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Introduction : Le but de la présente étude est de formuler et fabriquer des suppositoires antipaludiques à base des matières premières locales (poudre de feuilles et de tiges de Artemisia annua comme principe actif et beurre de karité amélioré utilisé comme excipient) afin d’améliorer la prise en charge du paludisme chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans. Méthodologie : Les plantules d’Artemisia annua utilisées ont été identifiées à l’HNC (Herbier National du Cameroun) sous le numéro Voucher 67472/HNC. Après transformation du matériel végétal (feuilles et tiges) en poudre, une série de contrôles a été effectué et exploité dans la suite. L’essai organoleptique consiste en la détermination du caractère macroscopique de la poudre des feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua. La mesure du volume en fonction du tassement a été effectuée à l’aide d’un voluménomètre. La compressibilité de la poudre a été évaluée à partir de divers indices tels que l’indice de Carr (ICarr), l’indice de Hausner (IHausner) et la quantité V10-V500. Le dosage de l’artémisinine s’est fait par la chromatographie sur couche mince (CCM)-densitométrie. En vue de la formulation galénique, connaissant le facteur de déplacement et la quantité de poudre de feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua par suppositoire, la masse exacte d’excipient à utiliser a été déterminé. M(g) de beurre de karité +4% de silice colloïdale et S(g) de poudre de feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua, quantités majorées à 10% pour couvrir les pertes, ont été utilisé pour préparer 6 suppositoires pesant chacun 2g selon le mode opératoire décrit dans la pharmacopée. Un contrôle de la qualité des suppositoires obtenus a également été effectués selon les prescriptions de la pharmacopée. Résultats : La poudre des feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua utilisée est de couleur grisâtre, de saveur amère et très odorante. L’humidité résiduelle moyenne de la poudre d’Artemisia annua est 12,69 % par séchage à l’infrarouge. Le chromatogramme de l’extrait d’Artemisia annua correspondant à six dépôts de concentration croissante. Le calcul du Rf de l’Artémisinine a donné la valeur de 0,35. Afin d’apprécier les résultats obtenus et par conséquent de valider la technique de dosage, nous avons procédé tour à tour à la vérification de la linéarité, de la répétabilité et à la détermination de la limite de détection et de quantification selon qu’indiqué dans le mode opératoire. Compte tenu des caractéristiques de la substance active (artemisinine), le beurre de karité additionné de 4% de silice colloïdale anhydre a été utilisé comme excipient. La formule obtenue pour un suppositoire consiste à additionner X mg de poudre de feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua à Y mg de beurre de karité. Le contrôle de la qualité des suppositoires obtenus a montré des résultats (organoleptiques, masse, point de fusion, temps de désagrégation, dosage principe actif) satisfaisants en accord avec la pharmacopée Européenne 11 e Edition. Conclusion : L’analyse granulométrique a montré que la poudre de feuilles et tiges d’Artémisia annua a une granulométrie allant de très fine à fine et un taux d’artemisinine conforme. La formule retenue dans le cadre de cette étude a consisté à additionner X mg de poudre de feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua à Y mg de beurre de karité additionné de 4% de silice colloïdale anhydre pour un suppositoire de 2 g. La forme galénique issue de cette formule pourrait présenter d’énormes avantages pour la qualité de prise en charge des enfants atteints de paludisme. Toutefois, des essais cliniques sont nécessaires en vue de déterminer la toxicité liée à leur utilisation

Introduction : La lutte contre les infections vaginales a connu des avancées significatives ces dernières années. Plusieurs méthodes préventives et curatives pour lutter contre les vaginoses ont été développées et regroupent l’utilisation des polyènes et des dérivés azolés. Le but de cet article est de vérifier l’aptitude du beurre de karité amélioré à être utilisé comme excipient pour la fabrication des ovules contenant comme principe actif l’association Métronidazole-Clotrimazole pour le traitement des infections génitales chez la femme. Méthodologie : Au laboratoire, nous avons formulé et fabriqué quelques échantillons d’ovules selon les normes de la pharmacopée Européenne 11e Ed. Le matériel utilisé est constitué essentiellement du beurre de karité brut de production locale amélioré à 4% de silice colloïdale ,500mg de la poudre de Métronidazole, 100mg de la poudre de Clotrimazole, un mortier avec son pilon, un réfrigérateur, une balance électrique de précision Explorer OHAUSS®, un bain-marie P Selecta®/Univeba, des moules pour ovules , un tube en U, puis un kit de verrerie de laboratoire et un appareil pour désintégration. Résultats : Pour le contrôle qualité des produits finis, l’ensemble des paramètres déterminés regroupe les paramètres organoleptiques (aspect, forme, couleur, tissus, homogénéité) et les paramètres pharmacotechniques (uniformité de masse, point de fusion et temps de désagrégation). Le contrôle pharmaceutique des ovules fabriqués a montré les valeurs des paramètres pharmacotechniques (uniformité masse, point de fusion et temps de désagrégation) et physicochimiques (couleur, odeur, texture) sont conformes aux valeurs standards indiquées par la pharmacopée Européenne. Conclusion : Nous avons formulé et fabriqué convenablement des ovules de l’association Métronidazole 500mg + Clotrimazole 100mg. Le contrôle qualité des ovules ainsi obtenus a donné des résultats satisfaisants comparativement aux valeurs standards indiquées par la pharmacopée européenne. Ces ovules ont présenté des résultats acceptables et pourraient être utilisés pour le traitement des infections génitales chez la femme.

