Search

Recent expansions in databases containing clinical, research, or genetic information have created opportunities for other uses which differ from their original purposes. Legislative changes in some jurisdictions broadening the powers of law enforcement agencies to access these databases for criminal investigations have renewed concerns regarding protecting public safety through DNA profiling for criminal investigations and defending individuals' interests in protecting their personal information. This article addresses the ethical and legal considerations around the widening of law enforcement agencies' powers to collect DNA information and potential access to DNA databases for criminal investigations, focusing on the recent developments in Singapore in comparison with selected jurisdictions. It advocates for a tiered access approach to third-party research databases for specific crimes only. A tiered access approach facilitates the aims of safeguarding public interests through appropriate exercise of access powers, protecting individuals' expectations of privacy of their personal information contained in these databases and supporting the continued sustainability of third-party research databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the criminal profile of homicide offenders in prisons across Brazil. The sample was N = 189 male participants, single-victim homicide (n = 87) and serial homicides (n = 102). Most of the sample had less than nine years of formal education and the most frequent age was 15–28. Robbery homicide was the most frequent motivation for both groups and fight/settling scores were more common in the single homicide group. Men victims were more frequent for both groups. Acquaintances (56.3%) in single homicides and unknown to the aggressor (64.4%) in serial homicides. Firearms was the main method of execution. Mental disorder was more frequent (24.5%) in serial homicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential growth of crime, violence, and wrongdoing is linked to dysfunction in restraining aggressive impulses, leading to neglect and disrespect of others' feelings, rights, and needs. Two basic forms of communication, verbal and nonverbal, serve individuals to interact and exchange ideas and attitudes with other people in everyday life situations, including within the framework of criminal investigations and criminal justice. The purpose of this study was to draw an analogy between verbal communication (oral speech, written speech) and nonverbal communication (body language, gestures, and silence), with the tendency to explore different components of nonverbal communication and place them in the context of criminal profiling as a method for detecting lies in nonverbal communication. The aim of this study was to emphasize the importance of nonverbal communication as an equal part of the communication process, and often a predominant one in this domain, which helps us demystify suspects, perpetrators, and criminal acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most police searches today are authorized by citizens' consent, rather than probable cause or reasonable suspicion. The main constitutional limitation on so‐called "consent searches" is the voluntariness test: whether a reasonable person would have felt free to refuse the officer's request to conduct the search. We investigate whether this legal inquiry is subject to a systematic bias whereby uninvolved decision‐makers overstate the voluntariness of consent and underestimate the psychological pressure individuals feel to comply. We find evidence for a robust bias extending to requests, tasks, and populations that have not been examined previously. Across three pre‐registered experiments, we approached participants ("Experiencers") with intrusive search requests and measured their behavioral compliance and self‐reported feelings of psychological freedom. Another group of participants ("Forecasters") reported whether they would comply if hypothetically placed in the same situation. Study 1 investigated participants' willingness to allow experimenters access to their unlocked personal smartphones in order to read through the search histories on their web browsers—a private sphere where many individuals feel they have something to hide. Results revealed that whereas 27% of Forecasters reported they would permit such a search, 92% of Experiencers complied when asked. Study 2 replicated this underestimation‐of‐compliance effect when individuals were asked to permit a search of their purses, backpacks, and other bags—traditional searches not eligible for the heightened legal protection extended to digital devices. Study 3 replicated the gap between Forecasters' projections and Experiencers' behavior in a more representative sample, and found it persists even when participants' predictions are incentivized monetarily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile Forensic Data Analysis is an approach that aims to discover criminals by utilizing data collected from mobile devices and algorithms that detect suspicious patterns. In situations where criminal action is linked to automated processes, such as the propagation of malware, it is simple to anticipate the outcome. Prediction and detection become more appealing for situations in which human behavior is involved, such as in typical criminal cases. The current study suggests a combined criminal profiling and suspicious pattern detection approach. The study focuses on cyberbullying and small-scale drug sales, both of which rely extensively on mobile devices. Another focus of the study is on the identification of suspicious patterns. Through the connecting of several observable patterns, our evidence-based strategy leads to an increase in accuracy and a reduction in the number of false positives on a dataset. Immediately following the evaluation and presentation of the outcomes of tests carried out on a dataset that contains both benign and malicious traffic, the scenarios are re-executed on a real dataset for the purpose of conducting additional testing and verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we propose to make an analysis and evaluation of some aspects related to the application of the polygraph to the investigation of crimes. Attention will be paid to the professional skills and competences of the polygraph examiner, as well as the need to know the special procedures that can be applied during the testing. We will establish criteria for classifying the profile of the criminal under psycho-criminological and criminological aspects.The circumstances to be elucidated by applying the polygraph to the investigation of acts of terrorism. We will analyze the psycho-criminological profile of the victim, witnesses and other categories of people to be tested by applying the polygraph. We will focus on the manner and methodology of conducting the polygraph examination and make recommendations for further research in the field of polygraph application [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rgeoprofile R package was developed to implement functions