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Purpose The objective is to determine whether a medical treatment, the combination of cefotaxime and rifampicin, is effective in avoiding surgery for managing deep cervical abscesses in children and to determine prognostic factors in the efficacy of this medical treatment. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of all patients under 18 presenting with para- or retro-pharyngeal abscess over the period 2010–2020 in two hospitals' pediatric otorhinolaryngology departments. One hundred six records were included. Multivariate analyses were performed to study the relationship between the prescription of the Cefotaxime-rifampicin protocol at the onset of the management and the use of surgery and to evaluate the prognostic factors of its efficacy. Results The 53 patients who received the cefotaxime-rifampicin protocol as first-line treatment (vs. 53 patients receiving a different protocol) required surgery less frequently: 7.5% versus 32.1%, validated by a Kaplan-Meier survival curve and a Cox model analysis adjusted for age and abscess size (Hazard Ratio = 0.21). This good outcome of the cefotaxime-rifampicin protocol was not demonstrated when it was instituted as a second-line treatment after the failure of a different protocol. An abscess larger than 32 mm at hospitalization was significantly associated with more frequent use of surgery in multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex (Hazard Ratio = 8.5). Conclusions The cefotaxime-rifampicin protocol appears to be an effective first-line treatment in managing non-complicated deep cervical abscesses in children.

Resume En ORL, l’examen clinique et les gestes invasifs sur les voies respiratoires et leurs annexes exposent a la transmission directe du SARS-CoV-2 par inhalation ou projection oculaire de gouttelettes contaminees, ou indirecte manuportee ou par l’intermediaire d’objets ou de surfaces contaminees. L’estimation d’un R0 de la COVID-19 a environ 3 a justifie de reporter les rendez-vous des consultations presentielles non urgentes et de developper la tele-consultation afin de limiter les risques d’infection par le SARS-CoV-2 des patients ou des agents de sante et de participer au respect du confinement. L’autorite sanitaire a recommande de deprogrammer toute activite ORL chirurgicale ou medicale non urgente et sans prejudice de perte de chance pour les patients. Cette deprogrammation a eu pour objectif d’augmenter tres significativement la capacite de soins critiques, prioriser l’accueil de malades de patients COVID-19, prioriser l’affectation des personnels et la mise a disposition des materiels necessaires a leur fonctionnement, contribuer a la fluidite de l’aval des soins critiques au sein de leur etablissement. Il s’agissait egalement de ne pas exposer les malades concernes a un risque d’exposition infectieuse. Cet article propose des orientations concernant les indications et modalites de realisation de la chirurgie ORL et la gestion des reports d’intervention dans le contexte pandemique actuel. Il ne s’agit que de conseils de bonne pratique qui doivent naturellement etre modules dans chaque region en fonction de l’evolution de l’epidemie et des organisations preexistantes, et ce dans le cadre de concertations entre les equipes ORL, les unites operationnelles d’hygiene et toutes les autres specialites concernees.

In Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, clinical examination and invasive procedures on the respiratory tract and on airway-connected cavities, such as paranasal sinuses and the middle ear, expose people to direct transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by inhalation or ocular projection of contaminated droplets, and to indirect transmission by contact with contaminated hands, objects or surfaces. Estimating an R0 of COVID-19 at around 3 justified postponing non-urgent face-to-face consultations and expanding the use of teleconsultation in order to limit the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection of patients or health workers and comply with the lockdown. The health authority recommends cancellation of all medical or surgical activities, which are not urgent as long as this does not involve a loss of chance for the patient. The purpose of this cancellation is to significantly increase critical care capacity, prioritise the reception of patients with COVID-19, prioritise the allocation of staff and provision of the equipment necessary for their medical or surgical management, and contribute to the smooth running of downstream critical care within their establishment. Another goal is to reduce the risks of patient contamination within healthcare facilities. This document provides guidance on how to proceed with and adapt ENT surgery in the current pandemic context, as well as on the management of postponed operations. This best practice advice must of course be adapted in each region according to the development of the epidemic and pre-existing arrangements. Their local application can only be decided within the framework of collaboration between the ENT teams, the operational hygiene units and all the other specialties concerned.

Resume Introduction Les anti-inflammatoires non steroidiens (AINS) sont connus pour inhiber le chimiotactisme, l’explosion oxydative et la phagocytose, la bactericidie dans les granulocytes et pour inhiber l’agregation ou la degranulation des neutrophiles et perturber la fonction des lymphocytes. D’autre part, l’ibuprofene est largement prescrit en pediatrie pour ses puissants effets analgesiques et antipyretiques. A notre connaissance, aucune publication anterieure ne decrit la relation entre l’ibuprofene et un risque accru de complications intracrâniennes et/ou orbitaires dans les sinusites fronto-ethmoidales aigues chez l’enfant. Objectif Rechercher une relation entre l’ibuprofene et l’apparition de complications intracrâniennes et/ou orbitaires de sinusite fronto-ethmoidale aigue en pediatrie. Patients et methodes Les dossiers medicaux des patients de moins de 18 ans admis dans les services ORL de 4 CHU pendant 2 annees consecutives pour sinusite fronto-ethmoidale ont ete revus retrospectivement. La prise d’ibuprofene, l’apparition de complications (orbitaires ou intracrâniennes) ainsi que les donnees demographiques habituelles ont ete notees. Une analyse statistique a ete effectuee afin de determiner s’il existe une relation entre la prise d’AINS et l’apparition d’une complication intracrânienne et/ou orbitaire. Resultats La prise d’ibuprofene semble etre un facteur de risque de complications intracrâniennes ou de complications orbitaires et surtout intracrâniennes en cas de sinusite fronto-ethmoidale aigue chez l’enfant. Ni le sexe, ni l’âge, ni l’intensite initiale de la douleur n’etaient statistiquement lies a l’apparition des complications. Conclusion Cette etude retrospective multicentrique semble suggerer que l’ibuprofene augmente le risque de complications orbitaires et/ou intracrâniennes en cas de sinusite fronto-ethmoidale aigue dans la population pediatrique. Par consequent, nous recommandons de ne pas prescrire d’ibuprofene si l’on soupconne une sinusite aigue chez un enfant ou un adolescent.

