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Cervical cancer, a prevalent malignancy in the female reproductive tract, exhibits a high incidence. Existing evidence indicates a robust correlation between alterations in vaginal flora composition and the progression of cervical cancer. Nevertheless, there is a lack of clarity concerning the specific microorganisms within the vaginal microbiota that are linked to the onset and development of cervical cancer, as well as the mechanisms through which they exert carcinogenic effects. The 16 S ribosomal (rRNA) and metagenomic sequencing technology were used to analyze vaginal microorganisms, and screening for human papillomavirus (HPV) positive cervical cancer-associated microbial markers using fold change in mean bacterial abundance. Moreover, vaginal microenvironmental factors were detected, and the local vaginal inflammatory state in patients with cervical cancer was subjected to assay via qRT-PCR and ELISA. The hub inflammatory genes were screened by transcriptome sequencing after co-culture of bacteria and normal cervical epithelial cells, and an in vitro model was utilized to assess the impacts of inflammatory factors on cervical cancer. Both cervical cancer patients and HPV-positive patients showed significant changes in the composition of the vaginal flora, characterised by a decrease in the abundance of Lactobacillus and an increase in the abundance of a variety of anaerobic bacteria; The microbial sequencing identified Porphyromonas, Porphyromonas_asaccharolytica, and Porphyromonas_uenonis as microbial markers for HPV-associated cervical cancer. Vaginal inflammatory factors in patients with cervical cancer were overexpressed. After Porphyromonas_asaccharolytica intervention on cervical epithelial H8 cells, interleukin (IL)-1β, a hub differential gene, markedly promoted tumor-associated biological behaviors at the in vitro cytological level in cervical cancer. This study for the first demonstrated that Porphyromonas, Porphyromonas_asaccharolytica, and Porphyromonas_uenonis could serve as novel microbial markers for cervical cancer. Moreover, Porphyromonas_asaccharolytica was identified as having the ability to induce the overexpression of inflammatory genes in cervical epithelial cells to create a favorable microenvironment for the onset and development of cervical cancer. The effects of dysbacteriosis on cervical cancer were microbiologically elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Cervical cancer, a prevalent malignancy in the female reproductive tract, exhibits a high incidence. Existing evidence indicates a robust correlation between alterations in vaginal flora composition and the progression of cervical cancer. Nevertheless, there is a lack of clarity concerning the specific microorganisms within the vaginal microbiota that are linked to the onset and development of cervical cancer, as well as the mechanisms through which they exert carcinogenic effects. The 16 S ribosomal (rRNA) and metagenomic sequencing technology were used to analyze vaginal microorganisms, and screening for human papillomavirus (HPV) positive cervical cancer-associated microbial markers using fold change in mean bacterial abundance. Moreover, vaginal microenvironmental factors were detected, and the local vaginal inflammatory state in patients with cervical cancer was subjected to assay via qRT-PCR and ELISA. The hub inflammatory genes were screened by transcriptome sequencing after co-culture of bacteria and normal cervical epithelial cells, and an in vitro model was utilized to assess the impacts of inflammatory factors on cervical cancer. Both cervical cancer patients and HPV-positive patients showed significant changes in the composition of the vaginal flora, characterised by a decrease in the abundance of Lactobacillus and an increase in the abundance of a variety of anaerobic bacteria; The microbial sequencing identified Porphyromonas, Porphyromonas_asaccharolytica, and Porphyromonas_uenonis as microbial markers for HPV-associated cervical cancer. Vaginal inflammatory factors in patients with cervical cancer were overexpressed. After Porphyromonas_asaccharolytica intervention on cervical epithelial H8 cells, interleukin (IL)-1β, a hub differential gene, markedly promoted tumor-associated biological behaviors at the in vitro cytological level in cervical cancer. This study for the first demonstrated that Porphyromonas, Porphyromonas_asaccharolytica, and Porphyromonas_uenonis could serve as novel microbial markers for cervical cancer. Moreover, Porphyromonas_asaccharolytica was identified as having the ability to induce the overexpression of inflammatory genes in cervical epithelial cells to create a favorable microenvironment for the onset and development of cervical cancer. The effects of dysbacteriosis on cervical cancer were microbiologically elucidated.