for the analysis of serial crime incidents. Geographic profiling is an investigative technique that utilizes the spatial relationship of a connected series of crime incidents to determine or predict the most probable area of offender residence or anchor point. If successfully used as a decision support system, criminal geography can be used to help law enforcement agencies strategically target certain areas for inquiry or prioritize suspects through a narrowed search window. As an open-source platform, the rgeoprofile package contains several rapid reproducible models of spatial analysis using either centrographic or distance decay functions to predict the offender's home base. An open-source approach results in transparent analyses with no-cost availability for agencies. Additionally, since both mathematical models and investigator heuristics have been shown to provide viable options for criminal geographic profiling, a software package, which integrates different solutions to the geographic profiling problem was needed. Finally, the article demonstrates the various geographic profiling methods in a case study of the Boston Strangler to illustrate the advantages of each approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies how receiving a bonus changes consumers' demand for auto loans and their risk of future delinquency. Unlike traditional consumer products, auto loans have a long-term impact on consumers' financial state because of the monthly payment obligation. Using a large consumer panel data set of credit and employment information, the authors find that receiving a bonus increases auto loan demand by 21%. These loans, however, are associated with higher risk, as the delinquency rate increases by 18.5%–31.4% depending on different measures. In contrast, an increase in consumers' base salary will increase their demand for auto loans but not their delinquency. By comparing consumers with bonuses with those without bonuses, the authors find that bonus payments lead to both demand expansion and demand shifting on auto loans. The empirical findings help shed light on how consumers make financial decisions and have important implications for financial institutions on when demand for auto loans and the associated risk arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pedagogía Profesional is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas "Enrique Jose Varona" Facultad de Ciencias Tecnicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the past years, studies shed light on how social norms and perceptions potentially affect loan repayments, with overtones for strategic default. Motivated by this strand of the literature, we incorporate collective social traits in predictive frameworks on credit card delinquencies. We propose the use of a two-stage framework. This allows us to segment a market into homogeneous sub-populations at the regional level in terms of social traits, which may proxy for perceptions and potentially unravelled behaviours. On these formed sub-populations, delinquency prediction models are fitted at a second stage. We apply this framework to a big dataset of 3.3 million credit card holders spread in 12 UK NUTS1 regions during the period 2015–2019. We find that segmentation based on social traits yields efficiency gains in terms of both computational and predictive performance compared to prediction in the overall population. This finding holds and is sustained in the long run for different sub-samples, lag counts, class imbalance correction or alternative clustering solutions based on individual and socio-economic attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research on moral disengagement associated with adult criminal profiles is recent a recent issue and, therefore, has been less evaluated. This meta-analytic study aims to determine the strength of the relationship between moral disengagement and crime in the adult prison population. The results showed a moderate relationship between moral disengagement and crime, with an effect size of r =.26 (p <.001). The analysis of moderating variables (i.e., type of offence, gender, age, and instrument measuring moral disengagement) do not show statistically significant results in this association. Finally, it is concluded that moral disengagement is a risk factor for criminal behaviour commission, and future lines of research are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos de Criminología, Criminalística y Seguridad Privada is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Criminologia Capitulo Nuevo Leon, A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Criminal profiling is a tool produced and used by the police during conducting investigations. In Malaysia, the practice of using criminal profiling can be identified through several provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code as well as several articles and journals. However, these sources are not able to provide a clear picture of the position of criminal profiling in Malaysia. To date, no specific definition or concept and structured criminal profiling method can be identified. This article aims to provide an overview of the criminal profiling method used in other countries namely Japan and the United States. The main goal is to show the variety of criminal profiling methods used to assist the police during the investigation process. This paper briefly describes each of the methods and emphasizes their differences. A comparison of methods in general needs to be touched on, to see to what extent criminal profiling methods in the United States have an impact on the development of criminal profiling methods in Japan. This paper is aimed at the public, those involved in law, criminology, and any fields related to criminal profiling. The literature review will be used to achieve these objectives. The findings are that Japan has managed to produce its definition of criminal profiling while in the United States, apart from the definition given by the FBI, a single definition is still under discussion. In addition, Japan uses a method namely Behavioral Crime Analysis, quite similar to the United States which is Behavioral Profiling of Offenders, to identify the characteristics of criminal behavior. Therefore, this paper will suggest that Malaysia use the criminal profiling method in these developed countries as an example in producing its guidelines on criminal profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic profiling is a criminal investigative technique that analyzes the locations of a crime series to determine the most probable area of offender residence. Police agencies employ the methodology for suspect prioritization and information management purposes in serial crime cases. Geoprofiles are probability maps generated by an algorithm that integrates distance decay functions originating from the point pattern of the connected crime sites. A more recent approach, known as empirical Bayes journey-to-crime estimation (or Bayesian geographic profiling), seeks to supplement these models with area-based historical offender and crime data. Spatial