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Structures, when subjected to nonlinear dynamic loading, drastically affect the structure’s physical properties. The structural failure occurred at the critical points of weakness during the earthquake. These structural weaknesses observed in irregular structures are mainly due to the improper distribution of mass, geometry and stiffness. Architects usually prefer irregular buildings for the aesthetics point of view. These irregular structures are more vulnerable to dynamic loading. On the other hand, the devastating failure due to bomb blast is also the concern for the study as many vital structures collapsed because of the terrorist attack. Such failures need to be checked by studying the performance of building under the earthquake and blast loading. The objectives of this paper are to compare the peak responses at each storey level of mass irregular space frame structure to the dynamic effect. Firstly, Time History of the Northridge earthquake spectra with Peak Ground Acceleration (P.G.A.) =8.660 m/s2 = 0.883g at 9.82 seconds considered and analysed. Secondly, blast material [1] composed of two different charge weights [2] 1000 kg TNT and 2500 kg TNT at a distance of 10m was considered. For responses to the structure, the most advanced numerical tool viz., Applied Element Method (AEM) has been used. It is concluded that the amplitude of Northridge earthquake’s maximum x-displacement at the terrace level is closer to maximum x-displacement for the blast load of 2500kg TNT but the time of occurrence was changed abruptly, i.e., Northridge earthquake maximum displacement occurs at the duration of nearly 10 sec, but the maximum displacement of blast load of 2500kg TNT is occurring almost at 0.2 sec, i.e., 50 times quicker in occurrence.

A multi-Storey steel frame building against earthquakes has always been a challenge for structural engineering and researchers. Many seismic protection systems have been investigated overtime where the Base Isolation system has widely been used and implemented. It works on the principle of dissociation of substructure to the superstructure. In the present paper, different multi-storey steel frame buildings are evaluated, which are mounted with Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) as a base isolator. LRB has been designed in compliance with the FEMA and ASCE guidelines. Further, a relative study is presented for evaluating the traditional fixed-base structure with a base-isolated building by performing a time history analysis. Base shear, inter-storey drift, acceleration, and displacements are examined as a result of the study. The outcome shows significant contributions towards reducing acceleration, inter-storey drift and base shear distributed over the floors. Moreover, LRB not only absorbs the seismic energy but also substantially decreases the destructive effect during an earthquake.

In automobile industries brakes play very important role in maintaining and controlling the speed of vehicle. During operation brake disk subjected to thermal and frictional loading, when disk pad squeeze the rotor disk. This thermal loading decreases the performance of disk brake. So it is important to find the best suited material, which can maintain the heat generation and sustain the other mechanical loading. The objective of present study is to find out best suited material on the basis of thermo-mechanical analysis. A CAD model of brake disk was designed on Catia and analyzed by Ansys. The model was simulated for four different materials and results were compared on the basis of total deformation, Stress and thermal behaviour of material.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between Labial Synechia & Mullerian Duct Anomalies. Material and methods:We studied 102 girls with labial synechia who visited Pediatric surgery OPD of GSVM Medical College, Kanpur India after prospective analysis of last 24 months. Each girl was undergone USG pelvic region for any evidence of Mullerian duct anomalies. Results:According to our observation, there was no relationship between Labial Synechia and Mullerian Duct Anomalies. Conclusion:Our study suggests that in young females Labial synechia is not related to Mullerian Duct Anomalies. In our opinion, for further confirming the point retrospective study enquiring patients of already diagnosed Mullerian duct anomalies for Labial synechia can be done. Our study also suggests that poor perineal hygiene and low socioeconomic status is a significant factor for development of Labial Synechia in developing countries.