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is an ulcerative and/or proliferative disease that typically affects the palatoglossal folds. Because of its unknown pathogenesis and long disease course, it is difficult to treat and has a high recurrence rate. Most of the bacteria in the oral microbiota exist in the mouth symbiotically and maintain a dynamic balance, and when the balance is disrupted, they may cause disease. Disturbance of the oral microbiota may play an important role in the development of FCGS. In this study, the medical records of 3109 cats in three general pet hospitals in Xi 'an were collected. Sixty-one cats with FCGS were investigated via questionnaires, routine oral examinations and laboratory examinations. Oral microbiota samples were collected from 16 FCGSaffected cats, and microbial species were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the incidence of FCGS had no significant correlation with age, sex or breed. However, the incidence of FCGS was associated with immunization, a history of homelessness and multicat rearing environments. The number of neutrophils and the serum amyloid A concentration were increased, and the percentage of cells positive for calicivirus antigen was high in all cases. All the cats had different degrees of dental calculus, and there were problems such as loss of alveolar bone or tooth resorption. Compared with those in healthy cats, the bacterial diversity and the abundance of anaerobic bacteria were significantly increased in cats with FCGS. Porphyromonas, Treponemas and Fusobacterium were abundant in the mouths of the affected cats and may be potential pathogens of FCGS. After tooth extraction, a shift could be seen in the composition of the oral microbiota in cats with FCGS. An isolated bacteria obtained from the mouths of the affected cats was homologous to P. gulae. Both the identified oral microbiota and the isolated strain of the cats with FCGS had high sensitivity to enrofloxacin and low sensitivity to metronidazole. This study provides support to current clinical criteria in diagnosing FCGS and proposes a more suitable antibiotic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Microbial community composition is closely associated with host disease onset and progression, underscoring the importance of understanding host-microbiota dynamics in various health contexts. Methods: In this study, we utilized full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to conduct species-level identification of the microorganisms in the oral cavity of a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) with oral malignant fibroma. Results: We observed a significant difference between the microbial community of the tumor side and non-tumor side of the oral cavity of the giant panda, with the latter exhibiting higher microbial diversity. The tumor side was dominated by specific microorganisms, such as Fusobacterium simiae, Porphyromonas sp. feline oral taxon 110, Campylobacter sp. feline oral taxon 100, and Neisseria sp. feline oral taxon 078, that have been reported to be associated with tumorigenic processes and periodontal diseases in other organisms. According to the linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis, more than 9 distinct biomarkers were obtained between the tumor side and non-tumor side samples. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that the oral microbiota of the giant panda was significantly associated with genetic information processing and metabolism, particularly cofactor and vitamin, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, a significant bacterial invasion of epithelial cells was predicted in the tumor side. Discussion: This study provides crucial insights into the association between oral microbiota and oral tumors in giant pandas and offers potential biomarkers that may guide future health assessments and preventive strategies for captive and aging giant pandas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several studies support the interplay between the urinary microbiome (ie, urobiome) and bladder cancer (BCa). Specific urinary bacteria may be responsible for chronic inflammation, which in turn promotes carcinogenesis. Different signatures of urobiome in BCa patients were identified depending on tumor type, geographical area, age, and sex. Objective: We explored the urobiome in BCa patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), to identify possible predictive biomarkers of cancer. Design, setting, and participants: The urobiome analysis was conducted in 48 patients (13 females) undergoing TURBT, of whom 30 with BCa (five females) and 18 with benign bladder tumor, analyzing bacterial 16S rRNA by next-generation sequencing in first-morning (FM) urine samples. Forty-three cancer-free individuals and 17 prostate cancer patients were used as controls. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: First, we identified the better urine collection procedure to perform the urobiome analysis, comparing bacterial composition between catheterized (CAT) and FM urine samples in TURBT patients. Successively, we observed a specific urobiome in BCa patients rather than controls. A combined pipeline including the DESeq2 and linear discriminant analysis effect size tests was used to identify differential urinary taxa, strictly associated with BCa patients. Results and limitations: The bacterial composition of CAT and FM urine samples was comparable, so the latter was used for the following analyses. An increased abundance of Porphyromonas and Porphyromonas somerae was found in BCa patients compared with controls. This signature seems to be more related (p

