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Copyright of Revista Croma is the property of Revista Croma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on a subjective abecedarium of paper art. Algae paper has been created with the help of the four primal elements of water, earth, sun and air. Papermaker Natan Kaaren found white thin natural paper in a dry wadi in Israel in the northern Negev Desert. The white paper surface covered stones and twigs, earth and bushes in the dry river bed.

Fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are important chemicals for improving the CIE whiteness and ISO brightness of papers. However, papermakers must reduce the amount of FWAs added to their products because FWAs present many disadvantages associated with the papermaking process, as well as paper quality; the public also has concerns about these chemicals in papers. Because the first step to reducing FWAs in the papermaking process is to improve their whitening effect, a new strategy for the effective use of FWA carrier chemicals must be developed. In this study, the whitening effects of tetra-sulpho FWA (T-FWA) and hexa-sulpho FWA (H-FWA) are compared in surface sizing, as well as with carrier chemicals. HFWA showed a greater whitening effect than T-FWA in surface sizing, and carrier chemicals improved the optical properties of the paper when surface-sized with FWAs. It is concluded that carboxymethylcelluloses (CMCs) were a more effective carrier chemical for T-FWA; polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is effective with H-FWA in the surfacesizing process to increase paper sheet whiteness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on International active working group "Buntpapier" (Decorated Paper) convened once again at the German National Library in Leipzig. Topics include decorated paper makers, designers, paper historians, curators, collectors, and conservators to exchange ideas and experiences; and bringing together historical perspectives, modern designs, technical innovations, and conservation practices.

Copyright of Knihovna is the property of Library Institute of the Czech National Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism remains a seminal text for social theory and economic and social history. Weber suggests a general relationship between religious belief and economic action. We argue that only by examining the practices of individuals and institutions can we adequately address Weber's question. Specifically, we re-examine the role of the confessional diary and Church governance practices as forms of accountability. Accountability practices were central to Scottish Presbyterian churches and made an important contribution to the development of managerial capitalism. This article is both a response to and a development of Sam McKinstry and Y.Y. Ding's micro-history of Charles Cowan and the business practices of his family's papermaking firm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An essay is presented in which the author discusses the history of paper making in the 18th century in Great Britain, focusing on the papers used to print the works of poet and illustrator William Blake, such as the illuminated book "Songs of Innocence." Countermarks and watermarks are mentioned, as well as paper makers such as James Whatman Jr., Robert Edmeads, and Thomas Pine. Paper mills, books versus pamphlets, and makers such as Charles Ball are also mentioned.

The fraction of deinked pulp for coated paper production is continually increasing, with some mills using 100% deinked pulp for the base paper. The brightness of the coated paper made from deinked pulp may be reached through a combination of more or less extensive deinking, compensated by appropriate coating, to optimize costs overall. The authors proposed general optimization methods combined with Kubelka-Munk multilayer calculations to find the most economical combination of deinking and coating process that would produce a coated paper made from DIP, at a given target brightness, while maintaining mechanical properties. Application: The methods and software can help papermakers find the least expensive combination of deinking and coating process to produce coated paper with targeted optical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author discusses the theatrical practices and drama in Italy in sixteenth centaury which was like a rigorously collective enterprise. She mentions a papermaker from Italy, Silvestro Cartaio who was expelled from an organization called the Congrega dei Rozzi for performing in a play without the consent of his fellow Rozzi.

Increasing the filler content in paper to reduce the cost of materials is an ongoing effort among papermakers. Selecting the proper calcium carbonate additive for each type of paper is the key to achieving this goal. Calcium carbonate is the most widely used filler material in the paper industry. On average, it is applied at levels of 18% to 30%. Quality requirements of each type of paper vary widely, according to use; understanding the effect that different types of calcium carbonate have on paper properties allows producers to choose the best filler for each use. Given that the market for uncoated digital printing paper is expected to grow, this study focused on selecting the optimal calcium carbonate for the production of uncoated digital printing paper made from 100% eucalyptus pulp. In this study, 13 varieties of calcium carbonates were used to prepare handsheets for the detailed analyses of structural, optical, and strength properties. The samples included nine varieties of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) (two rhombic and seven scalenohedral, covering a particle size range from 1.2 pm to 2.9 |jm) and four varieties of ground calcium carbonate (GCC) (three anionic and one cationic, with a particle size range of 0.7 pm to 1.5 (jm). From the results of this study, we determined that the optimal calcium carbonate for uncoated digital printing paper made from eucalyptus pulp is scalenohedral PCC with a particle size of 1.9 pm, because of its positive effects on caliper, stiffness, brightness, and opacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative writing about the history of science and technology in different cultures tends to assume that differences in the ways in which these cultures write their histories are not important. But this is unlikely to be the case. The comparative lack of historical writing about printing in China by European standards should not in itself lead us to conclude that print only played a minor role there, any more than the tendency to downplay the importance of paper among historians of the European book means that its use in Europe was less significant than in other cultures. That in China the relative balance of the historical record is the opposite of the one that we tend to assume on the basis of the European experience is demonstrated here by contrasting the dearth of information about early printing with the commemoration even of relatively marginal cultural figures through the traditional Chinese historiography of paper making. But only tentative suggestions can be made as to why these differences in historical writing may have occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the career of book maker Dard Hunter, particularly emphasizing his paper-making efforts. Hunter amassed a collection of paper specimens, papermaking tools, and plants, which is housed at the Robert C. Williams American Museum of Papermaking at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Hunter's unsuccessful efforts at running a paper mill are explained. The acquisition of three of Hunter's hand-printed press books on papermaking by the University of Utah's Marriott Library is examined. His trade books "Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft" and "My Life with Paper," an autobiography, are also discussed.