The way allied Western nations protect their interests has been a major problem and factor in the demise of governance and democracy in the Nigerian state and other African nations. This has made Nigeria’s democracy, like that of other African countries, unstable since independence. Therefore, this article examined Western imperialism, which used religion as a tool and barrier to a strong, viable democracy in Nigeria. The article used critico-historical analysis as a method. The results showed that although Western imperialism and globalization, along with religion, have an expansionist and civilizing nature, they have also exhibited traits of dominance over other countries and systems of governance, thus making democracy weak and less rewarding. We argued that Nigeria’s democracy and religion must be independent and self-sufficient to avoid Western exploitation and imperialism and provide a context for religious inculturation. We concluded that for Nigeria and other African nations to thrive in true and strong democracies, religion should be decolonized through pulling down colonial religious presumptions, de-internationalization of religion, reorientation of religious education, restoration of indigenous languages, authentication of religious freedom, non-governmental funding of religion, and provision of theologically motivated research to a more legitimate position within religionism.

Abstract Background Extensive malaria control measures have been implemented on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea over the past 16 years, reducing parasite prevalence and malaria-related morbidity and mortality, but without achieving elimination. Malaria vaccines offer hope for reducing the burden to zero. Three phase 1/2 studies have been conducted successfully on Bioko Island to evaluate the safety and efficacy of whole Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite (SPZ) malaria vaccines. A large, pivotal trial of the safety and efficacy of the radiation-attenuated Sanaria® PfSPZ Vaccine against P. falciparum is planned for 2022. This study assessed the incidence of malaria at the phase 3 study site and characterized the influence of socio-demographic factors on the burden of malaria to guide trial design. Methods A cohort of 240 randomly selected individuals aged 6 months to 45 years from selected areas of North Bioko Province, Bioko Island, was followed for 24 weeks after clearance of parasitaemia. Assessment of clinical presentation consistent with malaria and thick blood smears were performed every 2 weeks. Incidence of first and multiple malaria infections per person-time of follow-up was estimated, compared between age groups, and examined for associated socio-demographic risk factors. Results There were 58 malaria infection episodes observed during the follow up period, including 47 first and 11 repeat infections. The incidence of malaria was 0.25 [95% CI (0.19, 0.32)] and of first malaria was 0.23 [95% CI (0.17, 0.30)] per person per 24 weeks (0.22 in 6–59-month-olds, 0.26 in 5–17-year-olds, 0.20 in 18–45-year-olds). Incidence of first malaria with symptoms was 0.13 [95% CI (0.09, 0.19)] per person per 24 weeks (0.16 in 6–59-month-olds, 0.10 in 5–17-year-olds, 0.11 in 18–45-year-olds). Multivariate assessment showed that study area, gender, malaria positivity at screening, and household socioeconomic status independently predicted the observed incidence of malaria. Conclusion Despite intensive malaria control efforts on Bioko Island, local transmission remains and is spread evenly throughout age groups. These incidence rates indicate moderate malaria transmission which may be sufficient to support future larger trials of PfSPZ Vaccine. The long-term goal is to conduct mass vaccination programmes to halt transmission and eliminate P. falciparum malaria.

Aim: This study investigated the prevalence of nosophobia, hypochondriasis, and willingness of people to seek healthcare amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Calabar Metropolis of Cross River State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey design and questionnaire was used to collect data from 200 respondents randomly sampled. Data were sorted, cleaned, coded, and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software, and hypotheses tested using Chi-square test, significant at 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.05). Results: One hundred and eighty two (91%) respondents presented with nosophobia and hypochondriasis, slightly more in women (92 [46%]) as compared to men (90 [45%]), and these had increased with age. Phobia was attributed more to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (48 [24%]), and human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (40 [20%]) as compared to other diseases, that also, instilled fear and anxiety on respondents. One hundred and fifty seven (78.5%) displayed poor willingness to seek healthcare. Conclusions: Nosophobia and hypochondriasis were found to be associated with age and healthcare seeking behaviour. Gender and education did not play significant role. Fear varied according to the type of diseases. Therefore, public sensitisation is necessary.

The corrosion inhibition behaviour of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-methanesulphonate (EMIM[MS]) and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM[Ac]) on API 5L X-52 carbon steel in 2 M HCl was investigated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance methods. The corrosion rates of carbon steel decreased in the presence of these ionic liquids. The inhibition efficiencies of the compounds increased with concentration and showed a marginal decrease with a 10°C increase in temperature. Polarization studies showed the compounds to be mixed type inhibitors with stronger anodic character. The adsorption mechanism of both compounds on the metal surface was via physical adsorption and the process obeyed the El-Awardy kinetic-thermodynamic model. The associated activation energy of corrosion and other thermodynamic parameters were calculated to elaborate on the thermodynamics and mechanism of the corrosion inhibition process. EMIM[MS] was found to inhibit the corrosion of carbon steel better than EMIM[Ac] and is attributed to the presence of the highly electronegative sulphur atom in its structure and its larger molecular size.

The youth constitute a significant demographic group with peculiar developmental and reproductive health needs. They encounter challenges such as limited access to proper health information needed for informed life choices and this makes them vulnerable to risky behaviour that threatens their proper development and well-being. This survey sought to find out the current and the preferred sources of information for the youth about family life health education (FLHE). It also sought to ascertain the preparedness of teachers to provide such education to in-school youth. The survey was a cross sectional study among in-school youth, out-of-school youth and science teachers in 6 selected schools in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The findings showed that school teachers (44.1%), and mothers (28.4%) are the most common sources of FLHE information for the youth. Only 4% of the youth consider this to be satisfactory. About 36% would prefer impersonal sources such as television, films or magazines. This findings suggest that there is an urgent need for government and youth development stakeholders to redirect efforts to upscale the teaching of family life health education in schools as that is where pupils are currently obtaining the information they need. It is therefore suggested that more training should be conducted for teachers while the FLHE curriculum should be adapted to meet local needs. It is also important to prepare educational materials for media such as films, videos and magazines, as the youth have a preference for these sources.