Peri-implantitis is a pathological condition in dental medicine that manifests as an inflammatory process affecting the tissues surrounding dental implants. Peri-implantitis occurs when the soft and hard tissues surrounding these implants become inflamed, leading to progressive destruction of the supporting bone. The etiology of peri-implantitis is multifactorial, involving microbial, host-related, and environmental factors. Microbial involvement in peri-implantitis can be explained either by direct in-situ virulence activation leading to pathogenicity, or by induction of low-grade chronic immune activation, leading to long-term persistence of a pro-inflammatory status. Understanding peri-implantitis is pivotal in maintaining the long-term success of dental implants and improving patient outcomes in implant- supported restorations. Recognizing the etiological factors, including particular bacterial species, genetic predispositions, and environmental influences, is very important for devising effective preventive strategies and targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porphyromonas gingivalis is the etiological agent of chronic periodontitis. Menadione (vitamin K 3) and phylloquinone (vitamin K 1) are well-known growth factors for P. gingivalis , while menadione is widely used in growth experiments. Here we attempted to determine the differences in phylloquinone and menadione in P. gingivalis growth experiments, which have not been well studied to date. We investigated the effects of menadione and phylloquinone on the growth of two W83 strains and seven ATCC 33277 strains of P. gingivalis. The ATCC 33277 strains grew well with phylloquinone at 2.9 μM in a complex medium (nutrient medium) and at 29 μM in two minimal media. In contrast, the W83 strains grew well without menadione or phylloquinone in three different culture media. Menadione at 2.9 μM, the conventionally used concentration for culturing P. gingivalis, supported the growth of most ATCC 33277 strains but inhibited the growth of some W83 and ATCC 33277 strains. Furthermore, menadione at 14.5 μM frequently inhibited cell growth, while phylloquinone at 145 μM promoted cell growth. These results indicate that menadione and phylloquinone act as growth factors for ATCC 33277 but that menadione also can inhibit P. gingivalis growth. Thus, we propose that phylloquinone be used instead of menadione in P. gingivalis growth experiments requiring vitamin K. • Both menadione and phylloquinone support the growth of cultured Porphyromonas gingivalis. • Menadione inhibited growth in some strains whereas phylloquinone did not. • The use of phylloquinone is preferable as a growth factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tedizolid's anaerobic activity is unappreciated. In this study, it was active against all 332 anaerobic isolates tested at ≤2 μg/ml except Bilophila wadsworthia and was more active than linezolid against Bacteroides fragilis group species (MIC90, 1 μg/ml versus 2 to 4 μg/ml). Tedizolid was active against Gram-positive anaerobes (MIC90 for clostridia, 0.25 to 1 μg/ml; MIC90 for anaerobic cocci, ≤0.06 to 0.25 μg/ml). Our data coupled with clinical reports indicate that clinicians should consider its use in mixed infections where Staphylococcus aureus and anaerobes are involved.

COR388, a small-molecule lysine-gingipain inhibitor, is currently being investigated in a Phase 2/3 clinical trial for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with exploratory endpoints in periodontal disease. Gingipains are produced by two species of bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas gulae, typically associated with periodontal disease and systemic infections in humans and dogs, respectively. P. gulae infection in dogs is associated with periodontal disease, which provides a physiologically relevant model to investigate the pharmacology of COR388. In the current study, aged dogs with a natural oral infection of P. gulae and periodontal disease were treated with COR388 by oral administration for up to 90 days to assess lysine-gingipain target engagement and reduction of bacterial load and downstream pathology. In a 28-day dose-response study, COR388 inhibited the lysine-gingipain target and reduced P. gulae load in saliva, buccal cells, and gingival crevicular fluid. The lowest effective dose was continued for 90 days and was efficacious in continuous reduction of bacterial load and downstream periodontal disease pathology. In a separate histology study, dog brain tissue showed evidence of P. gulae DNA and neuronal lysine-gingipain, demonstrating that P. gulae infection is systemic and spreads beyond its oral reservoir, similar to recent observations of P. gingivalis in humans. Together, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of COR388 lysine-gingipain inhibition, along with reduction of bacterial load and periodontal disease in naturally occurring P. gulae infection in the dog, support the use of COR388 in targeting lysine-gingipain and eliminating P. gingivalis infection in humans.

