therapy with intermediate-stage HCC. Administration of sorafenib is therefore recommended in such circumstances of TACE treatment failure.

Background: Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin therapy is the current standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) genotype 1 with high viral load. A common genetic variation near the IL28B gene has been found to affect the response to PEG-IFN plus ribavirin therapy for CHC. The aims of this study were to analyze the association between the rs8099917 genotype and treatment response in a cohort study of CHC. Methods: This study evaluated clinical and laboratory parameters retrospectively in a cohort of 122 patients with chronic hepatitis C with genotype 1 and a high viral load who received PEG-IFN plus ribavirin therapy. We carried out univariate and multivariate statistical analyses of parameters and clinical responses. Results: Sixty-three of 122 patients (51.6%) had sustained virological responses (SVRs). Patients with the rs8099917 genotype TT achieved significantly higher SVR rates (p < 0.01). Univariate analysis revealed that SVRs were associated with BMI, fibrosis, albumin, total cholesterol, PEG-IFN dose, ribavirin dose and the rs8099917 genotype. Multivariate analysis revealed that the rs8099917 genotype (odds ratio 7.434, 95% CI 2.278–24.257, p = 0.001) and total PEG-IFN dose (odds ratio 7.162, 95% CI 1.565–18.15, p = 0.007) were significant factors. Conclusions: The rs8099917 genotype and total PEG-IFN dose were associated with SVR in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1.

Background: It has been reported that branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation can improve nutritional status and prevent liver-related complications in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. We investigated the effects of oral BCAA supplementation on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver-related events in patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Methods: We enrolled 211 patients with cirrhosis including 152 patients with Child-Pugh A cirrhosis, but no history of HCC. Of these, 56 received oral administration of 12 g/day BCAA for ≧6 months (BCAA group), and 155 were followed-up without BCAA treatment (control group). The HCC occurrence and event-free survival rates were compared between the two groups. We used a propensity score analysis to overcome selection bias of this retrospective analysis. Results: The HCC occurrence rate was significantly lower and event-free survival rate was significantly higher in the BCAA group than in the control group. Multivariate analyses showed BCAA supplementation was significantly associated with reduced incidence of HCC (hazard ratio (HR) 0.416, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.216–0.800, p = 0.0085). BCAA supplementation also reduced the incidence of liver-related events in patients with Child-Pugh A cirrhosis, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (HR 0.585, 95% CI 0.336–1.017, p = 0.0575). Conclusions: Oral BCAA supplementation is associated with reduced incidence of HCC in patients with cirrhosis and seems to prevent liver-related events in patients with Child-Pugh A cirrhosis.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate liver fibrosis using non-invasive Real-time Tissue Elastography® (RTE) and transient elastography (FibroScan®) methods. Methods: RTE, FibroScan and percutaneous liver biopsy were all performed on patients with chronic liver disease, particularly hepatitis C, to investigate liver fibrosis. Results: FibroScan and RTE were compared for fibrous liver staging (F stage), which was pathologically classified using liver biopsy. In FibroScan, significant differences were observed between F1/F3 and F2/F4, but no such differences were observed between F1/F2, F2/F3 and F3/F4. In RTE, significant differences were observed between F1/F2, F2/F3 and F2/F4. But for F3/F4, no significant differences were observed. Conclusion: FibroScan and RTE correlated well with F staging of the liver. In particular RTE was more successful than FibroScan in diagnosing the degree of liver fibrosis.