Abstract Background Sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in Africa. However, increasing SP resistance (SPR) affects the therapeutic efficacy of the SP. As molecular markers, Pfdhfr (dihydrofolate reductase) and Pfdhps (dihydropteroate synthase) genes are widely used for SPR surveillance. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes mutations and haplotypes in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea (EG). Methods In total, 180 samples were collected in 2013–2014. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes were identified with nested PCR and Sanger sequencing. The genotypes and linkage disequilibrium (LD) tests were also analysed. Results Sequences of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes were obtained from 92.78% (167/180) and 87.78% (158/180) of the samples, respectively. For Pfdhfr, 97.60% (163/167), 87.43% (146/167) and 97.01% (162/167) of the samples carried N51I, C59R and S108N mutant alleles, respectively. The prevalence of the Pfdhps S436A, A437G, K540E, A581G, and A613S mutations were observed in 20.25% (32/158), 90.51% (143/158), 5.06% (8/158), 0.63% (1/158), and 3.16% (5/158) of the samples, respectively. In total, 3 unique haplotypes at the Pfdhfr locus and 8 haplotypes at the Pfdhps locus were identified. A triple mutation (CIRNI) in Pfdhfr was the most prevalent haplotype (86.83%), and a single mutant haplotype (SGKAA; 62.66%) was predominant in Pfdhps. A total of 130 isolates with 12 unique haplotypes were found in the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps combined haplotypes, 65.38% (85/130) of them carried quadruple allele combinations (CIRNI-SGKAA), whereas only one isolate (0.77%, 1/130) was found to carry the wild-type (CNCSI-SAKAA). For LD analysis, the Pfdhfr N51I was significantly associated with the Pfdhps A437G (P

Abstract Background Malaria is still a serious public health problem on Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), although the number of annual cases has been greatly reduced since 2004 through the Bioko Island Malaria Control Project (BIMCP). A better understanding of malaria parasite population diversity and transmission dynamics is critical for assessing the effectiveness of malaria control measures. The objective of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations and multiplicity of infection (MOI) on Bioko Island 7 years after BIMCP. Methods A total of 181 patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria diagnosed with microscopy were collected from Bioko Island from January 2011 to December 2014. Parasite DNA was extracted using chelex-100 and species were identified using a real-time PCR followed by high-resolution melting. Plasmodium falciparum msp1 and msp2 allelic families were determined using nested PCR. Results Three msp1 alleles (K1, MAD20, and RO33) and two msp2 alleles (FC27 and 3D7) were analysed in all samples. In msp1, the MAD20 allelic family was predominant with 96.69% (175/178) followed respectively by the K1 allelic family with 96.07% (171/178) and R033 allelic family with 70.78% (126/178). In msp2, the FC27 allelic family was the most frequently detected with 97.69% (169/173) compared to 3D7 with 72.25% (125/173). Twenty-six different alleles were observed in msp1 with 9 alleles for K1, 9 alleles for MAD20 and 8 alleles for R033. In msp2, 25 individual alleles were detected with 5 alleles for FC27 and 20 alleles for 3D7. The overall MOI was 5.51 with respectively 3.5 and 2.01 for msp1 and msp2. A significant increase in overall MOI was correlated with the age group of the patients (P = 0.026) or parasite densities (P = 0.04). Conclusions The present data showed high genetic diversity and MOI values among the P. falciparum population in the study, reflecting both the high endemic level and malaria transmission on Bioko Island. These data provide valuable information for surveillance of P. falciparum infection and for assessing the appropriateness of the current malarial control strategies in the endemic area.

Introducción: a finales del 2015, estuvieron afectados 214 millones con malaria en todo el mundo, la mayoría en África subsahariana. La conducta adecuada reduce su incidencia y la mortalidad y contribuye a prevenir su transmisión. Objetivos: caracterizar los pacientes con malaria atendidos en la Policlínica Guadalupe de Mongomo, República de Guinea Ecuatorial. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal de 232 pacientes adultos ingresados por malaria de julio 2014 a junio 2015, en la Clínica Virgen de Guadalupe, Mongomo, República de Guinea Ecuatorial. Resultados: la edad promedio fue de 37,51 años, en su mayoría hombres, expatriados, con cuadro clínico clásico y una pequeña proporción de complicaciones. La especie predominante fue el P falciparum, con parasitemia baja. Existió significación estadística entre la nacionalidad extranjera de los pacientes, la mayor concentración de parásitos en sangre, la severidad del cuadro clínico y la presencia de complicaciones. La combinación terapéutica utilizada a base de derivados de Artemisin fue muy eficaz. El método utilizado para informar la gota gruesa fue el cualitativo. Conclusiones: se evaluaron las características clínicas, microbiológicas y terapéuticas de pacientes con malaria en la Policlínica Guadalupe Mongomo, República de Guinea Ecuatorial. Se estableció una relación significativa entre la nacionalidad extranjera, mayor concentración de parásitos en sangre, severidad del cuadro clínico y presencia de complicaciones. Predominó el método cualitativo para el informe de la gota gruesa. El resultado satisfactorio en la evolución se logró, mediante un diagnóstico temprano, una adecuada conducta y la utilización de combinaciones con derivados del Artemisin.

Objective: With emergence and geographically expanding of antimalarial resistance worldwide, molecular markers are essential tool for surveillance of resistant Plasmodium parasites. Recently, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PF3D7_1343700 kelch propeller (K13-propeller) domain are shown to be associated with artemisinin (ART) resistance in vivo and in vitro. This study aims to investigate the ART resistance-associated polymorphisms of K13-propeller and PfATPase6 genes in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea (EG). Methods: A total of 172 samples were collected from falciparum malaria patients on Bioko Island between 2013 and 2014. The polymorphisms of K13-propeller and PfATPase6 genes were analyzed by Nest-PCR and sequencing. Results: Sequences of K13-propeller and PfATPase6 were obtained from 90.74% (98/108) and 91.45% (139/152) samples, respectively. The 2.04% (2/98) cases had non-synonymous K13-propeller A578S mutation but no found the mutations associated with ART resistance in Southeast Asia. For PfATPase6, the mutations were found at positions N569K and A630S with the mutation prevalence of 7.91% (11/139) and 1.44% (2/139), respectively. In addition, a sample with the mixed type at position I723V was discovered (0.72%, 1/139). Conclusions: This study initially offers an insight of K13-propeller and PfATPase6 polymorphisms on Bioko Island, EG. It suggests no widespread ART resistance or tolerance in the region, and might be helpful for developing and updating guidance for the use of ART-based combination therapies (ACTs). Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum, Polymorphism, Artemisinin resistance, K13-propeller