International audience; Importance: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to inhibit chemotaxis, oxidative burst and phagocytosis, bacterial killing in granulocytes as well as inhibiting neutrophil aggregation or degranulation, thereby interfering with the function of lymphocytes. On the other hand, ibuprofen is widely prescribed in pediatrics for its powerful analgesic and antipyretic effects. To our knowledge, no previous publication outlines the relationship between Ibuprofen therapy and an increased risk of intracranial and/or orbital complications of acute fronto-ethmoidal sinusitis in childhood. Objective: To look for a relationship between ibuprofen and occurrence of intra-cranial and/or orbital complications of acute fronto-ethmoidal sinusitis in pediatrics. Setting and methods: The medical charts of patients younger than 18 years admitted into the E.N.T. departments of 4 academic care centers during 2 consecutive years for fronto ethmoidal sinusitis were reviewed retrospectively. The history of ibuprofen intake, the occurrence of complication (orbital or intracranial) as well as the usual demographic data were noted. A statistical analysis was performed in order to ascertain whether a relationship between taking NSAIDs and the onset of an intracranial and/or orbital complication exists. Results: Intake of ibuprofen appeared to be a risk-factor of intracranial complications or associated orbital and intracranial complications of acute fronto-ethmoidal sinusitis in children. Neither gender nor age nor initial pain intensity were statistically related to the onset of complications. Conclusion and relevance: This retrospective multicenter cohort study appears to suggest that ibuprofen increases the risk of orbital and/or intracranial complications of acute fronto-ethmoidal sinusitis in childhood. Therefore, we recommend not prescribing ibuprofen if one suspects an acute sinusitis in a child or adolescent.

Objectives: To outline an expert-based consensus of recommendations for the diagnosis and management of pediatric patients with congenital tracheal stenosis. Methods: Expert opinions were sought from members of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) via completion of an 18-item survey utilizing an iterative Delphi method and review of the literature. Results: Forty-three members completed the survey providing recommendations regarding the initial history, clinical evaluation, diagnostic evaluation, temporizing measures, definitive repair, and post-repair care of children with congenital tracheal stenosis. Conclusion: These recommendations are intended to be used to support clinical decision-making regarding the evaluation and management of children with congenital tracheal stenosis. Responses highlight the diverse management strategies and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to care of these patients.

The aim of this study is to investigate the risk factors for recurrence after thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) surgery, differentiating between infections with and without a cutaneous fistula. This is a retrospective analysis of all paediatric TGDC in a tertiary care centre with at least 2 years of postoperative follow-up. One hundred and thirty-one patients met the inclusion criteria of the study. A multivariate analysis was performed to analyse the main risk factors for recurrence (presence of a fistula, infection, age). 116/131 patients were managed primarily in our institution; 15 patients had previously been operated on in another centre. The recurrence rate was 4.3% (5/116) when the patient was operated on in our institution at the first operation, and overall, recurrence of TGDC occurred in 20/131 (15.3%) patients. Age was not a risk factor for recurrence (p = 0.596). Two or more episodes of preoperative TGDC infection were a statistically significant risk factor in univariate analysis (p = 0.021) but not in multivariate analysis adjusted for age and the presence of a cutaneous fistula (p = 0.385). In multivariate analysis, cutaneous fistula formation was an independent risk factor for recurrence when adjusted for age and preoperative TGDC infection (Hazard ratio = 5.35; p = 0.011).A preoperative cutaneous fistula was a critical and independent risk factor for recurrence of operated TGDC, whereas age and TGDC infection were not identified as risk factors for recurrence after surgery. This information should be given to patients and parents before surgery.• The risk factors for recurrence after thyroglossal duct cyst surgery described in the literature are preoperative infection and young age, but this is not supported by strong evidence. • The role of cutaneous fistula formation is unclear.• The main risk factor for recurrence of TGDC is the presence of a preoperative cutaneous fistula, with an estimated hazard ratio of 4.95 (p = 0.016) in multivariate analysis. • The presence of two preoperative infections was also associated with a greater risk of recurrence in univariate analysis; age and gender were not associated with an increased risk of recurrence.

Objectives: Congenital laryngotracheal stenosis is rare, potentially severe, and difficult to manage. Heliox is a medical gas effective in obstructive airway pathologies, given its physical properties. This study aims to model the interest of Heliox in reducing the respiratory work in congenital laryngotracheal stenosis, using numerical fluid flow simulations, before considering its clinical use.Design: This is a retrospective study, performing Computational Fluid Dynamics numerical simulations of the resistances to airflow and three types of Heliox, on 3D reconstructions from CT scans of children presenting with laryngotracheal stenosis.Patients: Infants and children who were managed in the Pediatric ENT department of a tertiary-care center and underwent CT scanning for laryngotracheal stenosis between 2008 and 2018 were included.Results: Fourteen models of congenital laryngotracheal stenosis were performed in children aged from 16 days to 5 years, and one model of the normal trachea in a 5-year-old child. Tightest stenosis obtained the highest airway resistances, ranging from 40 to 10 kPa/L/s (up to 800 times higher than in the normal case). Heliox enabled a decrease in pressure drops and airway resistances in all stenosis cases, correlated to increasing Helium concentration.Conclusions: Heliox appears to reduce pressure drops and airway resistances in 3D models of laryngotracheal stenosis. It may represent a supportive treatment for laryngotracheal stenosis, while waiting for specialized care, thanks to the reduction of respiratory work.