Background: Although hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) using low-dose 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (low-dose FP) is commonly used for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with vascular invasion in Japan, few reports have investigated the efficacy and safety of this approach. We investigated the efficacy and toxicity of HAIC using low-dose FP for patients with advanced HCC as a phase II trial. Methods: Low-dose FP consisted of a continuous arterial infusion of 5-FU (250–500 mg/day, 5 days/week, for the first 2 weeks) and cisplatin (10 mg/day, 5 days/week, for the first 2 weeks). Then, 5-FU (1,000 mg/body for 5 h) and cisplatin (10 mg/body) were administered once weekly. Results: In these patients treated with low-dose FP, the response rate was 38.5%, the median time to progression was 4.1 months (95% CI 2.1–6.1 months) and the median survival time was 15.9 months (95% CI 9.8–22.0 months). The most frequent adverse events were myelosuppression such as neutropenia or thrombocytopenia. Conclusions: HAIC using low-dose FP is an effective treatment option for locally advanced HCC. However, it is not well tolerated hematologically because of potent pancytopenia and poor hepatic reserve. Therefore, this regimen should be performed carefully with regular monitoring of hematological function.

Recent clinical trials have shown that pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN-α) in combination with ribavirin (RBV) improves the rate of sustained virological response (SVR), with over 50% of patients demonstrating a positive response to treatment. However, no SVR has been reported when PEG-IFN/RBV combination therapy is discontinued by week 16, especially in cases of chronic hepatitis with a high viral load of serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA, genotype 1b. Here, we describe SVR in a 67-year-old woman whose PEG-IFN/RBV combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C with a high viral load of serum HCV RNA, genotype 1b, was discontinued after 16 weeks because of the onset of PEG-IFN plus RBV-induced acute pancreatitis. Among viral factors, substitution of amino acid 70 (Arg) and 91 (Leu) in the core region and HCV RNA negativity were observed after 8 weeks. Host factors including low body weight, no alcohol consumption, no coinfection with hepatitis B virus, slight fibrosis, and viral factors including early viral clearance, double wild type in the core region, may have contributed to the SVR irrespective of the discontinuation of the combination therapy at week 16. Moreover, PEG-IFN plus RBV-induced acute pancreatitis might have been related to the SVR.

Objective: To clarify the value of contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasonography (US) with Sonazoid, a second-generation US contrast agent, in the differential diagnosis of liver tumors compared to dynamic CT. Methods: A total of 249 hepatic nodules in 214 patients were studied; these included 177 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), 42 liver metastases, 20 liver hemangiomas, 6 dysplastic nodules and 4 focal nodular hyperplasias (FNHs). After the injection of Sonazoid, nodules were scanned using real-time contrast-enhanced harmonic US in the vascular phases, i.e. the early and late vascular phases, and the Kupffer phase. Results: Six enhancement patterns were identified to be significant for the differential diagnosis of hepatic tumors. In HCCs, the presence of intratumoral vessels supplied from the periphery and fast washout (sensitivity, 96.6%; specificity, 94.4%) were the most typical characteristics. In metastases, the presence of rim-like enhancement with peripheral tumor vessels (sensitivity, 88.1%; specificity, 100%) was the typical pattern. In hemangiomas, the presence of intratumoral hypoperfusion images with globular or cotton wool-like pooling, which continue to the late vascular phase (sensitivity, 90.0%; specificity, 99.6%), was typical. In dysplastic nodules, the presence of portal enhancement without arterial supply in the early vascular phase and the presence of intratumoral uptake in the Kupffer phase (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 100%) were the most typical patterns. In FNHs, the presence of a spoke-wheel pattern in the early vascular phase with dense staining in the late vascular phase, and positive uptake within the nodule in the Kupffer phase (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 100%) were the most typical patterns. Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced harmonic US with Sonazoid allowed intimate vascular and Kupffer imaging and, therefore, is useful for the differential diagnosis of hepatic tumors.

Objectives: The conventional Japan Integrated Staging (c-JIS) score has been reported to effectively stratify patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, two new staging systems, the biomarker-combined JIS (bm-JIS) score and the BALAD score, have been proposed. Both staging systems include three tumor markers: α-fetoprotein (AFP), lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive AFP and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin specific for HCC. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of these three staging systems. Methods: A total of 1,173 HCC patients were included in this study. The stratification ability and prognostic predictive power were compared between these three staging systems. Results: These three staging systems effectively predicted the patient survival. When accounting for the best prognostic subgroup of each staging systems (i.e. score of 0), there were significant differences between the bm-JIS score and the BALAD score and, likewise, between the c-JIS score and the BALAD score. The likelihood ratio χ2 test showed the highest value and the Akaike information criterion value was lowest in the bm-JIS score. Conclusions: The bm-JIS score showed good stratification ability and was thus demonstrated to be a better predictor of the prognosis than the c-JIS score and the BALAD score, especially for the patients with a good prognosis.

