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In the past 2–3 decades, numerous attempts have been made to create an insulin‐secreting β cell line that maintains normal insulin secretion. However, primary β cell cultures have finite life and, therefore, cannot be used for long‐term experiments. The most widely used insulin‐secreting cell lines are Insulinoma‐1, rat insulinoma cell line, hamster pancreatic β cell line, mouse insulinoma, and β tumor cell line. Insulinoma‐derived cell lines show infinite growth in tissue culture but exhibit varying differences in their insulin responsiveness to glucose levels compared to normal β cells. Despite difficulties with β cell cultures, these cell lines have offered some useful insights in diabetes research concerning physiological functions and pathological investigations. In this review, we describe insulinoma cell lines used for drug screening, insulin secretion, cell viability, proliferation, and other relevant cellular functions. In addition, we have also incorporated recently developed human β cell lines. These cell lines have provided some helpful insights into physiological activities and pathology in diabetes research, despite challenges with β cell culturing. We propose that these cell lines could also be explored for screening Ayurvedic Rasayanas and homeopathy preparations for their cytotoxicity and insulin secretagogue activities to have evidence‐based data on alternative and complementary medicines. The easy availability of insulinoma and human β cell lines has facilitated diabetes research in understanding mechanism of action and cytotoxicity of drugs. This review summarizes the applications of existing insulinoma cell lines of rodent origin and newly developed human β cell lines. We highlight the importance of these in examining the cytotoxicity and insulin secretagogue activities of various drugs. Further, we propose that these cell lines could be used as a screening tool for Ayurvedic Rasayanas and homeopathy preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent forms of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) with a poor overall survival rate (about 50%), particularly in cases of metastasis. RNA-based cancer biomarkers are a relatively advanced concept, and non-coding RNAs currently have shown promising roles in the detection and treatment of various malignancies. This review underlines the function of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the OSCC and its subsequent clinical implications. LncRNAs, a class of non-coding RNAs, are larger than 200 nucleotides and resemble mRNA in numerous ways. However, unlike mRNA, lncRNA regulates multiple druggable and non-druggable signaling molecules through simultaneous interaction with DNA, RNA, proteins, or microRNAs depending on concentration and localization in cells. Upregulation of oncogenic lncRNAs and down-regulation of tumor suppressor lncRNAs are evident in OSCC tissues and body fluids such as blood and saliva indicating their potential as valuable biomarkers. Targeted inhibition of candidate oncogenic lncRNAs or over-expression of tumor suppressor lncRNAs showed potential therapeutic roles in in-vivo animal models. The types of lncRNAs that are expressed differentially in OSCC tissue and bodily fluids have been systematically documented with specificity and sensitivity. This review thoroughly discusses the biological functions of such lncRNAs in OSCC cell survival, proliferation, invasion, migration, metastasis, angiogenesis, metabolism, epigenetic modification, tumor immune microenvironment, and drug resistance. Subsequently, we addressed the diagnostic and therapeutic importance of lncRNAs in OSCC pre-clinical and clinical systems, providing details on ongoing research and outlining potential future directions for advancements in this field. In essence, this review could be a valuable resource by offering comprehensive and current insights into lncRNAs in OSCC for researchers in fundamental and clinical domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The therapeutic effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secretome can be enhanced by means of physical, chemical and biological preconditioning. Arsenicum album 30C (AA30) has been one of the leading homeopathic medicines used in prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Aims This study aimed to investigate whether AA30 preconditioning could influence the growth factors and cytokine profile of the human dental pulp-derived MSC (DPD-MSC) secretome. Also, to test the efficacy of the AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome in ameliorating the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine storm in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as an in-vitro cellular model. Methods The cytotoxicity of AA30 was assessed in DPD-MSCs by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Growth factors and cytokine levels in the AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome were analysed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. The angiogenic potential of the AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome was assessed by chick yolk-sac membrane (YSM) assay. Culture medium with 0.001% ethanol was used as vehicle control. The efficacy of the AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome in ameliorating the cytokine storm was assessed in LPS pre-treated PBMCs. The mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory markers such as IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 were analysed by using RT-PCR and FACS