information from previous crime trips is used to calibrate analyses following the assumption that the unknown offender likely resides in the same neighborhood as past criminals who offended in the location of the new crime series. Inferring individual suspect rankings from historical area rankings, however, creates an ecological fallacy, and the greater the congruence between past offenders and future suspects, the more tautological the analysis. Although Bayesian models cannot be used to inform suspect prioritization—the main function of geographic profiling—the approach could have applicability for police strategies based on area prioritization. Surprisingly, this major limitation of the Bayes approach to geoprofiling has been ignored in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children, adolescents and young adults are in developmentally sensitive stages and can be disproportionally negatively impacted by imprisonment, yet these age groups are rarely described. Complete records of all persons aged 15–34 imprisoned in Norway in the period 2000–2019 (n = 52,588) were linked with data from sociodemographic and police registries. Imprisoned children and adolescents were characterized by several markers for socioeconomic disadvantage, convictions for serious crime, and high rates of reimprisonment. Over the last 20 years, the number of children and adolescents in Norwegian prisons has declined, while their criminal profiles become increasingly severe. Children and adolescents are characterized by an accumulation of sociodemographic and family-related risk factors and have an increased risk of reimprisonment even when controlling for a number of relevant factors. Preventative measures both in the community and in prison must be aimed at children and adolescents at risk. • Imprisoned children and adolescents have markers for socioeconomic disadvantage. • They have serious convictions and high reimprisonment rates. • Interventions for children and families at risk can prevent crime and imprisonment. • We need specialized prisons focused on the needs of children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has three aims. These are to reveal the criminal motives that required severe punishments during the Abdulmecid period in the Ottoman Empire, to determine the crime and punishment scenes, and to examine the criminal profiles. Since the focus of the examination is on crimes, penalties are partially included. 18 different types of crimes have been identified that resulted in severe penalties. Data on 48 crime zones and 36 criminal areas have been obtained. The documents, which provide a cross-section of the period examined, have revealed that crimes and punishments aren't concentrated in one center. It is understood that the intensity of crime is experienced in Dersaadet and the intensity of punishment is experienced in Cyprus and Vidin. In the social layer it has been revealed the number of Muslim prisoners is higher than the number of non-Muslim prisoners. It has been understood that Muslims tend to get money by force, plunder, banditry, desertion, bribery, and theft, and non-Muslims tend to act against slander and rituals. It has been found that Muslim and non-Muslim people from the farmer strata lead in the rate of committing crimes and that the accident managers from the ulema class participate in the crime element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Personality is a relatively constant and exclusive set of mental, behavioral, and physical characteristics that distinguish individuals. Personality assessment is a well-researched scientific field in which a number of theories have been developed to interpret diverse personality types. The Myers–Briggs Model (MBTI) is the most widely used self-assessment tool in the world to identify the different personality types of individuals. Since personality, with its unique characteristics, distinguishes people from each other, it also influences communication between different types of people and has an impact on attitudes toward animals. The purpose of this study was to examine the MBTI types of veterinary students compared to criminal justice students. In addition, we were interested in the attitudes of both types of student toward animals. Overall, the MBTI types and preferences of veterinary students were very different. Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Judging were the predominant preferences. When ethical profiles related to animals were examined, the viewpoints differed significantly between the comparison groups. The utilitarian viewpoint was most veterinary students, and the animal rights perspective was most prevalent in criminal justice students. This study highlights the importance of personality traits for better communication and work in veterinary science as well as criminal justice. Personality types are related to trustworthy, reliable, and competent communication, especially when dealing with clients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the Myers–Briggs (MBTI) indicator could be used to detect differences in the personality preferences of students at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana (VS) compared to students at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor (CJS). Our aim was to profile the two cohorts of students in Slovenia, to compare profiles of students from the social and natural sciences with similar personality traits, and to compare them with published results. CJS are considered well-established, well-studied, non-science ombudsman profiles of students in Slovenia for whom care and safety will play important roles in their future work, similar to VS. Views of people's duties to animals and the implications for animal care, safety, and welfare are also very important, especially for VS. For this reason, we tested the ethical viewpoints of the two cohorts of students using an interactive web-based program. Our results show that both VS and CJS had different MBTI types, with ISTJ (Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Judging) preferences predominating, followed by INFJ (Introverted, Intuitive, Feeling, and Judging) in VS and ESTJ (Extraverted, Observant, Thinking, and Judging) in CJS. Between the two cohorts, the ratio between ISFJ and INFJ was statistically different. In the animal ethics study, the utilitarian viewpoint was most prevalent and statistically higher in VS compared to CJS, where the animal rights perspective was most prevalent. Compared to previous profile studies, some differences were found that could be related to the COVID-19 pandemic and/or the different generations of students. Overall, this study highlights the importance of personality traits for better communication, work, and animal research in veterinary science as well as criminal justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research generally supports the notion that primary and secondary psychopathy variants are relatively distinct, with primary psychopathy reflecting a congenital affective deficit, and secondary psychopathy reflecting acquired affective