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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has spread rapidly worldwide, being life-changing and affecting anxiety, misconceptions, knowledge, and people's health behavioral intentions, which is related to COVID-19 prevention practices adherence. Thus, it is relevant to test whether related measures would have a factor or network model in different populations, and know its’ relations as complex systems. The goal of this research is to test whether the Fear and Health-Seeking Behavioral Intentions Scales follow a network or factor model in a Brazilian sample, in addition to an attempt to understand COVID-19 psychological impacts and its relations in a Brazilian sample during the first year of the pandemic. To do so, we used recent developments in the field of network and psychometrics, with a sample of 476 Brazilians collected during the first pandemic year. We found evidence for a network model using two approaches. In addition, we used the network model to see the relationship between those variables, and the findings are discussed. We highlighted the importance of COVID-19 knowledge, misinformation, and prevention practices adherence relation in the network structure.

Funding: This research was supported by a research grant from the Forethought Foundation and the Center for Effective Altruism. Antinatalism is the view that procreation is morally wrong. This paper introduces and validates the Short Antinatalism Scale (S-ANS) that allows researchers to measure antinatalist views. We conducted four preregistered studies with a total of 1,088 participants. First, we ran a study on Prolific (N = 296) and conducted an exploratory factor analysis of an initial scale including 22 items drawn from the philosophical literature on antinatalism. In Study 2, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of a reduced 12-item scale, also on Prolific (N = 396). Based on a Mokken scale analysis, we further reduced the scale to a 5-item version which we tested in a second confirmatory factor analysis, Study 3, on Prolific (N = 297), where we also aimed to provide evidence of validity. The results indicated excellent model fit (RMSEA = 0.012) and evidence for validity (with life satisfaction, affective empathy, and conservatism correlating negatively with antinatalism). Lastly, we conducted Study 4 with a sample of self-identified antinatalists on Reddit (N = 99) to provide additional evidence of validity. We find that the instrument is measurement invariant between self-described antinatalists and the general population and that antinatalists score significantly higher on the scale (d = 2.80). This provides evidence in favor of reliability and validity with respect to the final 5-item Short Antinatalism Scale (S-ANS). We hope that the S-ANS, which is freely available to all researchers, advances rigorous research into antinatalism and its determinants across a variety of fields that relate to the value of life and procreation. Publisher PDF

A teoria do comportamento planejado (TCP) tem se mostrado uma preditora eficiente de comportamentos associados à saúde. Essa teoria propõe que três variáveis psicológicas predizem a intenção comportamental: atitude, normas subjetivas, percepção de controle. A intenção comportamental explica o comportamento propriamente dito. Este estudo teve o objetivo de testar o poder preditivo da TCP sobre o isolamento social diante do Sars-CoV-2. Participaram 1.139 adultos, média de idade de 35,5 anos, de todas as regiões do Brasil. Os resultados mostraram adequados índices de ajuste dos modelos preditivos da TCP sobre o isolamento social. A TCP explicou 30,7% da variância do grau de percepção de isolamento e 11,5% da variância do número de vezes que saiu de casa. Dentre os componentes da TCP, a atitude mostrou-se o fator com maior poder preditivo sobre as variáveis de isolamento social. Os resultados obtidos podem apoiar campanhas de prevenção fundamentadas na mudança de atitudes.

The aim of the current study is to present three assumptions common to psychometric theory and psychometric practice, and to show how alternatives to traditional psychometrical approaches can be used to improve psychological measurement. These alternatives are developed by adapting each of these three assumptions. The assumption of structural validity relates to the implementation of mathematical models. The process assumption which is underlying process generates the observed data. The construct assumption implies that the observed data on its own do not constitute a measurement, but the latent variable that originates the observed data. Nonparametric item response modeling and cognitive psychometric modeling are presented as alternatives for relaxing the first two assumptions, respectively. Network psychometrics is the alternative for relaxing the third assumption. Final remarks sum up the most important conclusions of the study.