Resume Objectifs Presenter les recommandations de pratique clinique (RCP) de la Societe francaise d’otorhinolaryngologie–chirurgie de la face et du cou concernant l’utilisation des AINS dans les infections ORL pediatriques. Methodes A partir d’une analyse critique de la litterature medicale jusqu’en novembre 2016, un groupe de travail multidisciplinaire constitue de 11 praticiens a redige des recommandations de pratique clinique classees en categories Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) A, B, C, ou accord professionnel selon un niveau de preuve scientifique decroissant. La premiere version du texte a ete remaniee par le groupe de travail a la suite des remarques des 22 membres du groupe de lecture avant de produire le texte definitif. Resultats Les principales recommandations issues de ce travail sont les suivantes : (a) Les AINS sont indiques a posologies antalgiques 20 a 30 mg/kg/j en association avec le paracetamol dans les infections ORL pediatriques non compliquees (otites moyennes aigues, angines, rhinopharyngites, sinusites maxillaires) si : (i) les douleurs sont d’intensite moyenne (score de l’echelle visuelle analogique ou EVA compris entre 3 et 5 ou score « Evaluation Enfant Douleur » ou EVENDOL compris entre 4 et 7) et insuffisamment calmees par le paracetamol prescrit en premiere intention (EVA restant ≥ 3 ou EVENDOL restant ≥ 4) ; (ii) les douleurs sont moderees a intenses (EVA entre 5 et 7 ou EVENDOL entre 7 et 10) ; (b) Lorsqu’ils sont associes, paracetamol et ibuprofene sont idealement pris simultanement toutes les 6 heures ; (b) il est recommande de : (i) ne pas prescrire d’AINS dans les infections ORL pediatriques severes ou compliquees ; (ii) suspendre le traitement par AINS en cas de tableau clinique infectieux inhabituel par sa duree ou par sa symptomatologie ; (iii) limiter dans tous les cas la duree de prescription des AINS a 72 h.

Purpose The purpose of this work was to determine the epidemiology and the predictive factors of success of the surgical management of fourth branchial anomalies. Methods This is a multicentric retrospective review from 1998 to 2016 of patients who presented with an endoscopically-confirmed fourth branchial pouch anomaly. Data were analyzed according to sex, age, clinical features, number of recurrences, treatment modalities (endoscopic and/or cervicotomy), post-operative complications and follow-up. Results Fifty-two children have been included. The average age at diagnosis was 4.5 years. Among them, 73.1% were female, 11.4% were neonatal forms; 94.2% of lesions were left-sided; 75% of patients presented a cervical abscess as first symptom, and 7.7% of children presented with dyspnea. Average time between first symptoms and management was 9.5 months. Management was endoscopic in 73.1% of patients (laser in 84.2%, coagulation in 15.8%) with about a third of recurrence after one procedure. Overall success of endoscopic procedures reached 84.2%. A cervical open surgery was performed in 26.9% as first line treatment. Overall success of cervicotomy reached 85.7%. No complications of endoscopic surgery have been identified. There were 35.7% complications of cervicotomy (2 recurrent nerve palsy, 2 keloid scars, 1 pharyngostoma). An association was proved between recurrences and initial abscess (OR = 2.44), and with age between 3 and 5 (OR = 4). Conclusion Endoscopic treatments appear to be effective in first line approach in the management of fourth branchial anomalies, offering an excellent efficiency with rare complications. We identified two risk factors of recurrence: age between 3 and 5 years old and history of cervical abscesses. Level of evidence IV.

La adenoidectomia y la amigdalectomia son intervenciones quirurgicas que con frecuencia estan indicadas en la infancia. Suelen realizarse en el mismo tiempo quirurgico, aunque su finalidad es diferente y sus indicaciones y postoperatorios tambien son distintos. La morbilidad y la mortalidad de la amigdalectomia no son insignificantes a pesar de los progresos realizados en el tratamiento perioperatorio. Se han elaborado unas recomendaciones de practica clinica (RPC) sobre la amigdalectomia infantil en 2010 por iniciativa de la Societe Francaise d’Oto-rhino-laryngologie, con la colaboracion de la Societe Francaise d’Anesthesie-reanimation y de la Association Francaise de Chirurgie Ambulatoire. La colocacion de drenajes transtimpanicos es un elemento esencial en el tratamiento de la otitis seromucosa. La Societe Francaise d’Oto-rhino-laryngologie publico unas RPC en 2016.

Objectives Nasal obstruction is a highly subjective symptom. It can be evaluated by combining clinical examination, imaging and functional measurements such as active anterior rhinomanometry (AAR). In pediatrics, AAR is often impossible because it requires the participation of the child. Airflow modeling by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been developed since the early 1990s, mostly in adults. This study is the first to describe a methodology of “numerical rhinomanometry” in children using CFD and to evaluate the feasibility and the clinical interest of this new tool. Materials and methods Five children aged from 8 to 15 years, complaining of nasal obstruction, underwent routine management including clinical evaluation, AAR, and CT-scanning. CT acquisitions were used for CFD calculations and numerical rhinomanometry. Results and conclusions In the 5 children, the results of CFD were concordant with clinical complaints and examination. In 3 children, AAR and CFD were concordant. In one patient, CFD corrected the results of AAR. In one patient, AAR was not feasible, unlike CFD, which contributed to diagnosis. This study highlighted the feasibility of CFD in children and that it can support or refute diagnosis of nasal obstruction with good reliability. These results indicate that CFD modeling could be widely used for functional exploration in pediatric rhinology.