Objective: This study was undertaken to assess the prognostic predictor in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Methods: This study retrospectively evaluated clinical outcomes in a cohort of 179 Child-Pugh stage A cirrhotic patients who received curative RFA for naive HCC within Milan criteria. The median follow-up period was 40.5 months. Results: The cumulative survival rate was significantly lower in patients with prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKA-II) ≥100 mAU/ml compared with PIVKA-II Conclusion: In patients with Child-Pugh stage A HCC, the PIVKA-II level is the best prognostic predictor after curative RFA.

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of vascular phase images of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CE-US) with Sonazoid for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), a retrospective, comparative study was conducted of images of HCCs obtained by CE-US and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. Methods: Seventy-seven patients with 88 HCCs who received CE-US and SPIO-MRI were reviewed. The ratio of the echogenicity of the tumor and nontumor areas was calculated with postvascular phase CE-US (postvascular phase ratio). The ratio of the intensity of the nontumor to tumor areas on SPIO-enhanced MRI (SPIO intensity index) was also calculated. The Pearson correlations were calculated for all values between the postvascular phase ratio and SPIO intensity index for quantitative comparison. These images were also compared qualitatively for the detection rate of the tumors. Results: The sensitivities of CE-US and SPIO-MRI in detecting tumors were 98 and 95%, respectively (nonsignificant, χ2 test). The postvascular phase ratio correlated with the SPIO intensity index for HCCs (Pearson r = 0.803, p < 0.05). The image conformity of the result from the liver parenchymal phase CE-US and SPIO-MRI was 92%. Dedifferentiation spots of nodule-in-nodule HCCs were detected in 4 (80%) of 5 on postvascular phase images of CE-US, and in 2 (40%) of 5 on SPIO-MRI (nonsignificant, χ2 test). Conclusions: Postvascular phase images of CE-US with Sonazoid appear promising as an alternative to SPIO-enhanced MRI. Further study cases are needed to confirm the usefulness of postvascular phase images of CE-US compared to SPIO-MRI for the detection of dedifferentiation foci in hepatic tumors.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of a real-time integrated system with computed tomography (CT) and sonographic images for radiofrequency (RF) ablation of hepatic malignancies poorly defined on B-mode sonography, and to clarify the suitable phase of CT images for using this virtual sonography. Methods: Between September 2004 and December 2004, 12 patients with 16 hepatocellular carcinomas and two metastatic lesions arising from colorectal adenocarcinoma (n = 1) and rectal carcinoid (n = 1) were treated. The maximum diameter of nodules ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 cm (mean ± SD; 1.5 ± 0.6 cm) on CT images. Results: Complete tumor necrosis was achieved in a single session in 19 lesions (90%), while a second session was required for the remaining two lesions (10%). Portal phase multi-planar reconstruction images were displayed under a suitable position corresponding to the ultrasound images in 9 patients (HCC = 7, metastasis = 2), and arterial phase multi-planar reconstruction images were displayed in the 3 remaining patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion: Percutaneous RF ablation guidance using virtual sonography is an effective treatment for patients with hepatic malignancies. The portal phase of CT images may be the most suitable to indicate the 3-dimensional relationship between the liver vasculature and tumors on virtual sonography.

