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This paper presents the global three-dimensional morphology and seasonal variation of the scintillation index at E-layer altitudes varying from 70 to 140 km. An attempt is conducted to analyze the scintillation distribution in different latitude bins and to explore solar and geomagnetic activity-dependent characteristic of E-layer scintillations. The scintillation index is derived from the signal-to-noise ratio intensity fluctuations of L1 channels in GPS radio occultation (RO) using the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) during 2007–2014. The results show that the summer scintillation index has the greatest values, followed by the winter, autumn, and spring months. The summer scintillation is in close connection with the solar radiation intensity and sunshine duration, but it exhibits seasonal asymmetry whereby the summer scintillation in the northern hemisphere is more intense than in the southern hemisphere. Meanwhile, the scintillation in the autumn hemisphere is slightly more intense than in the spring hemisphere in approximately midlatitude regions during most daytimes. The conspicuous scintillation activity in the middle and low latitudes starts post-sunrise and often persists until post-midnight. Some observed results show that the greatest scintillation occurrence rate of the latitude profile occurs at approximately sunset and at an altitude range of 100–120 km in the middle-low latitudes. Additionally, the enhanced solar activity possibly can result in the slight decrease of scintillation occurrence, and geomagnetic activity has slight effect on E-layer scintillation in most cases.

In this paper, a case of pleural amoebic empyema and its diagnosis and treatment were reported.

Heating system is an important part of home life. Electrical heating system replaces the cogeneration heating system for the reason of new requirements for environment protection and new energy to be grid-connected. Although many old coal-fired boilers are replaced by electric boilers, but there are still many difficulties for all residents to use the centralized heating system. For those areas that do not have the conditions for deployment of central heating system, residents there can only use their household heating system. This paper will present and discuss a smart home heating model with consideration of the random fluctuating temperature in Xinjiang. The proposed model could control the peak load, improve the user's temperature effect and reduce the running electricity cost as well. Finally, the simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed cooperative optimal operation model.

With the rapid development of wind power industries in Xinjiang, the large-scale abandoned wind power caused by insufficient local consumption capacity has become increasingly prominent. In winter, the operation of traditional cogeneration units take up a lot of load space, which makes the wind aggravation phenomenon more serious. This paper adopts a new heating system based on wind power and regenerative electric boiler combined heating to solve this problem. Firstly, the feasibility of developing wind power for heating in Xinjiang is analyzed. Then, based on the characteristics of randomness and uncontrollability of wind power, the wind power coordinated with regenerative electric boiler for heating optimization scheduling is established with consideration of the robust constraints,. Finally, an example analysis of a new electric heating project in Xinjiang area is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and the economic and environmental benefits of using electric heating in Xinjiang.

L5 signal is the third civilian signal introduced in the process of GPS modernization. Compared with the traditional C/A code signal, message format, PRN code transmission rate and length of L5 signal have been improved. In particular, the pilot component without data transmission is added, making the navigation signal be more easily collected by the receiver. According to the structural characteristics of L5 signal, this paper proposes a fast acquisition method based on the folded single pilot component, which can effectively overcome the Cross Ambiguity Function (CAF) energy loss caused by the polarity reversal of NH codes.

The rugged surface of an urban area due to varying buildings can interact with solar beams and affect both the magnitude and spatiotemporal distribution of surface solar fluxes. Here we systematically examine the impact of buildings on downward surface solar fluxes over urban Beijing by using a 3-D radiation parameterization that accounts for 3-D building structures versus the conventional plane-parallel scheme. We find that the resulting downward surface solar flux deviations between the 3-D and the plane-parallel schemes are generally ±1–10 W m−2 at 800-m grid resolution and within ±1 W m−2 at 4-km resolution. Pairs of positive negative flux deviations on different sides of buildings are resolved at 800-m resolution, while they offset each other at 4-km resolution. Flux deviations from the unobstructed horizontal surface at 4-km resolution are positive around noon but negative in the early morning and late afternoon. The corresponding deviations at 800-m resolution, in contrast, show diurnal variations that are strongly dependent on the location of the grids relative to the buildings. Both the magnitude and spatiotemporal variations of flux deviations are largely dominated by the direct flux. Furthermore, we find that flux deviations can potentially be an order of magnitude larger by using a finer grid resolution. Atmospheric aerosols can reduce the magnitude of downward surface solar flux deviations by 10–65 %, while the surface albedo generally has a rather moderate impact on flux deviations. The results imply that the effect of buildings on downward surface solar fluxes may not be critically significant in mesoscale atmospheric models with a grid resolution of 4 km or coarser. However, the effect can play a crucial role in meso-urban atmospheric models as well as microscale urban dispersion models with resolutions of 1 m–1 km.

Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum and Cotesia plutellae was investigated at 25°C in the laboratory, by exposing the third instar larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella to both species together, either species alone or by exposing the host larvae already parasitized by one species, at different intervals, to the other. When host larvae were exposed simultaneously to two species in one arena, parasitism rates of the host by each species were not reduced by the presence of the other species; joint parasitism rate by two species was not significantly higher than that by either parasitoid alone. Both parasitoids could lay eggs into the host larvae which had previously been parasitized by the other species, leading to the occurrence of multiparasitized hosts. When host larvae were parasitized first by D. semiclausum and then being followed within 1–2 h by exposing to C. plutellae, or vice versa, ensuing parasitoid cocoons from the multiparasitized host larvae were nearly all C. plutellae. When host larvae were parasitized initially by C. plutellae and then being followed by D. semiclausum two or more days later, all parasitoids ensued from the multiparasitized hosts were C. plutellae. In contrast, when host larvae were parasitized initially by D. semiclausum and then being followed by C. plutellae two or more days later, most host larvae could not survive to prepupae and most of the ensuing parasitoid adults from the surviving hosts were D. semiclausum. Dissections of host larvae at various time intervals after parasitization by the two parasitoids showed that development of both parasitoids in multiparasitized hosts were somewhat arrested, and that the first instar larvae of C. plutellae could initiate a physical attack on the larvae of D. semiclausum and remove the latter.

The possible candidates of $S-$wave dibaryons with various strange numbers are studied under the chiral SU(3) quark model. It is shown that there are three types of baryon-baryon bound states. The states of the first type are called deuteron-like states. If chiral fields can provide enough attraction between interacting baryons, these systems, such as $[\Xi\Omega - \Xi^{*}\Omega]_{(1,1/2)}$, $[\Xi\Xi]_{(0,1)}$, $[N \Omega]_{(2,1/2)}$ would be weakly bound. The states of the second type such as $[\Sigma^{*} \Delta]_{(0,5/2)}$, $[\Sigma^{*} \Delta]_{(3,1/2)}$, $[\Delta\Delta]_{(0,3)}$ and $[\Delta\Delta]_{(3,0)}$ are named as $\Delta\Delta$-like states. Due to the highly symmetric character in orbital space, these systems could be relatively deeply bound, but the strong decay modes of composed baryons cause the widths of the states much broader. The states of the third type are entitled as $\Omega\Omega$-like states. Due to the same symmetry character shown in the systems of the second type and the only weak decay mode of composed baryons, for instance in $[\Omega\Omega]_{(0,0)}$, or at most one strong decay mode of composed baryons, for example in $[\Xi^{*}\Omega]_{(0,1/2)}$, these states are deeply bound states with narrow widths. The states of latter two types are most interesting new dibaryon states and should be carefully investigated both theoretically and experimentally.

The preliminary results of several on-going AGN programs using the 2.16-m telescope at Xinglong Station of Beijing Astronomical Observatory are described. About 150 new AGNs including QSOs, BL Lac objects, and Seyferts have been discovered in the last two years.