disorders. However, little is known about how social anxiety might play in terms of the primary vs. secondary psychopathy typology. The main aim of the present study is to investigate whether the two distinct subtypes of psychopathy emerge using a social anxiety approach. The sample was composed of youth (N = 225, M = 16.72 years, SD = 1.44) from Portuguese juvenile detention centers. Results using model-based cluster analyses suggested the presence of two distinct groups of youth characterized by psychopathic traits that differed on social anxiety. Primary psychopathic youth presented a significantly more severe antisocial/criminal behavior profile, while secondary psychopathic youth reported a less severe antisocial/criminal behavior profile and higher levels of empathy when compared to a control cluster. Findings based on a social anxiety framework suggest that the two subtypes of psychopathy are relevant in terms of assessment and that the development of future preventive/treatment interventions should take into account this typology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To purpose of the current study was to inform system level decision-making about the value of integrating clinically relevant personality information with criminogenic need risk appraisal in justice-involved youth. Using a Canadian sample of youth referred for court-ordered psychological assessments (N = 201, Mage=15.62 years; 70% male), we examined the patterns of association and differentiation between youths' Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) criminogenic need/risk profiles with personality profiles derived from the personality scales of the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI, Millon, Millon adolescent clinical inventory. National Computer Systems, 1993). Specifically, latent profile analysis identified four MACI based personality profiles: externalizing, internalizing, dependent/followers, and complex dysregulated personality profiles. These groups varied significantly on YLS/CMI risk-need profiles. Although both externalizing and complex dysregulated sub-types represented higher criminal risk, their intervention needs diverged meaningfully. These results provide insight into the heterogeneity of justice-involved youth and point to the need for system resources that allow for appropriate intervention matching to maximize the goal of recidivism risk reduction in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Estudios Penales y de la Seguridad is the property of Revista Electronica de Estudios Penales y de la Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to better understand transnational computer fraud in Vietnam utilizing crime script analysis. Data from criminal profiles and in-depth interviews with investigators were combined, and the results showed that Vietnam could become an operational base for both domestic and foreign criminals to implement transnational computer fraud. This type of fraud, which includes crimes with only minor technological elements and those involving almost entirely technological factors, represents the intersection of fraud, transnationality, and technology. Technology can support criminals in defrauding victims transnationally without the need for direct interaction. Moreover, the study clarified the different roles of Vietnamese and foreign offenders in the two types of transnational computer fraud: bank card data fraud and phone scams. As the first study of this nature implemented in Vietnam, this research contributes to the knowledge of computer fraud, especially in Asia, providing a foundation for future investigations related to this kind of cybercrime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In traditional criminal cases, there is a limit to information collection because information on the subject of investigation is provided only with personal information held by the national organization of legal. Surface web-based OSINT(Open Source Intelligence), including SNS and portal sites that can be searched by general search engines, can be used for meaningful profiling for criminal investigations. The Korean-style OSINT workflow can effectively profile based on OSINT, but in the case of individuals, OSINT that can be collected is limited because it begins with "name", and the reliability is limited, such as collecting information of the persons with the same name. In order to overcome these limitations, this paper defines information related to individuals, i.e., equivalent information, and enables efficient and accurate information collection based on this. Therefore, we present an improved workflow that can extract information related to a specific person, ie., equivalent information, from OSINT. For this purpose, different workflows are presented according to the person’s profile. Through this, effective profiling of a person (individuals) is possible, thereby increasing reliability in collecting investigation information. According to this study, in the future, by developing a system that can automate the analysis process of information collected using artificial intelligence technology, it can lay the foundation for the use of OSINT in criminal investigations and contribute to diversification of investigation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine a subgroup of Turkish firesetters diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) for their motives, individual and offense-related characteristics and courses of action, and their association with expert assessment of criminal responsibility. A cohort of 50 arsonists with SSD, who underwent assessment for criminal responsibility by the Council of Forensic Medicine in Turkiye between 2009 and 2022, was analyzed using a comprehensive retrospective file review. Multivariate analyses indicated that being female, older, experiencing hallucinations at the time of the offense, having a primary diagnosis of SSD other than psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, and no prior convictions were associated with a higher likelihood of being found not criminally responsible. Singling out a definitive profile of SSD arsonists without criminal responsibility is challenging. Our findings, based on forensic expert assessments, suggest that positive psychotic symptoms and criminal history play crucial roles in determining criminal responsibility in this group. • Few studies have examined the distinctive profile of SSD firesetters from Turkiye. • Further research required to understand firesetting and psychosis nexus. • Offense-related and individual factors impact criminal responsibility in arsonists. • Positive symptoms may outweigh intoxication and personality disorders for forensic experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal investigators, scientists, mental health experts, and the media have always studied serial killings. Since Jack the Ripper in the late 1800s, and even today, attempts have been made to understand the complex issues surrounding the investigation of serial murders and the motives for these horrific acts. The topics of serial killings are attracting too much