Resume Objectifs L’obstruction nasale est un symptome tres subjectif. Son evaluation repose sur l’association de l’examen clinique, de l’imagerie et d’explorations fonctionnelles comme la rhinomanometrie anterieure active (RAA). En pratique pediatrique, la RAA est souvent impossible a realiser car elle necessite la participation de l’enfant. La modelisation des flux aeriens par Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) a ete developpee depuis le debut des annees 1990, principalement chez l’adulte. Cette etude est la premiere a decrire la methodologie pour creer des « rhinomanometries virtuelles » chez l’enfant en utilisant la CFD, a evaluer la faisabilite et l’interet clinique de cette nouvelle technique. Materiels et methodes Cinq enfants âges de 5 a 15 ans, presentant une obstruction nasale subjective ont ete evalues selon notre protocole habituel, incluant l’examen clinique, la RAA et un scanner. Ces acquisitions tomodensitometriques ont ete utilisees pour realiser les calculs de CFD instationnaires et creer les rhinomanometries virtuelles. Resultats et conclusions Chez les 5 enfants, les resultats de la CFD etaient concordants avec l’interrogatoire et l’examen physique. Dans 3 cas, la RAA et la CFD etaient concordantes. Dans un cas, la CFD a permis de rectifier la RAA. Dans un cas, la RAA etait impossible a realiser, contrairement a la CFD, qui a ete utile pour poser le diagnostic. Cette etude souligne la faisabilite de la CFD chez l’enfant et la CFD a demontre son interet pour confirmer ou rejeter le diagnostic d’obstruction nasale avec une bonne fiabilite. Ces resultats indiquent que les modelisations en CFD peuvent devenir des explorations fonctionnelles couramment utilisees en rhinologie pediatrique.

Resume Objectif Les auteurs exposent les recommandations de la SFORL concernant le diagnostic des malformations lymphatiques cervicales de l’adulte et de l’enfant. Methodes A partir de la revue de la litterature scientifique et de l’experience d’un groupe de travail multidisciplinaire, des recommandations ont ete redigees, puis relues par un groupe de lecture independant, et finalisees dans une reunion de coordination. Les recommandations proposees ont ete classees en grade A, B, C ou accord professionnel selon un niveau de preuve scientifique decroissant. Resultats Il est recommande de faire un examen clinique ORL complet afin d’identifier les lesions a risque de complications ou de mauvais pronostic. Il est recommande, en cas de doute diagnostique pour les lesions latero-cervicales et du plancher buccal, de realiser une cytoponction avant une decision therapeutique. Il est recommande d’utiliser une ou plusieurs des classifications validees pour evaluer l’efficacite des traitements et suivre l’evolution de la maladie. Il est recommande, afin d’ameliorer la fiabilite du diagnostic antenatal d’associer IRM et echographie. Il est recommande dans le cadre du diagnostic antenatal d’evaluer de facon precise l’extension locoregionale d’une malformation lymphatique cervicale afin d’en estimer le pronostic, et de rechercher systematiquement des malformations associees afin de guider les propositions therapeutiques.

Objectives The authors present the guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology (SFORL) for the diagnosis of cervical lymphatic malformation in adults and children. Methods A multidisciplinary work group was entrusted with a review of the scientific literature on the above topic. Guidelines were drawn up, based on the articles retrieved and the group members’ individual experience. They were then read over by an editorial group independent of the work group, and finalized in a coordination meeting. Guidelines were graded A, B, C or expert opinion, by decreasing level of evidence. Results The SFORL recommends that complete ENT examination should be performed to identify lesions at high risk of complication or associated with poor prognosis. In case of diagnostic doubt, especially in latero-cervical or oral floor lesions, fine-needle aspiration cytology should be performed before therapeutic decision-making. One or more validated classifications should be used to assess treatment efficacy and monitor progression. The reliability of antenatal diagnosis should be ensured by associating MRI to ultrasound. In antenatal diagnosis, the locoregional extension of the cervical lymphatic malformation should be evaluated accurately for prognosis, and associated malformations should be screened for, to guide treatment options.

This study aimed to assess efficacy of submucosal thulium laser turbinoplasty in children and to compare thulium laser turbinoplasty with partial inferior turbinectomy. This is a retrospective study over 10 years from 1 January 2009, conducted in a Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology Department in a university tertiary care center, including all the children who underwent thulium laser inferior turbinoplasty and partial inferior turbinectomy. The main outcome measures were the improvement in airflow using rhinomanometric cumulative flow at 150 Pa and then functional improvement using "OPERAS" score (nasal Obstruction, facial Pain, Epistaxis, Rhinorrhea, Anosmia, Sneezing). Eighty-six children underwent 47 submucosal thulium laser turbinoplasties and 48 partial turbinectomies. After submucosal thulium laser turbinoplasty, the cumulative flow at 150 Pa improved from 308.2 to 454.4 cm

Objective To provide guidance for home care tracheostomy management in the pediatric population. The mission of the IPOG is to develop expertise-based recommendations for the management of pediatric otolaryngologic disorders with the goal of improving patient care. Methods Survey of expert opinion by the members of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG). Results Survey results provide guidance for caregiver teaching, the reuse of tracheostomies and suction catheters while inpatient and following discharge, acceptable sterilization practices for tracheostomies, tracheitis workup and management, and outpatient follow-up practices. Conclusion This presentation of common home tracheostomy care practices are aimed at improving patient-centered care in the pediatric population.

