152 results on '"Prasad KS"'
Search Results
2. Evaluation of Salivary Components and Dental Plaque in Relation to Dental Caries Status in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Author
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Anandakrishna, Latha, primary, Manjushree, R, additional, Shetty, Ashmitha K, additional, and Prasad KS, Keerthi, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Consent and pain practice
- Author
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Surange, PankajN, primary, Bhat, Swati, additional, Bichal, PavanKumar, additional, S Prasad, KS R, additional, and Jyotinagar, HarshaPriya, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Seasonal Diversity of mosquito species in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India
- Author
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Sreepada, KS, primary, Ishwara Prasad, KS, additional, and Govindarajan, R, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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5. Effect of Streamlined Fins on the Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics in Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers for Super Critical Carbon dioxide Cycle
- Author
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V. Krishna, Kamal Raj K, T.R. Seetharam, Jeevan Devagiri, Rajendra Prasad Ks, and Ganesh Pratheek Km
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Pressure drop ,Printed circuit board ,Materials science ,Heat transfer ,Heat exchanger ,Composite material ,Carbon cycle - Published
- 2019
6. The management and outcome for patients with chronic subdural hematoma: A prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study in the United Kingdom
- Author
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Brennan, PM, Kolias, AG, Joannides, AJ, Shapey, J, Marcus, HJ, Gregson, BA, Grover, PJ, Hutchinson, PJ, Coulter, IC, Afshari, FT, Ahmed, AI, Alli, S, Al-Mahfoudh, R, Bal, J, Belli, A, Borg, A, Bulters, D, Carleton-Bland, N, Chari, A, Coope, D, Cowie, CJ, Critchley, G, Dambatta, S, D'Aquino, D, Dhamija, B, Dobson, G, Fam, MD, Glancz, L, Gray, WP, Halliday, J, Hamdan, A, Hill, CS, Jamjoom, AAB, Jones, TL, Joshi, SM, Kailaya-Vasan, A, Karavasili, V, Khan, SA, King, AT, Kuenzel, A, Livermore, LJ, Lo, W, Martin, J, Matloob, S, Mitchell, P, Mowle, D, Narayanamurthy, H, Nelson, RJ, Ngoga, D, Noorani, I, O'Reilly, G, Othman, H, Owusu-Agyemang, K, Manjunath Prasad, KS, Plaha, P, Pollock, J, Prasad, KS, Price, R, Pringle, C, Ray, A, Reaper, J, Scotton, W, Simms, N, Smith, S, Statham, P, Steele, L, St George, J, Stovell, MG, Tarnaris, A, Teo, M, Thomson, S, Thorne, L, Vintu, M, Whitfield, P, Wilson, M, Wilby, M, Woodfield, J, and Zaben, M
- Subjects
chronic subdural hematoma ,neurosurgery ,outcomes ,vascular disorders - Abstract
OBJECTIVESymptomatic chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) will become an increasingly common presentation in neurosurgical practice as the population ages, but quality evidence is still lacking to guide the optimal management for these patients. The British Neurosurgical Trainee Research Collaborative (BNTRC) was established by neurosurgical trainees in 2012 to improve research by combining the efforts of trainees in each of the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland's neurosurgical units (NSUs). The authors present the first study by the BNTRC that describes current management and outcomes for patients with CSDH throughout the UK and Ireland. This provides a resource both for current clinical practice and future clinical research on CSDH.METHODSData on management and outcomes for patients with CSDH referred to UK and Ireland NSUs were collected prospectively over an 8-month period and audited against criteria predefined from the literature: NSU mortality < 5%, NSU morbidity < 10%, symptomatic recurrence within 60 days requiring repeat surgery < 20%, and unfavorable functional status (modified Rankin Scale score of 4–6) at NSU discharge < 30%.RESULTSData from 1205 patients in 26 NSUs were collected. Bur-hole craniostomy was the most common procedure (89%), and symptomatic recurrence requiring repeat surgery within 60 days was observed in 9% of patients. Criteria on mortality (2%), rate of recurrence (9%), and unfavorable functional outcome (22%) were met, but morbidity was greater than expected (14%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that failure to insert a drain intraoperatively independently predicted recurrence and unfavorable functional outcome (p = 0.011 and p = 0.048, respectively). Increasing patient age (p < 0.00001), postoperative bed rest (p = 0.019), and use of a single bur hole (p = 0.020) independently predicted unfavorable functional outcomes, but prescription of high-flow oxygen or preoperative use of antiplatelet medications did not.CONCLUSIONSThis is the largest prospective CSDH study and helps establish national standards. It has confirmed in a real-world setting the effectiveness of placing a subdural drain. This study identified a number of modifiable prognostic factors but questions the necessity of some common aspects of CSDH management, such as enforced postoperative bed rest. Future studies should seek to establish how practitioners can optimize perioperative care of patients with CSDH to reduce morbidity as well as minimize CSDH recurrence. The BNTRC is unique worldwide, conducting multicenter trainee-led research and audits. This study demonstrates that collaborative research networks are powerful tools to interrogate clinical research questions.
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- 2016
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7. ISOLATION OF PIGMENT-PRODUCING BACTERIA AND ITS ANTIBIOTIC POTENTIAL OF THE EXTRACTED PIGMENT
- Author
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Chandran, Nair Sreecha, primary, Prabha Kumari, C., primary, Pillai, Reshma K., primary, and Arya Prasad, KS, primary
- Published
- 2019
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8. PRODUCTION AND BIOACTIVE SCREENING OF NANOPARTICLES PRODUCED FROM PLANT EXTARCTS
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Chandran, Nair Sreecha, primary, Prabha Kumari, C., primary, Arya Prasad, KS, primary, and Pillai, Reshma RK, primary
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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9. Estimation of Deep Percolation in Sandy-Loam Soil using Water-balance Approach
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Hari Prasad Ks, Ojha Csp, and Upreti H
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Water balance ,Hydraulic engineering ,Evapotranspiration ,Loam ,Lysimeter ,Environmental science ,Gravimetric analysis ,Soil science ,Groundwater recharge ,Water content - Abstract
The most reliable method used to estimate deep percolation is using Lysimeter which proves to be expensive and time consuming as well. In this study, deep percolation has been estimated by using water balance method. The experimental setup consisted of two lysimeters in the Hydraulic Engineering field lab, I.I.T., Roorkee in which maize crop was grown. Regular measurements of soil moisture were made at the depths 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40- 60 cm, 60-80 cm and 80-100 cm using gravimetric method. The evapotranspiration estimates were determined using Penman-Moneith equation. The deep percolation is calculated using the water-balance approach. The deep percolation calculated using the water-balance approach is comparable to the observed values of deep percolation which are obtained from the lysimeters.
- Published
- 2015
10. Evaluating Irrigation Scheduling Efficiency of Paddy Rice and Berseem Fodder Crops in Sandy Loam Soil
- Author
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Kaushika Gs, Ojha Csp, Samuel Dh, Hari Prasad Ks, and Adeloye Aj
- Subjects
Irrigation ,Agronomy ,Loam ,Deficit irrigation ,Irrigation scheduling ,Environmental science ,Irrigation management ,Surface irrigation ,Soil salinity control ,Water content - Abstract
In this study, irrigation scheduling efficiency of two field crops; paddy rice and berseem fodder, grown in unpuddled sandy loam soil for a typical existing and imposed irrigations has been evaluated using the WINISAREG water balance and irrigation scheduling model that was calibrated and validated using data collected at field experimental plot in Roorkee, India. During the 1st season of each crop, typical irrigation schedules as practiced in the farmers’ field was followed while in the 2nd crop season, a reduced irrigation schedule was imposed aiming for water saving. Water balance components were monitored daily during the crop growth periods. Deep percolation was measured using drainage type lysimeters. Soil moisture content in the root zone was observed using soil moisture profile probe (PR2/6). The crops were provided with all the necessary inputs including fertilizer, pesticide and weeding operations following agronomic practices of the area. The results show that nearly 82-87% of the input water goes to deep percolation during paddy season-1 (continuous irrigation period) while 64%-70% of input water was lost through deep percolation during berseem season-1. Due to the imposed irrigation, the deep percolation has been reduced to nearly 78-80% of input water during paddy season-2 and 42-52% of input water during berseem season-2 besides large input water saving in the crop seasons. The large input water saving was due to alternative irrigation scheduling strategy whose efficiency has been significantly improved. Irrigation scheduling efficiency has been increased from 9.65% to 30.5% for paddy and 23% to 92% for berseem. In particular, comparative irrigation water saving of 64-74% in paddy season and 82-88% in berseem season was achieved with nominal yield penalty. This study shows the possibility of large volume of water saving in water intensive crops such as paddy rice and berseem fields under un-puddled sandy loam soils by considering a reduced irrigation scheduling option.