We estimate biomass burning emissions of black carbon (BC) in the western United States (WUS) for May–October 2006 by inverting surface BC concentrations from the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environment (IMPROVE) network using a global chemical transport model. We first improve the spatiotemporal distributions of the BC emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFEDv2) using 8-day active fire counts from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from a 3 yr period (2005–2007). The resulting emissions are then used as the a priori for the inversion analyses. The adjustment primarily shifts emissions from late to early and middle summer (33% decrease in September-October and 56% increase in June–August). The adjusted emissions lead to non-negligible increases in the simulated surface BC concentrations in early and middle summer at sites below 2 km. We conduct analytical inversions at both 2° × 2.5° and 0.5° × 0.667° (nested over North America) horizontal resolutions. Simulated surface BC concentrations with the a posteriori emissions capture the observed major fire episodes at many sites and substantial enhancements at the 1–2 and 2–3 km altitude ranges. The a posteriori emissions lead to substantial bias reductions in the simulated surface BC concentrations (~ 50% on average) at both resolutions and significant increases in the Taylor skill scores (86% at 2° × 2.5° and 132% at 0.5° × 0.667°). We find that the inversion is rather sensitive to the model resolution. The a posteriori biomass burning emissions increase by factors of 4.7 from the inversion at 2° × 2.5° and 2.8 at 0.5° × 0.667°, while as the a posteriori anthropogenic emissions decrease by 48% and 36%, respectively, relative to their corresponding a priori emissions. The two a posteriori estimates differ largest in biomass burning emissions in California and the Southwest (a factor of 5.9) and in the Pacific Northwest (a factor of 2).

A three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3-DVAR) algorithm for aerosols in a WRF/Chem model is presented. The WRF/Chem model uses the MOSAIC (Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry) scheme, which explicitly treats eight major species (elemental/black carbon, organic carbon, nitrate, sulfate, chloride, ammonium, sodium, and the sum of other inorganic, inert mineral and metal species) and represents size distributions using a sectional method with four size bins. The 3-DVAR scheme is formulated to take advantage of the MOSAIC scheme in providing comprehensive analyses of specie concentrations and size distributions. To treat the large number of state variables associated with the MOSAIC scheme, this 3-DVAR algorithm first determines the analysis increments of the total mass concentrations of the eight species, defined as the sum of the mass concentrations across all size bins, and then distributes the analysis increments over four size bins according to the background error variances. The number concentrations for each size bin are adjusted based on the ratios between the mass and number concentrations of the background state. This system has been applied to the analysis and prediction of PM2.5 in the Los Angeles basin during the CalNex 2010 field experiment, with assimilation of surface PM2.5 and speciated concentration observations. The results demonstrate that the data assimilation significantly reduces the errors in comparison with a down scaling simulation and improved forecasts of the concentrations of PM2.5 as well as individual species for up to 24 h. Some implementation difficulties and limitations of the system are also discussed.

The undispatchability of wind farm presents lots of integration problems to safe operation of power system. Designing energy storage system for Dispatchability of wind farm is an effective integration solution. This paper presents a novel sizing method of energy storage system for dispatchability of wind farm with different confidence level. The forecast data of wind power is generated base on persistence method, and then based on forecast data a dispatch strategy is proposed for the minimization of energy storage size. For the compromise between dispatchability of wind farm and energy storage size, different confidence level of dispatchability can be defined as constraint and constraint function of energy storage rated power and capacity is established with non-parametric estimation and curve fitting. The investment cost model considering lifetime of energy storage is proposed as objective function with constraint function. For obtaining optimal energy storage size, genetic algorithm is used to solve the non-linear objective function. Finally, the sizing method is illustrated by an example adopting lithium-ion battery energy storage system.

In this study, the combination of BGK scheme with turbulence models is investigated. To account for the effect of turbulent fluctuations, the physical particle collision time is modified with the turbulence relaxation time. Several traditional turbulence models are considered, including the S‐A model, the Abid model and the SST model, as well as the transition model. The scheme is validated with several typical flows, such as the shock/boundary layer interaction, the supersonic flow near a compression corner, and the subsonic transition flows on a flat plate. The computations show good performance of the BGK scheme when dealing with engineering turbulence problems.