The main objective was to analyse the use of rigid laryngotracheoscopy under general anaesthesia (GA) and endoscopic surgery in the management of inspiratory stridor in patients referred to a paediatric ENT outpatient clinic. The secondary objective was to analyse the aetiological diagnoses made and their therapeutic management. This is a prospective study including all newborns and infants, corresponding to 190 patients, presenting for the first time in consultation for inspiratory stridor from January 2015 to December 2017. A consultation form was filled out after each consultation and added to a database; a management algorithm was used to determine which patients required a rigid laryngotracheoscopy. A 17.9% (n = 34) of the patients required rigid laryngotracheoscopy, of whom 12.6% (n = 24) underwent concomitant endoscopic surgery. A 65.8% (n = 125) of the patients were diagnosed with laryngomalacia, 21.1% (n = 40) with isolated posterior excess of mucosa, 9.5% (n = 18) with another diagnosis and 3.7% (n = 7) with a normal examination. The presence of comorbidity was associated (p 0.001) with the use of rigid laryngotracheoscopy and endoscopic surgery.Conclusion: Rigid laryngotracheoscopy under GA was required in one in five to six patients. Conservative management with strict follow-up may be appropriate in a large number of patients, especially those with laryngomalacia. What is Known: • Previous research has established that laryngomalacia is the main aetiology of stridor. • Comorbidities are linked with a poor tolerance of stridor. What is new: • About one in five to six patients seen in consultation for stridor will require a trip to the operative room (and one in eight will require endoscopic surgery). • Laryngomalacia and isolated posterior excess of mucosa account for 85-90% of the patients seen in consultation for stridor.

Resume Objectif Rediger des conseils de bonnes pratiques de prise en charge des pathologies ORL pediatriques en contexte d’epidemie de SARS-CoV-2. Methodes Ces conseils ont ete rediges sur la base de l’experience clinique des experts sollicites pour la redaction de manuscrit, ainsi que sur les recommandations de pratique clinique et publications disponibles sur le sujet dans la litterature. Les propositions feront l’objet de mises a jour en fonction de l’evolution des connaissances sur cette epidemie. Resultats L’incidence des formes symptomatiques d’infection a SARS-CoV-2 chez l’enfant est faible (1–5 %) et le pronostic est bon. Les indications de fibroscopies en consultation doivent etre reduites aux seuls cas indispensables et ne pouvant etre differes. Leur realisation doit etre entouree de precautions maximales, avec notamment port d’un masque « Filtering FacePiece type 2 » (FFP2). Les memes precautions s’appliquent aux lavages de nez au serum sale lorsqu’ils sont pratiques en milieu hospitalier, ainsi qu’aux soins de tracheotomie. Concernant les suspicions de corps etrangers inhales et en dehors des cas cliniquement evidents, il est recommande de prescrire un scanner thoracique avant de programmer une eventuelle endoscopie sous anesthesie generale. Les indications chirurgicales doivent se limiter aux urgences et aux cas ne pouvant etre differes de plus de deux mois, particulierement si ces chirurgies concernent les voies aeriennes et notamment les fosses nasales et le cavum. Les decisions doivent idealement etre prises collegialement et notees par ecrit. Les techniques chirurgicales doivent etre adaptees aux risques de dissemination virale. Dans les cas confirmes ou suspects ou systematiquement pour certains centres, les conditions maximales de protection individuelle avec notamment port d’un masque FFP2 et de lunettes protectrices sont recommandees pour les soignants presents en salle d’operation.

Objective The study objective was to determine risk factors for severity of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) at first endoscopic evaluation. Methods Based on a review of all cases undergoing surgery for juvenile-onset RRP in two pediatric otolaryngology departments in the USA and France, the following severity risk factors were analyzed: number of laryngeal levels involved, extension to the subglottis, and bilateral involvement. Results Thirty-two patients were included, with 571 endoscopic procedures. Number of endoscopies per patient varied according to initial extension: 30.67 procedures when all three levels were involved, 15.57 procedures when two and 14.08 procedures when only one (P = 0.03). The odds ratio for risk of > 14 procedures in 3-level involvement was 20.43 (P = 0.047). Initial subglottic extension tended to be associated with more endoscopic procedures (23.67 vs 15.56, P = 0.16). Conclusions RRP severity correlated with initial laryngeal extension of papillomatous lesions at first endoscopy. This finding allowed a short 3-item assessment scale to be created for routine use, complementary to Derkay's assessment scale.

Resume Objectifs L’objectif de cette etude etait de definir les facteurs de risque de severite de la papillomatose respiratoire recidivante (PRR) juvenile lors de la premiere evaluation endoscopique. Materiels et methodes Il d’agit d’une revue de tous les cas operes pour PRR juvenile dans deux centres d’oto-rhino-laryngologie pediatrique situes aux Etats-Unis et en France. Le nombre d’etages larynges atteints, l’extension sous-glottique et la bilateralite des lesions ont ete analyses comme facteurs de risque de severite. Resultats Trente-deux patients ont ete inclus, pour un total de 571 procedures endoscopiques. Le nombre d’endoscopies par patient etait different selon l’extension initiale de la maladie : 30,67 procedures quand les 3 etages larynges etaient atteints, 15,57 procedures quand 2 etages etaient atteints et 14,08 quand un seul etage etait atteint (p = 0,03). L’odds ratio du risque de subir plus de 14 procedures etait de 20,43 (p = 0,047) quand les 3 etages etaient atteints. Les patients presentant une extension sous-glottique des lesions avaient tendance a necessiter plus de procedures (23,67 contre 15,56, p = 0,16). Conclusions La severite de la PRRJ est correlee a l’extension initiale des lesions papillomateuses lors de la premiere endoscopie. Cette observation a permis de creer une echelle d’evaluation rapide composee de 3 items, complementaire de l’echelle de Derkay.