Item Response Theory represents one of the major advances in the field of developing valid and reliable measures in psychology. Among the main models used in this perspective are the Rasch model and the logistic models. These parametric models, however, are not suitable for all applications in psychology, since a substantial number of databases in psychology do not satisfy the assumptions of these models: unidimensionality; latent monotonicity; local independence; and, for some models, non-intersecting functions. Given this framework, the objective of this study was to present the theoretical and practical foundations of Mokken Scale Analysis (MSA). We present some historical issues involving the development of MSA, in addition to the main characteristics and assumptions of the two models used in this perspective. After exemplifying a MSA application, limitations and final considerations are presented, supporting the decision-making process for researchers who come to use MSA. Resumo A Teoria de Resposta ao Item representa um dos principais avanços para a construção de medidas válidas e confiáveis em psicologia. Entre os principais modelos utilizados nessa perspectiva estão o modelo de Rasch e os modelos logísticos. Esses modelos paramétricos, no entanto, não podem ser utilizados em todas as aplicações em psicologia, uma vez que um número substancial dos bancos de dados em psicologia não satisfaz os pressupostos desses modelos: unidimensionalidade; monotonicidade latente; independência local; e, para alguns modelos, não-interseção de funções. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar os fundamentos teóricos e práticos da Análise de Escala de Mokken (AEM). São apresentadas questões históricas envolvendo o desenvolvimento da AEM, além das principais características e pressupostos dos dois modelos usados nessa perspectiva. Após exemplificação de uma AEM, limitações e considerações finais são apresentadas, apoiando o processo de tomada decisão para pesquisadores que venham a usar a AEM. Resumen La Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem representa uno de los mayores avances en el campo del desarrollo de medidas válidas en psicología. Entre los principales modelos utilizados en esta perspectiva se encuentran los modelos logísticos. Estos modelos no son adecuados para todas las aplicaciones en psicología, ya que algunas bases de datos en psicología no satisfacen las suposiciones de estos modelos: unidimensionalidad; monotonicidad latente; e independencia local; y, para algunos modelos, funciones que no se interceptan. Teniendo en cuenta este marco, el objetivo de este estudio fue presentar los fundamentos teóricos y prácticos del Análisis de la Escala de Mokken (AEM). Presentamos algunas cuestiones históricas relacionadas con el desarrollo de AEM, además de las principales características y suposiciones de los dos modelos utilizados en esta perspectiva. Después de ejemplificar un AEM, se presentan las limitaciones y consideraciones finales, apoyando o procesando la tomada de decisión para investigadores que van a usar el AEM.

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has spread rapidly worldwide, causing life-changing and affecting anxiety, misconceptions, knowledge, and people's health behavioral intentions, which need adhering to COVID-19 prevention practices. Thus, it is relevant to develop psychometric measures for those variables on different populations. The goal of the present research is to seek evidence of validity and reliability of the Fear and Health-Seeking Behavioral Intentions Scales in a Brazilian sample. To do so, this research used recent developments in the field of network psychometrics. Using a sample of 476 Brazilians collected at the beginning of the pandemic, we found a four-dimensional structure in the reflective variables, forming a sound structure with good psychometric properties. In addition, using the novel approach to see the relationship between those variables, novel findings are discussed. We highlighted the importance of COVID-19 anxiety in the network structure, as it can be a possible alternative to increase adherence to prevent COVID-19 infection.

People who repeatedly experience prejudice and discrimination are at greater risk for developing several negative consequences, such as low self-esteem (SE). However, scholars have not explored the role of social status as an important variable for this relationship, and its consequences. The current study is aimed at investigating the role of status on the relationship between self-perceived prejudice and discrimination (SPPD), subjective well-being (SWB), SE, and the Big-Five. In a Brazilian sample (N = 1,130), we found that social status affects the network structure among low- and high-status group members. We also found that not all causal relations are equal between groups, such that the influence of SPPD, SE, and neuroticism is different depending on participants’ social status. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for social status when crafting psychological interventions to mitigate the negative effects of prejudice and discrimination and dismantle systems of oppression for low-status group members.

Changes in personality traits in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are extremely common throughout the course of the pathology, and these behavioral changes present themselves as challenges in clinical management and as a significant cause of caregivers’ burden. Objective: Using a personality inventory based on the five-factor model of personality, this study aimed to assesses the change in these factors by comparing the premorbid and current personality of individuals recently diagnosed with AD. Methods: A total of 30 AD patients were recruited, and their respective family members responded to the personality inventory at home through a hosted site. The patients were also divided into two groups according to the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): mild dementia (CDR 1) and moderate dementia (CDR 2). Results: Among all patients, there was a significant increase in neuroticism factor levels and a significant decrease in the extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, and socialization factors. When comparing the groups, only the extraversion factor showed a difference, with CDR 1 group accusing a higher change in scores. Higher scores in the factor neuroticism in the premorbid personality correlated with the current severity of the disease. Conclusions: This research draws the attention of family members and health professionals to changes in personality traits or behavior of relatives or patients, because it can reflect an underlying neurodegenerative process. RESUMO. Mudanças em traços de personalidade em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA) são extremamente comuns ao longo do curso da referida patologia, e essas alterações comportamentais apresentam-se como desafios no manejo clínico e como causa significativa de esgotamento dos cuidadores. Objetivo: Por meio de um inventário de personalidade baseado nos cinco fatores de personalidade, este estudo avalia a mudança nos escores desses fatores comparando a personalidade pré-mórbida e a atual dos indivíduos com DA. Métodos: O total de 30 pacientes com DA foi recrutado, e seus familiares responderam ao inventário de personalidade. Os pacientes também foram divididos em dois grupos conforme a avaliação clínica da demência: demência leve (CDR1) e demência moderada (CDR2). Resultados: Em todos os pacientes, houve aumento significativo nos escores do fator neuroticismo e decréscimos significativos nos fatores extroversão, realização, abertura e socialização. Quando feita a comparação entre grupos, apenas o fator extroversão apresentou diferença, com o grupo CDR 1 mostrando maiores mudanças nos escores. Os níveis do fator neuroticismo da personalidade pré-mórbida correlacionaram-se com a gravidade da doença no momento do diagnóstico. Conclusões: Este estudo procura esclarecer aos familiares e profissionais de saúde que mudanças em traços de personalidade de seus parentes ou pacientes podem refletir processos neurodegenerativos subjacentes.