Objective: To assess whether low-dose, long-term maintenance interferon (IFN) therapy inhibits recurrence after complete ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and improves patient survival. Methods and Patients: From June 1999 through May 2006, a total of 127 HCC cases that met the requirements of both tumor diameter 3 cm or less, and number of tumors three or fewer, were curatively treated by radiofrequency ablation therapy (RFA). Among them, 43 patients received three million IU of IFN-α2b twice per week or pegylated IFN-α2a 90 µg once per week or once per 2 weeks without discontinuation (IFN maintenance group). The remaining 84 patients, whose sex, age, and platelet counts were randomly matched to those of the IFN maintenance group, did not receive IFN treatment (control group). Results: Cumulative first, second, and third recurrence rates were significantly reduced in the IFN maintenance group compared with the control group by Kaplan-Meier estimate. The 5-year survival rate was 66% for the control group and 83% for the IFN maintenance group (p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model identified IFN maintenance therapy as an independent risk factor for survival, and the risk ratio was 0.21 (95% CI: 0.05–0.73). In conclusion, low-dose, long-term maintenance IFN therapy after curative RFA therapy of HCC significantly inhibits recurrence, and consequently improves patient survival.

Background: This study was undertaken to assess the outcome of potentially curative therapy for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with Child-Pugh stage A cirrhosis as well as to investigate the impact of low-dose interferon (IFN) therapy after curative therapy on survival. Methods: This study retrospectively evaluated clinical outcomes in a cohort of 224 Child-Pugh stage A cirrhotic patients who received either resection (53 cases) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA: 171 cases) for HCC within Milan criteria. Thirty patients were treated with low-dose maintenance IFN therapy after initial curative therapy. The median follow-up period was 36.7 months. Results: The 5-year survival rate of all patients was 74.9%, with similar rates for the resection and RFA groups (70.4 vs. 76.8%; p = 0.561). The 5-year HCC recurrence rate was higher in the RFA group than the resection group (85.3 vs. 73.2%; p = 0.012). The maintenance IFN-treated group maintained their liver function within Child-Pugh stage A for a significantly longer time (median time 36.9 vs. 32.2 months; p = 0.0025). Conclusion: The 5-year outcomes of resection and RFA in patients with Child-Pugh stage A cirrhosis and early stage HCC were comparable with liver transplantation. Low-dose, long-term maintenance IFN therapy after curative therapy was significantly beneficial on survival.

Objectives: Several studies revealed that the proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without hepatitis virus infection (NBNC-HCC) is increasing. On the other hand, epigenetic alterations are reportedly responsible for HCC development. Here, we identified HCC risk factors that are associated with DNA methylation in the background liver tissue of NBNC-HCC patients. Methods: We performed methylation analysis in 37 pairs of virus-positive and 22 pairs of NBNC-HCC and non-cancerous livers using a HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. After the selection of differentially methylated CpGs (DM-CpGs) in cancerous and non-cancerous livers, we analyzed DNA methylation of DM-CpGs within the adjacent non-cancerous liver tissue that is affected by specific HCC risk factors. Results: A total of 38,331 CpGs were selected as DM-CpGs using the following criteria: difference of β-value between HCC and non-cancerous liver ≥0.15 and false discovery rate (FDR) q < 1.0E-12. We subsequently selected the DM-CpGs that had methylation differences with the background liver tissue (that has FDR q < 0.35). Among the virus-positive patients, the type of hepatitis virus was mostly associated with differences in methylation within the background liver tissues. However, we found that background methylation patterns were most significantly associated with aging in NBNC patients. Interestingly, age-related methylation differences in DM-CpGs were also observed in NBNC-HCC tissues. Conclusions: Hepatitis viruses affect the methylation profiles within background liver tissues. However, difference in background methylation was mostly associated with age in NCBC-HCC patients; some age-related methylation events could contribute to emergence of NBNC-HCC in elderly individuals.