attention from the media, academia, and the general public. Nordic crime series make a special contribution to identifying and analyzing many issues related to serial killings including common myths, definitions, typologies, pathology and causality, media role, prosecution issues, organization of investigations, and especially through the affirmation of forensic psychology and criminal profiling. We believe that scientific papers dealing with this topic can be useful in generating an effective response in identifying, investigating, and reaching verdicts, and strengthening the collective ability to understand, respond and act preventively to prevent these violent and serious crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new accounting standards of CECL for the US and IFRS 9 elsewhere require predictions of lifetime losses for loans. The use of roll rates, state transition and "vintage" models has been proposed and indeed are used by practitioners. The first two methods are relatively more accurate for predictions of up to one year, because they include lagged delinquency as a predictor, whereas "vintage" models are more accurate for predictions for longer periods, but not short periods because they omit delinquency as a predictor variable. In this paper we propose the use of survival models that include lagged delinquency as a covariate and show, using a large sample of 30 year mortgages, that the proposed method is more accurate than any of the other three methods for both short-term and long-term predictions of the probability of delinquency. We experiment extensively to find the appropriate lagging structure for the delinquency term. The results provide a new method to make lifetime loss predictions, as required by CECL and IFRS 9 Stage 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An individual's capacity for self-control is an important factor when considering the link between aggression and delinquency outcomes. The aim of the present study is to examine the possible role of self-control as a moderator of the aggression-antisociality/delinquency link among a sample of 567 youth (M = 15.91 years, SD =.99 years, age range = 14–18 years) from Portugal. Results indicated that self-control significantly moderates four different forms and functions of aggression – proactive overt, proactive relational, reactive overt, and reactive relational – in models simultaneously predicting delinquency and conduct disorder outcomes. We encourage multifaceted study of aggression as inherent in the Peer Conflict Scale-20 to articulate the ways that various forms of aggression unfold into clinical conduct problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues that neurodivergent cognitive ability narratives do not satisfy for logical inclusion in crime control policy frameworks in the U.S. Topics discussed are deviance as pathological cause of crime, stereotypes around the relationship between intellectual and development disabilities and prediction of criminal offending or criminogenic risk, and latent constructs for understanding criminal offending including psychiatric-diagnostic categories and psychosocial functioning.

The issue of rape in Malaysia showed an increase from 138 cases in 1980 to the 4816 figure in 2011 and 13,272 in 2017. This leads to the need for a study to identify the criminal profile in dealing with rape, inducement factors that drive muslim rapists commit rape and knowing the rules of the rehabilation program is clearly used by prisons to rehabilitate criminals rape. Approach to field studies covering aspects of data collection procedures, instruments, research and pilot studies that spefically used in looking at factors drive these criminals commit rape and rape recovery programs in Sungai Udang Prison, Malacca. For this purpose a total of 132 muslim prisoners Sungai Udang Prison are made samples. In addition the method of sample observations and interviews with significant individuals also used in this study. The main findings of the studies obtained was the main factor for the occurence of rape sexual stimulation that is too widespread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent economic downturn in the agricultural sector that started in 2013 has caused some concerns for farmers' repayment capacity, which raises the need for precise prediction of financial stress in the agricultural sector. Machine learning has been shown to improve predictions with large financial data, however, its application remains limited in the agricultural sector. In this study, we approximate financial stress by agricultural loan delinquency, and predict it by employing a logistic regression and several machine learning methods. The main datasets include the Call Reports and Summary of Deposits from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Our results show that ensemble learning methods have the best performance in prediction accuracy, with improvement of 26 percentage points at most and that the Naïve Bayes classifier is the best method to maintain the lowest cost from false predictions when the failure of identifying potentially high-risk loans is very costly. From the perspective of banks, while there are important benefits to using machine learning, the bank-level costs are also important considerations that may lead to different choices of machine learning methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although prior studies have identified several risk factors for gun carrying, no prior longitudinal studies have examined a comprehensive set of explanatory factors together in within-individual change models or examined whether the predictors of gun carrying change across adolescence and early young adulthood. The present study fills these gaps by examining the predictive utility of several risk factors for gun carrying, and by examining whether any of the associations vary by age. The sample included 1216 young men who were arrested for the first time during adolescence (approximately 15 years old) and interviewed regularly for 5 years (until approximately 20 years old) after the first arrest. The outcome was youth-self-reported gun carrying and the risk factors included several variables consistent with various explanations for gun carrying (psychosocial maturity deficits; antisocial behavioral style; socialization; victimization). Research questions were addressed with fixed effects dynamic panel models (within-individual change models). Results showed that the most robust predictors of gun carrying were increased exposure to guns and gun-related violence and increased engagement in other antisocial and illegal behavior. The results emphasize the specific etiology of gun carrying and the potential social contagion effect of gun-related events. Overall, the study points to the need for prevention and intervention programs to specifically target the reduction of the real and perceived prevalence of gun-related events in young men's lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Profiling aims to identify the major personality and behavioural characteristics of offenders from