- Published
- 2015
11. To assess the knowledge, level of awareness, and attitude on biomedical waste management among practicing dentists in Bengaluru city: A cross-sectional study
- Author
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Bullappa, Deepa, primary, Lakshmikantha, Ramesh, additional, Kanyadara, Jyotsna, additional, Vanishree, N, additional, Keerthi Prasad, KS, additional, Naveen, N, additional, and Anushri, M, additional
- Published
- 2016
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12. Assessment of musculoskeletal pain among postgraduate students and faculties of dental colleges in Bengaluru city, India: A cross-sectional study
- Author
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Vanishree, N, primary, Bharath, C, additional, Naveen, N, additional, Bullappa, Deepa, additional, Keerthi Prasad, KS, additional, and Bharathi, RV, additional
- Published
- 2016
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13. Thermal stability of nano structured fly ash synthesized by high energy ball milling
- Author
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Rao, JB, Narayanaswami, P, and Prasad, KS
- Subjects
Nano materials, Particulates and Powders, XRD- analysis ,Fly ash - Abstract
In this paper, an attempt has been made to modify the micro sized fly ash into nano structured fly ash using High Energy Ball Mill. The smooth, glassy and an inert surface of the fly ash can be altered to a rough and more reactive state by this technique. Ball milling was carried out for the total duration of 30 hours. The sample was taken out after every 5 hours of milling for characterizing. The nano structured fly ash was characterized for its crystallite size, lattice strain and percentage of crystallinity by using X-Ray Diffractometer. It was found that for the 30 hrs milling, the crystallite size was reduced from 92 nm to 29 nm and the percentage of crystallinity got reduced from 63% to 38%. The size, shape and texture of the fresh as well as nano structured fly ash were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The fresh fly ash particles are mostly spherical in shape. The shape of the 30h milled particles is irregular and the surface morphology is rough. Isothermal annealing was carried out on 30 h ball milled fly ash from 100 to 800 0C for various times. The initial grain size of 29 nm for as-milled sample increased to 30.9 nm and 31.7 nm after annealing for 8 h at 100 and 200 0C respectively. Whereas this trend was slightly higher for higher temperatures, this increase was in the order of 29 nm to 33.43 nm, 35.35 nm, 36.53 nm, 37.78 nm, 40.42 nm, 41.93 nm after annealing for 4 h at 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 0C respectively. Hence, small crystallite size enhancement with good amount of residual strain recovery was observed during the isothermal annealing. Keywords: Nano materials, Particulates and Powders, XRD- analysis; Fly ash.
- Published
- 2010
14. Microstructural characteristics of shock consolidated 2124 Al alloy compacts
- Author
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SIVAKUMAR, K, PRASAD, KS, BHAT, TB, and RAMAKRISHNAN, P
- Abstract
2124 alloy powders have been compacted using explosive compaction. The effect of process parameters like explosive pad thickness and impact energy imparted to the powders on the microstructure and hardness across the cross-section of the compact have been investigated. When the thickness of the explosive pad was increased to 9.5 mm, three distinct microstructures with different hardness values were found across the cross-section of the compact. The size and shape of the theta phase precipitates were different in the fine grained structure when compared with that of the original particles and triple point junctions. Central porosity and pipe formation were observed when the thickness of the explosive pad was increased beyond 14.5 mm. Variation in the microstructure of the compact across the cross-section disappeared when the diameter of the compact was increased from 11 to 25 mm.
- Published
- 1997
15. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II) and Ru(III) Complexes with Clomiphene Citrate
- Author
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Prasad, KS, primary and Kumar, LS, additional
- Published
- 2011
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16. Oxovanadium Complexes with Bidentate N, O Ligands: Synthesis,Characterization, DNA Binding, Nuclease Activity and Antimicrobial Studies
- Author
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Prasad, KS, primary and Kumar, LS, additional
- Published
- 2011
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17. Integrin tyrosine phosphorylation in platelet signaling
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Phillips, David R, primary, Prasad, KS Srinivasa, additional, Manganello, Jeanne, additional, Bao, Ming, additional, and Nannizzi-Alaimo, Lisa, additional
- Published
- 2001
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18. Effect of the antitumor antibiotic chromomycin A3 on the humoral immune response in rats
- Author
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Nayak R, Sirsi M, and Prasad Ks
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Erythrocytes ,Time Factors ,medicine.drug_class ,Guinea Pigs ,Immunology ,Antibiotics ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Hemolysin Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Immune system ,Antigen ,Immunity ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Chromomycins ,Animals ,Antigens ,Microbiology & Cell Biology ,Sheep ,Rats, Inbred Strains ,Rats ,Hemagglutinins ,Infectious Diseases ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Antibody Formation ,Female ,Parasitology ,Chromomycin A3 ,Rabbits ,Injections, Intraperitoneal ,Antibody formation ,Research Article - Abstract
Chromomycin A3 (250 mug/kg) suppressed the humoral immune response in rats against sheep erythrocytes when administered 48 h or later after antigenic stimulus. The antibiotic at this dose enhanced immunity when given along with or before antigen administration. The natural heterohemagglutinin levels in rabbits and guinea pigs were not affected by the antibiotic (10 mug/kg per day x 7).
- Published
- 1975
19. Adsorptive removal of naproxen onto nano magnesium oxide-modified castor wood biochar: Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater via sequential Fenton's-adsorption process.
- Author
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Bano A, Aziz MK, Ameen F, Singh K, Prasad B, Nandan, Dave H, Ravi R, Manjhi J, Kumari M, and Prasad KS
- Abstract
This current investigation explored the thermal conversion process of castor wood into biochar, which was subsequently harnessed for removing naproxen from pharmaceutical industrial effluent via adsorption. Surface composition analyses conducted through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared studies unveiled the presence of nano MgO particles within the adsorbent material. Employing optimization techniques such as response surface methodology facilitated a refined approach to batch study. The optimized conditions for batch naproxen sodium (NPX) adsorption on nano-MgO-modified biochar were identified as pH 4, 1.5 g/L adsorbent dosage, and a 120-min contact time maintaining a constant NPX concentration of 10 mg/L. The adsorption capacity was calculated to be 123.34 mg/g for a nano-magnesium oxide-modified castor wood biochar (modified biochar) and 99.874 mg/g for pristine castor wood biochar (pristine biochar). Fenton's reagents comprising 15 mM of FeSO
4 (7H2 O) and 25 mM of H2 O2 have been scrutinized under conditions of pH 3.0, a reaction time of 30 min, a temperature of 30°C, and stirring at 120 rpm, followed by batch adsorption treatment. The COD, NH3 -N, NO3 - , PO4 3- , and NPX removal percentages was found to be 90%, 87%, 79%, 80%, and 90%, respectively. Thus nano MgO-modified biochar holds promise of treatment of pharmaceutical effluent., (© 2024 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.)- Published
- 2024
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20. Response surface methodology-based optimisation of adsorption of diclofenac and treatment of pharmaceutical effluent using combined coagulation-adsorption onto nFe 2 O 3 decorated water chestnut shells biochar.
- Author
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Bano A, Aziz MK, Mishra R, Dave H, Prasad B, Kumari M, Dubey D, Meili L, Shah MP, and Prasad KS
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- Adsorption, Water Purification methods, Kinetics, Ferric Compounds chemistry, Diclofenac chemistry, Charcoal chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry
- Abstract
This work involved the preparation of pristine and iron nanoparticle-loaded biochar from a water chestnut shell to remove diclofenac sodium (DCF) containing effluent of pharmaceutical origin. To create suitable forecasting equations for the modelling of the DCF adsorption onto the adsorbent, response surface methodology (RSM) was used. The parameters, e.g. pH, adsorbent mass, DCF concentration and contact time, were used for the modeling of adsorption. The RSM model predicts that for 98.0% DCF removal, the ideal conditions are pH 6, an adsorbent dose of 0.5 g L
-1 , and a contact time of 60 min with an initial adsorbate concentration of 25 mg L-1 at 303 K. The maximum capacity deduced from the Langmuir model was 75.9 mg g-1 for pristine water chestnut shell biochar (pWCBC) and 122.3 mg g-1 for magnetically modified nano-Fe2 O3 biochar (mWCBC). Under equilibrium conditions, the Langmuir model was the best-suited model compared to the Temkin and Freundlich models. The adsorption data in this investigation efficiently fitted the pseudo-second-order model, emphasizing that chemisorption or ion exchange processes may be involved in the process. The WCBC demonstrated recyclability after 10 cycles of repeated adsorption and desorption of DCF. A combined coagulation adsorption process removed COD, NH3 -N, NO3 - , PO4 3- , and DCF by 92.50%, 86.41%, 77.57%, 84.54%, and 97.25%, respectively. This study therefore shows that coagulation followed by adsorption onto biochar can be a cost-effective substitute for conventional pharmaceutical wastewater treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)- Published
- 2024
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21. Development and Evaluation of a Noninvasive Microfluidic-Based Paper Analytical Device for Leptospirosis Diagnosis.