In present era of extensive requirement of energy for domestic, agricultural and industrial applications it is pertinent to search for the alternate fuel. There is lots of research going on in this direction. It has been reported that the Jatropha oil and blends of Jatropha oil with diesel is a potential source of such alternate fuel to produce energy. Whereas the use of such alternate fuel is examined, it is also equally important to study the effect of utilization of such fuel on engine hardware. In this research work the engine has been operated with Jatropha oil and the blend of Jatropha oil & diesel and endurance test has been carried out. It has been found that the injectors were getting choked under prolonged use when the Jatropha oil was used in large quantity. However the use of Jatropha oil to extent of 50% diesel did not exhibit such problem in injector. Also, the dimensional measurements were carried out before and after the test. It was observed that the wear on inner surface of cylinder was uneven and the traces of pitting of material took place. The pitting of material was observed on piston head and inner surface of cylinder head also. The metallic particles were observed during Tribological study through engine oil analysis. In this investigation five numbers of self governed indirect injection (IDI) diesel engines were used. The test fuel used were Diesel, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100% Jatropha oil . The long term engine endurance test as per IS: 10000 (part IX) – 1980 on five numbers of IDI diesel engines was carried out. The results of Tribological analysis (wear and tear) with 100% Jatropha oil showed comparatively less wear and tear over the entire range of endurance test. The brake thermal efficiency was observed maximum with diesel fuel and hence the specific fuel consumption was observed minimum. The overall emission characteristics were found to be best for the case of engine fuelled with diesel over the entire range of long term endurance test.

The economy of Himachal Pradesh is dependent upon the Agriculture & Horticulture and any fluctuation in the production impacts the economy at large. Districts of Himachal Pradesh have been ranked on the basis of their levels of development obtained with the help of optimum combination of 35 indicators related to agriculture, social and industrial sectors. The district wise data in respect of the indicators published by Himachal Pradesh government for the year 2014–15 were used for all 12 districts in Himachal Pradesh for the present study. Techniques adopted by Narain et al. (1991, 1995) have been used in addition to principle component analysis and factor analysis for ranking the districts. The districts Kangra, Mandi, Sirmaur and Shimla were found to be most developed whereas the districts Lahaul and Spiti, Kinnaur, Bilaspur and Hamirpur were found to be low developed districts in the overall development.

In the present study, western districts of Uttar Pradesh were under the study area and currently in developing stage and have undertaken several policy measures to enhance the levels of the development in agriculture, social and industrial sectors. This study attempted to capture the development of districts of western Uttar Pradesh. The secondary data on a number of indicators published by Uttar Pradesh government for the year 2011–12 have been used in the study. The principal component analysis, factor analysis and techniques adopted by Narain et al. (1991) have been used. The ranking of the districts in respect of performance in agriculture, Social and Industry have been obtained in this study. The Composite Indices (C.I.) of development in respect of 18 developmental indicators in which 6 indicators were directly concerned with agricultural development and the rest of 12 indicators describe the availability of social and industrial facilities for 26 districts of western Uttar Pradesh. District Hathras (C.I.=0.81) was showed a higher level of development in Agricultural development followed by the districts Badaun (C.I.=1.14) and Bareily (C.I.=1.16) while district Sambhal (C.I.=0.88) was found to be most developed district in social sector followed by Firozabad (C.I.=1.08) and Ghaziabad (C.I.=1.09) district. G.B. Nagar (C.I.=0.57) showed a higher level of development in Industrial sector followed by Ghaziabad (C.I.=0.75) and Firozabad (C.I.=0.76) district.