Background: Periodontitis in adolescents has historically been rare in the Nordic countries but could be expected to increase due to changes in demographics. The primary aim was to cross-sectionally examine the presence of radiographic bone loss in adolescents in Västerbotten County, Sweden. The secondary aim was to compare periodontal and microbial parameters, as well as demographic patterns, in controls without bone loss with cases with bone loss.Methods: Adolescents born 2001 and who had a dental examination 2016 (n = 1656) were screened for proximal bone loss using bitewing radiographs taken during dental examinations (2014-2016). Individuals that exhibited proximal bone loss (> 2 mm) were invited to participate in a complete periodontal examination. Subgingival plaque and saliva were also sampled. For each adolescent with bone loss, two healthy individuals as controls were examined. Selected bacterial species in saliva and subgingival plaque were quantitatively examined by quantitative PCR. The subgingival plaque samples were also analysed with cultivation technique.Results: Proximal bone loss was identified in 24 individuals (1.45%) based on all the radiographs. Thirteen of these cases were periodontally examined and matched with 26 controls. Most cases were diagnosed with periodontitis (12/13 [92%]), whereas none of the controls had periodontitis. Higher concentrations and higher prevalence of the bacteria Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Filifactor alocis were generally found in the cases.Conclusion: The results suggest that periodontitis among adolescents, because of demographic differences (an increasingly heterogenous population), in Sweden is increasing and emphasizes the importance of radiographs for early detection of this disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbe mediated inflammation is one of the common causes of peri-implantitis soon after surgery. A medium that delivers antibiotics locally in a sustained manner may mitigate the common side effects of the antibiotic especially gastric irritation. To determine the effectiveness of tissue conditioner as a carrying medium to deliver antibiotics and curcumin as an alternative at an implant surgical site post operatively, retaining the properties of tissue conditioner. The antibiotics amoxycillin-clavulonic acid and metronidazole, and the antimicrobial agent curcumin are incorporated into tissue conditioner (TC) at various concentrations. The antimicrobial properties are studied using antimicrobial sensitivity tests against Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, and Porphyromonas. In addition, the flow properties and viscosity of selected TC-antimicrobial combinations are analyzed. Relevant statistical analyses are carried out to assess the data. The tissue conditioner (TC) mixed with antibiotic and curcumin separately, showed a zone of inhibition that was greater than the control used. This showed that there was elution from the tissue conditioner mixed with the chosen drugs into artificial saliva The materials mixed in 1:1 ratio of metronidazole and different ratios of curcumin each with TC showed spreadability and viscosity similar to that of control. Differential Scanning Calorimetry showed no interaction between the drugs and tissue conditioner. Tissue conditioner can be used as an effective medium to carry antibiotics or curcumin with positive elution into artificial saliva. Treatment strategies could involve targeted pharmaceutical approach with drugs delivered locally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a site-specific, chronic disease treated by non-surgical debridement of subgingival plaque. We aimed to determine the microbiome of sites that did not respond to this treatment (NR) compared with paired good responding (GR) sites before and after treatment. In a longitudinal cohort study, clinical parameters of disease and biological samples were taken prior to and 3 months after treatment. Twelve NR sites from six participants were paired with GR sites within the same participant. Subgingival plaque samples were subjected to bacterial community analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. There were no significant differences in clinical parameters and microbial communities at baseline between GR and NR sites. Bacterial communities in deep pockets were dominated by a small number of species, notably Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. In NR sites three months after treatment there was no significant change in bacterial composition whilst there was a collapse in the abundance of pathobionts in GR sites. NR sites were not identifiable prior to treatment by clinical or microbiological parameters. Treatment failed to disrupt pathogenic bacterial community in NR sites. Targeted suppression of particular species should be considered to initiate community collapse and aid disease resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a causative agent of chronic periodontitis. Standard strains of P. gingivalis , such as W83 and ATCC 33277, proliferate in minimal medium when protein is added as the energy source and hemin and menadione are added as growth factors. Nevertheless, minimal medium containing bovine serum albumin sometimes fails to support growth. The proliferation of two W83 strains and seven ATCC 33277 strains in various minimal media was investigated. Previously, we determined that calcium chloride (CaCl 2) was a growth factor for W83NM, a W83 strain. In this study, we found that vitamin B 12 enhanced the proliferation of W83NM in a minimal medium with cultures from the fourth passage but not from the first to the third passage. Therefore, using fourth-passage cultures, we assessed the proliferation of two W83 and seven ATCC 33277 strains in minimal media and the effects of CaCl 2 and vitamin B 12. Surprisingly, the nine P. gingivalis