The way we look at the other determines our conception of the scapegoat. Whether it becomes the whipping boy or the pet peeve, it’s nothing but a solution to societal difficulties by which injustice and violence are the last springs. In this study, we highlight the usefulness of mimetic theory in literary studies which is to unveil the victim mechanism, the existence of the scapegoats and thereby detect the author’s ideology. It seems necessary to remind the different meanings given to this notion over centuries, in particular the biblical meaning, the anthropological or ritual meaning and the psycho-social or modern meaning. Pierre and Boule de Suif illustrate the modern paradigm of the scapegoat. They will undergo the great steps of the victim mechanism, moving from the mimetic crisis to their sacrifice. As a perception of the process of the scapegoat in his texts, Maupassant sets himself up as a demystifier of collective violence. 31 janvier 2018

Many reproductive health studies have examined trends and outcomes of adolescent sexual behaviour but have overlooked the patterns of reproductive communication between mothers and daughters that have implications on girls’ reproductive wellbeing. Although there is a need to safeguard adolescent health, not enough work exists at the interface between female reproductive change and communication. The patterns of communication determine the effectiveness of reproductive knowledge transfer to safeguard girls’ reproductive health at a time of social change. Despite widespread opinion about the taboo nature of sexual and reproductive communication in traditional African settings, its prevalence among mothers and daughters in Ugep, Nigeria, was found to be quite high. The context, form, direction and level of communication reveal that the females engage in reproductive communication in a private environment and through peaceful and friendly strategies. Communication is achieved through sharing of meaning and mutual understanding, which has implications for adolescent female reproductive health.

Regular screening of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs), such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus (HBV and HCV, respectively), and Treponema pallidum, in blood donors is essential to guaranteeing clinical transfusion safety. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of four TTIs among blood donors on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea (EG).A retrospective survey of blood donors from January 2011 to April 2013 was conducted to assess the presence of HIV, HBV, HCV and T. pallidum. The medical records were analyzed to verify the seroprevalence of these TTIs among blood donations stratified by gender, age and geographical region.Of the total 2937 consecutive blood donors, 1098 (37.39%) had a minimum of one TTI and 185 (6.29%) harbored co-infections. The general seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and T. pallidum were 7.83%, 10.01%, 3.71% and 21.51%, respectively. The most frequent TTI co-infections were HBV-T. pallidum 60 (2.04%) and HIV-T. pallidum 46 (1.57%). The seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and T. pallidum were highest among blood donors 38 to 47 years, 18 to 27 years and ≥ 48 years age, respectively (P

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and hemoglobinopathies were the inherited conditions found mostly in African. However, few epidemiological data of these disorders was reported in Equatorial Guinea (EQG). This study aimed to assess the prevalence and healthy effects of G6PD deficiency and hemoglobinopathies among the people on malaria endemic Bioko Island, EQG.Blood samples from 4,144 unrelated subjects were analyzed for G6PD deficiency by fluorescence spot test (FST), high-resolution melting assay and PCR-DNA sequencing. In addition, 1,186 samples were randomly selected from the 4,144 subjects for detection of hemoglobin S (HbS), HbC, and α-thalassemia deletion by complete blood count, PCR-DNA sequencing and reverse dot blot (RDB).The prevalence of malaria and anemia was 12.6% (522/4,144) and 32.8% (389/1,186), respectively. Overall, 8.7% subjects (359/4,144) were G6PD-deficient by FST, including 9.0% (249/2,758) males and 7.9% (110/1,386) females. Among the 359 G6PD-deficient individuals molecularly studied, the G6PD A- (G202A/A376G) were detected in 356 cases (99.2%), G6PD Betica (T968C/A376G) in 3 cases. Among the 1,186 subjects, 201 cases were HbS heterozygotes, 35 cases were HbC heterozygotes, and 2 cases were HbCS double heterozygotes; 452 cases showed heterozygous α-thalassemia 3.7 kb deletion (-α3.7 kb deletion) and 85 homozygous - α3.7 kb deletion. The overall allele frequencies were HbS 17.1% (203/1186); HbC, 3.1% (37/1186); and -α3.7 kb deletion 52.4% (622/1186), respectively.High G6PD deficiency in this population indicate that diagnosis and management of G6PD deficiency is necessary on Bioko Island. Obligatory newborn screening, prenatal screening and counseling for these genetic disorders, especially HbS, are needed on the island.

Objectives. The objectives of the study were (i) to evaluate the efficacy of combination drugs, such as artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS + SP) and amodiaquine + sulphadoxine-pyripethamine (AQ + SP) in treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria (ii) to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection by analysing msp-1 and msp-2 genes of Plasmodium falciparum in treatment failure cases. Methods. We carried out an in vivo study in the year 2005 in 206 children between 6 to 59 months age groups. Of the 206, 120 received AQ + SP, and 86 received AS + SP. A clinical and parasitological followup during 14 days was undertaken. Finger-prick blood sample from each patient was taken on Whatman filter paper (no. 3) on days 0, 7, 14 and also the day when the parasite and symptoms reappeared for PCR analysis. Results. Late treatment failure was observed in 3.5% (4/114) with AQ + SP, and 2.5% (2/79) with AS + SP. The success rate was 96.5% with AQ + SP and 97.5% with AS + SP. No deaths and severe reactions were recorded. Out of the 6 treatment failure cases, one was reinfection as observed by PCR analysis of msp-1 and msp-2 genes on day 14. Discussion. Both the combinations found to be efficacious and safe and could be used as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Equatorial Guinea.