Sustained crop production efforts have resulted in self sufficiency in food grains in India with production increasing to 264.77 Mt during 2013- 2014. During 2014–15, 60.18 Mt food grains comprising of 32.16 Mt of rice and 28.02 Mt of wheat was procured for the Central Pool for meeting the requirement of Public Distribution System (PDS) and other welfare schemes. Capacity available with major storage agencies in the public sector for storage of food grains is about 60 Mt thus requiring utilization of private and cooperative sector storage capacity and storing some quantity of food grains in open temporary storage structures. There are sustained efforts to augment storage capacity, both for bulk and bag storage, through private sector participation by extending various fiscal incentives. However, in order to modernize the system of handling and storage of food grains there is an urgent need to fast track the private sector participation in creating grain storage silos in procurement and consuming areas, particularly for strategic/buffer stocking of wheat. Handling, storage and transportation of food grains in India is done mostly in bags of 50 kg capacity each. Food grains are liable to deterioration due to various biotic and abiotic factors. Prerequisites of scientific storage of food grains for loss minimization is by execution of regular hygiene monitoring, prophylactic, and curative treatments. Though, there is a greater reliance on phosphine fumigation for longer preservation of food grains, an integrated approach is suggested to minimize chemical pesticide application. Recent efforts of Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority for registration of warehouses for issuing Negotiable Warehouse Receipts for easy credit to farmers on their deposited goods will go a long way in revolutionizing the food grain storage system in the country.

In this paper the nonlinear average current control for a DC-DC buck converter is presented in both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The outer voltage control loop uses a PI controller. In the present control scheme, switch current is being sensed instead of inductor current. Sensing of the switch current instead of inductor current is particularly attractive for low power applications due to its improved efficiency and the possibility to integrate the control circuitry with the power switch. Average of inductor current, output voltage along with line and load regulation is being controlled using this control scheme. The control method requires no current compensator design. A 10 W, 100 kHz buck converter with simulation results are presented.

Stacks consisting of thin CR-39 sheets sandwiched between thick Lucite and water absorbers were perpendicularly bombarded by 12C ions at 200 and 244 MeV/u. Track radius distributions representing the charge composition of the fragmented beams were automatically measured by a particle track analysis system. After analysis of the nuclear charge distributions, the total charge removal cross sections and elemental production cross sections of fragments with atomic numbers from 5 to 3, were obtained down to the lower energies (approximately 50 and 100 MeV/u, respectively). It has been found that the measured total charge removal cross section agrees with theoretical predictions within approximately 10 percent and very well with previous experiments in corresponding energy regions. Two model calculations for production of B fragment are in good agreement with our measured data while a third model overestimates it by approximately 12 percent. Theoretical cross sections for Be and Li fragments differ stongly among the different models and from measured values.

Free convection flows which arise in a thermally stratified medium are of practical importance. Interest lies in the effect of stratification on temperature and velocity fields that arise in the flow and the consequent heat transfer from a heated body. In many engineering applications coneshaped bodies are often used. Free convection flow over a vertical cone has been studied by Hering and Crosh [I], Hering [2], Lin and Chao [3], Lin [4,] Alamgir [5] and recently by Watanabe [6]. A literature review reveals that the free convection flow over a vertical cone immersed in a stratified medium has not been studied so far. This has motivated us to carry out the present analysis. Laminar free convection flows over bodies of different shapes like vertical plate, sphere and cylinder in a stratified medium have been studied by various investigators; see, for example, Chen and Eichhorn [7-8].

Binding of decamethonium to a soluble preparation from house fly head (either wild or a mutant strain) showed a single kind of binding with values for wild strain of Kd = 0.095 micrometers and Bmax = 0.22 nmol/mg protein. The mutant had a four-fold greater affinity and a seven-fold lesser amount. The binding was blocked by both nicotinic and muscarinic drugs. The decamethonium binding migrated in sucrose gradients as a single peak, with sedimentation coefficient s20,w = 12.5 S and therefore a molecular weight of 342 000. Purification by affinity chromatography was achieved with only partial loss of activity, andthe purified material demonstrated a single band on analytical disc gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate gels showed two subunits of molecular wegiths 94 000 and 64 000. Both subunits had an isoelectric point of 4.8.

Comparisons were made of purified acetylcholinesterase from the heads of wild type house flies with a mutant form (which bound organophosphates and carbamates less tightly). Using 12 substrates and 6 quaternary inhibitors, the only substantial difference was that the Km for butyrylcholine was 25 times greater for the mutant enzyme, suggesting that butyrylcholine and the organophosphates and carbamates shared a common binding site. The pure enzyme from the wild type house fly was also compared with bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. The major difference was again with butyrylcholine as substrate: the ability to acylate or deacylate was 30 times greater in the fly enzyme (the Km values differed by a factor of 4).