Objective Joint guidelines of the French Pediatric Otolaryngology Society (AFOP) and of the French Society of otorhinolaryngology–head and neck surgery (SFORL) on the management of paediatric otolaryngology patients in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A nation-wide workgroup drew guidelines based on clinical experience, national and local recommendations and scientific literature. Proposals may have to be updated on a day-to-day basis. Results In children, incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 (1–5%) is low and of good prognosis. The indications for nasal flexible endoscopy should be drastically limited. If undertaken, full Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) including FFP2 masks are required, as well as use of a sheath. Saline nose wash done by caregivers other than parents at home should require PPE. Unless foreign body tracheobronchial aspiration is clinically obvious, CT-scan should be performed to confirm indication of endoscopy. Surgical indications should be limited to emergencies and to cases that cannot be delayed beyond 2 months (especially endonasal, endopharyngeal laryngo-tracheobronchial procedures). Postponement should ideally be a group decision and recorded as such in the medical file. Surgical techniques should be adapted to limit the risk of viral dissemination in the air, avoiding the use of drills, microdebriders, monopolar cautery or lasers. Continuous suction should be placed near the operating field. In case of confirmed Covid-19 cases, or suspected cases (or in some centres systematically), PPE with FFP2 mask should be worn by all staff members present in the operating room.

Resume Cette recommandation de pratique clinique de la societe francaise d’ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale porte sur la prise en charge des otites seromuqueuses (OSM) de l’enfant de moins de 12 ans. Elle evalue par interrogation des banques de donnees MEDLINE et Cochrane Library de 1996 a 2016 en langue francaise ou anglaise les methodes de diagnostic, de bilan de l’otite sero-muqueuse, ainsi que l’efficacite des aerateurs trans-tympaniques et des traitements medicaux et chirurgicaux de l’OSM.

International audience; The Société française d'ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale clinical practice guidelines concern the management of otitis media with effusion (OME) in children under the age of 12 years. They are based on extensive review of MEDLINE and Cochrane Library publications in English or French from 1996 to 2016 concerning the methods of diagnosis and assessment of otitis media with effusion, as well as the efficacy of tympanostomy tubes and medical and surgical treatments of OME.

Introduction The diagnosis and management of type I laryngeal clefts can be controversial and varies across centers and surgeons. Using existing peer-reviewed literature to develop an expert-based consensus will help guide physicians in the treatment of these patients as well as develop research hypotheses to further study this condition. Objective To provide recommendations for the diagnosis and management of type I laryngeal clefts. Methods Determination of current expert- and literature-based recommendations, via a survey of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group, using a modified Delphi method. Setting Multinational, multi-institutional, tertiary pediatric hospitals. Results Consensus recommendations include diagnostic workup, medical management, pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative considerations for type I laryngeal clefts. Conclusions This guide on the diagnosis and management of patients with type I laryngeal clefts is aimed at improving patient care and promoting future hypothesis generation and research to validate the recommendations made here.

Objective To provide recommendations for the comprehensive management of airway obstruction in patients with Robin Sequence. Methods Expert opinion by the members of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG). Results The consensus statement provides recommendations for medical specialists who manage infants with Robin Sequence including: evaluation and treatment considerations for commonly debated issues in post-natal airway obstruction, assessment of antenatal obstruction and perinatal airway management. Conclusion Consensus recommendations are aimed at improving management of airway obstruction in patients with Robin Sequence.

Objectives To develop consensus recommendations for the evaluation and management of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) in pediatric patients. Methods Expert opinion by the members of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG). The mission of the IPOG is to develop expertise-based consensus recommendations for the management of pediatric otolaryngologic disorders with the goal of improving patient care. The consensus recommendations herein represent the first publication by the group. Results Consensus recommendations including diagnostic considerations, surgical management, systemic adjuvant therapies, postoperative management, surveillance, and voice evaluation. These recommendations are based on the collective opinion of the IPOG members and are targeted for otolaryngologists, primary care providers, pulmonologists, infectious disease specialists, and any other health care providers that manage patients with JORRP. Conclusions Pediatric JORRP consensus recommendations are aimed at improving care and outcomes in this patient population.

International audience; To evaluate in children the clinical severity and evolution of otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis (OLST) due to Fusobacterium necrophorum compared with other bacterial otogenic thrombosis and propose a specific management flowchart for Fusobacterium OLST.Design: A retrospective multicentre cohort study.Settings: Four French ENT paediatric departments.Participants: A total of 260 under 18 years old admitted for acute mastoiditis were included. Initial imaging was reviewed to focus on complicated mastoiditis and 52 OLST were identified. Children were then divided into two groups according to bacteriological results: 28 in the "OLST Fusobacterium group" and 24 in the "OLST other bacteria group".Results: There was a significant association between F necrophorum and OLST (P < .001). When compared to the OLST other bacteria group, children in the OLST Fusobacterium group were significantly younger (61 months vs 23 months, P < .01) and had a more severe clinical presentation: higher CRP (113 mg/L vs 175.7 mg/L, P = .02) and larger subperiosteal abscess (14 mm vs 21 mm, P < .01). Medical management was also more intensive in the OLST Fusobacterium group than in the OLST other bacteria group: increased number of conservative surgeries (66.7% vs 92.9%, P = .03) and longer hospital stay (13.7 days vs 19.8 days, P = .02). At the end of follow-up, the clinical course was good in both groups without any neurological sequelae.Conclusions: Thrombotic complications are very frequent in case of Fusobacterium mastoiditis and clinicians should be aware of the initial severity of the clinical presentation. Under appropriate management, the clinical course of Fusobacterium OLST is as good as that of other bacterial otogenic thrombosis.