Abstract Background On the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) have been the main tool used to control malaria over the last 13 years. In 2004, started an indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaign to control malaria. The purpose of this study is to asses the impact of the two control strategies on the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), with regards to Plasmodium infection and anaemia in the children under five years of age. Methods Two transversal studies, the first one prior to the start of the IRS campaign and the second one year later. Sampling was carried out by stratified clusters. Malaria infection was measured by means of thick and thin film, and the packed cell volume (PCV) percentage. Data related to ITN use and information regarding IRS were collected. The Pearson's chi-square and logistic regression statistical tests were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) Results In the first survey, 168 children were sampled and 433 children in the second one. The prevalence of infection was 40% in 2004, and significantly lower at 21.7% in 2005. PCV was 41% and 39%, respectively. 58% of the children surveyed in 2004 and 44.3% in 2005 had slept under an ITN. 78% of the dwellings studied in 2005 had been sprayed. In the 2005 survey, sleeping without a mosquito net meant a risk of infection 3 times greater than sleeping protected with a net hanged correctly and with no holes (p < 0.05). Conclusion IRS and ITNs have proven to be effective control strategies on the island of Bioko. The choice of one or other strategy is, above all, a question of operational feasibility and availability of local resources.

Objective With emergence and geographically expanding of antimalarial resistance worldwide, molecular markers are essential tool for surveillance of resistant Plasmodium parasites. Recently, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PF3D7_1343700 kelch propeller ( K13-propeller ) domain are shown to be associated with artemisinin (ART) resistance in vivo and in vitro . This study aims to investigate the ART resistance-associated polymorphisms of K13-propeller and PfATPase6 genes in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea (EG). Methods A total of 172 samples were collected from falciparum malaria patients on Bioko Island between 2013 and 2014. The polymorphisms of K13 -propeller and PfATPase6 genes were analyzed by Nest-PCR and sequencing. Results Sequences of K13-propeller and PfATPase6 were obtained from 90.74% (98/108) and 91.45% (139/152) samples, respectively. The 2.04% (2/98) cases had non-synonymous K13-propeller A578S mutation but no found the mutations associated with ART resistance in Southeast Asia. For PfATPase6 , the mutations were found at positions N569K and A630S with the mutation prevalence of 7.91% (11/139) and 1.44% (2/139), respectively. In addition, a sample with the mixed type at position I723V was discovered (0.72%, 1/139). Conclusions This study initially offers an insight of K13 -propeller and PfATPase6 polymorphisms on Bioko Island, EG. It suggests no widespread ART resistance or tolerance in the region, and might be helpful for developing and updating guidance for the use of ART-based combination therapies (ACTs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents the author's view concerning the economic and security conditions in Lagos, Nigeria. According to the author, the city is considered as the six largest megacity in the world and it is also portended to rank in third place in 2015. However, despite of its promising development, the city seems to be insufficiently funded and its state budget is not enough to support its 15 million citizens leading to unmanageable booming population, inadequacy in housing and health care, high crime rate, urban violence, and traffic congestion.

Heavy metal (HM) pollution in agricultural soils represents a hidden danger to food security worldwide. In this paper, the spatio-temporal trends of heavy metals from eight countries and 50 soil samples from agricultural farmland were evaluated through a combination of field surveys and meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive report on heavy metal pollution. The soil samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Perkin Elmer Nixon 300Q). The contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI), and diagnostic tests on the extracted data were calculated. The results of the CF in the soils indicate extreme contamination for Cr, suggesting ecotoxicological effects, while the PLI values range from baseline to moderate pollution for Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Ni, except for Cr, which shows very high pollution, suggesting that the soils have undergone some form of deterioration. The meta-analysis results of the 50 reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2023 showed increasing trends for all the HMs. The weighted mean values of Cd, Cr, Hg, Cu, Zn, As, and Ni were in the range of 0.0-222.7, 0.08-289.2, 0.03-193, 2.94-198.1, 0.0-771.1, 0.0-231, and 1.71-99.75.6 mg/kg, respectively. The mean values of Cd, Hg, Zn and As exceeded two to three times the values of China National Environmental Monitoring Centre (CNEMC) European Union's most cited guideline (MEF), and the rock crust guideline. The results of the correlation matrix heatmap revealed a highly positive correlation between Cr and Ni (R2 = 0.66), suggesting that these elements have the same source and are likely prevalent in agricultural soils. The spatial origin of the publications reveals that 82% of the studies were from China followed by South Africa and Italy accounting for 4% respectively while Nigeria, Egypt, Morocco, Iran, and Turkey account for 2% each. The findings of this study have important implications for environmental regulation on agricultural food protection from heavy metal pollution. Unlike previous meta-analysis studies which often adopt a “silos” method, this study highlights a nexus approach that integrates both meta-analysis and experimental studies which could establish a more comprehensive understanding of heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils.

This work introduces an improved method for modeling and simulating the Boost Converter utilizing Duty Cycle Modulation (DCM) regulated by an optimum PIDF (Proportional-Integral-Derivative with Filter) regulator. We optimized the characteristic parameters of the PIDF regulator for a second-order system generated from its transfer function by using a mix of theoretical study and simulation using the Matlab/LQR tool. The conventional PID parameters in the time domain were converted into their corresponding LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) counterparts, allowing for the solution of the Riccati problem and the creation of an optimum state trajectory model. The results of analog virtual simulations done in a Multisim environment indicate that the system has improved dependability. It maintains a high level of accuracy in a stable condition, with no static error and a reaction time of 1.5 ms, without any overshooting. The effectiveness of the optimum PIDF control in regulating the DCM Boost Converter is highlighted by the system's strong ability to handle changes in load during transient states within a time frame of 300 ms. This study represents a substantial enhancement compared to conventional PID-based approaches, providing valuable knowledge about the possible uses in power electronics and control systems.