- Author
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Ashaiba A, Sapna K, Arun AB, Tellis RC, and Prasad KS
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- Humans, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques instrumentation, Lab-On-A-Chip Devices, Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase analysis, Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase urine, Biomarkers urine, Biomarkers analysis, Leptospirosis diagnosis, Leptospirosis urine, Paper, Leptospira isolation & purification
- Abstract
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging infectious disease that presents a diagnostic enigma for clinicians with frequent misdiagnosis due to lack of rapid and accurate diagnostic tests, as the current methods are encumbered by inherent limitations. The development of a diagnostic sensor with a sample-in-result-out capability is pivotal for prompt diagnosis. Herein, we developed a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (spin-μPAD) featuring a sample-in-result-out fashion for the detection of Leptospira specific urinary biomarker, sph2 sphingomyelinase, crucial for noninvasive point-of-care testing. Fabrication of paper devices involved precise photolithography techniques, ensuring a high degree of reproducibility and replicability. By optimizing the device's configuration and protein components, a remarkable sensitivity and specificity was achieved for detecting leptospiral sph2 in urine, even at low concentrations down to 1.5 fg/mL, with an assay time of 15 min. Further, the spin-μPAD was validated with 20 clinical samples, suspected of leptospirosis including other febrile illnesses, and compared with gold standard microscopic agglutination test, culture, Lepto IgM ELISA, darkfield microscopy, and Leptocheck WB spot test. In contrast to commercial diagnostic tools, the spin-μPAD was noninvasive, rapid, easy to use, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective. The results highlight the potential of this innovative spin-μPAD for an efficient and dependable approach to noninvasive leptospirosis diagnosis, addressing critical needs in the realms of public health and clinical settings.
- Published
- 2024
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22. Additive-manufactured paper-PMMA hybrid microfluidic chip for simultaneous monitoring of creatinine and pH in artificial urine.
- Author
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Sheeraz AS, Aiswarya E, Kumara BN, Sonia J, Rodrigues RV, Sheikh N, Vidyasagar S, Kunder RA, Elangovan S, Mohanty PS, and Prasad KS
- Subjects
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Humans, Colorimetry instrumentation, Colorimetry methods, Printing, Three-Dimensional, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques instrumentation, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques methods, Creatinine urine, Paper, Lab-On-A-Chip Devices, Limit of Detection, Polymethyl Methacrylate chemistry
- Abstract
Nowadays, kidney dysfunction is a common health issue due to the modernized lifestyle. Even though medications are commercially available to treat kidney diseases, early diagnosis is crucial and challenging. Clinically, measuring urine creatinine and pH has gained significant interest as a way to diagnose kidney diseases early. In the present work, we attempted to develop a low-cost, robust, accurate and naked-eye colorimetric method to determine both creatinine levels and pH variations in artificial urine samples using a simple 3D-printed hybrid microfluidic device. Creatinine was detected by the incorporation of the traditional Jaffe test onto the hybrid paper-PMMA microfluidic device and pH (4-8) was measured by a simple anthocyanin test. Notably, the tests were established without employing any sophisticated or costly instrument clusters. The developed 3D-printed microfluidic probe showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 mM for creatinine over a concentration range of 1-10 mM, with a regression coefficient ( R
2 ) of 0.995 in laboratory conditions. Interestingly, the experimental data obtained with artificial urine exhibited a wide linear range from 0.1 mM to 5 mM under different pH values ranging from 4 to 8 in the presence of matrices commonly found in urine samples other than proteins, indicating the potential use of this method in pre-clinical analysis. Since the wide linear range of urine creatinine in artificial urine samples falls well below the clinically relevant concentrations in humans (0.07-0.27 mM), the developed lab-on-chip device is further suitable for clinical evaluation with proper ethical clearance. This 3D-printed hybrid microfluidic colorimetry-based creatinine detection and pH indicator platform can be beneficial in the healthcare sector due to the on-site testing capability, cost-effectiveness, ease of use, robustness, and instrument-free approach.- Published
- 2024
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23. Hyphenated Fenton-column packed nMnO-modified wood biochar for tannery effluent treatment: Adsorption mechanism and reusability study.
- Author
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Singh K, Prasad B, Kumar A, Kumari M, Dubey D, Sillanpää M, and Prasad KS
- Subjects
- Adsorption, Wood chemistry, Iron chemistry, Hydrogen Peroxide chemistry, Charcoal chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Tanning, Industrial Waste analysis, Waste Disposal, Fluid methods, Wastewater chemistry, Wastewater analysis
- Abstract
Industrial wastewater contains a wide range of pollutants that, if released directly into natural ecosystems, have the potential to pose serious risks to the environment.This study aims to investigate sustainable and efficient approaches for treating tannery wastewater, employing a combination of hyphenated Fenton oxidation and adsorption processes. Rigorous analyses were conducted on wastewater samples, evaluating parameters like COD, sulphide, NH
3 -N, PO4 3- , NO3 - , and Cr(VI). The performance of this adsorbent material was gauged through column adsorption experiments. A comprehensive characterization of the adsorbent was undertaken using techniques such as SEM, EDX, BET, FTIR, XRD, and LIBS. The study delved into varying operational parameters like bed depth (ranging from 3.5 to 9.5 cm) diameter (2.5 cm) and influent flow rate (ranging from 5 to 15mLmin-1 ). The experimental outcomes revealed that increasing the bed depth and decreasing the influent flow rate significantly bolstered the adsorption column's effectiveness. Breakthrough curves obtained were fitted with different models, including the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. The most optimal column performance was achieved with a bed height of 10.5 cm and a flow rate of 5mLmin-1 . The combined process achieved removal efficiencies of 94.5% for COD, 97.4% for sulphide, 96.2% for NH3 -N, 83.1% for NO3 - , 79.3% for PO4 3- , and 96.9% for Cr(VI) in tannery effluent. This research presents a notable stride toward the development of sustainable and efficient strategies for tannery wastewater treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
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24. Polytyrosine-Coated Paper Electrode for Sensitive and Selective Sensing of NADH.
- Author
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Jain S, Sonia J, Prashanth S, Sanjeeva SG, Prasad KS, and Johnson RP
- Subjects
- Peptides chemistry, Electrochemical Techniques methods, Electrochemical Techniques instrumentation, Oxidation-Reduction, Limit of Detection, Biosensing Techniques methods, NAD analysis, NAD chemistry, Electrodes, Paper
- Abstract
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-detecting electrochemical sensors are attractive in monitoring and diagnosing various physiological disorders of NADH abnormalities. The NADH detection methods using conventional electrodes are challenging due to slow electron transfer and fouling effect. Interestingly, paper-based flexible and disposable electrodes (PE) are superior for sensing biomolecules through simple detection procedures with excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Herein, to construct a conducting polypeptide-modified paper electrode, initially, polytyrosine (PTyr) is synthesized from l-tyrosine N-carboxy anhydride through ring-opening polymerization, and PTyr is drop-coated on the PE. The PTyr-modified paper electrode (PMPE) demonstrated excellent electrochemical properties and facilitated the electrooxidation of NADH at a lower potential of 576 mV. The PMPE displayed a linear detection between 25 and 145 μM of NADH concentration, with a lower detection limit of 0.340 μM. Under ideal circumstances, the sensor developed displayed an excellent NADH detection capability without interference with the most common electroactive species, ascorbic acid. The PMPE facilitates good electrocatalytic activity toward NADH, which can also be employed as a substrate material for biofuel cells.