their interactions in the crime. The discipline has undergone numerous changes and advances since its first modern use by the psychological/psychiatric community. The current paper reviews the different approaches to criminal profiling, exploring the reasoning and justification utilised across profiling practices. Profiling aims to assist criminal investigators; however, the variance in profiling approaches has contributed to inconsistency across the field, bringing the utility of profiling into question. To address the current areas of practice deficit in criminal profiling, a framework is proposed to promote integrated practice. The CRIME approach provides a framework (consisting of crime scene evaluations, relevancy of research, investigative or clinical opinions, methods of investigation, and evaluation) to promote structure and uniformity in profile development, aiming to assist in the reliability of the practice by providing an integrative framework for developing profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four novels in Arthur W. Upfield's Napoleon Bonaparte series--Winds of Evil (1937), Death of a Swagman (1946), The Widows of Broome (1950), and The Bachelors of Broken Hill (1950)--deal with multiple murders committed by a single individual in the outback. Each novel reveals the forensic culture of Australia: common investigative techniques, criminal profiling, forensic psychology, and the examination and interpretation of temporary trace evidence on the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The study was conducted to examine the personality profile of prisoners in the Yasooj Central Penitentiary (YCP) according to Cattell's 16 Personality Factors (PFs) Model. Settings and Design: In doing so, 50 prisoners were selected from among all 20–35-year-old male prisoners at YCP. Moreover, 50 people were selected from the nonprison community to match with the prisoner group. Subjects and Methods: In a causal–comparative study, both groups were matched and were evaluated using two questionnaires: demographic information and Cattell's 16-PF questionnaires. Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical method used to predict the distinguishing personality traits of the two groups, prisoners and nonprisoners, was discriminant analysis. Results: The results indicated that from among Cattell's 16 factors, only 7 factors in the two groups were discriminant and predicting crime: Conservative, sober, expedient, self-control, imaginative, reserved, and tough mindedness. Conclusions: According to the results, 16 main factors of personality have the ability to predict crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies offender choice patterns associated with extortion subtypes in El Salvador, Central America. Previous research attributes the rise of extortion in the country to the evolution and propagation of Los Angeles-born street gangs Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and Barrio 18. Data from a unique business victimisation survey is used to analyse 53 decisions in 869 reported cases. The study borrows a multidimensional scaling method used in criminal profiling research to identify offender choice patterns. Cases are classified into extortion subtypes based on identified choice groupings. Key offender choices and location features are compared across extortion subtypes. Offender choice patterns identified in the study are consistent with systemic and opportunistic extortion described in previous literature. About a third of the cases are designated as hybrid extortions due to the blend of choice structuring properties they exhibit, which combines aspects of both systemic and opportunistic extortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delinquencies are due to the repressed desire for aesthetic expression. To fulfil one's desire that person involves in creating danger to the entire society. As delinquency is an unlawful activity, the person behind it must be penalized by law. No person have faith with others instead they have fear with others. In the blink of an eye countless delinquencies are happening around us. It is impossible to completely stop the delinquencies but it can be prevented. The aim of this paper is to perform analysis and prediction of delinquency using machine learning algorithms. Identifying delinquency patterns will allow us to tackle problems with unique approaches in specific delinquency category regions and improve more security measures in society. Even though it is not feasible to stop the delinquencies instantly, the tactics used in this paper will assuredly reduce the delinquencies and make an effort to create a delinquency unbound society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the different types of heavy use of mental health services, frequent inpatient admission in acute care units of individuals unable to return to their usual environment refers to as revolving-door (RD). RD in prisoners is related to increased violence (acted and supported) and suicidal recidivism. We explored the determinants of RD in 200 inmates from the Swiss-French speaking areas who were admitted to the sole acute psychiatric care unit for all of the Swiss-French counties, located in Geneva. The Cuzick's test for trend across ordered groups, Kruskal-Wallis test and oneway ANOVA were used to compare demographic and clinical variables between single (one admission, N = 100), frequent (3–7, N = 69) and RD (more than 8, N = 31) during a 12 months period. In addition, univariate and multivariable ordered logistic regression modes were built to examine the determinants of RD. The sample included 27 women (mean age: 31.2 years) and 173 men (34.5 years) who were admitted during the period 2014–2019. The vast majority were single (65%) with low level of education (<6 years, 78%). Suicidal behavior was the more frequent reason for admission (57%). Psychiatric history was positive in 77.5% of cases and in 54.5% of cases there was at least one episode of inpatient psychiatric care. The more frequent ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis in the last admission were psychotic disorder (38%), personality disorder (29.5%) and adjustment disorder (19.5%). In contrast, depressive episodes (7%) and bipolar disorder (4.5%) were rare. Group comparison showed that the presence of court-ordered treatments, suicidal behavior, personality and psychotic disorders was associated with significantly increased frequency of RD use. In univariate models, the same factors were positively associated with RD, the highest odds ratio being found for court-ordered treatments (5.77) and personality disorders (2.14). In contrast, the diagnosis of adjustment disorders was related to decreased RD use (OR 0.25). Court-ordered treatments and personality disorders were the only factors to predict RD in multivariable regression models. These findings suggest that acute psychiatric care in these patients did not depend of environmental stressors but rather represents the expression of a long-lasting vulnerability related to their psychological profile and criminal