We conducted a phase I/II study in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to determine the recommended dose, as well as the safety and efficacy, of combination therapy of sorafenib with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) using low dose cisplatin (CDDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Cohorts consisting of 3-6 patients with HCC received an escalated dose of CDDP and 5-FU until a maximum-tolerated dose was achieved. The treatment regimen was as follows: oral administration of sorafenib (400 mg twice daily for 28 days) combined with HAIC using CDDP (14-20 mg/m2, on days 1 and 8) and 5-FU (170-330 mg/m2, continuously on days 1-5 and 8-12) via an implanted catheter system). Each treatment cycle consisted of 28 days and three cycles of combination therapy. At the end of the first cycle, adverse events were evaluated and future dose escalation was determined. Eighteen patients with advanced HCC were enrolled. Dose-limiting toxicity was observed in two patients from cohort 1 (erythema multiforme and grade 4 thrombocytopenia) and in one patient from cohort 2 (erythema multiforme). Seven of the 18 patients achieved a partial response, seven showed stable disease, two were diagnosed as progressive disease, and two were not assessable. The response rate was 38.9% and the disease control rate was 77.8%. The time-to-progression was 9.7 months and the 1-year survival rate was 88.2%. Oral administration of 400 mg of sorafenib twice daily, 20 mg/m2 of intra-arterial infusion of CDDP, and 5-FU at 330 mg/m2 are the recommended doses for combination therapy, which was well tolerated and efficacious. This combination therapy may be a promising treatment for patients with advanced HCC. A large prospective randomized multicenter study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01214343) is ongoing.

Fluorocarbon films were deposited by soft X-ray ablation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and characterized as low-dielectric-constant interlayer dielectrics. Very rapid deposition of such films at approximately 1500 nm/min could be achieved at room temperature. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurement results suggest that the films deposited are primarily formed as one-dimensional chains of (–CF2–)n which are partially cross-linked. The cross-link density increases with increasing deposition temperature, which improves the thermal stability. However, the dielectric constant of the films increased abruptly above 300 ° C. The dielectric constant and leakage current at 1.0 MV/cm of the film deposited at room temperature were approximately 2.1 and 2.0 × 1 0 − 9 A/cm2, respectively.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for local recurrence with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) measuring ≤2 cm. Methods: This study involved 234 patients with 274 HCCs measuring ≤2 cm who had undergone RFA as the initial treatment. The mean tumor diameter was 1.478 cm. The median follow-up period was 829 days. We evaluated the post-RFA cumulative local recurrence rate and analyzed the risk factors contributing to clinical outcomes. Results: Cumulative local recurrence rates were 9, 19 and 19% at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. Among the 145 cases with a complete safety margin (SM) after RFA, only 4 developed local tumor recurrence and the cumulative rates of local tumor recurrence at 1, 2 and 3 years were 2, 3 and 3%, respectively. Among the 129 cases with incomplete SM, local tumor recurrence developed in 34 and the cumulative rates of local tumor progression at 1, 2 and 3 years were 14, 36 and 36%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, significant risk factors were tumor location (liver surface), irregular gross type and SM Conclusion: Even with HCC measuring ≤2 cm, location and gross type of tumor should be carefully evaluated before RFA is performed.

Background: Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor targeting Raf and protein tyrosine kinases, which are involved in cell growth and tumor angiogenesis. Sorafenib administration induces temporary inhibition of tumor growth and a decrease in arterial blood flow in a considerable number of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. We retrospectively evaluated the association between decreased blood flow and the overall survival (OS) of HCC patients after the initiation of sorafenib therapy. Patients and Methods: Therapeutic responses of 158 advanced HCC patients with hypervascular tumors who had received sorafenib for more than 1 month were analyzed. To assess their therapeutic response, patients underwent radiological evaluation before and every 4-6 weeks after the initiation of sorafenib treatment. After the classification of patients into three groups based on the change in arterial enhancement during treatment (no change, decrease and disappearance), the OS of each group was compared using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Statistically significant differences in OS were observed among the three groups (p < 0.001). A decrease or disappearance of arterial enhancement was significantly associated with improved OS compared to patients with no change in arterial enhancement; the median OS was 19.9 months (95% confidence interval, CI, 16.4-24.5 months) and 6.0 months (95% CI, 4.0-8.8 months), respectively (p < 0.001). However, there was no difference in OS between the decrease and disappearance groups (p = 0.88). Conclusion: We conclude that decreased arterial enhancement during sorafenib treatment was associated with the longest OS and could therefore reflect an effective response.