Background: The authors report their experience of the transanal endorectal pull through technique as described by De la Torre Mondragon in the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease (HD). Materials and Methods: It was a retro prospective, observational and descriptive hospital based study involving all proven cases of HD managed within a time frame of 8 years. Results: Fifty two patients with a mean age of 18 months at the time of surgery. The male pre dominance was remarkable. The mean duration of the surgery was 2 h and a half hours. The surgical indication was based on the history, clinical findings and on the contrast enema (transition zone) with a 24 h film (prolonged contrast evacuation) and calculation of the rectosigmoid index (

Introduction: Lifestyle modification like increasing fruits/vegetables consumption is one of the key approaches in treating arterial hypertension: a major risk factor for mortality worldwide. Beta vulgaris (beetroot) and other vegetables consume frequently could be a rich source of inorganic nitrates, which will be converted to nitric oxide. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the roots of Beta vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae) juice on adults’ subjects with grade 1 hypertension under dietary regime. Methodology: Beetroot was obtained at the local market and decontaminated. Beetroot juice (BJ) was extracted and freeze till utilization. Recruitment was hospital-based, were included all adult subjects of both sexes, with grade 1 hypertensive according to the Joint National Committee 7, not subject to pharmacological treatment, non-gravid women. A single-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was performed during 4 weeks. Volunteers were randomized to receive either 250 mL of BJ or water (placebo) during 02 weeks and blood pressure (BP) registered in triplicates at baseline, 3 h, at 24 h. BP was recorded daily at home during trial, a week before, and after receiving BJ using an automatic BP machine. Blood and urine nitrates were assessed at baseline and 3 h after drinking juice. Results: A total of 14 subjects participated in the trial including 9 women and 5 men. An overall non-significant decrease in BP of 4.5/0.41 mmHg (decrease of 5.62/2.25 mmHg at H3 [p-value = 0.2427/0.3385], and decrease of 1.4 mmHg in systolic blood pressure at the 24th hour [p-value = 0.4150]) in the intervention group compared to the control group respectively for systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the intervention was observed [p-value = 0.1255/0.1612]. No change in blood and urine nitrite was registered. Conclusion: Beetroot juice decrease non-significantly blood pressure.

Introduction : En Afrique, les recettes traditionnelles pour les soins de santé sont majoritairement faites à base de plantes médicinales. Ageratum conyzoïdes est une plante médicinale utilisée pour faciliter les accouchements. La présente étude avait pour objectif de rechercher l’effet pharmacologique de l’extrait aqueux de Ageratum conyzoïdes sur la parturition chez le rat femelle. Méthodologie : Une quantité de Ageratum conyzoïdes (Plante entière) a été récoltée. L’extrait aqueux a été obtenu par macération. La toxicité orale aigüe de l’extrait aqueux de Ageratum conyzoïdes a été déterminée conformément à la ligne directrice 423 de l’OCDE modifiée. L’activité pharmacologique sur la parturition a été étudiée après administration par voie orale de l’extrait chez le rat femelle au 19ième jour de gestation. Des lots de cinq rats femelles gravides ont été constitués. Un lot ayant reçu de l’eau distillée a été utilisé comme témoin négatif et un autre ayant reçu du misoprostol per os comme témoin positif. Les délais d’expulsion ont été calculés en comptant le nombre de jours écoulés entre l’administration de l’extrait et la mise bas des rats femelles. Les différentes valeurs ont été comparées à l’aide du Test de Student, et du Test d’analyse des variances « one-way ANOVA », suivie du post-Test de comparaison multiple de Dunnett. Le seuil de significativité a été fixé à p˂0,05. Toutes les expérimentations animales ont été conduites conformément aux règles sur le traitement des animaux adoptées par le Comité Institutionnel d’Ethique de la Recherche (CIER) de la Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales de l’Université de Yaoundé I qui a délivré une clairance éthique de référence N°306/UYI/FMSB/VDRC/DAASR/CSD. Résultats : Le rendement d’extraction relatif calculé après extraction était de 19,64%. L’extrait aqueux de Ageratum conyzoïdes n’a provoqué la mort d’aucun animal après administration de la dose d’essai limite de 5000mg/kg de poids corporel et aucun signe de morbidité n’a été observé. Le délai d’expulsion moyen du lot de rats femelles ayant reçu l’extrait aqueux de Ageratum conyzoïdes était de 3,4 ± 0,083 jours (81,6 heures). Il était de 1,4 ± 0,061 jours (33,6 heures) et 3,8 ± 0,074 jours (91,2 heure) respectivement pour le lot ayant reçu le misoprostol et celui ayant reçu de l’eau distillée. Le lot de rats femelles ayant reçu le misoprostol a présenté le délai d’expulsion le plus court et celui ayant reçu l’eau distillée le délai le plus long. Le délai d’expulsion moyen du lot de rats femelles ayant reçu l’extrait de la plante était plus court que celui des rats gavés à l’eau distillée, cependant l’analyse statistique n’a pas montré de différence statistiquement significative (p < 5%) entre ces deux lots. Conclusion : L’extrait aqueux de Ageratum conyzoïdes serait à la lumière du présent travail une substance de moindre toxicité avec une DL50 >5000mg /kg de poids corporel. Il contribuerait en outre à diminuer le délai d’expulsion des rats femelles gestants favorisant ainsi l’expulsion du produit de conception.