High-yield pulp (HYP) is gaining increasing interest in wood-free papers, because it can improve the bulk, formation, and opacity of papers. However, one of the challenges for the papermakers is the strength of papers when a large amount of HYP is replaced with hardwood kraft pulp. In this work, we explored the potential of using cationic-modified polyvinyl alcohol (C-PVA) in increasing the strength properties of HYP. Also, C-PVA was applied to the paper-sheets made of softwood/hardwood bleached kraft pulps (SBKP/HBKP) and HYP under various conditions, and the corresponding paper properties were evaluated. It was observed that C-PVA increased the strength properties of these paper-sheets, and the results obtained from using C-PVA were only slightly less effective than those obtained from using cationic starch (C-starch). Furthermore, the addition of C-PVA to HYP, and subsequently mixing with the blend of SBKP/HBKP (option no. 1) improved the tensile and burst indices, light scattering coefficient and apparent density of paper-sheets more significantly than did the addition of C-PVA directly to the mixed furnish of SBKP/HBKP/HYP (option no. 2). Additionally, atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis showed that the attraction force, developed between the AFM-tip and the fiber surface, was changed by the C-PVA modification. The tensile and burst indices of paper-sheets were improved by adding 10 mg g-1 C-PVA and substituting 30% of HYP for HBKP, whereas the tear index, apparent density, PPS-roughness, and brightness decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over 2000 years the manual craft of papermaking has been practiced all over the world utilizing a vabety of techniques. This review deschbes the evolution of hand papermaking and its cultural significance. Paper's evolution has been shaped by the structure and chemical composition of the fibers. Almost every aspect of modern papermaking technology has been foreshadowed by traditional practices. Such practices were passed down for many generations within families of papermakers. The main sources of cellulosic fiber evolved as the ancient craft migrated from its birthplace in China to Korea and Japan, the Islamic world, and then to Europe and America. Though most paper made today comes from automated, continuous production systems, handmade paper has enjoyed a resurgence, both as a traditional craft and as an art-form. In addition, traditional papermaking methods can provide insights to help in modern applications involving cellulosic fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines key factors underlying paper curl and diagonal curl and provides a measurement method for evaluating diagonal curl. It notes that this methodology dominates most of limitations of existing methods and is being implemented in a paper mill. It discovers that diagonal curl measurements correlate well with the occurrence of paper jams.

The article discusses the development of equations to estimate relative changes in fiber trapping behavior and shows how fiber trapping affects the refining process. It defines fiber trapping in refining as the fraction of bar edges which trap fibers as they cross. It discovers a reduction in the number of fibers trapped under each section of bar and that this reduction in fiber trapping increased forces on fibers.

The article discusses a study that introduces a method for measuring the colorimetric properties of fluorescent whitening agent (FWA)-treated paper. It states that the method is designed to change unstable real fluorescent standards by bi-spectral luminescent radiance factor data that works as virtual fluorescent standards. It mentions that the method enables the papermakers to improve accuracy, flexibility, and efficiency in measuring colorimetric properties of FWA-treated paper.