The column abundance of NO3 was measured over Table Mountain Facility, CA (34.4° N, 117.7° W) from May 2003 through September 2004, using lunar occultation near full moon with a grating spectrometer. The NO3 column retrieval was performed with the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique using both the 623 and 662 nm NO3 absorption bands. Other spectral features such as Fraunhofer lines and absorption from water vapor and oxygen were removed using solar spectra obtained at different airmass factors. We observed a seasonal variation, with nocturnally averaged NO3 columns between 5–7×1013 molec cm−2 during October through March, and 5–22×1013 molec cm−2 during April through September. A subset of the data, with diurnal variability vastly different from the temporal profile obtained from one-dimensional stratospheric model calculations, clearly has boundary layer contributions; this was confirmed by simultaneous long-path DOAS measurements. However, even the NO3 columns that did follow the modeled time evolution were often much larger than modeled stratospheric partial columns constrained by realistic temperatures and ozone concentrations. This discrepancy is attributed to substantial tropospheric NO3 in the free troposphere, which may have the same time dependence as stratospheric NO3.

It is well known that the three-dimensional dimension of laser speckle is a critical parameter in laser holographic interferometry, laser speckle photography, and holospeckle interferometry. In this paper a statistical analysis for computing the three-dimensional dimension of laser speckle is presented. Explicit formulas have been derived for laser speckle in a free space from a circular scattering area along with some supporting results from an experimental investigation.

It is shown that the data on the pion charge form factor admit the possibility for a substantial sea-quark components in the pion wave function. If the charge form factor is calculated with instant form kinematics in a constituent quark model that is extended to include explicit $(q\bar q)^2$ components in the pion wave function, that component will give the dominant contribution to the calculated $\pi^+$ charge form factor at large values of momentum transfer. The present experimental values $Q^2$ can be described well with $(q\bar q)^2$ component admixtures of up to 50%. The sensitivity of the calculated $\pi^+$ charge form factor to whether one of the quarks or one of the antiquarks is taken to be in the P-state is small., Comment: 14 pages

The contributions from the qqqq (q) over bar components to the magnetic moments of the octet as well as the Delta(++) and Omega(-) decuplet baryons are calculated for the configurations that are expected to have the lowest energy if the hyperfine interaction depends on both spin and flavor. The contributions from the u (u) over bar ,d (d) over bar, and the s (s) over bar components are given separately. It is shown that addition of qqqq (q) over bar admixtures to the ground state baryons can improve the overall description of the magnetic moments of the baryon octet and decuplet in the quark model without SU(3) flavor symmetry breaking, beyond that of the different constituent masses of the strange and light-flavor quarks. The explicit flavor (and spin) wave functions for all the possible configurations of the qqqq (q) over bar components with light and strange q (q) over bar pairs are given for the baryon octet and decuplet. Admixtures of similar to 10% of the qqqq (q) over bar configuration where the flavor-spin symmetry is [4](FS)[22](F)[22](S), which is likely to have the lowest energy, in particular reduces the deviation from the empirical values of the magnetic moments Sigma(-) and the Xi(0) compared with the static qqq quark model.

The role of 5-quark components in the pion and electromagnetic decays and transition form factors of the N(1440) is explored. The $qqqq\bar q$ components, where the 4-quark subsystem has the flavor-spin symmetries $[4]_{FS}[22]_F[22]_S$ and $[4]_{FS}[31]_F[31]_S$, which are expected to have the lowest energy of all $qqqq\bar q$ configurations, are considered in detail with a nonrelativistic quark model. The matrix elements between the 5-quark components of the N(1440) and the nucleon, $qqqq\bar q\to qqqq\bar q$, play a minor role in these decays, while the transition matrix elements $qqqq\bar q\to qqq$ and $qqq\to qqqq\bar q$ that involve quark antiquark annihilation are very significant. Both for the electromagnetic and strong decay the change from the valence quark model value is dominated by the confinement triggered $q\bar q$ annihilation transitions. In the case of pion decay the calculated decay width is enhanced substantially both by the direct $q\bar q \to \pi$ and also by the confinement triggered $q\bar q\to \pi$ transitions. Agreement with the empirical value for the pion decay width may be reached with a $\sim$ 30% $qqqq\bar q$ component in the N(1440).