- Published
- 2024
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25. Combination of self-assembling system and N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan improves ocular residence of anti-glaucoma drug.
- Author
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Kailasam V, Kumara BN, Prasad KS, and Nirmal J
- Subjects
- Rats, Animals, Humans, Antiglaucoma Agents, Latanoprost therapeutic use, Delayed-Action Preparations therapeutic use, Drug Carriers chemistry, Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate, Rats, Wistar, Cornea, Ophthalmic Solutions, Drug Delivery Systems, Glaucoma drug therapy, Chitosan chemistry
- Abstract
Glaucoma is known to be one of the principal causes of vision loss due to elevated intraocular pressure. Currently, latanoprost eye drops is used as first-line treatment for glaucoma; however, it possesses low bioavailability due to rapid precorneal clearance. A novel delivery system with a mucoadhesive property could overcome this problem. Therefore, we attempt to develop a combination of self-assembling latanoprost nanomicelles (Latcel) and a mucoadhesive polymer (N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan: N,O-CMC) to improve the corneal residence time. Latcel was developed using Poloxamer-407 by thin film hydration method, followed by the addition of N,O-CMC using simple solvation to obtain Latcel-CMC and characterized using various physicochemical characterization techniques. The particle size of Latcel-CMC was 94.07 ± 2.48 nm and a zeta potential of -16.03 ± 0.66 mV, with a sustained release for 24h whereas marketed latanoprost drops released 90 % of the drug within 1h. In vitro cytotoxicity studies, HET-CAM, and in vivo Draize test showed the biocompatibility of Latcel-CMC. Cellular uptake studies performed using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) loaded nanomicelles in human corneal epithelial cells indicates the increased cellular uptake as compare to plain FITC solution. In vivo ocular residence time was evaluated in Wistar rats using Indocyanine green (ICG) loaded nanomicelles by an in vivo imaging system (IVIS), indicating Latcel-CMC (8h) has better residence time than plain ICG solution (2h). The Latcel-CMC showed improved corneal residence time and sustained release of latanoprost due to increased mucoadhesion. Thus, the developed N,O-Carboxymethyl chitosan based nanomicelles eye drop could be a better strategy than conventional eye drops for topical delivery of latanoprost to treat glaucoma., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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26. A promising 'single' and 'dual' drug-nanocomposite enriched contact lens for the management of glaucoma in response to the tear fluid enzyme.
- Author
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Kumara BN, Velmurugan K, Ghate MV, Shambhu R, Nirmal J, and Prasad KS
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Rabbits, Latanoprost therapeutic use, Antihypertensive Agents, Intraocular Pressure, Ophthalmic Solutions pharmacology, Glaucoma drug therapy, Chitosan therapeutic use, Contact Lenses
- Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative condition that results in the damage of retinal ganglion cells due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). To curtail the limitations associated with conventional treatments such as eye drops and ocular suspensions, we have developed 'single' and 'dual' drug delivery contact lenses (CLs), that is, latanoprost (LP) and latanoprost-timolol (LP-TM) deliverable CLs, in response to lysozyme (Lyz), which is abundant in the lacrimal fluid. Since chitosan (CS) can entrap more of the drug and also undergo hydrolysis in the presence of Lyz, we have employed CS for the composite preparation. The CL fabrication was performed by free radical copolymerization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) in the presence of the drug-loaded nanocomposite with UV-curing initiators using the pre-drug loading strategy. The surface morphological, optical and mechanical investigations confirmed the presence of the drugs, ≥80% transparency, the adequate flexibility and biocompatibility of both the CLs. The in vitro release experiments showed the release of 95.86% LP from LP-CL, and 83.87% LP and 86.70% TM from LP-TM-CL in the presence of 1.5 mg mL
-1 of Lyz in 72 h. In vitro biocompatibility assay against human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and ex vivo experiments on HET-CAM confirmed that the fabricated LP-CL and LP-TM-CL are well tolerated. Moreover, in vivo safety evaluations of CLs on New Zealand white rabbit eyes suggest no sign of irritation to the ocular tissues within 72 h of observation. Hence, the study suggests that the 'single' and 'dual' drug-loaded CLs could open a new avenue to manage glaucoma by maintaining mean diurnal IOP.- Published
- 2024
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27. Masseter Muscle Thickness in Relation to Facial Form in Angle's Normal Occlusion and Malocclusions: An Observational Study.
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Meher J, Khan SH, Abhishek, Prasad KS, Dixit C, and Singh RK
- Abstract
Background: Various clinical studies performed in adults have shown the relationship between craniofacial morphology and masticatory muscle function. However, the growth of the masticatory muscle has not received such attention, when compared with the volume of studies on the skeletal growth of face. With this background and considering the widespread use of ultrasonography (USG), the following study was undertaken to provide some insights into the relationship between muscle and bone and facial morphology., Methods: This was a prospective, observational study conducted over a period of three years from 2012 to 2015 to assess the correlation between the thickness of the masseter muscle in Angle's normal occlusion and the various malocclusions of the dental arch as well as the facial form. Patients with a full complement set of teeth, normal tooth morphology, Angle's normal occlusion, Angle's class I-III malocclusion, those with a history of third molar extraction, and impaction were included in the study. Those with a history of any prior orthodontic treatment, restorations, or any missing teeth (except the third molar) were exempted from the study. The greater thickness of masseter muscle in relaxed and clenched state was recorded on USG. Facial morphology was determined with the aid of facial photographs., Results: The study was conducted on 140 patients. The class I normal occlusion group had the thickest masseter muscle, while the class III malocclusion group had the thinnest masseter muscle. Facial parameters showed highly significant gender-wise differences in class I normal occlusion, class I malocclusion, and class II division II malocclusion. There was a significant negative co-relation between the thickness of masseter muscle and facial forms in all the categories of Angle's classification as indicated by a negative regression coefficient B ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The masseter muscle thickness correlated directly with male gender and normal occlusion, and inversely with the degree of malocclusion and facial form., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)
- Published
- 2024
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28. Diagnosis of Neglected Tropical Zoonotic Disease, Leptospirosis in a Clinical Sample Using a Photothermal Immunosensor.
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Sapna K, Shim YB, Arun AB, and Prasad KS
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Immunoassay methods, Limit of Detection, Zoonoses, Gold chemistry, Nanotubes, Carbon chemistry, Biosensing Techniques methods, Leptospirosis diagnosis
- Abstract
Photothermal biosensing based on nanomaterials has gained increasing attention because of its universality and simplicity. Diagnostics of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in low-resource settings are challenging in terms of speed, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. By exploiting the photothermal property of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), simple thermometric measurements can be used to generate quantitative biochemical readouts. Herein, a photothermal immunosensor for leptospirosis detection based on a CNT-labeled monoclonal antibody is established through the sensitive monitoring of the target biomarker LipL32 with a simple thermometer. Under optimum conditions, a linear range up to 10
6 pg/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 300 fg/mL was obtained. Overall, the proposed immunoassay exhibited good precision, selectivity, and acceptable stability. Clinical patient sample analysis with the photothermal sensor proved the differential diagnosis of leptospirosis along with other febrile illnesses. On the other hand, we have also characterized the photothermal sensor platform with surface morphological and spectral techniques to confirm the robust and successful fabrication of the immunosensor. The fabricated photothermal sensor could be used as a potential diagnostic tool for the early detection of NTDs in patients from resource-limited settings, as it does not require sample pretreatment, sophisticated equipment, or skilled labor. Moreover, the developed photothermal assay follows ASSURED criteria, very crucial for diagnosis in resource-limited settings.- Published
- 2024
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29. Development of mucoadhesive Timolol loaded chitosan-nanocomposite to treat glaucoma.