The Auckland Art Gallery (AAG) owns a remarkable collection of 37 drawings and watercolours of the Swiss born artist Henry Fuseli (1741-1825) spanning 40 years of his career. This represents one of the largest bodies of Fuseli's work in the world. In preparation for an international tour of Fuseli watercolour drawings in 2005/06 the authors carried out a detailed survey of the AAG's Fuseli collection. Six of the drawing papers showed regular patterns of skinned areas and paper remnants adhered to the image side. The location of these remnants was almost identical on all six drawings. This raised questions about Fuseli's use and the availability of papers, but also its implications for possible conservation treatments. This type of damage could easily be overlooked or interpreted as inferior earlier restoration. The authors concluded that Fuseli used predominantly new papers made in English mills, with the anomaly of the six recycled sheets that were cut out from an album. The theory that Fuseli used recycled papers is supported by examples held in other collections. It is hoped that the article will encourage other institutions, conservators and collectors to come forward with more examples, enabling the authors to establish a profile of the possible number of sheets originally held in the album. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expatriate artist Frances Mary Hodgkins (1869-1947) has been the focus of numerous art historical studies; however, very little is known about her painting practices. Trained as a watercolour artist, Hodgkins took up the use of other paint media in later life. She is most renowned for her work in oil and gouache, but in both cases the paint is applied very thickly, which has caused structural problems, particularly cracking and flaking. A technical study which included the examination of Hodgkins' papers and the analysis of paint was initiated in 2002, focusing on selected watercolours and gouaches from the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tamaki collection. It was intended to clarify many of the questions about her use of materials and her technique, which would be of benefit to conservators and curators. This paper presents the findings of the study and discusses aspects of Hodgkins' paint application and the implications for the conservation of her works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper is concerned with the temperature field produced by a thermal printer head. Such heads are used to provide high quality prints of electronically stored images. In this system, a thin dye-layer, sandwiched between two copolymer sheets, is heated by a thermal head and dye diffuses into the receiver sheet producing a small dye-dot. The picture is made up of a large number of such dots. The basic aim is to determine the amount of dye which is eventually diffused into the receiver sheet when the heating is turned off and the system has cooled down. However, the amount of dye which diffuses into the receiver sheet depends on the temperature field because the diffusion coefficient is a sensitive function of temperature. In the thermal printer system, each head is heated by an electric current which is carried by gold leads. In this paper, we show that the heat loss through these leads has an important effect on the temperature field produced by the head and therefore, strongly influences the amount of dye transferred. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study which aims to evaluate the efficiency of a starch-fatty complex modified filler as an alternative method for papermaking. These starch-filler composites are known to improve the filler-fiber bonding in paper including its physical property, filler retention and the sizing effect. Results show that the starch-fatty acid complexes have low solubility, making it easy to be coated on clay surface to modify clay-fiber bonding ability. Researchers also noted that paper strength could increase up to more than 100 to 200 percent by using this method. Furthermore, it has been found that the presence of fatty acids in the complex increases the water-repellant property of the handsheet which can be used to facilitate sizing during papermaking.

Provides information on how to optimize paper machine clothing (PMC) operations. Maintenance techniques to maximize PMC investment; Real mill results from improved PMC programs; Role of papermakers in reducing cost of installation.

Abstract: The development of proper measurement methodologies for product evaluation is a critical issue to papermakers since their customers are increasingly demanding in regard to new product development and product quality. This paper addresses the conception of a measurement system to assess objectively and systematically paper superficial waviness in industrial practice. Such a system is based on mechanical stylus profilometry. The measurement system conception process is presented in this article, considering all of its stages: (i) gage selection and auxiliary components creation, (ii) drawing of a measurement procedure, (iii) assessment of the system capacities (through a repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) study), (iv) design of an appropriate categorical scale for paper waviness classification, and (v) validation of the classification model. The definition of the categorical scale encompassed the sensorial and instrumental characterization of several sheets of paper. The corresponding classification model strongly relies on the quality of judgments made by a panel of experts, and therefore the definition of a golden standard was carefully conducted. Two distinctive methodologies were used to assess the perceptiveness of the judges regarding paper superficial waviness, and linear discriminant analysis with stepwise variable selection for dimensional reduction was then applied to build a final classification model. The system conceived can be very helpful in the field of product design and process development, besides its obvious application to the monitoring of paper superficial quality. In fact, it can play an important role as an instrument used to define process–structure and structure–properties relationships, which may help in achieving faster product design time cycles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The degree of felt marking depends on various parameters, including felt construction, sheet furnish, and pressing conditions. A new technique can predict the degree of felt marking quantitatively. Pressure-sensitive material is used to measure the distribution of loads arising from the fabric's structure when the applied load is constant. The results are analyzed with an image analysis method involving fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques. This information can be used in light of a pressing theory to estimate the effects that various pressing conditions have on the sheet. The technique was used to study the effects of in- going moisture ratio, sheet weight, and furnish composition. Analyses showed that marking is always more likely to occur in downstream presses. Surprisingly, higher pressure in the press can lead to less marking. Application: Press fabric manufacturers can use this method to design tailored solutions for mark-sensitive press positions, and papermakers can use these ideas to run their press sections more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the challenges of sustainable papermaking. According to researchers if all paper products are produced with responsible use of resources and a sound environmental approach, then papermaking could be a completely sustainable process. Yet various economic, social, and scientific factors make balancing sustainability and profitability a challenge for the paper industry as a whole. Because thousands of small, medium, and large enterprises comprise the paper industry, different mills will achieve varying levels of sustainability which will mainly depend on their location, the expectations of their stakeholders, and the identification of new market opportunities.

In recent decades a trend has emerged in the US whereby contemporary artists collaborate with fine art publishers to create multiple editions of works. While the conservation literature often discusses the individual act of making art and the ramifications of artistic intent, collaborative ventures have been largely overlooked. With a focus on the contemporary production of art on paper, numerous issues related to preservation and conservation in the context of creative collaboration and commercial enterprise emerge. Findings presented here derive from on-site interviews with master printers, papermakers, curators and publishers at seven US publishing houses: Universal Limited Art Editions, Tamarind Institute, Gemini GEL (Graphic Editions Limited), Landfall Press, Dieu Donné Papermill, Tandem Press and Two Palms Press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]