Objective: To clarify the progression pattern of abnormal DNA methylation during the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using a comprehensive methylation assay. Methods: We used an Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array that can analyze >485,000 CpG sites distributed throughout the genome for a comprehensive methylation study of 117 liver tissues consisting of 59 HCC and 58 noncancerous livers. Altered DNA methylation patterns during tumor progression were also analyzed. Results: We identified 38,330 CpG sites with significant differences in methylation levels between HCCs and noncancerous livers (DM-CpGs) using strict criteria. Of the DM-CpGs, 92% were hypomethylated and only 3,051 CpGs (8%) were hypermethylated in HCC. The DM-CpGs were more prevalent within intergenic regions with isolated CpGs. In contrast, DM-CpGs that were hypermethylated in HCC were predominantly located within promoter regions and CpG islands (p < 0.0001). The association between methylation profiles of DM-CpGs and tumor size was statistically significant, especially in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive cases (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: We clarified the unique characteristics of DM-CpGs in human HCCs. The stepwise progression of alterations in DNA methylation was a common feature of HCV-related hepatocarcinogenesis.

Background: Sorafenib is a molecular-targeting agent showing improved overall survival (OS) for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although tumor dormancy, characterized by stable tumor status or stable disease (SD) without tumor regression, is a unique feature of sorafenib treatment, the contribution of SD to OS remains debatable. This study aimed to clarify the correlation between SD periods and OS in patients with HCC treated with sorafenib. Methods: From May 2009 to January 2013, 269 patients with advanced-stage HCC were treated with sorafenib at the Kinki University Hospital. The antitumor response of sorafenib was evaluated in 158 patients using the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, and patients with SD were divided into two subgroups according to the median duration of SD: short SD (Results: The median OS was 5.7 months in the short SD, 20.8 months in the long SD and 17.9 months in the CR + PR group. Although the duration of OS was significantly longer in the long SD group than the short SD group, no difference in OS was detected between the patients with CR + PR and patients with long SD. The impact of long SD on OS could be as strong as that of CR + PR. Conclusion: Achievement of long SD is one of the important goals for improving survival in patients with HCC treated with sorafenib.

A metal-ferroelectric [SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT)]-high-k-insulator(PrOx)-semiconductor(Si) structure has been fabricated and evaluated as a key part of metal-ferroelectric-insulatorsemiconductor-field-effect-transistor MFIS-FET memory, aiming to improve the memory retention characteristics by increasing the dielectric constant in the insulator layer and suppressing the depolarization field in the SBT layer. A 20-nm PrOx film grown on Si(100) showed both a high e of about 12 and a low leakage current density of less than 1×10−8 A/cm2 at 1.5 MV/cm. A 400-nm SBT film prepared on PrOx/Si shows a preferentially oriented (105) crystalline structure, grain size of about 130 nm and surface roughness of 3.2 nm. A capacitance–voltage hysteresis is confirmed on the Pt/SBT/PrOx/Si diode with a memory window of 0.3 V at a sweep voltage width of 12 V. The memory retention time was about 1×104 s, comparable to the conventional Pt/SBT/SiOxNy(SiON)/Si. The gradual change of the capacitance indicates that some memory degradation mechanism is different from that in the Pt/SBT/SiON/Si structure.

The change in the thermoluminescence (TL) of mineral grains extracted from irradiated paprika powder was monitored for 6 months after irradiation. The samples were irradiated with 60Co gamma rays at doses of 1, 5, and 10 kGy and stored under various temperature and humidity conditions. It was found that 10-kGy irradiation was sufficient to achieve the decontamination level required by the Japanese Food Sanitation Law. A significant decrease in thermoluminescence was observed in the irradiated samples stored at high-temperatures and humidity conditions, conditions similar to real shipping conditions at countries where they are produced. The thermoluminescence method was found to be effective for the identification of samples irradiated with a dose of 10 kGy after 6 months of storage. However, samples irradiated with a dose of 1 kGy and stored under the same conditions could not be identified by this method.