Objectives To present the guidelines of the French Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery concerning the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in pediatric ENT infections. Methods Based on a critical analysis of the medical literature up to November 2016, a multidisciplinary workgroup of 11 practitioners wrote clinical practice guidelines. Levels of evidence were classified according to the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system: GRADE A, B, C or “expert opinion”. The first version of the text was reworked by the workgroup following comments by the 22 members of the reading group. Results The main recommendations are: NSAIDs are indicated at analgesic doses (e.g. 20–30 mg/kg/day for ibuprofen) in combination with paracetamol (acetaminophen) in uncomplicated pediatric ENT infections (acute otitis media, tonsillitis, upper respiratory infections, and maxillary sinusitis) if: o pain is of medium intensity (visual analogue scale (VAS) score 3–5 or “Evaluation Enfant Douleur” (EVENDOL) child pain score 4–7) and insufficiently relieved by first-line paracetamol (residual VAS ≥ 3 or EVENDOL ≥ 4); o pain is moderate to intense (VAS 5–7 or EVENDOL 7–10). When combined, paracetamol and ibuprofen are ideally taken simultaneously every 6 h. It is recommended: (1) o not to prescribe NSAIDs in severe or complicated pediatric ENT infections; (2) o to suspend NSAIDs treatment in case of unusual clinical presentation of the infection (duration or symptoms); (3) o not to prescribe NSAIDs for more than 72 h.

Objective To provide recommendations for the comprehensive management of young infants who present with signs or symptoms concerning for laryngomalacia. Methods Expert opinion by the members of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG). Results Consensus recommendations include initial care and triage recommendations for health care providers who commonly evaluate young infants with noisy breathing. The consensus statement also provides comprehensive care recommendations for otolaryngologists who manage young infants with laryngomalacia including: evaluation and treatment considerations for commonly debated issues in laryngomalacia, initial work-up of infants presenting with inspiratory stridor, treatment recommendations based on disease severity, management of the infant with feeding difficulties, post-surgical treatment management recommendations, and suggestions for acid suppression therapy. Conclusion Laryngomalacia care consensus recommendations are aimed at improving patient-centered care in infants with laryngomalacia.

Resume Objectif Le but de cette etude est de presenter les resultats d’une serie pediatrique de tympanoplasties par la technique dite du « butterfly cartilage », et de les comparer aux resultats de la litterature. Methodes Il a ete realise une etude retrospective portant sur des patients âges de 2 ans a 12 ans operes par le meme chirurgien senior d’une tympanoplastie au sein de notre service sur une periode allant de 2003 a 2012 et qui possedaient obligatoirement une documentation iconographique tympanique en pre- et postoperatoire. Les resultats ont ete analyses, avec un recul minimal de 10 mois, sur le plan de la prise de greffe et sur le plan auditif avec des audiogrammes pre- et postoperatoires et calcul de la perte auditive moyenne. Resultats Vingt-huit tympanoplasties ont ete realisees chez 27 enfants (16 garcons, 11 filles). Chez un enfant la perforation etait bilaterale. Les perforations tympaniques etaient de localisation inferieure ou antero-inferieure pour 14 d’entre elles (50 %), antero-superieure dans 9 cas (32,1 %) et anterieure dans 5 cas (17,9 %). La taille de la perforation mesuree a partir des cliches otoscopiques se distribue entre 11,1 et 36,4 % de l’aire tympanique avec une moyenne de 26,3 %. La duree moyenne de suivi est de 25 mois. La fermeture de la perforation a ete obtenue dans 87,7 % des cas. La perte auditive moyenne preoperatoire etait de 20,2 dB (10–31,25 dB) et en postoperatoire de 14 dB (5–31,25 dB). Discussion Analyser et comparer nos resultats a ceux publies dans la litterature internationale et mieux cerner les indications de cette technique de refection tympanique. Conclusion La technique de tympanoplastie par « butterfly cartilage » est fiable et de realisation aisee et doit faire partie de l’arsenal therapeutique a proposer dans les cas de perforations tympaniques non marginales et de taille moderee. Dans cette serie, nous avons reserve cette technique aux perforations correspondant a moins de 40 % de la superficie tympanique.

Objective This study presents results for a pediatric series of tympanoplasty using the butterfly-cartilage technique, with comparison to literature reports. Methods A retrospective study included patients aged between 2 and 12 years receiving tympanoplasty performed by a single senior surgeon in our department between 2003 and 2012, for whom pre- and postoperative tympanum imaging was complete. Results were analyzed at a minimum 10 months’ follow-up in terms of graft healing and auditory data, with pre- and postoperative audiograms and calculation of mean hearing loss. Results Twenty-eight tympanoplasties were performed in 27 children: 16 males, 11 females; in 1 case, perforation was bilateral. Perforation location was inferior or antero-inferior in 14 cases (50%), antero-superior in 9 (32.1%) and anterior in 5 (17.9%). Perforation size on otoscopy ranged from 11.1% to 36.4% of tympanum area (mean, 26.3%). Mean follow-up was 25 months. Closure of the perforation was achieved in 87.7% of cases. Mean hearing loss was 20.2 dB (range, 10–31.25 dB) preoperatively and 14 dB (range, 5–31.25 dB) postoperatively. Discussion We analyze our results and compare them with the international literature to refine indications for this technique of tympanic repair. Conclusion Tympanoplasty using the butterfly-cartilage technique was reliable and easy to perform. It should be included in the therapeutic armamentarium for moderate non-marginal tympanic perforation. In the present series, the technique was reserved to perforations involving less than 40% of tympanum area.