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Kumara BN, Shambhu R, Shim YB, Nirmal J, and Prasad KS
- Subjects
- Humans, Timolol pharmacology, Timolol chemistry, Muramidase, Drug Delivery Systems, Mucins, Chitosan chemistry, Glaucoma drug therapy, Nanoparticles chemistry, Nanocomposites
- Abstract
Timolol Maleate is an aqueous soluble β-blocker antiglaucoma drug used to suppress intraocular pressure. Several commercially available ocular formulations are not effective in delivering to the target site due to their water-soluble property and low mucoadhesiveness. Hence, there is a requirement for a highly mucoadhesive drug-loaded nanocomposite to suppress intraocular pressure with enhanced bioavailability. Herein, we have prepared a mucoadhesive Timolol-loaded graphene quantum dot-chitosan-nanocomposite to treat glaucoma in response to lysozyme, secreted in the tear fluid. The as-prepared nanocomposite has been characterized through high resolution-transmission electron microscopic, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectral studies. The nanocomposite showed 93.74 % encapsulation efficiency with a loading capacity of 7.73 %. Further, 89.26 %, 95.62 %, and 99.29 % of drug release were observed from the nanocomposite in the presence of 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/mL of lysozyme. The mucoadhesion property has been confirmed by the increment in the particle size, fluorescence spectral variations, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies in the presence of mucin nanoparticles of size 291 nm. Interestingly, mucoadhesion has been demonstrated by pointing to the quenching in the luminescence of mucin. Further, in vitro biocompatibility assay on human corneal epithelial cells showed ≥80 % cell viability. Hence, this study offers the utilization of naturally secreting enzymes for drug delivery applications instead of uncontrolled pH and temperature-triggered releases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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30. A clinical pilot study for the detection of sphingomyelinase in leptospirosis patient's urine at tertiary care hospital.
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Ashaiba A, Arun AB, Prasad KS, and Tellis RC
- Abstract
Purpose: Leptospirosis is a perplexing mystification for many clinicians. Clinically often underdiagnosed due to lack of a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic test. Currently available diagnostic tests have their own limitations; therefore, monitoring biomarkers that contribute an essential role in pathogenesis is crucial. Herein, a pilot study was conducted to detect the presence of sphingomyelinase in urine of leptospirosis patients., Methods: Blood and urine samples were collected from 140 patients having febrile illness. Samples were analyzed through culturing, dark-field microscopy, detecting anti-leptospiral antibodies by MAT, IgM ELISA, Leptocheck-WB and screening for sphingomyelinase using a sphingomyelinase assay kit., Results: Out of 140 febrile illness patients, 22.14 % were tested leptospirosis, 33.57 % were dengue, 25 % scrub typhus, 18.57 % malaria and 0.71 % co-infection (dengue-leptospirosis). MAT seropositivity of 19.28 % (27/140) was confirmed with the highest agglutinant determined against serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae RGA followed by Autumnalis, Australis, and Pyrogens. IgM ELISA and Leptocheck-WB positivity was 16.42 % and 13.57 % respectively. Whereas culture and dark-field microscopy showed a sensitivity of 4.28 % and 2.1 %, respectively. Out of 31 confirmed cases of leptospirosis, sphingomyelinase was detected in the urine of 25 (80.64 %) patients, MAT positivity was seen in 87.09 % and culture positivity was seen in 12.90 % of cases., Conclusion: Detection of sphingomyelinase in the urine of a leptospirosis patient and its absence in other febrile illnesses like dengue, malaria and scrub typhus establish evidence of secretion of sphingomyelinase in urine during leptospiral infection. Hence, sphingomyelinase could be used as a potential diagnostic biomarker to detect leptospirosis in a non-invasive way., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)
- Published
- 2023
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31. Trastuzumab-Related Cardiotoxicity in Adjuvant Setting: A Real-World Scenario.
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Shrivastva S, Bala SC, Chennamaneni R, Konatam ML, Pydi VR, Prasad KS, and Gundeti S
- Abstract
Rachana Chennamaneni Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, significantly improves outcomes in HER 2-neu positive breast cancer. The incidence of cardiotoxicity with trastuzumab is approximately 8 to 10%. This study was designed to analyze the incidence and risk factors associated with trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity in real-world settings. This was a single institutional retrospective analysis of the incidence of trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity in nonmetastatic HER 2-positive, invasive breast cancer from January 2013 to December 2018. Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity was defined as symptomatic heart failure or asymptomatic decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by more than or equal to 10% or LVEF less than 50%. Risk factors analyzed were higher body mass index (≥30 kg/m
2 ), history of diabetes, hypertension, cardiac disease, left-sided radiotherapy (RT), and prior exposure to anthracyclines. Out of the 246 patients diagnosed with early stage HER 2-positive breast cancer, 117 (47.5%) received trastuzumab and constituted the study population. Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity was seen in a total of 16 (13.6%) patients. Eleven (9.4%) patients had an asymptomatic decline, while symptomatic LV dysfunction was seen in five (4.2%) patients. The median baseline ejection fraction was 65% (range, 56-72). The median time to development of cardiotoxicity was 18.5 weeks (range, 3-52) and the median trastuzumab cycle for cardiotoxicity was 6 (range, 2-16). Ten (62.5%) patients were rechallenged with trastuzumab following which one patient developed an asymptomatic decline in ejection fraction and one patient developed symptomatic heart failure. Cardiac-related mortality was seen in one (0.85%) patient. Left-sided RT to chest ( p = 0.012) and presence of more than or equal to two risk factors ( p = 0.01) had significant impact on incidence of cardiotoxicity. Approximately 14% developed trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity that was slightly higher compared with that seen in clinical trials. Left-sided RT to chest and presence of two or more risk factors had significant impact on development of cardiotoxicity., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None declared., (MedIntel Services Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)- Published
- 2023
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32. Synthesis, properties and potential applications of photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles: A review.
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Kumara BN, Kalimuthu P, and Prasad KS
- Subjects
- Carbon, Quantum Dots
- Abstract
Photoluminescent-carbon nanoparticles (PL-CNPs) are a new class of materials that received immense interest among researchers due to their distinct characteristics, including photoluminescence, high surface-to-volume ratio, low cost, ease of synthesis, high quantum yield, and biocompatibility. By exploiting these outstanding properties, many studies have been reported on its utility as sensors, photocatalysts, probes for bio-imaging, and optoelectronics applications. From clinical applications to point-of-care test devices, drug loading to tracking of drug delivery, and other research innovations demonstrated PL-CNPs as an emerging material that could substitute conventional approaches. However, some of the PL-CNPs have poor PL properties and selectivity due to the presence of impurities (e.g., molecular fluorophores) and unfavourable surface charges by the passivation molecules, which impede their applications in many fields. To address these issues, many researchers have been paying great attention to developing new PL-CNPs with different composite combinations to achieve high PL properties and selectivity. Herein, we thoroughly discussed the recent development of various synthetic strategies employed to prepare PL-CNPs, doping effects, photostability, biocompatibility, and applications in sensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery fields. Moreover, the review discussed the limitations, future direction, and perspectives of PL-CNPs in possible potential applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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33. Direct Electron Transfer of Glucose Oxidase on Pre-Anodized Paper/Carbon Electrodes Modified through Zero-Length Cross-Linkers for Glucose Biosensors.
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Henao-Pabon G, Gao N, Prasad KS, and Li X
- Subjects
- Carbon, Glucose Oxidase, Electrons, Electrodes, Enzymes, Immobilized, Glucose, Biosensing Techniques methods
- Abstract
A disposable paper-based glucose biosensor with direct electron transfer (DET) of glucose oxidase (GOX) was developed through simple covalent immobilization of GOX on a carbon electrode surface using zero-length cross-linkers. This glucose biosensor exhibited a high electron transfer rate (ks, 3.363 s
-1 ) as well as good affinity (km, 0.03 mM) for GOX while keeping innate enzymatic activities. Furthermore, the DET-based glucose detection was accomplished by employing both square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometric techniques, and it achieved a glucose detection range from 5.4 mg/dL to 900 mg/dL, which is wider than most commercially available glucometers. This low-cost DET glucose biosensor showed remarkable selectivity, and the use of the negative operating potential avoided interference from other common electroactive compounds. It has great potential to monitor different stages of diabetes from hypoglycemic to hyperglycemic states, especially for self-monitoring of blood glucose.- Published
- 2023
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34. Preconcentrations of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) by solid phase bio-extractor using thermophilic Bacillus subtilis loaded multiwalled carbon nanotube biosorbent.