analysis respectively. Results AA30 did not exhibit cytotoxicity in the concentration range of 1% to 50%. Furthermore, the AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome exhibited a significant increase in the levels of angiogenic factors, such as human angiopoietin-2, EPO and PDGF-AA, and decreased levels of cytokines, such as TNF-α, CXCL-8 and IL-6. The AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome showed augmented angiogenesis compared to vehicle controls. The DPD-MSC secretome ameliorated LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 in PBMCs. Conclusion The AA30-preconditioned DPD-MSC secretome augmented angiogenesis and ameliorated the LPS-induced cytokine storm in human PBMCs in vitro. Our data demonstrate that AA30 preconditioning enhances the therapeutic potency of MSCs and their secretome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRecently, there has been a great interest in the development of innovative wound dressing materials based on natural bioactives, as they can accelerate the healing process and address the issues related to traditional wound dressings. The current study focuses on developing a novel derivative of guar gum (GG) and gallic acid (GA) using a simple, free radical-mediated polymerization reaction aimed at enhancing the antioxidant properties of GG. Multiple spectroscopic investigations were performed to validate the GA–GG conjugate. NMR and FTIR confirmed GA integration, UV spectroscopy indicated changes in electronic transition, DSC analysis suggested a reduction in crystallinity, and XRD revealed structural modifications. SEM revealed a porous structure that reflected its polymerized nature. Due to inadequate mechanical strength and film-forming ability of the synthesized GA–GG conjugate, polyelectrolyte complexation method using chitosan was explored to form a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) film. The film exhibited a high swelling rate, excellent antioxidant properties, and was both hemocompatible and exhibited improved antimicrobial properties. In vitro, in ovo, and in vivo characterizations were performed to compare the performance of these biocomposite films to those of their counterparts. It promoted angiogenesis in the chick yolk sac membrane and demonstrated good cytocompatibility in cell proliferation studies on the viability of the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. In vivo wound healing efficacy of the PEC film in wound closure was 94.5% as compared to the untreated disease control group (p < 0.001). This work highlights the development of an innovative GA–GG conjugate/chitosan PEC-based film with significant potential for wound healing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian Traditional Medicine, Ayurveda prescribes Piper longum L. popularly known as Long Pepper (Pippali) for the treatment of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Therapeutic benefits of Piper longum L. are mainly attributed to the anti-inflammatory and arthritic potential. This study was aimed to explore the activity of Piper longum L. fruit extract on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJMSCs) to find out it's possible role as anti-osteoporotic agent. Proliferation of WJMSCs treated with Piper longum L. fruit extract was assessed by MTT assay and Cell Cycle Analysis. Effect of Piper longum L. preconditioning on osteogenic differentiation was performed. Ca2+ accumulation and matrix mineralization (Von Kossa and Alizarin Red Staining), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and gene expression of key mRNA (RT PCR) was analyzed. Significant increase in the proliferation of WJMSCs was observed upon treatment of Piper longum L. at 5 μg/mL (P < 0.001) which can be attributed to the significant decrease in apoptotic cells (P < 0.05) as evidenced by cell cycle analysis. Preconditioning of Piper longum L. (10–100 μg/mL) enhanced Ca2+ accumulation and matrix mineralization as observed by Von Kossa and Alizarin Red staining where ALP activity was elevated 3.6 folds as compared to untreated WJMSCs (P < 0.001). RT-PCR analysis exhibited up regulation of Runx2, Osterix, ALP and OPN mRNAs. We demonstrate for the first time that Piper longum L. fruit extract enhanced osteogenic differentiation of WJMSCs. This finding can be clinically translated into development of an anti-osteoporotic agent. [Display omitted] • Piper longum L. treatments significantly enhanced calcium deposition during osteogenic differentiation of WJMSCs. • Piper longum L. enhance Alkaline Phosphatase Activity (ALP Activity) and other bone associated molecular markers. • Piper longum L. can be a promising candidate for the development of an anti-osteoporotic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells through the process of adipogenesis. Adipocyte metabolism is abnormal in a range of disorders like obesity, nutritional insufficiency, and diabetes. The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes are most often used to create adipocyte models, and they can be differentiated into adipocyte cells under the right conditions. Homeopathic preparation of Chelidonium majus (HPCM) 30cH in the management of Obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has much evidence in clinical practice. The 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells were differentiated into adipocytes by using a differentiation cocktail. Cells were treated with HPCM 30cH attenuation at the concentration of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% for 15 days. Oil O Red Staining was used to assess lipid droplet (LD) accumulation. In order to determine the lipid content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, cells were dissolved in isopropanol and the absorbance values were measured. Images were captured and analysed using ImageJ software. We investigated the action of HPCM in obesity using the 3T3-L1 adipogenesis model employing Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (huMSC's). After differentiation of adipocytes many LDs were formed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes which can be compared with no lipid droplet in 3T3-L1 non-differentiated cells. Further, area of differentiated adipocytes was mapped and then compared for LD accumulation in control and HPCM to check its anti-adipogenic activity. A significant reduction in the accumulation of lipid droplets was seen in 0.5%, 1% and 2% concentration of HPCM as compared to control during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. Excessive differentiation of cells and high fat accumulation in the adipose tissue are closely linked to obesity. Preadipocyte differentiation inhibitors may have preventive and therapeutic potential as anti-obesity drugs. HPCM 30cH has the potential to act as an antiadipogenic agent which can be used to combat various diseases like obesity, T2DM, a nd cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Homoeopathic medicines have the potential to treat patients suffering from cancers, Diabetic Retinopathy, and hemorrhagic disorders wherein anti-angiogenesis plays a vital role. Homoeopathic medicines have been used to treat hemorrhagic disorders. For example, Hamamelis is used in hemorrhages, varicose veins and venous congestion. Thalaspi bursa is used in the flabby conditions of uterus, hemorrhagic conditions of uterine fibroid. This being said, action of homoeopathic medicines remains unknown. Therefore, this study was intended to establish the angiogenic/anti-angiogenic effect of the selected homoeopathic medicines employing chick embryo model. Objective: To test toxicity and study the antiangiogenic properties of selected homoeopathic medicines employing YSM assay in the chick embryo model. Materials and Method: Yolk Sac Membrane is widely utilized as an in vivo system to study angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis. The images for all YSMs were captured and analyzed for angiogenic/anti-angiogenic effect. Results: Significant antiangiogenic effects were observed at 10% concentrations of Hamamelis 200cH, Thalaspi bursa 200cH and Thalaspi bursa 1M. The reduction in vessel density and total vascular network length, total branching points, total networks and total segment symbolizes that these drugs have antiangiogenic potential and therefore may assist in the treatment of menstrual disorders, which are followed by cramps and discharge of clots. Conclusion: The action of selected homoeopathic medicines as anti-angiogenic agents is proven and can be used to combat various diseases like hemorrhages, varicose veins, in venous congestion, and problems related to hemorrhagic disorders. This will further help to study the action of these Homoeopathic medicines as a potential line of treatment in patient suffering from cancers, Diabetic Retinopathy, and hemorrhagic disorders wherein anti-angiogenesis plays a vital role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a condition marked by elevated blood sugar levels and primarily recognized by the destruction of beta cells caused by an autoimmune attack, which is a significant characteristic of T1DM. Recent studies have demonstrated the regenerative potential of conditioned medium therapy. In light of this, the current research sought to assess the impact of Mesenchymal Stem Cell conditioned media (CM) and CM with resveratrol (CM+ Resveratrol) on the management of T1DM in Swiss albino mice. By leveraging and modifying existing conditioned medium therapy, this study aims to evaluate its effectiveness in treating T1DM., Materials & Methods: Diabetes was induced in animals using the diabetes-inducing agent streptozotocin (STZ). The animals were then divided into five groups: Normal control, Disease Control, Resveratrol, Condition Media, and CM + Resveratrol. Treatments were given to the animals accordingly. The study period was 28 days. During this time, the animals were monitored for foodwater intake twice a week, blood glucose levels, and body weight. At the conclusion of the 28-day study period, biochemical estimations were performed for serum insulin levels, C-peptide levels, anti-inflammatory cytokines levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. Additionally, histopathology of the pancreas was performed., Results: The test groups showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels, an increase in Cpeptide levels, and a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels compared to the disease group. However, no statistically significant change within groups was observed in terms of serum insulin and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. The improvement in diabetic symptoms, such as polyphagia, polydipsia, and weight loss, was observed in the treatment group, along with pancreatic regeneration, which indicated improved insulin secretion., Conclusion: In the current investigation, we concluded that CM and CM+ Resveratrol, as natural immunomodulators, have the capacity to regenerate injured pancreatic beta cells and have antidiabetic action, together with immunomodulating impact. Nonetheless, future studies on this therapy appear to be promising., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)