status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to construct a profile of a financial criminal, with special emphasis on their psychological attributes. The objective is to determine if such a profile can provide a valuable tool for detecting perpetrators of financial crime and for implementing risk-reduction strategies. Design/methodology/approach: The approach involved a review of various personality disorders and other mental health issues, as well as an analysis of a number of cases involving serious financial crime, to ascertain whether the behaviour of the perpetrators was consistent with certain psychological challenges. In addition, the study examined various motivators for the commission of the financial crime. Findings: The research revealed some key commonalities among the perpetrators of financial crime and that their behaviour was often consistent with that of a person afflicted with a personality or other psychological disorder. Originality/value: The study provides a comprehensive analysis of various personality and other psychological challenges afflicting a number of offenders involved in financial crime. It also provides some critical findings that could be valuable for those charged with establishing measures to prevent and detect financial crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homicide involving multiple victims has a significant negative effect on society. Criminal profiling consists of determining the traits of an unknown offender based on those of the crime and the victims, with a view to their identification. To provide the most likely profile of the perpetrator of a multi-victim homicide, we propose a predictive model of supervised machine learning based on a Bayesian Network. Conventional classifiers can generate the perpetrator's profile according to the traits of each of the victims of the same homicide, but the profiles may differ from one another. To address this issue, we consider the Multi-Instance (MI) learning framework, in which the victims of the same incident form a bag, and each bag is associated with a unique label for each of the perpetrator's features. We introduce the unanimity MI assumption in this domain, and accordingly allocate a label to the bag based on the labels and probabilities the Bayesian Network has assigned its instances, using a combination rule from those of the ensemble of classifiers. We apply this methodology to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) homicide database to compare three combination rules empirically in the validation process, as well as theoretically, using the one that ultimately proves to be the best to build the final model, which is then applied in some illustrative examples to achieve the criminal profile. • Predictive model of Machine Learning based on Bayesian Networks. • Useful for criminal profiling of multi-victim homicides. • Multi-Instance learning using combination rules of the ensembles of classifiers. • Application to the FBI homicide dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the complex task of determining the criminal intensity posed by serial killers in a murder series by introducing the Lambda (− rate of killings) to adjust for the time span in a murder series. It focuses on examining factors related to the offender and the crime-commission process that influence victim count in a series. Methods: Generalized estimating equations with a negative binomial and a gamma log link function were used to examine factors predicting victim count in a sample of 1258 serial murder cases. Results showed that offender criminal history did not predict higher levels of Lambda when assessing victim count alone, but did predict a lower value when series length was accounted for. Killing methods were also significant predictors of a higher Lambda but were less useful when only number of victims was considered. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of the rate of killings along with total victim count for a more comprehensive understanding of the series' criminal intensity. This approach has implications for law enforcement and criminal profiling as it offers a more detailed perspective on the immediate threat posed by serial killers. • Victim count in a murder series is often used as an indicator of the killer's criminal intensity • The Lambda rate is introduced as a new metric for evaluating the series' intensity by adjusting for the time span • Offender, victim, and crime characteristics were examined in 1258 serial murder cases from 56 countries • Findings underscore the importance of both the rate of killings and thevictim count for a comprehensive assessment of series [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some suspected criminal offenders in South Africa are required to undergo forensic psychiatry assessments before or during the trial, which can be delayed as a result of the shortage of psychiatrists and inpatient forensic psychiatry beds. In KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, only one hospital (Fort Napier Hospital [FNH]) is designated for the 30-day inpatient forensic psychiatry assessments and there is a long waiting list for suspected criminal offenders awaiting assessment. There is a need to find ways of alleviating the backlog in the waiting list, with the use of outpatient forensic assessments being a possible adjunctive method. Aim: To determine the demographic, clinical and forensic profile of suspected criminal offenders referred for outpatient preliminary assessment to Ngwelezana Hospital, and identify the profile of those who most likely require referral to FNH for a 30-day inpatient assessment. Setting: The study was conducted at Ngwelezana Tertiary Hospital, in KZN, South Africa. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 207 suspected criminal offenders referred for outpatient forensic assessment from January 2009 to June 2015. Results: The majority of the participants were males (94.2%), with a diagnosis of substance use disorder (28.2%), intellectual disability (23.4%) or psychotic disorders (21.8%). Forty three per cent were charged with sexual crimes and 10.7% with murder. Fifty seven per cent were recommended for referral to FNH for a 30-day inpatient forensic assessment, whilst 43% were not recommended for referral. Those recommended for inpatient assessment were significantly more likely to have a lower level of education (p = 0.02), to be on a disability grant (p < 0.01), and to have been diagnosed with intellectual disability (p < 0.01), than those not recommended for referral. Conclusion: Identifying the characteristics of suspected criminal offenders who are most likely to be recommended for referral to FNH will potentially reduce the number of unnecessary referrals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Estudios Penales y de la Seguridad is the property of Revista Electronica de Estudios Penales y de la Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The general proposition of the positive youth development (PYD) approach is that developmental assets such as psychosocial competence can promote healthy adolescent