1. Titanium: An Overview of Resources and Production Methods
- Author
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Mohammed El Khalloufi, Olivier Drevelle, and Gervais Soucy
- Subjects
titanium ,titanium alloys ,ilmenite ,extractive metallurgy ,TiO2 ,calciothermic reduction ,Mineralogy ,QE351-399.2 - Abstract
For several decades, the metallurgical industry and the research community worldwide have been challenged to develop energy-efficient and low-cost titanium production processes. The expensive and energy-consuming Kroll process produces titanium metal commercially, which is highly matured and optimized. Titanium’s strong affinity for oxygen implies that conventional Ti metal production processes are energy-intensive. Over the past several decades, research and development have been focusing on new processes to replace the Kroll process. Two fundamental groups are categorized for these methods: thermochemical and electrochemical. This literature review gives an insight into the titanium industry, including the titanium resources and processes of production. It focuses on ilmenite as a major source of titanium and some effective methods for producing titanium through extractive metallurgy processes and presents a critical view of the opportunities and challenges.
- Published
- 2021
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