A gel-scanning technique involving gel staining and spectrophotometric scanning has been developed for quantitative assay of cholinesterase and other esterase isozymes. The kinetics of catalysis and inhibition can be directly determined without elution from the gel.

Multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase from various strains of houseflies, Musca domestica (L.) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with specific substrate staining and gel scanning procedures. The head enzyme was studied most extensively and four isozymes were noted in fresh tissue. The isozymes differed in their kinetic properties: Michaelis constants (K m ) for acetylthiocholine varied over a 5-fold range and bimolecular rate constants (k i ) for various inhibitors varied over a 2-fold range. The isozymes also differed in the degree of inhibition by various organophosphates in vivo. Thoracic isozymes were found to be more sensitive to inhibition than head isozymes at the LD 50 dose of several organophosphates. The soluble isozyme mixture from a resistant strain of housefly exhibited a decrease in sensitivity towards all five organophosphates examined and this decrease in sensitivity was attributable to differences in their affinity for the enzyme, as measured by the dissociation constant K d . Evidence was provided that the isozymal variations were epigenetic rather than genetic.

Acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) from the heads of house flies (Musca domestica L.) was purified by affinity chromatography. The enzyme was adsorbed from the crude extracts on an affinity column containing trimethyl(p-aminophenyl) ammonium chloride hydrochloride (Ki approximately 1.7 - 10(-4) M), covalently linked to Sepharose 4B, then eluted with a solution of a selective reversible inhibitor, 1,5-bis (4-allyl dimethyl ammoniumphenyl)-pentan-3-one dibromide (BW 284C51; Ki approximately 1 - 10(-7) M). The enzyme was purified 1223 times in one step and had a specific activity of 752 units/mg protein. Disc gel electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel revealed five protein bands, four corresponding to the enzyme activity bands and one devoid of enzyme activity. On the basis of periodic acid-Schiff stain intensity, the slower moving isozyme I and the contaminating band appear to be rich in carbohydrate. The purity of the enzyme estimated by disc gel electrophoresis was 94%. Density gradient centrifugation in sucrose showed two major species each of which ran as a single band on disc gel electrophoresis. The average molecular weights were 306000 (+/- 11 150) for heavy (s20,w = 11.5 S) form and 143000 (+/- 4700) for light (s20,w = 6.9 S) form.

Four isozymes of horse serum butyrylcholinesterase have been resolved by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with specific substrate staining and gel-scanning procedures. They differ 5-fold in their Km for butyrylthiocholine and 5 and 7-fold in reactivity with two organophosphates, malaoxon and Tetram.

1. 1. Cholinesterase activity in insect head extracts was investigated by disc electrophoresis followed by spectrophotometric analysis. The supernatant of 100 000 × g , 1 h, revealed the presence of four isozymes in the housefly, two in the American cockroach and only one in the southern army worm. 2. 2. The four isozymes, present in the head extract of houseflies, were totally inhibited by 10 μM guthoxon or eserine but were unaffected by 10 μ M p- chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) or tri -o- cresylphosphate . All four isozymes had higher activity with acetylthiocholine than butyrylthiocholine as substrates; indicating they are isozymes of acetylcholinesterase. 3. 3. Centrifugation at 200 000 × g for 4 h precipitated 66% of the acetylcholin-esterase originally present in the supernatant of 100 000 × g for 1 h but the four isozymes remained soluble and were estimated to have molecular weights of less than 500 000. 4. 4. Two methods of gel staining were used to detect esterase activity, the direct-coloring thiocholine method using acetylthiocholine as a substrated and the modified Gomori method using α-naphthylacetate. The first proved to be effective for detecting cholinesterase activity; but at least two of the eserine-sensitive bands found by the technique of Gomori 20 were not cholinesterase.