strains all differed with respect to their proliferation in minimal media, and protein products used as energy sources showed product-to-product and lot-to-lot heterogeneity. Even though strains or protein products were different, we found CaCl 2 -dependent growth in nine strains and vitamin B 12 -dependent growth in seven strains. These results suggest that calcium ions and vitamin B 12 are novel growth factors for P. gingivalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a catechin abundant in green tea, exhibits antibacterial activity. In this study, the antimicrobial effects of EGCG on periodontal disease-associated bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis , Prevotella intermedia , Prevotella nigrescens , Fusobacterium nucleatum , and Fusobacterium periodontium) were evaluated and compared with its effects on Streptococcus mutans , a caries-associated bacterium. Treatment with 2 mg/ml EGCG for 4 h killed all periodontal disease-associated bacteria, whereas it only reduced the viable count of S. mutans by about 40 %. Regarding growth, the periodontal disease-associated bacteria were more susceptible to EGCG than S. mutans , based on the growth inhibition ring test. As for metabolism, the 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of EGCG for bacterial metabolic activity was lower for periodontal disease-associated bacteria (0.32–0.65 mg/ml) than for S. mutans (1.14 mg/ml). Furthermore, these IC 50 values were negatively correlated with the growth inhibition ring (r = −0.73 to −0.86). EGCG induced bacterial aggregation at the following concentrations: P. gingivalis (>0.125 mg/ml), F. periodonticum (>0.5 mg/ml), F. nucleatum (>1 mg/ml), and P. nigrescens (>2 mg/ml). S. mutans aggregated at an EGCG concentration of > 1 mg/ml. EGCG may help to prevent periodontal disease by killing bacteria, inhibiting bacterial growth by suppressing bacterial metabolic activity, and removing bacteria through aggregation. • Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibited the metabolism and growth of periodontal disease-associated bacteria. • EGCG showed an aggregation effect with periodontal disease-associated bacteria. • Periodontal bacteria were more sensitive to EGCG than Streptococcus mutans. • ECGC has the potential to contribute to the prevention of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Periodontitis is a site-specific, chronic disease treated by non-surgical debridement of subgingival plaque. We aimed to determine the microbiome of sites that did not respond to this treatment (NR) compared with paired good responding (GR) sites before and after treatment.Materials and methods In a longitudinal cohort study, clinical parameters of disease and biological samples were taken prior to and 3 months after treatment. Twelve NR sites from six participants were paired with GR sites within the same participant. Subgingival plaque samples were subjected to bacterial community analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Results There were no significant differences in clinical parameters and microbial communities at baseline between GR and NR sites. Bacterial communities in deep pockets were dominated by a small number of species, notably Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. In NR sites three months after treatment there was no significant change in bacterial composition whilst there was a collapse in the abundance of pathobionts in GR sites.Conclusion NR sites were not identifiable prior to treatment by clinical or microbiological parameters. Treatment failed to disrupt pathogenic bacterial community in NR sites. Targeted suppression of particular species should be considered to initiate community collapse and aid disease resolution.

The gut microbial dysbiosis is a risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and some bacteria have been reported as potential markers for CRC diagnosis. However, heterogeneity among studies with different populations and technologies lead to inconsistent results. Here, we investigated six metagenomic profiles of stool samples from healthy controls (HC), colorectal adenoma (CA) and CRC, and six and four genera were consistently altered between CRC and HC or CA across populations, respectively. In FengQ cohort, which composed with 61 HC, 47 CA, and 46 CRC samples, a random forest (RF) model composed of the six genera, denoted as signature-HC, distinguished CRC from HC with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.84. Similarly, another RF model composed of the four universal genera, denoted as signature-CA, discriminated CRC from CA with an AUC of 0.73. These signatures were further validated in five metagenomic sequencing cohorts and six independent 16S rRNA gene sequencing cohorts. Interestingly, three genera overlapped in the two models (Porphyromonas, Parvimonas and Peptostreptococcus) were with very low abundance in HC and CA, but sharply increased in CRC. A concise RF model on the three genera distinguished CRC from HC or CA with AUC of 0.87 and 0.67, respectively. Functional gene family analysis revealed that Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Orthogroups categories which were significantly correlated with markers in signature-HC and signature-CA were mapped into pathways related to lipopolysaccharide and sulfur metabolism, which might be vital risk factors of CRC development. Conclusively, our study identified universal bacterial markers across populations and technologies as potential aids in non-invasive diagnosis of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This review aimed to analyse the current knowledge regarding the composition of salivary microbiota of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The protocol for this study was designed following the PRISMA guidelines. Observational studies, in human subjects with histological diagnosis of OSCC, concerning the analysis of salivary microbiota, were selected. Eleven papers were included. The salivary microbiomes of 1335 patients were analysed. Periodontal pathogens were the most frequent bacteria detected in patients with OSCC. We have found that although there are evident alterations in the composition of the salivary microbiota in OSCC patients, due to the great heterogeneity of the studies, it is still a challenge to identify a specific microbiota pattern. If the associations between alterations in the salivary microbiome and OSCC are confirmed, microbiome analysis could represent a useful tool for the screening and follow-up of patients affected by OSCC. Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, in recent years, an increase in the incidence of OSCC has been registered, and the mortality rate is still high. This systematic review aims to identify a potential association between the composition of salivary microbiota and OSCC. Materials and Methods: The protocol for this study was designed following the PRISMA guidelines. Records were identified using different search engines (e.g., Medline/PubMed). Observational studies, in human subjects with histological diagnosis of OSCC, concerning the analysis of salivary microbiota, were selected. Results: Eleven papers were included. The salivary microbiomes of 1335 patients were analysed (n.687 OSCC and n.648 controls). Due to the great heterogeneity of the studies, it was not possible to profile a specific microbiota associated with OSCC. However, periodontal pathogens were the most common bacteria detected in patients with OSCC (i.e., Fusobacterium, Prevotella). Conclusions: Although there are evident alterations in the salivary microbiota composition in OSCC patients, it is still a challenge to identify a specific microbiota pattern in OSCC patients. If the associations between specific salivary microorganisms and OSCC are confirmed, microbiome analysis could be a useful tool for the screening and follow-up of patients affected by OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pexiganan, a cationic peptide, exhibited a broad range of anti-anaerobic antimicrobial activity. The MIC90s of studied isolates were as follows: Bacteroides fragilis, 16 μg/ml; other B. fragilis group spp., 4 μg/ml; Prevotella and Fusobacterium spp., 32 μg/ml; Porphyromonas spp., 64 μg/ml; Propionibacterium acnes, 4 μg/ml; Eggerthella lenta and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, 32 μg/ml; other Gram-positive rods and cocci, 4 μg/ml; Clostridium perfringens, 128 μg/ml; and other clostridia, 256 μg/ml. Pexiganan cream shows potential as adjunctive therapy for skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs) involving anaerobes.

Background: Biofilm formation on implant-abutment surfaces can cause inflammatory reactions. Ethical concerns often limit intraoral testing, necessitating preliminary in vitro or animal studies. Here, we propose an in vitro model using human saliva and hypothesize that this model has the potential to closely mimic the dynamics of biofilm formation on implant-abutment material surfaces in vivo., Methods: A saliva stock was mixed with modified Brain-Heart-Infusion medium to form biofilms on Titanium-Aluminum-Vanadium (Ti6Al4V) and Yttria-partially Stabilized Zirconia (Y-TZP) discs in 24-well plates. Biofilm analyses included crystal violet staining, intact cell quantification with BactoBox, 16S rRNA gene analysis, and short-chain fatty acids measurement. As a control, discs were worn in maxillary splints by four subjects for four days to induce in vivo biofilm formation., Results: After four days, biofilms fully covered Ti6Al4V and Y-TZP discs both in vivo and in vitro, with similar cell viability. There was a 60.31% overlap of genera between in vitro and in vivo biofilms in the early stages, and 41% in the late stages. Ten key oral bacteria, including Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Veillonella, and Porphyromonas, were still detectable in vitro, representing the common stages of oral biofilm formation., Conclusion: This in vitro model effectively simulates oral conditions and provides valuable insights into biofilm dynamics., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The Porphyromonas gingivalis type IX secretion system (T9SS) promotes periodontal disease by secreting gingipains and other virulence factors. By in situ cryoelectron tomography, we report that the P. gingivalis T9SS consists of 18 PorM dimers arranged as a large, caged ring in the periplasm. Near the outer membrane, PorM dimers interact with a PorKN ring complex of ∼52 nm in diameter. PorMKN translocation complexes of a given T9SS adopt distinct conformations energized by the proton motive force, suggestive of different activation states. At the inner membrane, PorM associates with a cytoplasmic complex that exhibits 12-fold symmetry and requires both PorM and PorL for assembly. Activated motors deliver substrates across the outer membrane via one of eight Sov translocons arranged in a ring. The T9SSs are unique among known secretion systems in bacteria and eukaryotes in their assembly as supramolecular machines composed of apparently independently functioning translocation motors and export pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC) and benign breast lesions (BBLs) are common diseases in women worldwide. The gut microbiota plays a vital role in regulating breast diseases' formation, progression, and therapy response. Hence, we explored the structure and function of gut microflora in patients with BC and BBLs. A cohort of 66 subjects was enrolled in the study. Twenty-six subjects had BC, 20 subjects had BBLs, and 20 matched healthy controls. High throughput 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing technology was used to determine the microbial community structure. Compared with healthy