- Author
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Ozdemir S, Dündar A, Dizge N, Kılınç E, Balakrishnan D, Prasad KS, and Senthilkumar N
- Subjects
- Lead, Solid Phase Extraction methods, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Zinc, Bacillus subtilis, Nanotubes, Carbon chemistry
- Abstract
An alternative biotechnological solid phase bio-extraction (SPE) method was developed. Bacillus subtilis loaded multiwalled carbon nanotube was designed and used as biosorbent for the preconcentrations of Pb(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II). The experimental parameters such as sample flow rate, pH of sample solution, amounts of Bacillus subtilis and multiwalled carbon nanotube, volume of sample solution and reusability of column which affects the analytical characteristics of the SPE method were investigated in details. Surface structures were examined by using FTIR, SEM. The best pH was determined as 5.0 and the percentages recoveries of Zn(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II) were determined as 99.1%, 98.7%, and 96.2%, respectively, at a flow rate of 3 mL/min. In this study, in which the profitable sample volume was determined as 400 mL and the amount of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as 50 mg. It was also observed that the column had a significant potential to preconcentrate Zn(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II) even after 25 reuses. The biosorption capacities for Zn(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) were calculated as 39.67 mg/g, 45.98 mg/g and 51.34 mg/g respectively. The LOD values were calculated as 0.024 ng/mL for Pb(II), 0.029 ng/mL for Ni(II), and 0.019 ng/mL for Zn(II). The linear range was detected as 0.25-25 ng/mL. The concentrations of Pb(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) in a variety of real food samples were determined by using developed method after application of certified reference sample., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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35. Ni/Ni(OH) 2 -rGO nanocomposites sensor for the detection of long forgotten mycotoxin, xanthomegnin.
- Author
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Swetha PDP, Nikitha A, Shenoy MM, Shim YB, and Prasad KS
- Subjects
- Humans, Mycotoxins
- Abstract
Xanthomegnin, a known fungal toxin, secondary metabolite, and pigment diffuses from the dermatophytes has gained attention as local virulence factor because of the mutagenicity, toxicity, cytocidal, and immunosuppressive properties. Not only as a dermatophyte in skin related disorders, the production of xanthomegnin is implicated as a powerful diagnostic marker in patients suffering from ocular mycoses. Incidentally also attributed to death in livestock's majorly by exposing themselves to food-borne fungi like Aspergillus and Penicillium. The production of xanthomegnin in dermetophytic species Trichophyton rubrum, found commonly in infected skin and nails. In this study nickel/nickel hydroxide nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ni/Ni(OH)
2 -rGO) modified glassy carbon electrode has been successfully used for non-enzymatic detection of xanthomegnin. The Ni/Ni(OH)2 -rGO composites were synthesized through a simple microwave assisted technique with less harmful reducing agent. The UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and electrochemical investigations demonstrated the robust formation of the sensor. The sensor exhibited improved electrochemical properties with enhanced electrochemical active area and excellent electrochemical behavior towards xanthomegnin detection with a limit of detection of 0.12 μM. The selectivity, stability, and analytical recovery studies proved the potential use of the sensor for the detection of xanthomegnin in real samples. Further, the sensor successfully detected xanthomegnin produced by the Trichophyton rubrum, the most common superficial fungus, accounting for at least 60% of all superficial fungal infections in humans. Validation studies showed satisfiable and quantifiable amount of xanthomegnin in comparison with common bench mark UV-Vis studies meant for fungal mycotoxin detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
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36. Computational Analysis of Darcy-Forchheimer Flow of Cu/Al-Al 2 O 3 Hybrid Nanofluid in Water over a Heated Stretchable Plate with Nonlinear Radiation.
- Author
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Alessa N, Sindhu R, Divya S, Eswaramoorthi S, Loganathan K, and Prasad KS
- Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the Darcy-Forchheimer flow = of H2O-based Al-Al2O3/Cu-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid past a heated stretchable plate including heat consumption/ generation and non-linear radiation impacts. The governing flow equations are formulated using the Naiver-Stokes equation. These flow equations are re-framed by using the befitted transformations. The MATLAB bvp4c scheme is utilized to compute the converted flow equations numerically. The graphs, tables, and charts display the vicissitudes in the hybrid nanofluid velocity, hybrid nanofluid temperature, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number via relevant flow factors. It can be seen that the hybrid nanofluid velocity decreased as the magnetic field parameter was increased. The hybrid nanofluid temperature tended to rise as the heat absorption/generation, nanoparticle volume friction, and nonlinear radiation parameters were increased. The surface drag force decreased when the quantity of the magnetic parameter increased. The larger size of the radiation parameter led to enrichment of the heat transmission gradient.
- Published
- 2023
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37. Leptospiral sphingomyelinase Sph2 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of leptospirosis.
- Author
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Ashaiba A, Arun AB, Prasad KS, and Tellis RC
- Subjects
- Humans, Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase, Virulence Factors, Biomarkers, Leptospira, Leptospirosis diagnosis
- Abstract
Leptospirosis is an underestimated infectious tropical disease caused by the spirochetes belonging to the genus Leptospira. Leptospirosis is grossly underdiagnosed due to its myriad symptoms, varying from mild febrile illness to severe haemorrhage. Laboratory tests for leptospirosis is an extremely important and potent way for disease diagnosis, as the clinical manifestations are very similar to other febrile diseases. Currently available diagnostic techniques are time-consuming, require expertise and sophisticated instruments, and cannot identify the disease at an early phase of infection. Early diagnosis of leptospirosis is the need of the hour while considering the severe complications after the infection and the rate of mortality after misdiagnosis. Secretion of Leptospira-specific sphingomyelinases in leptospirosis patient's urine within a few days of the onset of infection is quite common and is a virulence factor present only in pathogenic Leptospira species. Herein, the structural and functional importance of leptospiral sphingomyelinase Sph2 in leptospirosis pathogenesis, as well as the potential of screening urinary Sph2 for diagnosis and the scope for developing a rapid and easily affordable point-of-care test for urinary leptospiral sphingomyelinase Sph2 as an alternative to current diagnostic methods are discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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38. Defatted silkworm pupae meal as an alternative protein source for cattle.
- Author
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Rashmi KM, Chandrasekharaiah M, Soren NM, Prasad KS, David CG, Thirupathaiah Y, and Shivaprasad V
- Subjects
- Ammonia metabolism, Animals, Cattle, Digestion, Fatty Acids, Volatile metabolism, Fermentation, Nitrogen metabolism, Pupa, Purines metabolism, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Rumen metabolism, Soybean Proteins metabolism, Bombyx, Diet veterinary, Dietary Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
Silkworm pupae meal (SWP) is a protein-rich by-product of the silk reeling industry, available in a significant quantity. However, there has been little and insignificant research into the use of SWP in ruminants to date. In this view, the present study was conducted in two phases to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels of defatted silkworm pupae meal (DSWP) on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nutrient utilisation in cattle fed on finger millet straw (FMS)-based diet. Four isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures (CM) were prepared with DSWP replacing soybean meal (SBM) protein at 0 (T0), 10 (T1), 20 (T2) and 30% (T3). In phase I, a rumen fermentation experiment was conducted in a 4 × 4 Latin square design using four crossbred steers to study the effect of different levels of DSWP on rumen fermentation. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in rumen fermentation parameters such as pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH
3 -N) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) among the experimental groups. In phase II, the digestibility trial was conducted in 20 crossbred cattle (311.2 ± 4.81 kg), which were divided into four experimental groups of five animals each in a completely randomised design to study the effect of different rations (T0, T1, T2, T3) on microbial protein synthesis and nutrient utilisation. The intake and digestibility of nutrients, excretion of urinary purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were not significantly different among the experimental groups. In addition, feeding DSWP revealed no significant (P > 0.05) change in the blood biochemical parameters of animals. Furthermore, at the same price as SBM, DSWP provides two units more crude protein. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that DSWP can be incorporated into the ration of cattle up to 30% by replacing SBM without affecting rumen fermentation pattern and nutrient utilisation., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)- Published
- 2022
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39. Novel chitosan - graphene quantum dots composite for therapeutic delivery and tracking through enzymatic stimuli response.
- Author
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Kumara BN, Shambhu R, Prabhu A, and Prasad KS
- Subjects
- Humans, Hydrogen Peroxide, Chitosan pharmacology, Graphite pharmacology, Nanocomposites therapeutic use, Quantum Dots therapeutic use
- Abstract
The designing of highly efficient and biocompatible nanocomposites with multifunctional delivery and tracking characteristics is noteworthy for clinical and therapeutic applications. Herein, we report the proof-of-concept for the delivery of anti-glaucoma drug, latanoprost (LP) under an enzymatic stimulus, lysozyme (Lyz) with novel chitosan (CS) - graphene quantum dots (GQD) nanocomposite via reverse switching photoluminescence (PL) phenomenon. The LP caged CS-GQDs nanocomposite was well characterized through extensive spectral, morphological, band-gap, particle size, and zeta potential studies along with cytotoxicity assays. The regaining of PL not only confirmed LP delivery, but also facilitated intercellular tracking through in vitro bio-imaging against human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. The AO/EB staining and biocompatibility assays further proved excellent cell viability of >80%. The successfully delivered LP protected HCE cells from oxidative injury induced by 800 μM hydrogen peroxide (H
2 O2 ). These findings justify further utility of novel CS-GQDs caged drug nanocomposite for preclinical investigations., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
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40. Cumulative human exposure and environmental occurrence of phthalate esters: A global perspective.