Five-quark $\mathit{qqqq}\overline{q}$ components in the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1232)$ are shown to contribute significantly to $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1232)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay through quark-antiquark annihilation transitions. These involve the overlap between the qqq and the $\mathit{qqqq}\overline{q}$ components and may be triggered by the confining interaction between the quarks. With a ~10% admixture of five-quark components in the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1232)$ the decay width can be larger by factors ~2 -- 3 over that calculated in the nonrelativistic quark model with three valence quarks, depending on the details of the confining interaction. The effect of transitions between the $\mathit{qqqq}\overline{q}$ components themselves on the calculated decay width is however small. The large contribution of the quark-antiquark annihilation transitions thus may compensate the underprediction of the width of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1232)$ by the valence quark model, once the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1232)$ contains $\mathit{qqqq}\overline{q}$ components with ~10% probability.

We study the binding energy and the width of the $��^+$ in nuclei, associated to the $K N$ and $ K ��N$ components. The first one leads to negligible contributions while the second one leads to a sizeable attraction, enough to bind the $��^+$ in nuclei. Pauli blocking and binding effects on the $K N$ decay reduce considerably the $��^+$ decay width in nuclei and medium effects associated to the $ K ��N$ component also lead to a very small width, as a consequence of which one finds separation between the bound levels considerably larger than the width of the states., Presentation in the 10th International Baryon Conference BARYON04

This paper describes a high performance liquid chromatographic method for analysis of organic additives in copper-plating brightener. The copper-plating brightener was filtered through 0.45 microgram micropore membrane and determined on a Spherisorb-C6H5 column, with V(methanol):V(water) = 30:70 mobile phase at the flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, and detected at UV 210 nm. 2-benzimidazolethiol, ethylene thiourea, 1-propanesulfonic acid 3,3'-dithio-bis-disodium salt were separated and determined. The recoveries were more than 99% with CV less than 1%. The method is simple and rapid.

In the framework of the resonating-group method, the interactions of decuplet baryon-baryon systems with strangeness numbers s= -1 and s= -5 are investigated by employing the chiral SU(3) quark model. The effective baryon-baryon interactions deduced from quark-quark interactions and scattering cross sections of the Sigma*Delta and Xi*Omega systems are calculated.

Anisodamine is a natural alkaloid drug isolated from the plant Anisodus tanguticus growing in western China. The chemical structure and pharmacological action are just like the cholinergic receptor blocking agents atropine or scopolamine. The specific characteristic of the drug is being able to relieve the dangerous situation of microcirculatory failure, especially in case of DIC or renal failure. The prognosis of the patients will be quite good. Another characteristic of the drug is that no serious toxic reaction occurs even in successive doses given intravenously up to 500 mg a day. This is about fifty times greater than a common dose of 10 mg. Since we begin with the drug as a routine medication for the symptomatic treatment of renal failure, DIC bleeding, and microcirculatory failure, we should say that the specific antivenin and anisodamine are two treasure drugs for snakebites.

Cladistic analyses of plastid DNA sequences rbcL and trnL-F are presented separately and combined for 48 genera of Amaryllidaceae and 29 genera of related asparagalean families. The combined analysis is the most highly resolved of the three and provides good support for the monophyly of Amaryllidaceae and indicates Agapanthaceae as its sister family. Alliaceae are in turn sister to the Amaryllidaceae/Agapanthaceae clade. The origins of the family appear to be western Gondwanaland (Africa), and infrafamilial relationships are resolved along biogeographic lines. Tribe Amaryllideae, primarily South African, is sister to the rest of Amaryllidaceae; this tribe is supported by numerous morphological synapomorphies as well. The remaining two African tribes of the family, Haemantheae and Cyrtantheae, are well supported, but their position relative to the Australasian Calostemmateae and a large clade comprising the Eurasian and American genera, is not yet clear. The Eurasian and American elements of the family are each monophyletic sister clades. Internal resolution of the Eurasian clade only partially supports currently accepted tribal concepts, and few conclusions can be drawn on the relationships of the genera based on these data. A monophyletic Lycorideae (Central and East Asian) is weakly supported. Galanthus and Leucojum (Galantheae pro parte) are supported as sister genera by the bootstrap. The American clade shows a higher degree of internal resolution. Hippeastreae (minus Griffinia and Worsleya) are well supported, and Zephyranthinae are resolved as a distinct subtribe. An Andean clade marked by a chromosome number of 2n = 46 (and derivatives thereof) is resolved with weak support. The plastid DNA phylogenies are discussed in the context of biogeography and character evolution in the family.