individuals, BC patients had significantly lower alpha diversity indices (Sobs index, p = 0.019; Chao1 index, p = 0.033). Sobs and Chao1 indices were also lower in patients with BBLs than healthy individuals, without statistical significance (p = 0.279, p = 0.314, respectively). Both unweighted and weighted UniFrac analysis showed that beta diversity differed significantly among the three groups (p = 3.376e--14, p < 0.001, respectively). Compared with healthy individuals, the levels of Porphyromonas and Peptoniphilus were higher in BC patients (p = 0.004, p = 0.007, respectively), whereas Escherichia and Lactobacillus were more enriched in the benign breast lesion group (p < 0.001, p = 0.011, respectively). Our study indicates that patients with BC and BBLs may undergo significant changes in intestinal microbiota. These findings can help elucidate the role of intestinal flora in BC and BBLs patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study summarizes the current knowledge on the role of bacterial extracellular signaling systems, known as quorum sensing (QS), in oral biofilm formation, and on the possibility of blocking these microbial communication systems as a potential approach to prevent and treat oral infectious diseases. Methods: A detailed literature review of the current knowledge of QS in the oral cavity was performed, using the databases MEDLINE (through PubMed) and Web of Science. Results: Accumulating direct and indirect evidence indicates an important role of QS molecules in the oral microbial ecosystem. Conclusions: The mechanisms regulating gene expression through bacterial communication systems constitute a promising target to control oral biofilm formation. Although cell‐to‐cell communication is pivotal for biofilm formation of many pathogenic bacteria, knowledge concerning microbial interactions and signaling processes within multispecies biofilms in the oral cavity is still limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study is aimed to compare and evaluate the changes in the microflora in immediate and delayed placed implants. Materials and Methods: In this study, the implant site sample was taken and assessed during different phases of treatment for delayed and immediate implants. They were looked for Streptococcus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Results: The results showed that Streptococci were found in a higher number in all the phases of the treatment. The presence of pathogenic organisms such as P. gingivalis and Fusobacterium, in considerable amounts, was seen in both the groups. Conclusion: Thus, we conclude that implant mode of placement, delayed or immediate placement does not alter the flora of the oral cavity. Organisms present remains the same in all the phase of the treatment. To prevent the disease, one must continuously monitor the implant, with the increasing age changes, the microflora is continually changing in the oral cavity. The periodontal health should be assessed before the placement of the implant, followed by follow-ups after a set period for a better prognosis.

Several studies have explored the origin and development mechanism of oral lichen planus (OLP) with limited attention to the role of bacteria in the progression of this common oral disease. Here we utilized MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons to identify complex oral microbiota associated with OLP from saliva samples of two subtypes (reticular and erosive) of OLP patients and healthy controls. Our analyses indicated that the overall structure of the salivary microbiome was not significantly affected by disease status. However, we did observe evident variations in abundance for several taxonomic groups in OLP. Porphyromonas and Solobacterium showed significantly higher relative abundances, whereas Haemophilus, Corynebacterium, Cellulosimicrobium and Campylobacter showed lower abundances in OLP patients, as compared with healthy controls. In addition, we explored specific microbial co-occurrence patterns in OLP, and revealed significantly fewer linkers of Streptococcus comprising species in erosive OLP. Furthermore, the disease severity and immune dysregulation were also genus-associated, including with Porphyromonas that correlated to disease scores and salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-23. Overall, this study provides a general description of oral microbiome in OLP, and it will be useful for further investigation of their potential roles in the initiation and immune modulation of OLP.

Porphyromonads play an important role in human periodontal disease and recently have been shown to be highly prevalent in canine mouths. Porphyromonas cangingivalis is the most prevalent canine oral bacterial species in both plaque from healthy gingiva and plaque from dogs with early periodontitis. The ability of P. cangingivalis to flourish in the different environmental conditions characterized by these two states suggests a degree of metabolic flexibility. To characterize the genes responsible for this, the genomes of 32 isolates (including 18 newly sequenced and assembled) from 18 Porphyromonad species from dogs, humans, and other mammals were compared. Phylogenetic trees inferred using core genes largely matched previous findings; however, comparative genomic analysis identified several genes and pathways relating to heme synthesis that were present in P. cangingivalis but not in other Porphyromonads. Porphyromonas cangingivalis has a complete protoporphyrin IX synthesis pathway potentially allowing it to synthesize its own heme unlike pathogenic Porphyromonads such as Porphyromonas gingivalis that acquire heme predominantly from blood. Other pathway differences such as the ability to synthesize siroheme and vitamin B12 point to enhanced metabolic flexibility for P. cangingivalis, which may underlie its prevalence in the canine oral cavity.