- Author
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Prasad B, Prasad KS, Dave H, Das A, Asodariya G, Talati N, Swain S, and Kapse S
- Subjects
- China, Dust analysis, Humans, Particulate Matter, Esters analysis, Phthalic Acids analysis, Phthalic Acids toxicity
- Abstract
In the current investigation, the distribution and extent of human exposure of phthalate esters (PAEs) have been reported on global extent based on computed indices. The proposed indices were calculated based on environmental concentrations, toxicity, occurrence, environmental fate, and transport of PAEs. The cumulative phthalate exposure index (PEI) based on the phthalate pollution index (PPI) was mapped on a global scale based on the existing data reported in the literature. The results revealed that the PAEs are heterogeneously distributed globally, and about 30% of total environmental PAEs are ultimately exposed to the average human being. The comparative distribution of PAEs in various environmental compartments including urban-rural, indoor-outdoor, home-dormitory-classroom, and their exposure likelihood were studied based on indices. More than 90% of total human exposure of PAEs was observed to be from indoor environmental compartments. Significantly high exposure was observed in the urban population as compared to the rural population. About 70% of the total phthalate pollution sub-index of dust was observed from home followed by a classroom of ∼15% and then a dormitory of ∼10%. In addition, the indices were equated with the current human development index (HDI), gross national income (GNI), and exposure of particulate matter of each country. Based on current findings, the population living in the areas where >20 μg/m
3 of particulate matter has been reported are possibly exposed with higher PAEs. The indices were highly diversified at high HDI (0.9) values and between 40,000 and 50,000 $ per capita income due to different usage of phthalate-containing products, disposal, and extensive monitoring work carried out by the developed and developing countries., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
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41. Long-term Persistence of Immunogenicity After Primary Vaccination and Response to Booster Vaccination With Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine: Results of a Phase IV Extension Study.
- Author
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Kandulna AK, Uttam KG, Sharma S, Kumar MR, Prasad KS, Goyal VK, Jangid SK, Daultani P, Mittal R, and Maithal K
- Subjects
- Humans, Immunization, Secondary, Seroconversion, Vaccination, Vaccines, Conjugate adverse effects, Typhoid Fever prevention & control, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines adverse effects
- Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the persistence of antibodies three years after primary vaccination with typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) of either Cadila Healthcare Ltd. (Cadila-TCV) or Bharat Biotech International Ltd. (Bharat-TCV) administered in a previous phase II/III study, and to study the booster dose response to Cadila-TCV., Methods: This was an open-label, phase IV extension study conducted in tertiary care and multispecialty hospitals in India. 112 subjects (Cadila-TCV-57, Bharat-TCV-55) who had participated in previous study were enrolled. Of these, eligible subjects received a single-dose of Cadila-TCV and were followed-up for 28 days post-booster. Primary outcome was persistence of antibodies 3 years after primary vaccination and seroconversion (≥4-fold rise in antibody titre from baseline) 28 days post-booster. Safety was based on reported adverse events (AEs) post-booster., Results: The baseline GMT reported in the current study was significantly higher than pre-vaccination GMT reported in the previous study. 89/112 (79.5%) subjects had antibody titer ≥10 IU/mL at baseline; eligible subjects (n=17) who had baseline antibody titre <10 IU/mL were administered booster dose. All the vaccinated subjects showed seroconversion post-booster. The GMTs reported at 10 days and 28 days post-booster were significantly higher as compared to GMTs reported after primary vaccination in previous study. 4 (23.5%) vaccinated subjects reported 9 AEs; all were solicited and of mild/moderate intensity., Conclusions: There was a significant persistence of immunogenicity after primary vaccination with both the TCVs, and robust immune response after booster vaccination with Cadila-TCV.
- Published
- 2022
42. Evaluation of anti-LipL32 carbon nanotube immunofluorescence probe (carbo-lip) and comparison with MAT, IgM ELISA, IgM spot test and culture for early detection of leptospirosis at local hospital.
- Author
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Sapna K, Ashaiba A, Kumar TNR, Shashidhar V, Arun AB, and Prasad KS
- Subjects
- Agglutination Tests methods, Antibodies, Bacterial, Charcoal, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Hospitals, Humans, Immunoglobulin M, Lip, Sensitivity and Specificity, Leptospira, Leptospirosis diagnosis, Nanotubes, Carbon
- Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging public health problem affecting people mainly from tropical and subtropical regions. Therefore, there is a need for rapid and sensitive tests for proper and prompt treatment. Recently we have demonstrated Carbo-Lip probe, which was fabricated through immuno recognition method with fluorescent dye functionalized LipL32 monoclonal antibodies, secondary antibody and Leptospira for rapid and accurate diagnosis. In an effort to validate Carbo-Lip, we collected clinical samples from a cohort of 104, consisting of 26 positive, 40 negative and 38 unconfirmed cases of Leptospirosis. Subsequently, the test was also compared and validated with the gold standard method microscopic agglutination test (MAT), IgM ELISA, IgM spot test, and culture. Carbo-Lip exhibited a sensitivity of 75% with specificity of 92.3% for Leptospirosis in comparison with MAT. The fabricated Carbo-Lip sensor could be used as a potential diagnostic tool for early detection of Leptospirosis in patients from endemic areas., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2022
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43. Paper-based field-effect transistor sensors.
- Author
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Bushra KA and Prasad KS
- Subjects
- Electricity, Electrodes, Microfluidics, Transducers, Biosensing Techniques, Wearable Electronic Devices
- Abstract
The present scenario in the world largely demands affordable, fast, recyclable, and flexible electronic devices for bio sensing. Varieties of paper-based devices such as microfluidics paper electrodes, paper diodes, and paper-based transistors etc. have been developed and validated. Most of the fabrication techniques published so far have focused on economic, environment-friendly straightforward methods to develop paper-based field-effect transistors (PFET) sensors, additionally, explored their applications. The synthetic-free, mechanically flexible, biocompatible, and signal amplification capability render PFET based sensors for wearable device makers. Modified organic/inorganic PFETs identify target analytes based on the electrical signal and endow them as perfect transducers. In the field of PFET bio sensing technology, numerous challenges are needed to be discussed to proceed forward in biomedical and other analytical applications. Realizing biologically or chemically modified PFET having an exceptional signal to noise ratio, specificity, with rapid detection ability is challenging. This review recapitulates the fabrication techniques, performances of various PFET sensors, and summarizes the report by concluding remarks including the limitations of the existing PFET based sensors and the future holds in regards to the sustainable nature of PFET., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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44. Optimized deformable convolution network for detection and mitigation of ocular artifacts from EEG signal.
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Prasad DS, Chanamallu SR, and Prasad KS
- Abstract
Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the key component in the field of analyzing brain activity and behavior. EEG signals are affected by artifacts in the recorded electrical activity; thereby it affects the analysis of EGG. To extract the clean data from EEG signals and to improve the efficiency of detection during encephalogram recordings, a developed model is required. Although various methods have been proposed for the artifacts removal process, sill the research on this process continues. Even if, several types of artifacts from both the subject and equipment interferences are highly contaminated the EEG signals, the most common and important type of interferences is known as Ocular artifacts. Many applications like Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) need online and real-time processing of EEG signals. Hence, it is best if the removal of artifacts is performed in an online fashion. The main intention of this proposal is to accomplish the new deep learning-based ocular artifacts detection and prevention model. In the detection phase, the 5-level Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Pisarenko harmonic decomposition are used for decomposing the signals. Then, the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) are adopted as the techniques for extracting the features. With the collected features, the development of optimized Deformable Convolutional Networks (DCN) is used for the detection of ocular artifacts from the input EEG signal. Here, the optimized DCN is developed by optimizing or tuning some significant parameters by Distance Sorted-Electric Fish Optimization (DS-EFO). If the artifacts are detected, the mitigation process is performed by applying the Empirical Mean Curve Decomposition (EMCD), and then, the optimized DCN is used for denoising the signals. Finally, the clean signal is generated by applying inverse EMCD. Based on the EEG data collected from diverse subjects, the proposed method has achieved a higher performance than that of conventional methods, which demonstrates a better ocular-artifact reduction by the proposed method., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022.)