Global DNA hypomethylation is a characteristic feature of cancer cells that closely associates with chromosomal instability (CIN). However, the association between these characteristics during hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. Herein, we determined the relationship between hypomethylation and CIN in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by analyzing 179 HCCs, 178 matched non-tumor livers and 23 normal liver tissues. Hypomethylation at three different repetitive DNA (rDNA) sequences and hypermethylation of 12 CpG loci, including 11 tumor suppressor gene (TSG) promoters, were quantified using MethyLight or combined bisulfite restriction analysis. Fractional allelic loss (FAL) was used as a marker for CIN, calculated by analyzing 400 microsatellite markers. Gains and losses at each chromosome were also determined using semi-quantitative microsatellite analysis. The associations between rDNA hypomethylation and FAL, as well as between TSG hypermethylation and FAL were investigated. Significantly more hypomethylation was observed in HCC tissues than in normal liver samples. Progression of hypomethylation during carcinogenesis was more prominent in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-negative cases, which was in contrast to our previous reports of significantly increased TSG methylation levels in HCV-positive tumors. Absence of liver cirrhosis and higher FAL scores were identified as independent contributors to significant hypomethylation of rDNA in HCC. Among the chromosomal alterations frequently observed in HCC, loss of 8p, which was unique in the earliest stages of hepatocarcinogenesis, was significantly associated with hypomethylation of rDNA by multivariable analysis (p = 0.0153). rDNA hypomethylation was also associated with a high FAL score regardless of tumor differentiation (p = 0.0011, well-differentiated; p = 0.0089, moderately/poorly-differentiated HCCs). We conclude that DNA hypomethylation is an important cause of CIN in the earliest step of HCC, especially in a background of non-cirrhotic liver.

Objectives: A unique causative aspect of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a gender difference in its incidence. To determine the specific factors that contribute to a male predominance, we analyzed the clinicopathological factors, and genetic and epigenetic alterations of HCCs in male and female patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed three cohorts of patients: the first cohort consisted of 547 patients identified with the first event of HCC, the second cohort included 176 HCC patients, and the third 127 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Results: Male patients were found to have HCC more frequently than female patients in cases of non-cirrhotic liver (p = 0.0030 by the χ2 test), especially in hepatitis C-positive cases. However, there were no gender-specific differences in the genetic and epigenetic alterations of cancer-related genes. Deposition of iron was more severe in male CHC patients than in female patients. Conclusions: Male patients with CHC develop HCC more frequently when they have a non-cirrhotic liver than do female patients. This gender difference could be, at least partially, attributed to a different degree of iron deposition, which contributes to the development of HCC in the absence of liver cirrhosis in men with CHC.

Objective: Increasing evidence suggests the efficacy of maintenance therapy with interferon (IFN) for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in reducing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to determine clinical characteristics on the risk of occurrence of HCC in CHC patients receiving maintenance IFN therapy. Methods: A total of 55 patients were treated in a single center with PEG-IFNα-2a monotherapy for CHC and evaluated for variables predictive of the occurrence of HCC. Results: The cumulative incidences of HCC were 0.092, 0.117 and 0.161 at 3, 5 and 7 years, respectively. Serum ALT level (>40 IU/l) in the 6th month after commencement of IFN therapy and BMI >25 were associated with shorter time-to-HCC emergence using multivariate analysis (relative risk 16.034, p = 0.01 for ALT >40 IU/l; relative risk 6.020, p = 0.026 for BMI >25, respectively). The IL28B SNP was extracted as a significant factor for the occurrence of HCC. Conclusions: Maintenance therapy with the use of long-term low-dose PEG-IFNα-2a is effective for preventing HCC occurrence irrespective of the IL28B SNP, at least for a subset of CHC patients. The initial response of serum ALT levels and BMI provides a prognostic value for determining the risk of developing HCC later in life.