Introduction: Africans have been using traditional medicine for generations. One of the faced difficulties in standardizing therapeutic protocols using phytomedicines is the elucidation of the pharmacological mechanism of action, which is essential to better understand how these therapies deal with the body. The aim of this work was to suggest a cardiotonic mechanism of action of Caloncoba glauca (Flacourtiaceae) phytocomponents on isolated frog’s heart. Methodology: Structural characterization of the isolated compounds was made possible through the interpretation of their NMR (13C and 1H) spectral data and for the known compounds by comparing the data with those described in literature. Cardiotonic activity on isolated frog’s heart had been evaluated using kymograph through four cardiac receptors using propranolol, amlodipine, digoxine then atropine as referential drugs. Results: The 22 obtained compounds were as follow: Triterpenes (09) - Sterols (06) - Flavonoids (03) - Coumarins (02) - Fatty acids (02). The cardiotonic activity showed that the methanolic extract of the roots of C. glauca (Flacourtiaceae) and 3α-ethanoyloxy-30-nor-(D:A)-friedo-olean-20(29)-ène-27,22α- lactone increase cardiac parameters through the stimulation of beta-adrenergic pathway and calcium channel. Finally, molecular interactions through computer simulations showed that, for 3α-ethanoyloxy- 30-nor-(D:A)-friedo-olean-20(29)-ène-27,22α-lactone, hydrogen bonds are established between its carbonyls, arginine and glycine. Conclusion: At the end of this work, total of 22 compounds belonging to 5 chemical sub-families were isolated, and the cardiotonic activity assay showed that the methanolic extract of the roots of C. glauca(Flacourtiaceae) and 3α-ethanoyloxy-30-nor-(D:A)-friedo-olean-20(29)-ène-27,22α-lactone increase cardiac parameters probably through the stimulation of beta-adrenergic pathway and calcium channel.

Introduction: Chronic inflammation due to oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases. Regular consumption of fruits/vegetables known as medicinal plants are considered as fundamental approach in treating non communicable diseases like hypertension. These is achieved through secondary metabolites contained in the above-mentioned plants. Objective: To determine the phytochemical profile and anti-oxidant capacity of the roots of Beta vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae). Methodology: Qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out according to Harbone and Evans principles. Total polyphenol content was assessed according to Li et al, total flavonoid content was assessed according to Zhishen et al and total tannins content was measured according to Julkumen-Titto. Antioxidant capacity were performed in vitro using the DPPH tests (radical scavenging) according to Blois and Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) according to Benzie and strain. All tests were performed in triplicates at 1500μg/mL. The type of antioxidant ability (primary or secondary) was assessed. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the raw root of Beta vulgaris revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenes. Total polyphenol, flavonoids and tannins content was 18,56±1,0, 31,19±3,12 572,84±54 mg of catechin, quercetin and tannic acid equivalent/gram dry matter respectively. Antioxidant tests revealed radical scavenging activity with DPPH whose SC50 was 108.2 μg/mL against 302.5 μg/mL for gallic acid and FRAP (chelating antioxidant) activity at 1089.14±99.23 mg catechin equivalent per gram of dry matter. The antioxidant ability was secondary (preventive). Conclusion: Beta vulgaris possess the three main group of secondary metabolites and secondary antioxidant activity.

Introduction : L’utilisation des plantes médicinales en grossesse est une pratique fréquente au Cameroun. L’une des raisons de cette utilisation est la facilitation de l’accouchement. L’analyse de la littérature a mis en évidence le faible nombre de données sur la caractérisation et l’évaluation pharmacologique des plantes médicinales employées par les femmes pour faciliter l’accouchement notamment au Cameroun. Le présent travail s’est proposé de recenser les plantes médicinales utilisées par les parturientes pour déclencher ou favoriser l’accouchement dans un hôpital de la ville de Yaoundé. Méthodologie : Une enquête a été menée auprès de 252 femmes ayant accouché à la maternité de l’Hôpital Gynéco-Obstétrique et Pédiatrique de Yaoundé (HGOPY) du 05 mars au 15 mai 2019. Une autorisation de recherche a été préalablement obtenue auprès de l’hôpital et chaque femme était interrogée après information et obtention de son consentement éclairé. Ont été incluses dans l’enquête, les femmes de tout âge en suivi post natal ayant déclaré avoir utilisé les plantes médicinales pour déclencher ou faciliter l’accouchement et consenti à l’étude. Celles ayant accouché à un terme inférieur à 37 semaines d’aménorrhée et celles ayant subi une césarienne élective ont été exclues. Une fiche d’enquête structurée en un questionnaire semi ouvert prétexté a été remplie lors d’un entretien sous forme d’interview avec les parturientes. Les caractéristiques socio démographiques des parturientes, les noms des plantes, leurs origines, les parties utilisées, les recettes et modes d’administration ont été relevés. Les plantes répertoriées ont été récoltées et identifiées à l’Herbier National du Cameroun qui a délivré à cet effet une attestation d’identification d’échantillons botaniques. L’analyse statistique a été faite par le logiciel EPI Info 2.7. Résultats : Des 252 femmes enquêtées, les questionnaires de 125 femmes en suivi post natal à HGOPY répondant aux critères d’inclusion préétablis ont finalement été retenus. Les parturientes avaient un âge moyen de 29 ± 6,8 ans. Elles avaient à 54,8% un niveau d’études universitaires et à 39, 2% secondaires. Elles étaient de religion chrétienne à 94,6% et avaient toutes utilisé des plantes médicinales pour favoriser leur accouchement. Une liste floristique de 47 espèces appartenant à 30 familles botaniques a été dressée au terme de l’enquête. La famille des Malvacées était la plus représentée suivie des familles des Astéracées et Brassicacées. Triumfetta cordifolia était l’espèce ayant la plus forte fréquence de citation (24) suivie d’Hibiscus rosa sinensis (11,2) et Ageratum conyzoïdes (10,4). Les feuilles ont été la partie la plus utilisée (43%) suivie des écorces (20%). Les recettes ont été préparées dans 54,3 % des cas par friction dans l’eau et dans 31,43% des cas par décoction. L’eau a été le seul solvant employé. Les voies orale (52%) et rectale (48%) ont été les modes d’administration cités. Conclusion : Une grande diversité de plantes médicinales utilisées par les parturientes pour faciliter l’accouchement a été recensée. Des études phytochimiques et toxico- pharmacologiques sur les plantes recensées contribueraient à fournir davantage d’informations sur ces plantes médicinales avec in fine le développement d’un Médicament Traditionnel Amélioré.