development and reduce problem behavior. Despite that many Western studies have shown that PYD attributes are negatively related to adolescent delinquency, not all empirical findings support the negative associations. Although different dimensions of PYD attributes may bear differential relationships with delinquency, this possibility has not been properly examined so far. In addition, related studies in mainland China do not exist. Finally, the possible mediating role of life satisfaction in linking PYD attributes to delinquency has rarely been studied. To address the research gaps and understand how PYD attributes are associated with adolescent delinquency and the underlying mediating effect of life satisfaction, matched longitudinal data were collected from 2,648 mainland Chinese secondary school students (1,109 girls, Mean age = 13.12 ± 0.81 years at Wave 1) at two waves which were separated by one year. On each occasion, participants completed a questionnaire containing validated measures of PYD attributes, life satisfaction, and delinquency. Congruent with the general theoretical prediction of the PYD approach, different PYD attributes were inversely related to concurrent and future adolescent delinquency in separate regression analyses. In addition, the negative predictions were mediated by life satisfaction. When all PYD attributes were included in a single path analysis model, three findings were observed. First, two PYD dimensions, including self-identity and general PYD attributes, showed robust negative predictions on delinquency via life satisfaction. Second, prosocial attributes displayed a weak and unstable negative predictive effect. Third, cognitive-behavioral competence showed an unexpected positive predictive effect on delinquency directly or via its negative effects on life satisfaction. The present findings add value to the existing literature by revealing the predictive role of PYD attributes on life satisfaction and delinquency among mainland Chinese adolescents. The findings also reinforce the importance of investigating individual dimensions of PYD attributes simultaneously in the research field. The present study suggests that it is promising to cultivate PYD attributes as a strategy to reduce delinquency among adolescents in mainland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article by Kocsis and Palermo, published in 2016, examined the findings of research which had assessed the validity of the investigative technique colloquially known as criminal profiling. These findings were subsequently considered within the framework of their relevance to the admissibility of the technique as a form of expert witness evidence. The overall conclusion was that a discrete facet of the profiling technique may satisfy some of the requisite legal criteria for admissibility in jurisdictions within the United States. However, this conclusion was based upon studies which used samples of senior forensic psychiatrists and psychologists as the tested profilers. In this regard, it was noted that this parameter may preclude the generalization of this conclusion to other professional groups who do not possess such qualifications. Accordingly, the present article explores the potential admissibility of law enforcement personnel who are not qualified forensic mental health practitioners tendering expert witness evidence in the nature of criminal profiling. The conclusion of this analysis is that law enforcement personnel who possess suitable expertise in the analytic task of criminal profiling arguably possess an analogous knowledge base akin to the aforementioned senior forensic psychiatrists and psychologists. On this basis, the conclusions in Kocsis and Palermo, published in 2016, may extend to such personnel and their potential to likewise provide expert witness evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few longitudinal studies are capable of identifying criminal career profiles using both self-report and official court data beyond the 30s. The current study aims to identify criminal career profiles across three developmental periods using self-report data, validate these profiles with official court records and determine early childhood predictors. Data came from the Seattle Social Development Project (n = 808). Latent Class Analysis was used to examine criminal careers from self-reported data during adolescence (aged 14-18), early adulthood (aged 21-27) and middle adulthood (aged 30-39). Official court records were used to validate the classes. Childhood risk and promotive factors measured at ages 11-12 were used to predict classes. Findings revealed four career classes: non-offending (35.6%), adolescence-limited (33.2%), adult desister (18.3%) and life-course/persistent (12.9%). Official court records are consistent with the description of the classes. Early life school and family environments as well as having antisocial beliefs and friends differentiate membership across the classes. The results of this study, with a gender-balanced and racially diverse sample, bolster the current criminal career knowledge by examining multiple developmental periods into the 30s using both self-report and official court data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we review the cybercrime of grooming, its description and the studies that from the Forensic Linguistics perspective contribute to identify groomers who hide their identity in the network to carry out criminal actions of sexual abuse to minors. Data on the prevalence of grooming are provided but also information on the cognitive and criminal profiles of this kind of cybersex offender and how this crime is categorized in the Spanish Criminal Code. Finally, the studies carried out in different countries from an exclusively linguistic viewpoint are provided, likewise the deficiencies in type of studies on this cybercrime in the Spanish context are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile delinquency is a serious offence and it is detrimental for the social order in any country .There is a trend of increase in juvenile crimes world-over, with more and more involvement of the youth in violent crimes. Chennai shows similar trends of increasing rate of violent crimes committed by the juveniles. It is a very serious concern for the district and solutions to end the problem need to be sought very carefully. Indian legal system and judiciary has responded to these trends and has brought some amendments in the laws pertaining to juvenile justice in India [1]. This paper aims at looking at the causes of juvenile delinquency and explanations in Chennai for the year 2016. The analysis of statistical data available at the CBCID office crime branch indicates increasing involvement of the juveniles in heinous crimes. Observation homes, Shelter homes have been started by the government for the sake of such offenders then also the rate is continuously increasing day by day. For delinquent juvenile we can say that Prevention is better than cure juveniles should be protected from going to the wrong path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]