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- 2022
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45. Evaluation of Salivary Components and Dental Plaque in Relation to Dental Caries Status in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
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Manjushree R, Anandakrishna L, Prasad Ks K, and Shetty AK
- Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the dental caries prevalence in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) as compared to healthy children and, to assess the salivary components (flow rate, glucose, α-Amylase, Streptococcus mutans ) and dental plaque in relation to their dental caries status., Methods: Dental caries were estimated by using the DMFS index and dental plaque by Sillness and Loe plaque index. The following methods were used to assess the salivary components; draining method to determine the flow rate; glucose oxidase peroxidase method for glucose; substrate method for α-Amylase, Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar was used to culture Streptococcus mutans ., Results: Caries prevalence was significantly lower in T1DM. In the diabetic group, a significant positive correlation was found between DMFS value and plaque, DMFS value and salivary glucose, and also with DMFS value and salivary α-Amylase. A significant negative correlation was found between the DMFS value and the unstimulated salivary flow rate. The multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that decrease in the unstimulated salivary flow rate to be significantly associated with increasing DMFS values., Conclusion: The caries prevalence was found to be low in T1DM when compared to the healthy children, the cause for it being related to the low plaque scores. Low caries prevalence could also be due to the restriction of sucrose in their diet., Clinical Significance: As clinicians, along with restoring the smiles of a child patient, we have to retrospectively analyze the factors involved in the causation of dental caries. Educating the parents and the child in regard to this will help prevent the occurrence of any new carious lesion., How to Cite This Article: Manjushree R, Anandakrishna L, Prasad KS K, et al . Evaluation of Salivary Components and Dental Plaque in Relation to Dental Caries Status in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S121-S125., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).)
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- 2022
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46. Towards CRISPR powered electrochemical sensing for smart diagnostics.
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Priya Swetha PD, Sonia J, Sapna K, and Prasad KS
- Abstract
Even though global health has been steadily improved, the global disease burden associated with communicable and non-communicable diseases extensively increased healthcare expenditure. The present COVID-19 pandemic scenario has again ascertained the importance of clinical diagnostics as a basis to make life-saving decisions. In this context, there is a need for developing next-generation integrated smart real-time responsive biosensors with high selectivity and sensitivity. The emergence of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas biosensing systems has shown remarkable potential for developing next-generation biosensors. CRISPR/Cas integrated electrochemical biosensors (E-CRISPR) stands out with excellent properties. In this opinionated review, we illustrate the rapidly evolving applications for E-CRISPR-integrated detection systems towards biosensing and the future scope associated with E-CRISPR based diagnostics., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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47. Genistein: A Potent Anti-Breast Cancer Agent.
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Bhat SS, Prasad SK, Shivamallu C, Prasad KS, Syed A, Reddy P, Cull CA, and Amachawadi RG
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- Angiogenesis Inducing Agents, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic chemistry, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic therapeutic use, Apoptosis drug effects, Apoptosis genetics, Biomarkers, Tumor, Breast Neoplasms drug therapy, Breast Neoplasms epidemiology, Breast Neoplasms etiology, Breast Neoplasms metabolism, Cell Cycle drug effects, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic drug effects, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic genetics, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic metabolism, Drug Discovery, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic drug effects, Genistein analogs & derivatives, Genistein chemistry, Genistein therapeutic use, Humans, Glycine max chemistry, Structure-Activity Relationship, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic pharmacology, Genistein pharmacology
- Abstract
Genistein is an isoflavonoid present in high quantities in soybeans. Possessing a wide range of bioactives, it is being studied extensively for its tumoricidal effects. Investigations into mechanisms of the anti-cancer activity have revealed many pathways including induction of cell proliferation, suppression of tyrosine kinases, regulation of Hedgehog-Gli1 signaling, modulation of epigenetic activities, seizing of cell cycle and Akt and MEK signaling pathways, among others via which the cancer cell proliferation can be controlled. Notwithstanding, the observed activities have been time- and dose-dependent. In addition, genistein has also shown varying results in women depending on the physiological parameters, such as the early or post-menopausal states.
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- 2021
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48. Echinacea purpurea Extract Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activity In Vivo by Upregulating MHC II and Th1-type CD4 + T Cell Responses.
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Park SJ, Lee M, Kim D, Oh DH, Prasad KS, Eun S, and Lee J
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- Animals, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Killer Cells, Natural, Major Histocompatibility Complex, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Echinacea
- Abstract
There are a number of factors that cause immune system disruption, including infection caused by foreign antigens and decreased immunity due to excessive exercise, and public interest in improving immunity is growing. In this study, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Echinacea purpurea (E) extract in C57BL/6N mice that were exposed to a forced swimming exercise. There were six experimental groups as follows: wild-type, forced swimming exercise control, positive control (red ginseng, 300 mg/kg), and E (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w.) groups. The mice were administered the E extract for 2 weeks. We detected chicoric acid, the active substance of E, through high-performance liquid chromatography and evaluated changes in the following laboratory values in response to forced swimming exercise using flow cytometry and ELISA: the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), CD4
+ and CD8+ T cells, Th1 and Th2 cytokines, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and number of leukocytes. Oral E intake increased levels of MHC II, CD4+ T cells, Th1 cytokines, and NK cell activity. In addition, E treatment increased B cell proliferation, leukocyte counts, and immunoglobulin levels. Taken together, these results suggest that the chicoric acid of E can improve immune response by controlling NK cell activity, which may be a useful function for immunomodulation systems.- Published
- 2021
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49. Cardiac Severity Classification Using Pre Trained Neural Networks.
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Malleswari PN, Bindu CH, and Prasad KS
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- Algorithms, Databases, Factual, Electrocardiography, Humans, Wavelet Analysis, Neural Networks, Computer
- Abstract
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most effective instrument for making decisions about various forms of heart disease. As a result, several researchers have focused on the ECG signal to extract the features of heartbeats with high precision and efficiency. This article offers a hybrid approach to classifying different cardiac conditions using the Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBPNN), by providing a pre-processed ECG signal as an excitation. The modified ECG signal is obtained through the combination of EMD (Empirical Mode Decomposition) and DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform). In this proposed method, the input signal is first decomposed into the Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF's) and the first three IMF's are combined to obtain a modified partially denoted ECG sample and then DWT is used to obtain an improved denoised signal. This pre-processed signal is classified using the Neural Network architecture. For the EMD approach, the ECG-based EMD-DWT signal provides improved classification accuracy of 67, 0762 percent, 90, 4305 percent for the DWT approach, and 95,0797 percent for the proposed technique. The methodology is applied to the MIT-BIH database and, in terms of classification accuracy, is found to be higher than the different methodologies., (© 2021. International Association of Scientists in the Interdisciplinary Areas.)
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- 2021
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50. Virtual screening of potential phyto-candidates as therapeutic leads against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Dharmashekara C, Pradeep S, Prasad SK, Jain AS, Syed A, Prasad KS, Patil SS, Beelagi MS, Srinivasa C, and Shivamallu C
- Abstract
The outbreak of novel coronavirus strain (Covid-19) with a high pandemic threat has predict grave public health and economic concerns. This virus, originating from the Wuhan region in China has spread worldwide affecting millions with no registered persuasive targeted therapy. In this paper, we analyze the three important proteins encoded by the virus, envelope protein 5 × 29, RNA binding nucleocapsid protein 1SSK, and spike glycoprotein 6ACD, for an effective virion accumulation, and remdesivir was the first drug approved by the FDA and EMA for the treatment of COVID-19 cases that require hospitalization, there is still much controversy about its efficacy and also an alternative for novel phytochemicals, deoxynojirimycin, trigoneoside IB, and octanoic acid. The in-silico evaluations were conducted using the PyRx virtual screening tools which lead to the target based on high binding affinity. Trigoneoside IB, derived from Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek), showed the highest binding affinity and stable interaction with the amino acid residues present in active sites of Covid-19 proteins. Meanwhile, the other two compounds derived from Morus alba (Mulberry) and Morinda citrifolia (Noni), as well as the anti-HIV remdesivir drug exhibited good binding affinity and favorable ADME properties. Thereby offering scope for validation of the new therapeutic components for their in vitro and in vivo efficacy against the Covid-19 proteins., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest between authors in publishing this work., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.)
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- 2021
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