Introduction Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) is a rare disease presenting with neonatal respiratory distress, often associated with other anomalies. Materials and methods This study reports the clinical and radiological characteristics of the patients managed in The Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery of La Timone Children's Hospital in Marseille between 1988 and 2014. Pyriform aperture (PA) widths were measured on CT-scans, obtained by using hand calipers at the largest portion of the PA in a plan parallel to the Francfort plan. Results 10 patients were included. Average PA width was 6.6 mm, 5/10 patients presented with single central maxillary median incisor, 6/10 patients had associated abnormalities. 8 patients underwent a surgical intervention and 2 patients were medically managed. All the patients had satisfactory nasal airway permeability on late follow-up. A management algorithm was elaborated. CNPAS should be evoked when breathing difficulties are associated with impossibility of passing fiberscope or nasogastric tube at the nasal inlet. Craniofacial CT-scanning is necessary to make the diagnosis and look for associated abnormalities. Medical treatment associating nasal wash and decongestants should be performed. Surgical intervention is necessary when failure of the medical management. Discussion and conclusions Our results were close to those found in the literature in terms of clinical characteristics, associated abnormalities and PA width. However, no objective criterion to decide whether a surgical intervention is necessary or not, has been established so far. The algorithm we propose offers guidelines from diagnosis to treatment, but the management should be adapted based on clinical tolerance.

Introduction Suprastomal Collapse (SuStCo) is a common complication of prolonged tracheostomy in children. There is a paucity of literature on this subject, especially regarding how to manage significant suprastomal collapse that prevents safe decannulation. Objective Provide a definition, classification system, and recommend management options for significant suprastomal collapse in children with tracheostomy. Methods Members of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) who are experts in pediatric airway conditions were surveyed and results were refined using a modified Delphi method. Results Consensus was defined as > 70% agreement on a subject. The experts achieved consensus: • on a standard definition of Suprastomal Collapse • that there is clinical importance between significant and insignificant collapse • that the gold standard diagnostic modality is endoscopic examination under anesthesia • that the severity of collapse is a major determinant in the surgical approach • that surgical intervention is the first line management in combined anterior and lateral Suprastomal Collapse. Conclusion This consensus statement provides recommendations for medical specialists who manage infants and children with tracheostomies with significant Suprastomal Collapse. It provides a classification system to facilitate diagnosis and treatment options for this condition.

Objective To provide recommendations to otolaryngologists and allied physicians for the comprehensive management of young infants who present with signs or symptoms of choanal atresia. Methods A two-iterative delphi method questionnaire was used to establish expert recommendations by the members of the International Otolaryngology Group (IPOG), on the diagnostic, intra-operative, post-operative and revision surgery considerations. Results Twenty-eight members completed the survey, in 22 tertiary-care center departments representing 8 countries. The main consensual recommendations were: nasal endoscopy or fiberscopy and CT imaging are recommended for diagnosis; unilateral choanal atresia repair should be delayed after at least age 6 months whenever possible; transnasal endoscopic repair is the preferred technique; long term follow-up is recommended (minimum one year) using nasal nasofiberscopy or rigid endoscopy, without systematic imaging. Conclusion Choanal atresia care consensus recommendations are aimed at improving patient-centered care in neonates, infants and children with choanal atresia.

Warming, filtering, and humidification of inspired air are major functions of the upper airway, which can be negatively altered by local disorders or surgical interventions. These functions have not been described in neonates because of ethical and technical problems difficult to solve. Numerical simulations can get around these limitations. The objective of this study was to analyze physiological nasal airflow and thermal distribution using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques in neonates. CT imaging of neonates was collected from the Pediatric Radiology Department of our center. CFD has been used to simulate nasal airflow numerically, with ambient air set at 19 °C, following the recommendations for a neonate's bedroom. Thermal distribution within the nasal cavity was analyzed and coupled with airflow patterns over complete respiratory cycles. Sixteen patients have been included in the study. During inspiration, important air warming is noticed in the first centimeter of the nasal cavity (+ 8 °C at the anterior end of the inferior turbinate). During the expiration phase, the temperature decreases slightly (- 3 °C) between the pharynx and the nostrils. A model with asymmetric nasal fossae showed that nasal obstruction leads to decreased airflow and abnormally high temperatures in the obstructed side (+ 2 °C at the nasal valve, + 4 °C at the choana). According to our results, the nasal valve area is of crucial importance in air warming in neonates, when ambient air is 19 °C, since about 70% of air warming is performed in this area. When needed, surgical interventions should respect the anatomy of this zone and restore normal airflows and warming. Graphical abstract .

Annales Francaises d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de pathologie cervico-faciale - Vol. 133 - N° 1 - p. 29-33

La disnea laringea es una dificultad respiratoria relacionada con una reduccion del calibre de la luz laringea a nivel de una de sus tres regiones (supraglotis, glotis y subglotis). La disnea laringea infantil es una urgencia, en la que se deben identificar los signos de gravedad, porque puede comprometer el pronostico vital. Antes del 6.° mes, las causas principales son congenitas: laringomalacia, angioma subglotico y malformaciones laringotraqueales. Despues del 6.° mes, en la mayoria de los casos se debe a cuerpos extranos o a laringitis virales.