Objective: A number of studies have reported reactivation of hepatitis B during intensive immunosuppressive therapy such as cases of hematological malignancy, whereas little has been reported for characteristics of reactivation triggered by chemotherapy for solid cancer. Methods: A total of 130 patients underwent chemotherapy for treatments of common solid cancer between May 2011 and May 2012 at Kinki University Hospital. Among them, 27 patients were suspected for a past infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV), showing positive for hepatitis B core antibody or surface antibody but negative for hepatitis B surface antigen, and were eligible for this study. Results: Hepatitis B reactivation was observed in 2 of 27 cases (7.4%). The duration between the start of chemotherapy and increase of serum HBV load was 30 days in both cases. Conclusions: We reported the 2 cases of hepatitis B reactivation receiving chemotherapy for solid cancer in terms of patterns and characteristics of reactivation. Accumulation of such cases will help in clarifying the clinical importance of hepatitis B reactivation during treatment of solid malignancies.

We describe a case of non-O1/ non-O139 Vibrio cholerae septicemia in a 65-year-old male patient with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. He was admitted due to septic shock from non-O1/ non-O139 V. cholerae. An intravenous empiric antibiotic, ceftriaxone sodium hydrate, was administered together with amikacin sulfate, gamma globulin and dopamine. He was discharged feeling well 17 days after admission. Poor host defense mechanisms as seen in cirrhotic patients seem to be a determinant for systemic infection of non-O1/ non-O139 V. cholerae. Such patients should be warned and educated against eating raw or undercooked seafood to avoid the occurrence of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae septicemia.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of des-γ-carboxyprothrombin (DCP) as a marker for the efficacy of sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Patients with advanced HCC treated with sorafenib were retrospectively evaluated, focusing on DCP levels and clinical characteristics. Results: 50 patients with advanced HCC were treated with sorafenib alone. In 25 of these patients, the serum levels of DCP were evaluated twice (pretreatment and within 2 weeks after starting therapy). The time to progression was significantly longer in patients in whom the DCP level at 2 weeks after starting sorafenib was ≧2-fold higher than the pretreatment levels, as compared with patients without an increase in DCP (p = 0.0296). Conclusions: The serum level of DCP is a surrogate marker for tissue hypoxia and can be a predictive marker to assess the tumor response to sorafenib therapy.

We aimed to evaluate gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and dysplastic nodules (DNs) compared with dynamic multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT), and to discriminate between HCCs and DNs.Eighty-six nodules diagnosed as HCC or DNs were retrospectively investigated. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI and dynamic MDCT were compared with respect to their diagnostic ability for hypervascular HCCs and detection sensitivity for hypovascular tumors. The ability of hepatobiliary images of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI to discriminate between these nodules was assessed. We also calculated the EOB enhancement ratio of the tumors.For hypervascular HCCs, the diagnostic ability of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI was significantly higher than that of MDCT for tumors less than 2 cm (p = 0.048). There was no difference in the detection of hypervascular HCCs between hepatobiliary phase images of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI (43/45: 96%) and dynamic MDCT (40/45: 89%), whereas the detection sensitivity of hypovascular tumors by Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI was significantly higher than that by dynamic MDCT (39/41: 95% vs. 25/41: 61%, p = 0.001). EOB enhancement ratios were decreased in parallel with the degree of differentiation in DNs and HCCs, although there was no difference between DNs and hypovascular well-differentiated HCCs.The diagnostic ability of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI for hypervascular HCCs less than 2 cm was significantly higher than that of MDCT. For hypovascular tumors, the detection sensitivity of hepatobiliary phase images of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI was significantly higher than that of dynamic Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI and dynamic MDCT. It was difficult to distinguish between DNs and hypovascular well-differentiated HCCs based on the EOB enhancement ratio.