Introduction : Le but de la présente étude est de formuler et fabriquer des suppositoires antipaludiques à base des matières premières locales (poudre de feuilles et de tiges de Artemisia annua comme principe actif et beurre de karité amélioré utilisé comme excipient) afin d’améliorer la prise en charge du paludisme chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans. Méthodologie : Les plantules d’Artemisia annua utilisées ont été identifiées à l’HNC (Herbier National du Cameroun) sous le numéro Voucher 67472/HNC. Après transformation du matériel végétal (feuilles et tiges) en poudre, une série de contrôles a été effectué et exploité dans la suite. L’essai organoleptique consiste en la détermination du caractère macroscopique de la poudre des feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua. Il s’agit essentiellement d’apprécier la couleur, la texture, la saveur et l’odeur de la poudre obtenue après avoir séché et écrasé au moulin Pour ce qui est du taux d’humidité, nous avons utilisé la méthode indiquée dans la pharmacopée .La mesure du volume en fonction du tassement a été effectuée à l’aide d’un voluménomètre La compressibilité de la poudre a été évaluée à partir de divers indices tels que l’indice de Carr (ICarr) , l’indice de Hausner (IHausner) et la quantité V10-V500 .Le dosage de l’artémisinine s’est fait par la chromatographie sur couche mince (CCM)-densitométrie. En vue de la formulation galénique, connaissant le facteur de déplacement et la quantité de poudre de feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua par suppositoire, la masse exacte d’excipient à utiliser a été déterminé. M(g) de beurre de karité +4% de silice colloïdale et S(g) de poudre de feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua, quantités majorées à 10% pour couvrir les pertes, ont été utilisé pour préparer 6 suppositoires pesant chacun 2g selon le mode opératoire décrit dans la pharmacopée. Un contrôle de la qualité des suppositoires obtenus a également été effectués selon les prescription de la pharmacopée. Résultats : La poudre des feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua utilisée est de couleur grisâtre, de saveur amère et très odorante. L’humidité résiduelle moyenne de la poudre d’Artemisia annua est 12,69 % par séchage à l’infrarouge. Le chromatogramme de l’extrait d’Artemisia annua correspondant à six dépôts de concentration croissante. Le calcul du Rf de l’Artémisinine a donné la valeur de 0,35. Afin d’apprécier les résultats obtenus et par conséquent de valider la technique de dosage, nous avons procédé tour à tour à la vérification de la linéarité, de la répétabilité et à la détermination de la limite de détection et de quantification selon qu’indiqué dans le mode opératoire. Compte tenu des caractéristiques de la substance active (artemisinine), le beurre de karité additionné de 4% de silice colloïdale anhydre a été utilisé comme excipient. La formule obtenue pour un suppositoire consiste à additionner X mg de poudre de feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua à Y mg de beurre de karité. Le contrôle de la qualité des suppositoires obtenus a montré des résultats (organoleptiques, masse, point de fusion, temps de désagrégation, dosage principe actif) satisfaisants en accord avec la pharmacopée Européenne 11 e Edition. Conclusion : L’analyse granulométrique a montré que la poudre de feuilles et tiges d’Artémisia annua a une granulométrie allant de très fine à fine et un taux d’artemisinine conforme. La formule retenue dans le cadre de cette étude a consisté à additionner X mg de poudre de feuilles et tiges d’Artemisia annua à Y mg de beurre de karité additionné de 4% de silice colloïdale anhydre pour un suppositoire de 2 g. La forme galénique issue de cette formule pourrait présenter d’énormes avantages pour la qualité de prise en charge des enfants atteints de paludisme. Toutefois, des essais cliniques sont nécessaires en vue de déterminer la toxicité liée à leur utilisation.

This paper assesses the environmental impact of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the Cameroon Real Estate Company (CRE) camp in the "Cité-Verte" district in Yaoundé (Cameroon) and the causes of its malfunction. The study was carried out in two stages. The first stage consisted of describing the wastewater treatment steps of the WWTP, and analyzing the staff interviews in order to determine the causes of malfunction that had been suspected. The second phase consisted of collecting water samples at the entry of the WWTP (P1), inside the WWTP (P2), and at the outlet of the WWTP (P3). This, in order to produce a list of the WWTP's collecting systems, characterize the various types of wastewater (P1 and P2) and the treated wastewater (P3), and then determine the effect of effluent discharges on the environment. Finally, the structural and operational malfunctions of WWTP are identified using the Ishikawa and the Pareto diagrams. The results of water characterization show that the mean values of pH (7.7), EC (1059.3 μS/cm), TDS (524.6 mg/L), T° (23.6 °C), BOD5 (10.8 mg/LO2), NO3- (2.3 mg/L), and fecal coliforms (447.3 CFU/100 mL) are below the acceptable limit values of the Cameroonian standard of treated wastewater discharge. However, the mean values of TSS (269.3 mg/L), PO43- (1661.6 mg/L), K+ (1220.6 mg/L) and Escherichia coli (10133.3 CFU/100 mL) exceed the recommended values set by the Cameroonian standard of treated wastewater discharge. The values of the wastewater parameters at the sampling point P3 are globally lower than those at the sampling point P1 but higher than Cameroon’s standard for PO43- and K+. These results demonstrated that the current system (filters and plants) is appropriate but not optimal. The Pareto diagram reveals that the inadequate plant controls, unfavorable working conditions, lack of maintenance andsystematic control, and outdated equipment represent 20% of the causes responsible for 80% of the WWTP's malfunction. Therefore, the implementation of corrective and preventive measures is essential for better monitoring and determinization of the optimal performance of the WWTP of the CRE camp in the "Cité-Verte".