Objective: Porphyromonas (P.) species (spp.) are a major etiological agent of apical periodontitis (AP), which in turn represents a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study explored the associations between endodontic infection with Porphyromonas species, the systemic bacterial burden, and cardiovascular risk, based on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), in young adults with AP. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study. Otherwise, healthy individuals with AP and controls (n = 80, ≤ 40 years) were recruited at the University Dental Clinic. Oral parameters and classic cardiovascular risk factors were registered. Endodontic Porphyromonas endodontalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis were identified using conventional PCR. Serum concentrations of anti-P. endodontalis and anti-P. gingivalis antibodies, and endotoxins were determined through ELISA and Limulus-amebocyte assays. Serum hsCRP was determined for cardiovascular risk stratification. Results: Intracanal detection of P. endodontalis and P. gingivalis in AP were 33.3% and 22.9%, respectively. Serum anti-P. endodontalis and anti-P. gingivalis IgG was higher in AP than controls (p < 0.05 and p = 0.057, respectively). Intracanal P. endodontalis associated with higher endotoxemia (p < 0.05). Among endodontic factors, the presence (OR 4.2–5.5, p < 0.05) and the number of apical lesions (OR 2.3, p < 0.05) associated with moderate-severe cardiovascular risk, whereas anti-P. endodontalis IgG were protective (OR 0.3, p > 0.05). Conclusions: AP and infection with P. endodontalis positively associated with cardiovascular risk based on hsCRP levels and endotoxemia, respectively, whereas anti-P. endodontalis IgG response seems to be protective against low-grade systemic inflammation. Clinical relevance: Apical periodontitis and endodontic P. endodontalis can influence the systemic burden with impact on the surrogate cardiovascular risk marker hsCRP, providing mechanistic links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main etiological agent of periodontitis is the anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Virulence of this pathogen is controlled by various mechanisms and executed by major virulence factors including the gingipain proteases, peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), and RagB, an outer membrane macromolecular transport component. Although the structures and functions of these proteins are well characterized, little is known about their posttranslational maturation. Here, we determined the phosphoproteome of P. gingivalis in which phosphorylated tyrosine residues constitute over 80% of all phosphoresidues. Multiple phosphotyrosines were found in gingipains, PPAD, and RagB. Although mutation of phosphorylated residues in PPAD and RagB had no effect on secretion or activity, site‐directed mutagenesis showed that phosphorylation in hemagglutinin/adhesin domains of RgpA and Kgp, and in the catalytic domain of RgpB, had a strong influence on secretion, processing, and enzymatic activity. Moreover, preventing phosphorylation of one gingipain influenced the others, suggesting multiple phosphorylation‐dependent pathways of gingipain maturation in P. gingivalis. Various candidate kinases including Ptk1 BY kinase and ubiquitous bacterial kinase 1 (UbK1) may be involved, but their contribution to gingipain processing and activation remains to be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oral microbiome in dogs is a complex community. Under some circumstances, it contributes to periodontal disease, a prevalent inflammatory disease characterized by a complex interaction between oral microbes and the immune system. Porphyromonas and Tannerella spp. are usually dominant in this disease. How the oral microbiome community is altered in periodontal disease, especially sub-dominant microbial populations is unclear. Moreover, how microbiome functions are altered in this disease has not been studied. In this study, we compared the composition and the predicted functions of the microbiome of the cavity of healthy dogs to those with from periodontal disease. The microbiome of both groups clustered separately, indicating important differences. Periodontal disease resulted in a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and reductions in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Porphyromonas abundance increased 2.7 times in periodontal disease, accompanied by increases in Bacteroides and Fusobacterium. It was predicted that aerobic respiratory processes are decreased in periodontal disease. Enrichment in fermentative processes and anaerobic glycolysis were suggestive of an anaerobic environment, also characterized by higher lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. This study contributes to a better understanding of how periodontal disease modifies the oral microbiome and makes a prediction of the metabolic pathways that contribute to the inflammatory process observed in periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]