Stress 70 molecular chaperones are found in all the major subcellular compartments of plant cells, and they are encoded by a multigene family. Twelve members of this family have been identified in spinach. The expression of the stress 70 molecular chaperones in response to heat shock is well-known and it appears that low temperature exposure can also stimulate their expression. However, it has been difficult to determine which member(s) of the family are specifically responsive to low temperature. This study was initiated to determine the levels of expression of the stress 70 family members and other selected chaperones in response to high and low temperature exposure. During heat shock of spinach, of the 10 stress 70 family members that were examined, all 10 showed increased RNA levels after one hour, and all showed down-regulation at longer durations of high temperature exposure. However, the response to low temperature was quite variable and complex. Some members were induced, some were transiently up-regulated, while others showed sustained up-regulation at a low non-freezing temperature. In comparison, the entirety of the molecular chaperone expression response of cold-sensitive tomato at the same low non-freezing temperature was even more dramatic with 11 of 15 molecular chaperones tested exhibiting elevated expression. The increased chaperone expression is consistent with the hypothesis that the biogenesis or stability of some proteins is compromised at low non-freezing temperatures. In contrast, mild freezing sufficient to cause injury of spinach did not materially activate chaperone expression.

The results of the single-relative analysis on the three climatic factors of air temperature, pressure and relative humidity to the attack of acute myocardial infarction in Shenyang city located in the cold Northeastern China area, showed that the attack was more frequent in summer time with high temperature, humidity and low air pressure. The attack was positively related to temperature (r = 0.7463 P0.01) and humidity (r = 0.6466 P0.01) while is negatively related to air pressure (r = -0.7300 P0.05). And specifically, in Shenyang area the incidence was obviously increased with average temperature20 degrees C, air pressure1010, and relative humidity70%. Patients should reduce the activities in high or low temperature environment. Proper precautions should be taken well in advance to avoid the attack on the patients in a particular season. And different nursing measures should be taken in different seasons to comply with changes of climate, for averting the attacks caused by the climate.

The evolution of the baryonic intergalactic medium (IGM) between the epoch of QSO formation (z ~ 6) to the epoch of intense galaxy formation (Z ~ 1) is studied.

Changes in the contents of DNA and RNA, RNA species, the synthesis rates of DNA and RNA, and the activity of DNase and RNase were investigated in the callus of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Willow Leaf) during subculture and differentiation. The contents of DNA and RNA were higher in differentiating callus than that in subcultured callus. After day 12, the contents of DNA and RNA in differentiating callus rose continuously while the contents of DNA and RNA in subcultured callus remained constant. Changes in RNA species and its relationship to total RNA level were also analyzed. At the stage of shoot primordium formation in differentiating callus, the activity of RNase increased markedly and the synthesis rate of RNA increased continuously; while the RNase activity and the synthesis rate of RNA in subcultured callus were much lower during the same period. During the period of shoot growth, the synthesis rate of DNA in differentiating callus was elevated compared to that in subcultured callus. The results above suggested that the metabolism of nucleic acids in differentiating callus was more active than that in subcultured callus.

The effect of the finite extent of the optically radiating region of SS433 is investigated. Light travel time effects are small, but a slightly improved fit to the observational data can be obtained with a dimension oflo≃1015 cm for the optical jets.

The theoretical basis of the new technique called "holospeckle interferometry" is laid out. Several schemes for this new technique are presented along with demonstrations showing its various applications.